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RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 Gi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z n‡q‡Q gva¨wgK ¯—‡ii wk¶vµg|cwigvwR©Z GB wk¶vµ‡g RvZxq Av`k©, j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cÖwZdjb NUv‡bv n‡q‡Q, †mB mv‡_wk¶v_©x‡ì eqm, †gav I MÖnY ¶gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GQvov wk¶v_©xi ˆbwZK I gvbweKg~j¨‡eva †_‡K ïiy K‡i BwZnvm I HwZn¨ †PZbv, gnvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv, wkí-mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ‡eva,†`k‡cÖg‡eva, cÖK…wZ-†PZbv Ges ag©-eY©-†MvÎ I bvix-cyiyl wbwe©‡k‡l mevi cÖwZ mggh©v`v‡eva RvMÖZ Kivi †PóvKiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU weÁvbgb¯‹ RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î weÁv‡bi ¯Ztù~Z© cÖ‡qvM I wWwRUvjevsjv‡`‡ki iƒcKí-2021 Gi j¶¨ ev¯—evq‡b wk¶v_©x‡ì m¶g K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

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GKwesk kZ‡Ki A½xKvi I cÖZ¨q‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwigvwR©Z wk¶vµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q|Kv‡RB cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi AviI mg„w×mva‡bi Rb¨ †h †Kv‡bv MVbg~jK I hyw³m½Z civgk© ¸iy‡Z¡i m‡½ we‡ewPZn‡e| cvV¨cy¯ÍK cÖYq‡bi wecyj Kg©h‡Ái g‡a¨ AwZ ¯í mg‡q cy¯ÍKwU iwPZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j wKQy fyjÎywU †_‡K†h‡Z cv‡i| cieZ©x ms¯‹iY¸‡jv‡Z cvV¨cy¯ÍKwU‡K AviI my›ì, †kvfb I ÎywUgy³ Kivi †Póv Ae¨vnZ_vK‡e| evbv‡bi †¶‡Î Abym„Z n‡q‡Q evsjv GKv‡Wgx KZ…©K cÖYxZ evbvbixwZ|

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cÖ‡dmi †gvt †gv¯—dv KvgvjDwÏb†Pqvig¨vb

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Aa¨vq Aa¨v‡qi wk‡ivbvg c„ôv

cÖ_g BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 1-7

wØZxq cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 8-13

Z…Zxq cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 14-28

PZz_© cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 29-41

cÂg ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (1204 wLªt-1757 wLªt) 42-65

lô ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 66-80

mßg evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvce© 81-94

Aóg Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva, beRvMiY I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb 95-108

beg Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb 109-132

`kg fvlv Av‡›`vjb I cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn 133-143

GKv`k mvgwiK kvmb I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969) 144-156

Øv`k mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy× 157-180

Î‡qv`k e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975) 181-190

PZz`©k mvgwiK kvmb I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn (1975- 1990) 191-205

cÂ`k wek¦mf¨Zv 206-220

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

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Zvi Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e BwZnvm Kx ? Rvb‡Z n‡e KZ ai‡bi BwZnvm †jLv hvq ev BwZnvm KZ ai‡bi nq|BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvB ev Kx ? eZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q Gme welq wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-

� •� BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï aviYv, ¯iƒc I cwimi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb I cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï cÖwZ AvMÖnx ne|

wPÎ : Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß cÖvPxb HwZnvwmK wb`k©b

BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï aviYvÔBwZnvmÕ kãwUi DrcwË ÔBwZnÕ kã †_‡K hvi A_© ÔHwZn¨Õ| HwZn¨ n‡”Q AZx‡Zi Af¨vm, wk¶v, fvlv, wkí,mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ hv fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ msiw¶Z _v‡K| GB HwZn¨‡K GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q†`q BwZnvm| B.GBP. Kv‡ii fvlvq ejv hvq †h, BwZnvm n‡jv eZ©gvb I AZx‡Zi g‡a¨ GK AšÍnxb msjvc|

eZ©gv‡bi mKj welqB AZx‡Zi µgweeZ©b I AZxZ HwZ‡nï Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| Avi AZx‡ZiµgweeZ©b I HwZ‡nï e¯‘wbô weeiYB n‡jv BwZnvm| Z‡e GLb, eZ©gvb mg‡qiI BwZnvm †jLv nq, hv‡Ke‡j mv¤cÖwZK BwZnvm| myZivs, GLb BwZnv‡mi cwimi my`~i AZxZ †_‡K weivRgvb eZ©gvb ch©šÍ we¯—…Z|

BwZnvm kãwUi mwÜ we‡”Q` Ki‡j Gi iƒc `vovq, BwZn + Avm| hvi A_© GgbB wQj ev Giƒc N‡UwQj|HwZnvwmK W. RbmbI N‡U hvIqv NUbv‡KB BwZnvm e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, hv wKQy N‡U ZvB BwZnvm| hv N‡U bvZv BwZnvm bq| myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, mgvR I iv‡óª wbišÍi e‡q hvIqv NUbv cÖevnB BwZnvm|

wMÖK kã Ôwn÷wiqvÕ (Historia) †_‡K Bs‡iwR Ôwnw÷ªÕ (History) kãwUiDrcwË, hvi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡”Q BwZnvm| wn÷wiqv kãwUi cÖ_g eënvi K‡ibwMÖK HwZnvwmK †n‡ivWUvm (wLªt c~: cÂg kZK)| wZwb BwZnv‡mi RbK wn‡m‡eL¨vZ| wZwbB me©cÖ_g Zuvi M‡elYvK‡g©i bvgKi‡Y G kãwU eënvi K‡ib hviAvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv mZ¨vbymÜvb ev M‡elYv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, BwZnvmn‡jv hv mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© wQj ev msNwUZ n‡qwQj Zv AbymÜvb Kiv I †jLv| wZwbZuvi M‡elYvq wMÖm I cvi‡mï g‡a¨ msNwUZ hy‡×i wewfbœ welq AbymÜvbK‡i‡Qb| G‡Z wZwb cÖvß Z_¨, ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbvmg~n Ges wMª‡mi

weRqMuv_v wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| hv‡Z cieZ©x cÖRb¥ G NUbv fy‡j bv hvq, G weeiY hv‡Z Zv‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡iGes †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i| †n‡ivWUvmB cÖ_g BwZnvm Ges AbymÜvb G `ywU aviYv‡K mshy³ K‡ib| d‡jBwZnvm cwiYZ nq weÁv‡b, cwic~Y©fv‡e n‡q I‡V Z_¨ wbf©i Ges M‡elYvi wel‡q| U‡qbwei g‡Z, mgv‡RiRxebB BwZnvm| cÖK…Zc‡¶, gvbe mgv‡Ri AbšÍ NUbvcÖevnB n‡jv BwZnvm|

Avevi i¨vcmb e‡j‡Qb, BwZnvm n‡jv NUbvi êÁvwbK Ges avivevwnK eY©bv|

AvaywbK BwZnv‡mi RbK Rvg©vb HwZnvwmK wjI‡cvì db& i¨vs‡K g‡b K‡ib, cÖK…Zc‡¶ hv N‡UwQj ZviAbymÜvb I Zvi mZ¨ weeiYB BwZnvm| Zuvi g‡ZÑ BwZnvm gv‡bB n‡jv bMœmZ¨| myZivs ejv hvq, BwZnvmn‡”Q gvbe mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Kg©Kv‡Êi avivevwnK I mZ¨wbô weeiY| myZivs, mwVKBwZnvm memgq mZ¨‡K wbf©i K‡i iwPZ|

BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb†h me Z_¨ cÖgv‡Yi Dci wfwË K‡i HwZnvwmK mZ¨‡K cÖwZwôZ Kiv m¤¢eZv‡KB BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb ejv nq| mwVK BwZnvm wjL‡Z HwZnvwmK Dcv`v‡bi¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :wjwLZ Dcv`vb I AwjwLZ Dcv`vb|

2 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm I wek¦mf¨Zv

wPÎ : †n‡ivWUvm

wPÎ : wnD‡qb mvs

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we‡`kx ch©UK‡ì weeiY me mgqB BwZnv‡mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb e‡j we‡ewPZ| †hgbÑ cuvP †_‡K mvZ kZ‡Kevsjvq AvMZ ˆPwbK cwieªvRK h_vµ‡g dv-wn‡qb,wnD‡qb mvs I Brwms-†ì eY©bv| cieZ©x mg‡q Avwd«KvbcwieªvRK Be‡b eZzZvmn Ab¨vb¨‡ì †jLv‡ZI G AÂjm¤ú‡K© weeiY cvIqv †M‡Q| Gme eY©bv †_‡K ZrKvjxbmgvR, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ag©, AvPvi-Abyôvb m¤ú‡K© †ekwKQy Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|

mvwnwZ¨K Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ Av‡iv i‡q‡Q, iƒcK_v, wKse`šÍx,MíKvwnbx| wZeŸZx †jLK jvgv Zvibv‡_i eY©bvq cvjivRes‡ki cÖwZôvZv †Mvcv‡ji wmsnvmb Av‡ivnb m¤ú‡K©†h eY©bv Av‡Q †mwU GK ai‡bi KíKvwnbx| Z‡e A‡bKKvwnbxi Avov‡j A‡bK mZ¨ NUbv †_‡K hvq hvHwZnvwmKiv wePvi- we‡k-lY-AbymÜvb K‡i Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| ZvQvov, miKvwi bw_, wPwVcÎ BZ¨vw` †_‡KIwbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e|

2. AwjwLZ ev cÖZœZvwË¡K Dcv`vb : †hme e¯‘ ev Dcv`vb

†_‡K Avgiv we‡kl mgq, ¯’vb ev e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ

ai‡bi HwZnvwmK Z_¨ cvB †m e¯‘ ev Dcv`vbB

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GKK KvR : BwZnv‡mi wewfbœ ai‡bi Dcv`v‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv Ki|

BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 3

BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb

Qwe : Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß wb`k©b

BwZnv‡mi cÖKvi‡f`gvbe mgvR mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi m‡½ m‡½ bZzb bZzb wel‡qi BwZnvm †jLv n‡”Q| d‡j m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”QBwZnv‡mi cwimi| BwZnvm weivgnxbfv‡e AZx‡Zi NUbvmg~n eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡Q †cŠu‡Q w`‡”Q| †m‡¶‡ÎBwZnvm‡K wewfbœ kvLvq wef³ Kiv KwVb| ZvQvov, BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘‡Z gvbyl, Zvi mgvR, mf¨Zv IRxebaviv ci¯úi mwbœwnZ _v‡K|

ZviciI cVb-cvVb, Av‡jvPbv I M‡elYvK‡g©i myweav‡_© BwZnvm‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v-

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ I welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm|

GK : †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ w`K ev †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ BwZnvm : A_©vr †h welqwU BwZnv‡m ¯’vb †c‡q‡QZv †Kvb †cÖ¶vc‡U iwPZ⎯ ¯’vbxq, RvZxq bv AvšÍR©vwZK| Gfv‡e †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vbMZ w`K †_‡K

ïaygvÎ †evSvi myweav‡_© BwZnvm‡K Avev‡iv wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_vÑ ¯’vbxq ev AvÂwjK BwZnvm,RvZxq BwZnvm I AvšÍR©vwZK BwZnvm|

`yB : welqe¯‘MZ BwZnvm : †Kvb we‡kl wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i †h BwZnvm iwPZ nq Zv‡K welqe¯‘MZBwZnvm ejv nq| BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘i cwimi e¨vcK| Zey mvaviYfv‡e G‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq,h_v- ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm, mvgvwRK BwZnvm, A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm, mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm, K~U‰bwZK Imv¤cÖwZK BwZnvm|

BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘

gvbyl Zvi mgvR I mf¨Zvi avivevwnK cwieZ©‡bi cÖgvY I wjwLZ `wjj n‡jv BwZnvm| BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ wf‡Kv (Vico) g‡b K‡ib †h, gvbe mgvR I gvbexq cÖwZôvbmg~‡niDrcwË I weKvkB n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘|

myZivs, †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, gvby‡li ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AR©b hv gvbe mgvR-mf¨Zvi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ‡Z Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶gn‡q‡Q Zv meB BwZnvmfy³ welq| †hgb: wkí, mvwnZ¨-ms¯‹…wZ, `k©b, ¯’vcZ¨, ivRbxwZ, hy×, ag©, AvBbÑ

mvgwMÖKfv‡e hv wKQy mgvR-mf¨Zv weKv‡k cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q ZvB BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘|

BwZnv‡mi ¯îƒcBwZnvm Ab¨vb¨ welq †_‡K Avjv`v| Ávb AR©‡bi Ab¨vb¨ kvLv †_‡K Gi iPbv I Dc¯’vcbv c×wZI ¯^Zš¿|

BwZnv‡mi êwkó¨-cÖK…wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j, aviYv cwi®‹vi n‡e|

cÖ_g : BwZnvm AZxZgyLx| AZx‡Zi NUbvcÖevnB G wel‡qi wePiY‡¶Î| mZ¨wbô Z‡_ï mvnv‡h¨ AZxZ‡KcybM©Vb KivB BwZnv‡mi êwkó¨|

wØZxq : BwZnv‡mi welqe¯‘ gvbyl, Zvi mgvR-mf¨Zv| gvbe mgvR I mf¨Zvi µg AMÖMwZi avivevwnK Z_¨wbf©i weeiYB n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi Av‡jvP¨ welq|


Z…Zxq : BwZnv‡m Av‡eM I AwZ K_‡bi †Kvb VuvB †bB| N‡U hvIqv NUbvi mwVK weeiY cieZ©x cÖR‡b¥i Kv‡QZz‡j aivB BwZnv‡mi êwkó¨|

PZz_© : BwZnvm †_‡g _v‡K bv, wbišÍi cÖengvb| †h Kvi‡Y Kvj wefvR‡b †Kvb mb-ZvwiL eënvi Kiv KwVb|Avevi cwieZ©‡bi aviv me †`‡k GK m‡½ N‡Uwb|

cÂg : e¯‘wbôZv I wbi‡c¶Zv BwZnv‡mi êwkó¨| Z‡e cÖwZwU gvby‡li ch©‡e¶Y ¶gZv, `„wófw½ wfbœ wfbœ|†h Kvi‡Y GKB BwZnv‡mi eY©bv-e¨vL¨v GK GK HwZnvwmK GK GK iKgfv‡e w`‡q _v‡Kb| NUbvi wbi‡c¶eY©bv Dc¯’vcbv bv n‡j †mUv mwVK BwZnvm nq bv|

GKK KvR : mZ¨wbô Z‡_ï mvnv‡h¨ AZxZ‡K cybM©Vb KivB BwZnv‡mi êwkó¨Ñe¨vL¨v Ki|

BwZnv‡mi cwimigvbyl KZ…©K m¤úvw`Z mKj welq BwZnv‡mi cwim‡ii AvIZvfy³| gvby‡li wPšÍv-fvebv, cwiKíbv, Kvh©µg h‡ZvkvLv-cÖkvLvq we¯—…Z, BwZnv‡mi mxgvI ZZ`~i ch©šÍ we¯—…Z| Z‡e G we¯—…wZi mxgv w¯’wZkxj bq| gvby‡liwPšÍv-fvebv, Kg©aviv cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ BwZnv‡mi cwimiI m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| †hgb-cÖv‰MwZnvwmK hy‡MicÖ_g c‡e©i gvby‡li Kg©KvÊ Lv`¨ msMÖ‡ni g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj| Drcv`b †KŠkj ZLbI Zv‡ì ARvbv wQj|d‡j †m mgq BwZnv‡mi cwimiI Lv`¨ msMÖng~jK Kg©KvÊ ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b, mf¨ZviAMÖMwZi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Êi cwiwa †e‡o‡Q| m‡½ m‡½ BwZnvm PP©vq-M‡elYvq êÁvwbK c×wZIAbym„Z n‡”Q| d‡j BwZnvm wel‡q kvLv-cÖkvLvi msL¨vI e„w× †c‡q‡Q, we¯—…Z n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi mxgvbvI| EwbkkZ‡K ïaygvÎ ivRbxwZ BwZnv‡mi welq n‡jI gvK©mev` cÖPv‡ii ci A_©bxwZ, mgvR, wkíKjvi BwZnvmI iwPZn‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e G‡Ki ci GK welq BwZnvmfy³ n‡”Q Avi m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q BwZnv‡mi cwimi|

BwZnvm cv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvgvbe mgv‡Ri mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡bi mZ¨ wbf©i weeiY n‡”Q BwZnvm| †h Kvi‡Y ÁvbPP©vi kvLv wn‡m‡e BwZnv‡mi¸iyZ¡ Amxg| BwZnvm cvV gvbyl‡K AZx‡Zi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z eZ©gvb Ae¯’v eyS‡Z, fwel¨r Abyaveb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨K‡i| BwZnvm cv‡Vi d‡j gvby‡li c‡¶ wb‡R I wbR †`k m¤ú‡K© g½j-Ag½‡ji c~e©vfvm cvIqv m¤¢e|myZivs, †`k I RvwZi ¯v‡_© Ges e¨w³ cÖ‡qvR‡b BwZnvm cvV AZ¨šÍ Riywi|

Ávb I AvZ¥gh©v`v e„w× K‡i : AZx‡Zi mZ¨wbô eY©bv gvby‡li Áv‡bi cwiwa e„w× Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Avi GweeiY hw` nq wbR †`k, RvwZi mdj msMÖvg, †MŠiegq HwZ‡nï Zvn‡j Zv gvbyl‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× K‡i|GKB m‡½ AvZ¥cÖZ¨qx, AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| †m †¶‡Î RvZxqZv‡eva, RvZxq msnwZ my`„pKi‡YBwZnvm cv‡Vi weKí †bB|

m‡PZbv e„w× K‡i : BwZnvm Ávb gvbyl‡K m‡PZb K‡i †Zv‡j| wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi DÌvb-cZb Ges mf¨ZviweKvkI cZ‡bi KviY¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡j gvbyl fv‡jv-g‡›ì cv_©KÜv mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡i| d‡j, †m ZviK‡g©i cwiYwZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _v‡K|

BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 5

`„óv‡šÍi mvnv‡h¨ wk¶v †`q : BwZnv‡mi eënvwiK ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| gvbyl BwZnvm cvV K‡i AZxZ NUbvewji`„óvšÍ †_‡K wk¶v wb‡Z cv‡i| BwZnv‡mi wk¶v eZ©gv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i| BwZnvm `„óv‡šÍigva¨‡g wk¶v †`q e‡j BwZnvm‡K ejv nq wk¶Yxq `k©b|

mZ¨wbô BwZnvm cvV K‡i †h Ávb jvf nq, Zv ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Pjvi Rb¨ DrK…óZg wk¶v|

BwZnvm cvV Ki‡j wePvi-we‡k-l‡Yi ¶gZv ev‡o, hv `vk©wbK `„wófw½ ˆZwi‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j Ávb PP©vicÖwZ AvMÖn R‡b¥|

`jxq KvR : †Zvgvi GjvKvi A_ev KvQvKvwQ †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK ¯_vb/wb`k©b cwi`k©b K‡i ZviHwZnvwmK Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :

1. Kv‡K AvaywbK BwZnv‡mi RbK ejv nq?

K. †n‡ivWUvm L. wjI‡cvì db& i¨vs‡K

M. U‡qbwe N. B, GBP, Kvi

2. Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i cÖvß cÖZœZvwË¡K wb`k©bmg~n cÖgvY K‡i-

i. cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjv‡`k g„rwk‡í mg„× wQj

ii. eû cÖvPxb Avg‡j evsjv‡`‡k bMi mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V

iii. cÖvPxb evsjvi Awaevmx‡ì a¨vb-aviYv AZ¨šÍ DbœZ gv‡bi wQj

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i L. i I ii

M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :wigv C‡ì QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b †m gy ªv, wkjvwjwc.¯Í¤¢wjwc. Zv¤ªwjwc, BgviZ BZ¨vw` †`L‡Z cvq|


3. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yN‡i BwZnv‡mi †h Dcv`b †`L‡Z cvq Zv n‡jv-

i. wjwLZ

ii. AwjwLZ

iii. cÖZœZvwË¡K


K. i I ii L. i I iii


4. wigv gqbvgwZ Rv`yNi cwi`k©b K‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡e, cÖvPxb evsjvi-

i. mvgvwRK BwZnvm

ii. A_©‰bwZK BwZnvm

iii. mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm


K. i I ii L. ii I iii

M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :

1. mRj Zvi gvgvi mv‡_ RvZxq MYMÖš’vMv‡i hvq| †mLv‡b †m wewfbœ eBcÎ c‡o| mRj weÁv‡bi QvÎ n‡jIZvi BwZnv‡mi eB fv‡jv jv‡M| †m wewfbœ Drm †_‡K BwZnv‡mi eBcÎ msMÖn K‡i c‡o| mR‡ji evevZv‡K agK w`‡q ej‡jb, ïay ïay GB eB c‡o Zzwg mgq bó KiQ †Kb?

K. wnD‡qb mvs †Kvb& †`‡ki cwieªvRK?

L. mg‡qi weeZ©‡b Kxfv‡e BwZnv‡mi cwimi we¯Í…Z n‡”Q?

M. mRj RvZxq MYMÖš’vMv‡i BwZnv‡mi †Kvb ai‡bi Dcv`vb †`L‡Z cvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg Kx mR‡ji evevi gvbwmKZvi mv‡_ GKgZ? hyw³ `vI|

BwZnvm cwiwPwZ 7

wØZxq Aa¨vq

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`BwZnvm welqK Av‡jvPbvq hy‡Mi wefvRb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK êwk‡óï D™¢e, weKvk IcÖfv‡ei Kvh©KvwiZv wb‡qB G hyM wefvRb wbY©q Kiv n‡q _v‡K| mvaviYZ BwZnv‡m wLªóc~e© K‡qK kZK c~‡e©imgq †_‡K wLªóxq cÂg kZ‡KB cÖvPxbKvj ev hyM e‡j aiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e AÂj †f‡` KvjwefvR‡biZviZgÏ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wLªóxq †Z‡iv kZ‡Ki c~e© ch©šÍ `xN© cÖvq `yÕ nvRvi eQ‡ii mgq‡K evsjvi cÖvPxb hyMe‡j aiv n‡q _v‡K|

cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjv (eZ©gv‡bi evsjv‡`k I cwðg e½) GLbKvi evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv †Kv‡bv GKK I ALÊ ivóª evivR¨ wQj bv| evsjvi wewfbœ Ask ZLb A‡bK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU AÂ‡j wef³ wQj| Avi cÖwZwU AÂ‡ji kvmK hvihvi g‡Zv kvmb Ki‡Zb| evsjvi G AÂj¸‡jv‡K ZLb mgwóMZfv‡e bvg †`qv nq ÔRbc`Õ|

gvbwPÎ : cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`


� •� evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwP‡Î cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi eZ©gvb Ae¯’vb wPwýZ K‡i eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� cÖvPxb evsjvi Z_¨ AbymÜv‡b Rbc`¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv jv‡f Rbc`¸‡jvi ¸iyZ¡ Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx ne|

Rbc`PZz_© kZK n‡Z ¸ß hyM, ¸ß cieZ©x hyM, cvj, †mb cÖf„wZ Avg‡ji DrKxY© wkjvwjwc I mvwnZ¨ MÖ‡š’ cÖvPxbevsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Gme Rbc` wVK †Kv_vq KZLvwb RvqMv Ry‡o wQj Zv ejv hvq bv| Z‡ecÖvPxbKv‡ji cÖvß wewfbœ HwZnvwmK Dcv`vb n‡Z Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb m¤^‡Ü †gvUvgywU AvuP cvIqv hvq| wb‡PK‡qKwU Rbc‡ì eY©bv †`qv n‡jv|

†MŠo : †MŠo bvgwU mycwiwPZ n‡jI cÖvPxbKv‡j †MŠo ej‡Z wVK †Kvb AÂj‡K †evSvZ G wb‡q cÖPzi gZ‡fÀv‡Q| Avi †h GjvKv †MŠo e‡j AwfwnZ n‡Zv †KbB ev †m AÂj G bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Zv AvR ch©šÍ †mUvImwVKfv‡e Rvbv hvq wb| cvwYwbi MÖ‡š’ me©cÖ_g †MŠ‡oi D‡j-L †`Lv hvq| †KŠwU‡jï ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ MÖ‡š’ †MŠo†`‡ki A‡bK wkí I K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| e¨vrmvq‡bi MÖ‡š’I Z…Zxq I PZz_© kZ‡K †MŠ‡oibvMwiK‡ì wejvm-e¨m‡bi cwiPq cvIqv hvq| nl©ea©‡bi wkjvwjwc n‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h, mgy`ª DcK~j n‡Z†MŠo‡`k Lye †ewk `~‡i Aew¯’Z wQj bv| lô kZ‡K †jLv eivn wgwn‡ii weeiY n‡Z †`Lv hvq †h, †MŠo Ab¨vb¨Rbc`, h_vÑ cyÛª, e½, mgZU †_‡K Avjv`v GKwU Rbc`| Ôfwel¨ cyivYÕ-G G‡K cÙv b`xi `w¶‡Y Gesea©gv‡bi DË‡i Aew¯’Z AÂj e‡j eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Dw³i m‡½ mßg kZ‡Ki †jvK‡ì eY©bvi h‡_ómvgÄm¨ Av‡Q| mßg kZ‡K †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQj gywk©`vev‡ì wbKUeZ©x KY©myeY©| Avi ïay evkkvsKB †Kb, cieZ©xKv‡j AviI A‡b‡Ki ivRavbx wQj GB †MŠo|

cvj ivRv‡ì Avg‡j †MŠ‡oi bvg-WvK wQj me‡P‡q †ewk| DËi fvi‡Zi we¯ÍxY© AÂj ZLb †MŠ‡oi AšÍfy©³wQj| mvgªv‡Rï †K› ª¯’j nIqvq Zvi cÖZvc wQj AcÖwZnZ| cieZ©xKv‡j cvj mvgªv‡Rï fvM¨ cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_mv‡_ †MŠ‡oi fvMÏ cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvq| †MŠ‡oi mxgv ZLb mxgve× n‡q Av‡m| AvaywbK gvj`n, gywk©`vev`,exif~g I ea©gv‡bi wKQy Ask †MŠ‡oi mxgvbv e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| mßg kZ‡K †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQjgywk©`vev` †Rjvi KY©myeY©| gymjgvb hy‡Mi ïiy‡Z gvj`n †Rjvi j¶YveZx †MŠo bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Zv| c‡i †MŠoej‡Z mgMÖ evsjv‡K eySvZ|

e½ : e½ GKwU AwZ cÖvPxb Rbc`| AwZ cÖvPxb cyuw_‡Z G‡K gMa I Kwj½ Rbc‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx ejv n‡q‡Q|gnvfvi‡Zi D‡j-L n‡Z eySv hvq †h, e½, cyÛª, Zvgªwjß I my‡þi msjMœ †`k| P›`ª¸ß, weµgvw`Z¨, PvjyKïvRv I ivóªK~U‡ì wkjvwjwc Ges Kvwj`v‡mi MÖ‡š’ G Rbc‡ì eY©bv cvIqv hvq| eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki c~e© I`w¶Y-c~e© w`‡K e½ bv‡g GKwU Rbc` M‡o D‡VwQj| Abygvb Kiv nq, GLv‡b Ôe½Õ bv‡g GK RvwZ evmKiZ| ZvB Rbc`wU cwiwPZ nq Ôe½Õ bv‡g| mv¶¨ cÖgvY †_‡K g‡b nq, M½v I fvwMi_xi gvSLv‡biAÂj‡KB e½ ejv n‡Zv|

cvj I †mb eskxq ivRv‡ì Avg‡j e‡½i AvqZb m¼zwPZ n‡q c‡o| GKv`k kZ‡K cvj es‡ki †kl ch©v‡qe½ Rbc` `yfv‡M wef³ n‡q DËi e½ I `w¶Y e½ bv‡g cwiwPZ nq| cÙv wQj DËivÂ‡ji DËi mxgv,`w¶‡Yi eØxc AÂj wQj `w¶Y e½| cieZ©xKv‡j †Kke †mb I wek¦iƒc †m‡bi Avg‡jI e‡½i `ywU fvMcwijw¶Z nq| Z‡e Gevi bvg Avjv`Ñ GKwU ÔweµgcyiÕ I AciwU Ôbve¨Õ| cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc‡Z ÔweµgcyiÕ IÔbve¨Õ bv‡g e‡½i `ywU AÂ‡ji bvg cvIqv hvq| eZ©gvb weµgcyi ciMbv I Zvi mv‡_ AvaywbK Bw`jcyi ciMbviwKq`sk wb‡q wQj weµgcyi| bve¨ e‡j eZ©gv‡b †Kvb RvqMvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| aviYv Kiv nq, dwi`cyi, ewikvj,

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` 9

cUzqvLvjxi wbgœ Rjvf~wg G bve¨ AÂ‡ji AšÍfy©³ wQj| e„nËi e¸ov, cvebv, gqgbwmsn †Rjvi cwðgvÂj,XvKv, dwi`cyi, Kzwóqv, e„nËi Kzwgj-v I †bvqvLvjxi wKQy Ask wb‡q e½ MwVZ n‡qwQj| Ôe½Õ †_‡K ÔevOvwjÕRvwZi DrcwË N‡UwQj|

cyÛª: cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc`¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡jv cyÛª| ejv nq †h, ÔcyÛªÕ e‡j GK RvwZ G Rbc`M‡o Zz‡jwQj| êw`K mvwnZ¨ I gnvfvi‡Z G RvwZi D‡j-L Av‡Q| cyÛª‡ì iv‡Rï ivRavbxi bvg cyÛªbMi|cieZ©xKv‡j Gi bvg nq gnv¯’vbMo| m¤¢eZ †gŠh© mgªvUA‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j (wLªt c~: 273-232 Aã) cÖvPxb cyÛª ivR¨¯^vaxb mËv nvivq| mg„w× evovi m‡½ m‡½ cÂg-lô kZ‡KZv cyÛªea©‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q| †m mgqKvi cyÛªea©b AšÍZe¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx †Rjv Ry‡o we¯—…Z wQj| ivRgnj-M½v-fvMxi_x n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i Ki‡Zvqv ch©šÍ †gvUvgywU mg¯ÍDËi e½B †evanq †m mgq cyÛªea©‡bi AšÍfy©³ wQj| †mbAvg‡j cyÛªea©‡bi `w¶YZg mxgv cÙv †cwi‡q G‡Kev‡i Lvwowelq (eZ©gvb PweŸk ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv) I XvKv-ewikv‡ji mgy`ª Zxi ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| e¸ov n‡Z mvZ gvBj `~‡i gnv¯’vbMo cÖvPxb cyÛªea©b bMixiaŸsmve‡kl e‡j cwÊ‡Ziv Abygvb K‡ib|cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi wb`©k‡bi w`K w`‡q cyÛªB wQj cÖvPxb evsjvi me‡P‡q mg„× Rbc`| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvß cv_‡iiPvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv m¤¢eZ cÖvPxbZg wkjvwjwc GLv‡b cvIqv †M‡Q|

nwi‡Kj : mvZ kZ‡Ki †jL‡Kiv nwi‡Kj bv‡g Aci GK Rbc‡ì eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Pxbv ågYKvix Brwmse‡j‡Qb, nwi‡Kj wQj c~e© fvi‡Zi †kl mxgvq| Avevi Kv‡iv Kv‡iv wjwc‡Z nwi‡K‡ji †h cwiPq cvIqv hvqZv‡Z eZ©gvb PÆMÖv‡giI Ask Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| mg¯Í Z_¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i a‡i †bIqv hvq †h, c~‡e© kªxnÆ(wm‡jU) †_‡K PÆMÖv‡gi Ask we‡kl ch©šÍ nwi‡Kj Rbc` we¯—…Z wQj| hwÌ ga¨Lv‡b mgZU iv‡RïAew¯’wZ wQj- hv wKQyUv weåvwšÍ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avm‡j ZLb Rbc‡ì †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †ek wkw_j Ae¯’vweivR KiwQj| Zv Qvov e½, mgZU I nwi‡Kj- wZbwU c„_K Rbc` n‡jI Giv Lye wbKU cÖwZ‡ewk nIqvqKL‡bv KL‡bv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv GjvKvq Ab¨ Rbc‡ì cÖfve weivR KiZ e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶, mßgI Aóg kZK n‡Z `k I GMv‡iv kZK ch©šÍ nwi‡Kj GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivR¨ wQj| wKšÍy c~e©-evsjvi P›`ª ivRes‡kiivRv ˆÎ‡jvK¨P‡› ªi P›`ªØxc AwaKv‡ii ci n‡Z nwi‡Kj‡K †gvUvgywU e‡½i Ask e‡j aiv nq| A‡b‡K Aveviïay wm‡j‡Ui mv‡_ nwi‡Kj‡K Awfbœ e‡j g‡b K‡ib|

mgZU : c~e© I `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq e‡½i cÖwZ‡ekx Rbc` wn‡m‡e wQj mgZ‡Ui Ae¯’vb| G AÂjwU wQj Av`©ªwbgœf~wg| †Kn †Kn g‡b K‡ib mgZU eZ©gvb Kzwgj-vi cÖvPxb bvg| Avevi †Kn g‡b K‡ib, Kzwgj-v I †bvqvLvjxAÂj wb‡q mgZU MwVZ n‡qwQj| mvZ kZK †_‡K ev‡iv kZK ch©šÍ eZ©gvb wÎcyiv †Rjv wQj mgZ‡Ui Ab¨ZgAsk| GK mgq G Rbc‡ì cwðg mxgv PweŸk ciMbvi Lvwo ciMbv ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| M½v-fvMxi_xi c~e©Zxi †_‡K ïiy K‡i †gNbvi †gvnbv ch©šÍ mgy`ªK~jeZ©x AÂj‡KB m¤¢eZ ejv n‡Zv mgZU| Kzwgj-v kn‡ii 12gvBj cwð‡g eo KvgZv bvgK ¯’vbwU mvZ kZ‡K Gi ivRavbx wQj|

Qwe : gnv¯_vbMo, e¸ov


e‡i›`ª : e‡i›`ªx, e‡i› ª ev e‡i›`ª f~wg bv‡g cÖvPxb evsjvq Aci GKwU Rbc‡ì K_v Rvbv hvq| GwUI DËie‡½i GKwU Rbc`| e‡i› ª cyÛªea©b Rbc‡ì me©v‡c¶v ¸iyZ¡c~Y© GjvKv wQj| Rbc‡ì cÖavb kni, †gŠh© I¸ß Avg‡j cÖv‡`wkK kvmbKZ©vi †K› ª cyÛªbM‡ii Ae¯’vbI wQj GB e‡i› ª GjvKvq| ZvB G‡K Rbc` ejvhvq bv| wKšÍy G bv‡g GK mgq mgMÖ GjvKv cwiwPZ n‡Zv| ZvB cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m G‡K Rbc‡ì gh©v`v†Ìqv nq| GK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, M½v I Ki‡Zvqv b`xi gaëZ©x AÂ‡j wQj G Rbc‡ì Ae¯’vb|e¸ov, w`bvRcyi I ivRkvnx †Rjvi A‡bKUv AÂj Ges m¤¢eZ cvebv †Rjv Ry‡o e‡i› ª AÂj we¯—…Z wQj|

Zvgªwjß : nwi‡K‡ji DË‡i Aew¯’Z wQj Zvgªwjß Rbc`| eZ©gvb †gw`bxcyi †Rjvi ZgjyKB wQjZvgªwj‡ßi cÖvY‡K› ª| mgy`ª DcK~jeZ©x G GjvKv wQj Lye wbPz I Av`ª©| †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ RvqMvwU wQj LyeDËg| cÖvPxbKv‡j Zvgªwjß ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †bŠ-evwY‡Rï †K› ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| ûMjx I iƒcbvivqY b‡ìm½g¯’j n‡Z 12 gvBj `~‡i iƒcbvivq‡Yi Zx‡i G e›ìwU Aew¯’Z wQj| mvZ kZK n‡Z Bnv `Êfyw³ bv‡gcwiwPZ n‡Z _v‡K| AvU kZ‡Ki ci n‡ZB Zvgªwjß e›`‡ii mg„w× bó n‡q hvq|

P› ªØxc : Dc‡iv³ Rbc`¸‡jv Qvov AviI GKwU ¶z`ª Rbc‡ì bvg cÖvPxb evsjvq cvIqv hvq| GUv n‡jvP› ªØxc| eZ©gvb ewikvj †RjvB wQj P› ªØx‡ci g~j f~-LÊ I cÖvY‡K› ª| G cÖvPxb Rbc`wU ev‡jk¦i I †gNbvigaëZ©x ¯’v‡b Aew¯’Z wQj|

GQvov e„nËi cÖvPxb evsjvq `Êfyw³, DËi ivp (eZ©gvb gywk©`vev` †Rjvi cwðgvsk, mgMÖ exif~g †Rjv Gesea©gvb †Rjvi Kv‡Uvqv gnKzgv), `w¶Y ivp (eZg©vb ea©gv‡bi `w¶Yvsk, ûMjxi eûjvsk Ges nvIov †Rjv),evsjv ev evOjv (mvaviYZ Lyjbv, ewikvj I cUzqvLvjxi my›ì ebvÂj) BZ¨vw` bv‡gI kw³kvjx Rbc` wQj|Gfv‡e AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z Qq-mvZ kZK ch©šÍ cÖvPxb evsjvi wewfbœ Ask wfbœ wfbœ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| g~jZ:,Bnv wQj ivR‰bwZK I †fŠ‡MvwjK wefvM| mßg kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K kkvsK †MŠ‡oi ivRv n‡q gywk©`vev` n‡ZDrKj (DËi Dwol¨v) ch©šÍ mgMÖ GjvKv‡K msNe× K‡ib| Zvici n‡Z evsjv wZbwU Rbc` bv‡g cwiwPZnZ| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑcyÛªea©b, †MŠo I e½| evKx Ab¨vb¨ Rbc`¸‡jv G wZbwUi g‡a¨ wejxb n‡q hvq| wef³Rbc`¸‡jv‡K HKë× Kivi cÖ‡Póv cvj I †mb ivRv‡ì Avg‡jB A‡bKUv cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i| kkvsk Gescvj ivRviv mgMÖ cwðg e‡½i ivRv n‡qI ÔivpvwacwZÕ ev Ô†MŠ‡ok¦iÕ e‡jB cwiPq w`‡Zb| d‡j, Ô†MŠoÕ bvgwUcwiwPwZ jvf K‡i|

cÖvPxb evsjvi Rbc` n‡Z Avgiv ZLbKvi evsjvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Aeqe, mxgv‡iLv, ivR‰bwZK êwkó¨ BZ¨vw`m¤ú‡K© †gvUvgywU aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvwi| cÖvPxb evsjvq ZLb †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK HK¨ wQj bv| kw³kvjxkvmKMY Zuv‡ì AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g GKvwaK Rbc‡ì kvmb ¶gZv jvf Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡e Rbc`¸‡jvcÖvPxb evsjvq cÖ_g f~LÊMZ BDwbU ev cÖkvmwbK BDwbU wnmv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i cieZ©x‡Z ivR‰bwZK HK¨MV‡b mnvqZv K‡iwQj|


Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ

1. †Kvb Rbc` †_‡K Ôev½vjÕ RvwZi DrcwË N‡UwQj?

K. e‡i›`ª L. cyÛª

M. e½ N. †MŠo

2. Zvgªwjß Rbc`wU wQj-

i. mgy`ª DcK~jeZx© Lye wbPz I Av`ª©

ii. ¯’j evwY‡R¨i †K› ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ

iii. †bŠ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ AwZ DËg




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :wkjv kxZKvjxb QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ ivRkvnxi e‡i›`ª Rv`yNi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b wM‡q †m cÖvPxbwb`k©‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i cv_‡ii PvKwZ‡Z †Lv`vB Kiv wjwc| †m Rvb‡Z cv‡iGwU wQj evsjv‡`‡k cvIqv cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc Ges mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki mgq G wjwc DrKxY© Kiv n‡qwQj|

3. wkjvi cwiwPZ nIqv wb`k©b¸‡jv cÖvPxb †Kvb Rbc‡`i Bw½Z enb K‡i?

K. †MŠo L. cyÛª

M. mgZU N. e‡i› ª

4. D³ Rbc`wU cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Rbc`, KviY GwU-

i. mf¨Zvi cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b

ii. mg„× bMix wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ

iii. L¨vwZc~Y© †bŠ-evwYwR¨K †K› ª


K. i L. i I ii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1.

K. †MŠoivR kkvs‡Ki ivRavbx wQj †KvbwU?

L. Rbc` ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. DÏxc‡K D‡j-wLZ wb`k©bwU cÖvPxb †Kvb Rbc‡` Aew¯’Z? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ Rbc`wUB cÖvPxb evsjvi me‡P‡q DbœZ Rbc`? DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


Qwe : kvjeb wenvi

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq

cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt)cvj ivRv‡ì kvmbKvj †_‡K avivevwnKfv‡e evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| GiAv‡Mi BwZnvm Lyu‡R cvIqv mnR bq| G mgqKv‡j †Kv‡bv kvmK `xN©w`b mgMÖ evsjv Ry‡o kvmb Ki‡Zcv‡ibwb| ZvB wew”Qbœfv‡eB evsjvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi weKvk N‡U‡Q| †gŠh© I ¸ß kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi ci GKAw¯’wZkxj Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| GiB ga¨ w`‡q DÌvb N‡U wKQy ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï| ¯vaxb ivR¨ DÌv‡bi hy‡M DËievsjvi ivRv kkvsK wQ‡jb me‡P‡q kw³gvb| Zuvi g„Zzï ci `xN©Kvj evsjvq †Kvb †hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb bv| d‡jivR¨ Ry‡o AivRKZv I wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| cÖvq GKkZ eQi G Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ Kv‡U| AZtci †Mvcvj bv‡g GK†bZv G AivRK Ae¯’vi Aemvb NUvb Ges cvj es‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| ev‡iv kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS cvj es‡kicZb N‡U| cvj kvmb hy‡MB `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯^vaxb ivR¨ M‡o D‡V| Gici `w¶Y fvi‡Zi KY©vU†_‡K AvMZ †mb esk c~e© evsjvq ivR¨ ¯’vcb K‡i| cÖvq `yBkZ eQi †mb kvmb Ae¨vnZ wQj| †Zi kZ‡KicÖ_g `k‡K gymjgvb kw³i nv‡Z †mb ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U| ïiy nq GK bZzb Aa¨vqÑ evsjvi ga¨hyM|


•� cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivResk I Zuv‡ì kvmbKvj m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

•� cÖvK cvjhy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

•� cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK PP©vq ZrKvjxb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivReskmg~‡ni Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© BwZevPK aviYv †cvlYKi‡Z m¶g ne;

•� ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivR esk¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf K‡i cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm avivevwnKfv‡e Rvb‡Zmg_© ne;

•� `wÿY-c~e© evsjvi ivR¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

•� cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmbeë¯’v m¤ú‡K© AewnZ ne|

cÖvPxb evsjvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivResk I kvmb-eë¯’v†gŠh© I ¸ß hy‡M evsjv¸ß hy‡Mi c~‡e© cÖvPxb evsjvi avivevwnK BwZnvm iPbv Kivi †Zgb †Kv‡bv Dcv`vb cvIqv hvqwb| †KbbvZLbKvi gvbyl AvR‡Ki g‡Zv BwZnvm †jLvq Af¨¯Í wQj bv| fviZxq Ges we‡`wk mvwn‡Z¨ G mgqKvi evsjvm¤ú‡K© BZ¯ÍZ I wew¶ß Dw³ n‡Z Avgiv BwZnv‡mi Aí¯í Dcv`vb cvB| G mKj wew”Qbœ NUbv †RvovZvwjw`‡q mb-ZvwiL I cÖK…Z NUbv m¤^wjZ avivevwnK †Kv‡bv BwZnvm iPbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| e¯‘Z, wLªóc~e© 327-26 A‡ã MÖxK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Avµg‡Yi mgq n‡Z cÖK…Z BwZnv‡mi iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i| MÖxK†jLK‡ì K_vq ZLb evsjv‡`‡k ÔM½vwiWBÕ bv‡g GK kw³kvjx ivR¨ wQj| M½v b`xi †h `ywU †mªvZ GLbfvMxi_x I cÙv e‡j cwiwPZÑG Df‡qi gaëZ©x AÂjB ÔM½vwiWBÕ RvwZi evm¯’vb wQj| MÖxK MÖš’KviMYM½vwiWB QvovI ÔcÖvwmAqÕ bv‡g Aci GK RvwZi D‡j-L K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì ivRavbxi bvg wQj cvwj‡ev_iv

(cvUwjcyÎ)| MÖxK †jLK‡ì eY©bvi Dci wbf©i K‡i Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h G `y RvwZ GKB ivRes‡ki†bZ…‡Z¡ GKm‡½ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii weiy‡× A¯¿ aviY K‡iwQj| GI Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, Av‡jKRvÛv‡iiAvµg‡Yi mgq evsjvi ivRv gMavw` †`k Rq K‡i cvÄve ch©šÍ ¯^xq ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jbcvUwjcy‡Îi b›èskxq †Kv‡bv ivRv| G mgq †h evsjvi ivRvB mgwaK kw³kvjx wQ‡jb cÖvPxb MÖxK †jLKM‡YiDw³ †_‡K Zv wb:m‡›`‡n cÖgvwYZ nq|

Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii fviZ Z¨v‡Mi gvÎ `yB eQi ci 321 wLª÷ c~e©v‡ã †gŠh© mgªvU P›`ª¸ß †gŠh© fvi‡Zi GK wekvjAÂ‡ji Dci †gŠh© es‡ki cÖfyZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| DËi evsjvq †gŠh© kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq mgªvU A‡kv‡KiivRZ¡Kv‡j (269-232 wLªtc~t)| AÂjwU †gŠh©‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡k cwiYZ n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb cyÛªbMi wQj GcÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx| DËi e½ QvovI †gŠh© kvmb KY©myeY© (gywk©`vev`), Zvgªwjß, (ûMjx) I mgZU (`w¶Y-c~e©evsjv) AÂ‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|

†gŠh© mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci ï½ I c‡i Kš es‡ki Avwef©ve N‡U| G hy‡Mi BwZnvm Rvbvi g‡Zv h‡_ó Dcv`vbAvgv‡ì Kv‡Q †bB| aviYv Kiv nq Zviv wKQy †QvU AÂ‡ji Dci kvmb cÖwZôv K‡iwQj| Gici †ek KwU we‡`wkkw³ fviZel© AvµgY K‡i| G‡ì g‡a¨ MÖxK, kK, cn¬e, KzlvY cÖf„wZ D‡j-L‡hvM¨| Z‡e G AvµgYKvixivevsjv ch©šÍ G‡mwQj wK-bv Zv ejv hvq bv|

¸ß hyM m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi g‡Zv †ek wKQy Dcv`vb BwZnvmwe`‡ì nv‡Z i‡q‡Q| G †_‡K wLªóxq Z…Zxq kZ‡Ki†klfvM I PZz_© kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡Mi BwZnvm iPbv mnR n‡q‡Q| fvi‡Z ¸ß mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq 320wLª÷v‡ã| ZLb evsjvq †ek wKQy ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï DÌvb N‡U| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi mgZU ivR¨ Icwðg evsjvi cy®‹iY ivR¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨| ¸ß mgªvU cÖ_g P›`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB DËi e‡½i wKQy Ask ¸ßmvgªv‡Rï AwaKv‡i Av‡m| mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kv‡j mgMÖ evsjv Rq Kiv n‡jI mgZU GKwU Ki` ivR¨ wQj|mgy`ª¸‡ßi ivRZ¡Kvj n‡Z lô kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS ch©šÍ DËie½ ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï Aaxb¯’ GKwU ÔcÖ‡`kÕ evÔfyw³Õ wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv| †gŠh©‡ì gZ G‡`‡k ¸ß‡ì ivRavbx wQj gnv¯’vbM‡oi cyÛªbMi|

¸ß cieZ©x evsjvcuvP kZ‡K `ya©l© cvnvwo RvwZ ûb I lô kZ‡K gvj‡ei h‡kveg©‡Yi Avµg‡Yi d‡j lô kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a©B ¸ßkvm‡bi cwimgvwß N‡U| wekvj ¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci mviv DËi fvi‡Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ¯^vaxb ivRes‡ki D™¢enq| Gfv‡e ¸ß‡ì ci mgMÖ DËi fvi‡Z ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv †`Lv †`q| †m my‡hv‡M evsjv‡`‡k `ywU ¯vaxbiv‡Rï m„wó nq| Gi GKwU n‡jv e½| Gi Ae¯’vb `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv I cwðg-evsjvi `w¶YvÂ‡j| wØZxqiv‡Rï bvg †MŠo| Gi Ae¯’vb wQj evsjvi cwðg I DËi evsjv wb‡q|

GKK KvR : evsjvi BwZnv‡m e½ I †MŠo Rbc` `y‡Uvi HwZnvwmK cUf~wg D‡j-L Ki|

¯^vaxb e½ ivR¨¸ß mvgªv‡Rï `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M e½ Rbc‡` GKwU ¯vaxb iv‡Rï D™¢e N‡U| Zvgª kvmb (Zvgvi cv‡Z †Lv`vBKiv ivRvi wewfbœ †NvlYv ev wb‡`©k) †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †MvP›`ª, ag©vw`Z¨ I mgvPvi‡è bv‡g wZbRb ivRv ¯vaxbe½ivR¨ kvmb Ki‡Zb| Guiv mevB ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì ivRZ¡Kvj wQj 525

wLª÷vã †_‡K 600 wLª÷v‡ãi g‡a¨|

cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm (wLªtc~e© 326-1204 wLªt) 15

†Kvb& mg‡q Ges Kxfv‡e ¯vaxb I kw³kvjx e½ iv‡Rï cZb n‡qwQj Zv ejv hvq bv| aviYv Kiv nq,`vw¶Yv‡Zï PvjyK¨ es‡ki ivRv KxwZ©eg©‡bi nv‡Z ¯^vaxb e½ iv‡Rï cZb N‡UwQj| wfbœ gZ huviv †cvlY K‡ibZuviv e‡jb, ¯^vaxb †MŠo iv‡Rï DÌvb NU‡j e½ iv‡Rï cZb N‡U| Avevi ¯vaxb e½ iv‡Rï cZ‡bi †cQ‡bwKQy mvgšÍ ivRvi DÌvb‡KI `vqx Kiv nq| KviY, mvZ kZ‡Ki c~‡e©B `w¶Y evsjvi mgZU iv‡R¨ f ª, LoM,ivp cÖf„wZ es‡ki ¯^vaxb I mvgšÍ ivRv‡ì DÌvb N‡UwQj|

¯^vaxb †MŠo ivR¨¸ß mvgªv‡Rï cZ‡bi ci Qq kZ‡K ÔcieZ©x ¸ß eskÕ e‡j cwiwPZ ¸ß Dcvwaavix ivRvMY DËi evsjv,cwðg evsjvi DËivsk I gM‡a ¶gZv we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| Qq kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q G AÂjB †MŠo Rbc`bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| †gŠLix I cieZ©x ¸ßeskxq ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvq cÂvk eQi cyiylvbyµwgK msNl© GesDËi †_‡K wZeŸZxq I `vw¶YvZ¨ †_‡K PvjyKïvRM‡Yi µgvMZ Avµg‡Yi d‡j evsjvq ¸ßeskxq ivRvMY`ye©j n‡q c‡ob| G Ae¯’vi c~Y© my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i kkvsK bv‡g R‰bK mvgšÍ mßg kZ‡Ki †Mvovi w`‡K †MŠoAÂ‡j ¶gZv `Lb K‡ib Ges ¯vaxb †MŠo iv‡Rï cÖwZôv K‡ib|

kkvsK : kkvs‡Ki cwiPq, Zuvi DÌvb I Rxeb-Kvwnbx AvRI cwÊZ‡ì wbKU cwi®‹vi bq| †Kbbv ZuviAvg‡ji BwZnv‡mi †h mg¯Í Dcv`vb cvIqv †M‡Q Zv‡Z eû wecixZgyLx eY©bv i‡q‡Q| ¸ß ivRv‡ì Aax‡b eo†Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji kvmK‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔgnvmvgšÍÕ| aviYv Kiv nq kkvsK wQ‡jb ¸ß ivRv gnv‡mb¸‡ßi GKRbÔgnvmvgšÍÕ Ges Zuvi cyÎ A_ev åvZz®úyÎ|

kkvsK 606 wLª÷v‡ãi c~‡e©B ivR wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi ivRavbx wQj KY©myeY©| wZwb †MŠ‡o ZuviAwaKvi ¯’vcb K‡i cÖwZ‡ekx AÂ‡j ivR¨ we¯Ívi ïiy K‡ib| wZwb `Êfyw³ (†gw`bxcyi) ivR¨, Dwol¨vi DrKj(DËi Dwol¨v) I K‡½v` (`w¶Y Dwol¨v) ivR¨ Ges wenv‡ii gMa ivR¨ Rq K‡i Zuvi ivR¨mxgv e„w× K‡ib|cwð‡g Zuvi ivR¨ evivYmx ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj| Kvgiy‡ci (Avmvg) ivRvI kkvs‡Ki nv‡Z civwRZ nb| GiciwZwb cwðg mxgv‡šÍi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`b| DËi fvi‡Z G mgq `yRb kw³kvjx ivRv wQ‡jb| GKwU cyl¨f~wZivRes‡ki Aax‡b _v‡bk¦i Ges Ab¨wU †gŠLix ivRes‡ki Aax‡b Kvb¨Kzâ| cwðg w`K †_‡K K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLixkw³ evsjv AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ evi evi †Póv KiwQj| Z`ycwi mgmvgwqK mg‡q _v‡bk¦‡ii ivRv cÖfvKiea©‡bi Kb¨vivR¨kªxi m‡½ K‡bŠ‡Ri †gŠLix ivRv MÖneg©‡Yi we‡q n‡j K‡bŠR-_v‡bk¦i †RvU M‡o D‡V| G †Rv‡Ui d‡jevsjvi wbivcËv we‡klfv‡e wecbœ n‡q c‡o| cvëv eë¯’v wn‡m‡e kkvsKI K ~U‰bwZK m ~‡Î gvjeivR†è¸‡ßi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡i ¯xq kw³ e„w× K‡ib|

civµvšÍ _v‡bk¦iivR cÖfvKiea©‡bi AK¯§vr g„Zz¨ n‡j Zuvi RvgvZv K‡bŠ‡Ri MÖneg©Y wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| gvjeivR†è¸ß †gŠLwiivR MÖneg©Y‡K civwRZ K‡ib| Zuvi gwnlx ivR¨kªx‡K e›`x Kiv nq| †è¸ß Gici _v‡bk¦‡iiw`‡K AMÖmi nb| _v‡bk¦‡ii ivRv ZLb ivRëa©b| cw_g‡a¨ †è¸ß ivRëa©‡bi n‡¯Í civwRZ I wbnZ nb| wKšÍyK‡bŠ‡Ri Dci wbR cÖfyZ¡ we¯Ívi I fMœx ivR¨kªx‡K D×vi Kivi Av‡MB wZwb kkvsKi nv‡Z g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

ivRëa©‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡j nl©ea©b K‡bŠR I _v‡bk¦‡ii wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnb K‡ib| wZwb Kvj wej¤ bv K‡iivR¨kªx‡K D×vi I cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ kkvs‡Ki weiy‡× hy×hvÎv K‡ib| G mgq Kvgiƒ‡ci fv¯‹ieg©v Zuvim‡½ wgÎZve× nb| wKšÍy G msN‡l©i djvdj ev Av‡`Š †Kv‡bv msNl© n‡qwQj wK-bv †m wel‡q mwVKfv‡e Rvbvhvq bv| 637 wLª÷v‡ãi wKQy Av‡M kkvsK g„ZzëiY K‡ib|


kkvsK ˆke a‡g©i DcvmK wQ‡jb| wnD‡qb-mvs Zuv‡K †eŠ× ag© we‡Ølx e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G e¨vcv‡i†Zgb †Kv‡bv †Rviv‡jv cÖgvY AvRI cvIqv hvqwb| mvZ kZ‡K evsjvi BwZnv‡m kkvsK GKwU wewkó bvg|cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m wZwbB cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mve©‡fŠg kvmK|

KvR : †h mKj kw³i m‡½ kkvs‡Ki msNl© n‡qwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

gvrmvb¨vq I cvj esk (750 wLªt Ñ 1161 wLªt)

kkvs‡Ki g„Zzï ci evsjvi BwZnv‡m GK `y‡h©vMc~Y© AÜKvigq hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| `xN©w`b evsjvq †Kvb †hvM¨kvmK wQ‡jb bv| d‡j, iv‡R¨ wek„•Ljv I AivRKZv †`Lv †`q| GKw`‡K nl©ea©b I fv¯‹ieg©‡Yi nv‡Z †MŠoivR¨ wQbœ wfbœ n‡q hvq, Ab¨w`‡K f~-¯^vgxiv cÖ‡Z¨‡KB evsjvi ivRv nIqvi Kíbvq G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ msNv‡Z†g‡Z D‡V| †K›`ªxq kvmb k³ nv‡Z aivi g‡Zv ZLb †KD wQ‡jb bv| G AivRKZvi mgqKvj‡K cvjZvgªkvm‡b AvL¨vwqZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Ôgvrmvb¨vqÕ e‡j| cyKz‡i eo gvQ †QvU gvQ‡K a‡i wM‡j †djvi g‡Zv wek„•Ljcwiw¯’wZ‡K e‡j Ôgvrmvb¨vqÕ| evsjvi mej AwacwZiv Ggwb K‡i †QvU †QvU AÂj¸‡jv‡K MÖvm KiwQj| GAivRKZvi hyM P‡j GKkZ eQie¨vcx| AvU kZ‡Ki gvSgvwS G AivRKZvi Aemvb N‡U cvj ivR‡Z¡iDÌv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q|

`xN©w`‡bi AivRKZvq evsjvi gvby‡li gb wewl‡q wM‡qwQj| G Pig `ytL-`y`©kv n‡Z gyw³ jv‡fi Rb¨ †`‡kicÖexY †bZvMY w¯’i Ki‡jb †h Zviv ci¯úi weev`-wem¤^v` fy‡j GKRb‡K ivRc‡` wbe©vwPZ Ki‡eb GesmK‡jB †¯^”Qvq Zuvi cÖfyZ¡ ¯^xKvi Ki‡eb| †`‡ki RbmvaviYI G gZ mvb‡›` MÖnY K‡i| Gi d‡j †MvcvjbvgK GK e¨w³ ivRc‡` wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| cieZ©x kvmK ag©cv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j DrKxY© Lvwjgcy‡ii Zvgªwjwc n‡Z†Mvcv‡ji G wbe©vP‡bi Kvwnbx cvIqv hvq| †Mvcv‡ji wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY wb‡q wZeŸ‡Zi HwZnvwmK jvgv Zvibv_Aek¨ GK iƒcK_vi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Kvwnbxi mviK_v : †`‡k `xN©w`b hver AivRKZvi d‡j RbM‡Yi`y:L-K‡ói Avi mxgv wQj bv| †`‡ki kxl© ¯’vbxq e¨w³iv GKgZ n‡q AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi Rb¨ GKRbÔivRvÕ wbe©vwPZ K‡ib| wKšÍy Ôwbe©vwPZ ivRvÕ iv‡Z GK KzrwmZ bvM iv¶mx KZ…©K wbnZ nb| Gici cÖwZ iv‡ZBGKRb K‡i Ôwbe©vwPZ ivRvÕ wbnZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| Gfv‡e †ek wKQy eQi †K‡U †Mj| Ae‡k‡l GKw`b PzÛv‡èxiGK f³ GK evwo‡Z G‡m †`‡L †m evwoi mK‡jiB gb Lye Lvivc| KviY, Hw`b Ôwbe©vwPZÕ ivRv nevi fvic‡o‡Q H evwoiB GK †Q‡ji Dci| AvMšÍyK H †Q‡ji cwie‡Z© wb‡R ivRv n‡Z ivwR nb| cieZ©x mKv‡j wZwbivRv Ôwbe©vwPZÕ nb| †m iv‡Î bvM iv¶ymx G‡j wZwb PzÛv‡èxi gwngvhy³ jvwVi AvNv‡Z iv¶zmx‡K †g‡i †d‡jb|c‡ii w`b Zv‡K RxweZ †`‡L mK‡jB Avðh© nq| cici mvZw`b wZwb Gfv‡e ivRv Ôwbe©vwPZÕ nb| Ae‡k‡lZuvi A™¢yZ †hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ RbMY Zuv‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e ivRv iƒ‡c Ôwbe©vwPZÕ K‡i|

†Mvcv‡ji c~e© Rxeb m¤ú‡K© we‡kl wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| cvj es‡ki cwiPq I Avw` evm¯’vb m¤ú‡K©I ¯úó wKQyRvbv hvq bv| †Mvcv‡ji wcZvi bvg ecÜ| wZwb wQ‡jb ÔkÎy aŸsmKvixÕ| wcZvgn wQ‡jb `wqZweòz| Zv‡ìbv‡gi Av‡M †Kvb ivRKxq Dcvwa †`Lv hvqwb| G‡Z g‡b Kiv nq, Zviv mvaviY e¨w³B wQ‡jb| `wqZweòzÔme©we`¨v weï×Õ wQ‡jb| G †_‡K g‡b nq, †MvcvjI wcZvi g‡Zv mywbcyY †hv×v wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|†Mvcv‡ji wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq cvj ivR‡Z¡i ïiy nq| cvj es‡ki ivRvMY GKUvbv PvikZeQi G‡`k kvmb K‡ib| GZ `xN© mgq Avi †Kvb ivResk G‡`k kvmb K‡iwb|


†Mvcvj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i ivR¨ we¯Ív‡i g‡bv‡hvM †`b| wZwb evsjvi DËi Ges c~e© As‡ki cÖvq mgMÖAÂjB ivR¨fy³ K‡ib| `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv †Mvcv‡ji kvm‡bi evB‡i †_‡K hvq| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z †Mvcvj 27 ermikvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍy AvaywbK M‡elKMY g‡b K‡ib, wZwb 756 †_‡K 781 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ †`k kvmb K‡ib|

GKK KvR : Ôgvrmvb¨vqÕ Kx? mgv‡R Gi cÖKvk Kx iƒc?

†Mvcv‡ji g„Zzï ci ag©cvj (781-821 wLªt) evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| cvj ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ wZwbB wQ‡jbme©‡kªô| evsjv I wenvie¨vcx Zuvi kvmb cÖwZwôZ wQj| DËi fvi‡Z AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi wb‡q G mg‡q wZbwUivRes‡ki g‡a¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv PjwQj| GKwU evsjvi cvj, Ab¨wU ivRcyZbvi ¸R©icÖwZnvi I Z…ZxqwU`vw¶Yv‡Zï ivóªK~U| BwZnv‡m G hy× ÔwÎ-kw³i msNl©Õ e‡j cwiwPZ| AvU kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K G hy× ïiy nq|cÖ_g hy× nq ag©cvj I cÖwZnvi es‡ki ivRv ermivRvi g‡a¨| G hy‡× ag©cvj civwRZ nb| ZeyI ag©cvj Gmgq evsjvi evB‡i †ekwKQy AÂj Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb evivYmx I cÖqvM Rq K‡i M½v-hgybvi gaëZ©x AÂjch©šÍ ivR¨ we¯Ívi K‡ib| wÎ-kw³i msN‡l©i cÖ_g w`‡K ag©cvj civwRZ n‡jI Zuvi we‡kl †Kvb ¶wZ nqwb|KviY, weR‡qi ci ivóªK~UivR `vw¶Yv‡Z¨ wd‡i hvb| G my‡hv‡M ag©cvj K‡bŠR AwaKvi K‡ib| wKš‘ Aímg‡qi g‡a¨B cÖwZnviivR wØZxq bvMfÆ K‡bŠR `Lj K‡ib| d‡j, ag©cv‡ji mv‡_ Zuvi hy× euv‡a| G hy‡×ag©cvj civwRZ nb| G civR‡qI ag©cv‡ji †Kv‡bv ¶wZ nqwb| KviY, c~‡e©i g‡Zv ivóªK~UivR Z…Zxq †Mvwe›`DËi fvi‡Z Av‡mb Ges wØZxq bvMfÆ‡K civwRZ K‡ib| cÖwZnvi iv‡Ri civR‡qi ci ag©cvjI Z…Zxq†Mvwe‡›ì wbKU AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib| AZtci ivóªK~UivR Zuvi †`‡k wd‡i †M‡j ag©cvj cybivq DËi fvi‡ZAvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| †Kn †Kn g‡b K‡ib, ag©cvj †bcvjI Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| ag©cvj cÖvq 40ermi (781-821 wLªt) ivRZ¡ K‡ib|

wcZvi g‡Zv ag©cvj †eŠ× wQ‡jb| cvj ivRv‡ì g‡a¨ wZwbB m‡e©v”P mve©‡fŠg Dcvwa ci‡gk¦i, cigfÆviKgnvivRvwaivR aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| fvMjcy‡ii 24 gvBj c~‡e© wZwb GKwU†eŠ× wenvi ev gV wbg©vY K‡ib| weµgkxj Zuvi wØZxq bvg ev DcvwaAbymv‡i GwU Ôweµgkxj wenviÕ bv‡g L¨vZ wQj| bvj›`vi g‡Zv weµgkxjwenviI fviZe‡l©i me©Î I fviZe‡l©i evB‡i cÖwmw× jvf K‡iwQj| begkZK †_‡K Øv`k kZK ch©šÍ GwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l©i GKwU weL¨vZ †eŠ×wk¶v‡K›`ª wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| wZeŸ‡Zi eû †eŠ× wf¶z GLv‡b Aa¨qbKi‡Z Avm‡Zb Ges GLvbKvi A‡bK cÖwm× †eŠ× AvPvh© wZeŸ‡Z weï×†eŠ× ag© cÖPvi K‡iwQ‡jb| bv‡Uvi †Rjvi cvnvocyi bvgK ¯’v‡bI ag©cvjGK wekvj wenvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| Bnv †mvgcyi wenvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| GB ¯’vcZ¨ Kg©wU RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹vKZ©„K wek¦mf¨Zvi wb`k©b wn‡m‡e (Iqvì© n¨vwi‡UR) ¯xK…Z n‡q‡Q| Gi b¨vq cÖKvÊ wenvi fviZe‡l©i Avi†Kv_vI GLb ch©šÍ Avwe®‹…Z nqwb| I`šÍcy‡iI (wenvi) wZwb m¤¢eZ GKwU wenvi wbg©vY K‡ib| Zvibv‡_ig‡Z, ag©cvj †eŠ×ag© wk¶vi Rb¨ 50wU wk¶v‡K› ª cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|

ivRv wn‡m‡e mKj ag©vej¤^x cÖRvi cÖwZ mgvb c„ô‡cvlKZv cvj hy‡Mi GKwU êwkó¨| ZvB wb‡R †eŠ× n‡jIAb¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ ag©cv‡ji †Kv‡bv we‡Øl wQj bv| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, ivRvi e¨w³MZ a‡g©i mwnZ ivR¨

Qwe : †mvgcyi wenvi, cvnvocyi, bIMuv


kvm‡bi †Kv‡bv m¤úK© †bB| ZvB wZwb kv‡¯¿i wbqg †g‡b Pj‡Zb Ges cÖwZ a‡g©i †jvK hv‡Z wbR wbR ag© cvjbKi‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖwZ †Lqvj ivL‡Zb| bvivq‡bi GKwU wn›`y gw›`‡ii Rb¨ wZwb Kigy³ f~wg `vb K‡iwQ‡jb|wZwb hv‡ì‡K f~wg `vb K‡iwQ‡jb Zv‡ì AwaKvskB wQj eªvþY| ag©cv‡ji cÖavbgš¿x MM© wQ‡jb GKRb eªvþY|Zuvi eska‡iiv eûw`b a‡i cvj ivRv‡ì cÖavbgš¿x c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb|

cÖvPxb evsjvi BwZnv‡m L¨vwZgvb me©‡kªô kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ ag©cvj Ab¨Zg| Aa© kZvãx c~‡e© †h †`k AivRKZvI AZ¨vPv‡ii jxjvf~wg wQj, Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ †m †`k mnmv cÖPÊ kw³kvjx n‡q DËi fvi‡Z cÖfyZ¡ cÖwZôv Ki‡Zm¶g n‡qwQj|

GKK KvR : ag©cvj L¨vwZgvb me©‡kªô kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Gi c‡¶ 3wU êwkó¨ D‡j-L Ki|

ag©cv‡ji g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ †ècvj (821 wLªt-861 wLªt) wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb wcZvi †hvM¨ DËim~wi wQ‡jb|wcZvi b¨vq wZwbI evsjvi ivR¨mxgv we¯Ív‡i mdj nb| †ècvj DËi fvi‡Z cÖwZnvi I ivóªK ~U ivRv‡ìweiy‡× mdj Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQ‡jb|DËi fvi‡Zi wekvj AÂj Zuvi AwaKv‡iG‡mwQj| Dwol¨v I Kvgiƒ‡ci DciI wZwbAvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡i m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| †gvU K_v,Zuvi mg‡qB cvj mvgªvR¨ me‡P‡q †ewk we¯Ívijvf K‡iwQj|†ècvj †eŠ× a‡g©i GKRb eo c„ô‡cvlKwQ‡jb| gM‡ai †eŠ× gV¸‡jvi wZwbB ms¯‹vimvab K‡ib| wZwb bvj›`vq K‡qKwU gV Gesey×Mqvq GK weivU gw›ì wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|gy‡½‡i wZwb bZzb ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|Rvfv, mygvÎv I gvj‡qi ˆk‡j›`ª es‡ki gnvivRevjcyÎ‡è‡K bvj›`vq GKwU gV cÖwZôviAbygwZ `vb Kiv n‡qwQj| ïay ZvB bq, G g‡Vi e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ cuvPwU MÖvgI cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G NUbv n‡Zevsjv I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Øxccy‡Äi mv‡_ Nwbô m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|

†ècvj we`¨v I weØv‡bi cÖwZ AwZkq kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| wewfbœ †`‡ki †eŠ× cwÊZMY Zuvi ivRmfv AjsK…ZKi‡Zb| †ècv‡ji c„ô‡cvlKZvq bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq ZLb mgMÖ Gwkqvq †eŠ× ms¯‹…wZi cÖavb cÖvY‡K› ª n‡qD‡VwQj| B›`ª¸ß bvgK R‰bK †eŠ× kv‡¯¿ cvi`k©x eªvþY‡K wZwb bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvPvh© ev Aa¨¶ wbhy³K‡iwQ‡jb| G bvj›`v wek¦we`¨vjq‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Zuvi kvmb Avg‡j DËi-fvi‡Z cÖvq nvwi‡q hvIqv †eŠ×ag©cybivq mwRe n‡q D‡V|

†ècv‡ji g„Zzï ci †_‡K cvj mvgªv‡Rï cZb ïiy nq| Zuvi g„Zzï ci K‡qKRb `ye©j‡PZv I AKg©b¨DËivwaKvix wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuviv cvj mvgªv‡Rï †MŠie I kw³ Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j cvj mvgªvR¨


gvbwPÎ : cvj mvgªvR¨

µ‡gB cZ‡bi w`‡K avweZ nq| †ècv‡ji cyÎ cÖ_g weMÖncvj †_‡K wØZxq weMÖncv‡ji ivRZ¡Kvj 861 n‡Z 989wLª÷vã ch©šÍ| cÖ_g weMÖncv‡ji cyÎ bvivqYcvj (866-920 wL÷vã) `xN©Kvj ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wZwb GKRb `ye©jD`¨gnxb kvmK wQ‡jb| d‡j, Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j cvj mvgªv‡Rï mxgv †QvU n‡Z _v‡K| bvivqY cv‡ji ci G‡KG‡K cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb ivR¨cvj, wØZxq †Mvcvj I wØZxq weMÖncvj| Guiv AvbygvwbK 920 n‡Z 995 wL÷vãch©šÍ ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wØZxq weMÖncv‡ji mgq cvj ivRv‡ì kvmb ¶gZv †Kej †MŠo I Zvi Avkcv‡kB mxgve×wQj| Gme `ye©j ivRvi mg‡q DËi fvi‡Zi P‡›`j-I KjPzwi es‡ki ivRv‡ì Avµg‡Y cvj mvgªv‡Rï e¨vcK¶wZ nq| d‡j, G mg‡q cvj mvgªv‡Rï Af¨šÍ‡i DËi-cwðg evsjvi Ask we‡k‡l K‡¤vR ivRes‡ki DÌvb N‡U|

Gfv‡e cvj mvgªvR¨ hLb aŸs‡mi gy‡L, ZLb Avkvi Av‡jv wb‡q GwM‡q G‡jb wØZxq weMÖncv‡ji my‡hvM¨ cyÎcÖ_g gnxcvj (Avt 995-1043 wLªt)| Zuvi Rxe‡bi me‡P‡q D‡j-L‡hvM¨ KxwZ© n‡jv K‡¤vR RvwZi weZvob Gesc~e© e½ AwaKvi K‡i cvj mvgªv‡Rï cybtcÖwZôv| Gici wZwb ivR¨ weR‡q g‡bv‡hvM †`b| Zuvi mvgªvR¨ c~e© e½n‡Z evivbmx Ges wgw_jv ch©šÍ we¯Ívi jvf K‡iwQj| †m mg‡q fvi‡Zi `yB cÖej ivRkw³ ZvwgjivR iv‡R› ª†Pvj Ges †P`xivR Mv‡½q‡`‡ei AvµgY n‡Z wZwb iv‡Rï AwaKvsk ¯’v‡b ¯xq AvwacZ¨ eRvq ivL‡Z m¶gn‡qwQ‡jb|

gnxcvj †eŠ× ag©vej¤x wQ‡jb| g‡b cÖv‡Y wZwb wQ‡jb †eŠ× a‡g©i D`vi c„ô‡cvlK| cyivZb KxwZ© i¶vq wZwbhZœevb wQ‡jb| wZwb bvj›`vq GK wekvj †eŠ× gw›ì wbg©vY K‡ib| evivbmx‡ZI Zuvi Avg‡j K‡qKwU †eŠ×gw›ì wbg©vY Kiv nq|

gwncvj RbKj¨vYKi Kv‡h©i w`‡KI g‡bv‡hvMx wQ‡jb| evsjvi A‡bK `xwN I bMix GLbI Zuvi bv‡gi mwnZRwoZ n‡q Av‡Q| wZwb AmsL¨ kni cÖwZôv I `xwN Lbb K‡ib| kni¸‡jv n‡jv iscyi †Rjvi gvnxMÄ, e¸ov†Rjvi gnxcyi, w`bvRcyi †Rjvi gvnxm‡šÍvl I gywk©`vev` †Rjvi gnxcvj bMix| Avi `xwN¸‡jvi g‡a¨w`bvRcy‡ii gnxcvj `xwN I gywk©`vev‡ì gnxcv‡ji mvMi `xwN weL¨vZ| m¤¢eZ RbwnZKi Kv‡Ri gva¨‡gBgnxcvj G RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|

gnxcv‡ji cÂvk eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡j cvj es‡ki †mŠfvM¨ iwe Avevi Dw`Z n‡qwQj| G Rb¨B BwZnv‡m wZwbwPi¯§iYxq n‡q _vK‡eb| cvj mvgªv‡Rï ªyZ AebwZi hy‡M cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji Avwef©ve bv NU‡j G mvgªv‡RïivRZ¡Kv‡ji mgqKvj wbtm‡›`‡n AviI m¼zwPZ n‡Zv|

`jxq KvR : cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji cÖwZwôZ kni I `xwN¸‡jvi bvg I Ae¯’vb D‡j-L K‡i GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

wKšÍy gnxcvj †Kvb †hvM¨ DËim~wi †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| ZvB Zuvi g„Zzï m‡½ m‡½ mvgªvR¨ †f‡O †h‡Z ïiyK‡i| cÖ_g gnxcv‡ji ci Zuvi cyÎ b¨vqcvj (Av: 1043-1058 wLªt) I †cŠÎ Z…Zxq weMÖncvj (Av: 1058-1075 wLªt) cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| G `ye©j ivRv‡ì mgq KjPzwi ivRv, KY©v‡Ui PvjyK¨-ivR, Dwol¨v IKvgiy‡ci ivRv evsjv AvµgY K‡ib| my`xN©Kvj a‡i G‡Ki ci GK we‡`wk AvµgY †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z wM‡q cvjmvgªvR¨ hLb wech©¯Í, ZLb †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡iI we‡iva I A‰bK¨ †`Lv †`q| GiB my‡hv‡M evsjvi wewfbœ As‡k†QvU †QvU ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï m„wó nq| evsjvi evB‡i wenvi cvj ivRv‡ì nvZQvov n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e Z…ZxqweMÖncv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvi cvj mvgªvR¨ eû ¯vaxb LÊ LÊ As‡k wef³ n‡q hvq|


Gici cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb Z…Zxq weMÖncv‡ji cyÎ wØZxq gnxcvj| Zuvi mgq cvj ivR‡Z¡i `y‡h©vM AviINbxf~Z nq| G mgq DËi e‡½i e‡i› ª AÂ‡ji mvgšÍeM© cÖKv‡k¨ we‡ ªvn †NvlYv K‡i| BwZnv‡m G we‡ ªvnÔˆKeZ© we‡`ªvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G we‡`ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb ˆKeZ© bvqK w`‡e¨vK ev wè¨| wZwb wØZxq gnxcvj‡KnZ¨v K‡i e‡i› ª `Lj K‡i †bb Ges wbR kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|

e‡i›`ª AÂj hLb ˆKeZ¨©‡ì `L‡j ZLb cvj wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib wØZxq gnxcv‡ji †QvU fvB wØZxqk~icvj (Av: 1080-1082 wLªt)| AZtci Zuvi Kwbô åvZv ivgcvj (wLªt 1082-1124 wLª) wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|wZwbB wQ‡jb cvj es‡ki me©‡kl mdj kvmK| cÖvPxb evsjvi Kwe mÜvKi b›`x iwPZ ÔivgPwiZÕ n‡Zivgcv‡ji Rxeb K_v Rvbv hvq| ivgcvj ivR¨fvi MÖnY K‡iB e‡i› ª D×vi Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| G wel‡qivgcvj‡K ˆmb¨, A¯¿ Avi A_© w`‡q mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Av‡mb ivóªK~U, gMa, ivp †`kmn †PŠÏwU AÂ‡ji ivRv|hy‡× ˆKeZ©ivR fxg civwRZ I wbnZ nb| Gici wZwb eZ©gvb gvj`‡ni KvQvKvwQ ÔivgvewZÕ bv‡g bZzbivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| cieZ©x cvj ivRv‡ì kvmbvg‡j ivgvewZB mvgªv‡Rï ivRavbx wQj| wcZ…f~wg e‡i‡›`ªKZ©„Z¡ cÖwZôvi ci mvgªv‡Rï nviv‡bv †MŠie wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ wZwb gMa, Dwol¨v I Kvgiƒ‡ci Dci KZ©„Z¡cÖwZôv K‡ib|

cvj es‡ki `yf©vM¨ ivgcv‡ji cieZ©x kvmKMY wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| d‡j Zuv‡ì c‡¶ cvjes‡ki nvj k³ nv‡Zaiv m¤¢e wQj bv| ivgcv‡ji ci Kzgvicvj (Avt 1124-1129wLªt), Z…Zxq †Mvcvj (1129-1143 wLªt) Ig`bcvj (Avt 1143-1161 wLªt) G‡K G‡K cvj wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| G mgq hy× weMÖn †j‡MB _vKZ| Ae‡k‡lØv`k kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M weRq †mb cvj mvgªv‡Rï wejywß NwU‡q evsjvq †mb es‡ki kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib|

`jxq KvR : cvj mvgªv‡Rï nviv‡bv †MŠie wdwi‡q Avb‡Z ivgcvj Kx c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb Zv wPwýZ Ki|

`w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi ¯^vaxb ivR¨

cvj hy‡Mi †ewki fvM mg‡qB `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv ¯vaxb wQj| ZLb G AÂjwU wQj e½ Rbc‡ì AšÍfy©³| AógkZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K †ek wKQy ivRes‡ki ivRviv KL‡bv cvj ivRv‡ì weiy‡× we‡ ªvn †NvlYv K‡i ¯vaxbfv‡eZv‡ì GjvKv kvmb Ki‡Zb, Avevi KL‡bv cvj ivRv‡ì AaxbZv ¯xKvi K‡i Pj‡Zb|

LoM esk : mßg kZ‡Ki wØZxqv‡a© gMa I †MŠ‡o cieZ©x ¸ßeskxq ivRvMY cªfyZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib| G mgqLoM es‡ki ivRviv `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡Rï m„wó K‡ib| Zuv‡ì ivRavbxi bvg wQj Kg©všÍevmK| Kzwgj-v †Rjvi eo KvgZvi cÖvPxb bvgB m¤¢eZ G Kg©všÍ evmK| LoM‡ì AwaKvi wÎcyiv I †bvqvLvjxAÂ‡ji Dci we¯—…Z wQj|

†èesk : LoM es‡ki kvm‡bi ci GKB AÂ‡j Aóg kZ‡Ki ïiy‡Z †è es‡ki DÌvb N‡U| G es‡kiPviRb ivRvi bvg cvIqv hvq| Guiv n‡jb kªxkvwšÍ‡è, kªxexi‡è, kªxAvb›`‡è I kªxfe‡è| †è ivRvivwb‡R‡ì Lye kw³ai g‡b Ki‡Zb| ZvB Zuviv Zv‡ì bv‡gi mv‡_ hy³ Ki‡Zb eo eo Dcvwa| †hgbÑ cig†mŠMZ, cig fÆviK, ci‡gk¦i gnvivRvwaivR BZ¨vw`| Zuv‡ì ivRavbx wQj †èce©‡Z| Kzwgj-vi wbKUgqbvgwZi Kv‡Q wQj G †èce©Z| †è‡ì ivRZ¡ we¯—…Z wQj mgMÖ mgZU AÂ‡j| AvbygvwbK 740 wLªóvã†_‡K 800 wLªóvã ch©šÍ †è ivRviv kvmb K‡ib|


KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ : `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi nwi‡Kj Rbc‡` beg kZ‡K GKwU ¯vaxb iv‡Rï D™¢e N‡U| G iv‡RïivRv wQ‡jb KvwšÍ‡è| †è ivRes‡ki m‡½ KvwšÍ‡`‡ei †Kv‡bv m¤úK© wQj wK-bv Zv Rvbv hvq bv| Zuvi wcZvwQ‡jb ab`Ë I wcZvgn f`ª`Ë| eZ©gvb wm‡jU KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨fy³ wQj| Zuvi ivRavbxi bvg wQj ea©gvbcyi|eZ©gv‡b G bv‡g †Kv‡bv AÂ‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| G mg‡q `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq P› ª esk e‡j cwiwPZ bZzb GK kw³iD`q nq| KvwšÍ‡`‡ei Mov iv‡Rï cZb nq G P› ª es‡ki nv‡Z|

P› ªesk : `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx ¯vaxb ivResk wQj P›`ª esk| `kg kZ‡Ki ïiy n‡Z GKv`kkZ‡Ki ga¨fvM ch©šÍ †òkZ eQi G es‡ki ivRviv kvmb K‡ib| P› ªes‡ki cÖ_g b„cwZ c~Y©P›`ª I ZrcyÎmyeY©P› ª m¤¢eZ †ivwnZwMwii f~-¯^vgx wQ‡jb| myeY©P‡›`ªi cyÎ ˆÎ‡jvK¨P›`ªB G es‡ki mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv cÖwZôvK‡ib| Zuvi Dcvwa wQj ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ| ˆÎ‡jvK¨P› ª nwi‡Kj, P› ªØxc (ewikvj I cvk¦©eZ©x GjvKv), e½ ImgZU A_©vr mgMÖ c~e© I `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq wbR es‡ki kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| jvjgvB cvnvo wQj P› ª ivRv‡ìg~j †K›`ª| G cvnvo cÖvPxbKv‡j †ivwnZwMwi bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| AvbygvwbK wÎk eQiKvj (900-930 wLª:) wZwbivRZ¡ K‡ib|

ˆÎ‡jvK¨P‡›`ªi my‡hvM¨ DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb Zuvi cyÎ kªxP›`ª| Zuvnvi kvmbvg‡j P› ª es‡ki cÖwZcwË DbœwZi PigwkL‡i †cuŠQvq| wZwb wbtm‡›`‡n es‡ki me©‡kªô kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb Ôci‡gk¦i cig fÆviK gnvivRvwaivRÕDcvwa aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi ivR¨ `w¶Y-c~e© evsjv QvovI DËi-c~e© Kvgiƒc I DË‡i †MŠo ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj|eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i wZwb Zuvi ivRavbx M‡o †Zv‡jb| kªxP›`ª cÖvq 45 eQi (Av: 930-975 wLª:)†kŠh©ex‡h©i mwnZ ivRZ¡ K‡ib|

kªxP‡› ªi cyÎ Kj¨vYP›`ª (Av: 975-1000 wLª:) I †cŠÎ jWnP›`ª (Av: 1000-1020 wLª:) P›`ª es‡ki †MŠie A¶zYœ†i‡LwQ‡jb| jWnP‡›`ªi cyÎ †Mvwe›`P›`ª wQ‡jb †kl P› ª ivRv| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †PvjivR iv‡R› ª †Pvj I KjPzwiivRKY© e½ AvµgY K‡ib| GB `yB ê‡`wkK AvµgY P› ª ivRvi ¶gZv n«vm K‡i Zv‡ì kvm‡bi cZb NUvq|

eg© ivResk : GKv`k kZ‡Ki †klfv‡M cvj ivRkw³ `ye©j n‡q co‡j `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq eg© Dcvwaavix GKivRes‡ki cÖwZôv nq| e½‡`‡k whwb G es‡ki wfwË cÖwZôv K‡ib wZwb n‡jb eRªeg©vi cyÎ RvZeg©v|KjPzwiivR K‡Y©i mv‡_ eg©iv G‡`‡k G‡mwQj e‡j g‡b nq| wcZvi g‡Zv cÖ_g w`‡K wZwbI wQ‡j KjPzwiivRMv‡½q‡è Ges K‡Y©i mvgšÍivR| ˆKeZ©¨ we‡ ªv‡ni mgq wZwb k¦ïi KjPzwiivR K‡Y©i mvnvh¨ I mg_©‡b`w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq ¯^vaxb ivR¨ cÖwZôv K‡ib| eg©‡ì ivRavbx wQj eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcyi| RvZeg©vici Zuvi †R¨ôcyÎ nwieg©v GKUvbv 46 eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| cvj ivRv‡ì m‡½ wZwb eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© eRvq †i‡LPj‡Zb| nwieg©v bvMvf~wg I Avmvg ch©šÍ ¶gZv we¯Ívi K‡iwQ‡jb| nwieg©vi ci Zuvi GK cyÎ ivRvn‡qwQ‡jb| wKšÍy Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡ji †Kvb weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| Zuvi ci RvZeg©vi Aci cyÎ mvgjeg©v ivRv nb|mvgjeg©vi cyÎ †fvReg©v wQ‡jb eg© ivRes‡ki †kl ivRv| †Kbbv, Zuvi ci G es‡ki Avi †Kvb weeiY cvIqvhvq bv| m¤¢eZ: Øv`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q †mbeskxq weRq †mb eg© kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q `w¶Y-c~&e©evsjvq †mb es‡ki kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib|

GKK KvR : wb‡gœi G‡jv‡g‡jv QKwU avivevwnKfv‡e mvRvI :


µwgK bs ivRes‡ki bvg cÖwZôvi mgqKvj

1 P›`ª esk 8g kZK

2 KvwšÍ‡`‡ei ivR¨ 11k kZK

3 LoM esk 10g kZK

4 eg© esk 9g kZK

5 †è esk 7g kZK

†mb esk (1161 wLª:-1204 wLª:)cvj es‡ki cZ‡bi ci ev‡iv kZ‡Ki wØZxq fv‡M evsjv‡`‡k †mb ivRes‡ki m~Pbv nq| aviYv Kiv nq ZuvivG‡`‡k wQ‡jb ewnivMZ| Zuv‡ì c~e©cyiyl‡ì Avw` evm¯’vb wQj my`~i `w¶Yv‡Zï KY©vU| †Kn †Kb g‡b K‡ibZuviv wQ‡jb ÔeªþÿwÎqÕ| †h es‡ki †jv‡Kiv cÖ_‡g eªvþY _v‡K Ges c‡i †ckv cwieZ©b K‡i ¶wÎq nq,Zv‡ì‡K ejv nq Ôeªþ¶wÎqÕ| evsjvi †mb es‡ki cÖwZôvZv wQ‡jb mvgšÍ †mb| wZwb †hŠe‡b KY©v‡U exiZ¡cÖ`k©b K‡i †kl eq‡m cÖ_‡g emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib ivp AÂ‡j M½v b`xi Zx‡i| wZwb †Kv‡bv ivR¨ cÖwZôv bvKivq †mb es‡ki cÖ_g ivRvi gh©v`v †Ìqv nq mvgšÍ †m‡bi cyÎ †ngšÍ †mb‡K| aviYv Kiv nq cvj ivRvivgcv‡ji Aax‡b wZwb GKRb mvgšÍ ivRv wQ‡jb|

†ngšÍ †m‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ weRq †mb (1098-1160 wLª:) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi GB my`xN©ivRZ¡Kv‡jB †mb es‡ki kvmb kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci mycÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| wZwbB m¤¢eZ mvgšÍivRv n‡Zwb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb ivRviƒ‡c cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jb| ˆKeZ©¨ we‡ ªv‡ni mgq wZwb ivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib| GKv`kkZ‡K `w¶Y ivp k~i es‡ki AwaKv‡i wQj| G es‡ki ivRKb¨v wejvm‡èx‡K wZwb we‡q K‡ib| e‡i› ª D×v‡iivgcvj‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi wewbg‡q weRq †mb ¯vaxbZvi ¯xK…wZ cvb| Avevi `w¶Y iv‡pi k~i es‡ki mwnZêevwnK AvZ¥xqZvi m~Î a‡i ivp weRq †m‡bi AwaKv‡i Av‡m| Gici weRq †mb eg©ivRv‡K civwRZ K‡i c~e©I `w¶Y evsjv †mb AwaKv‡i wb‡q Av‡mb| †kl cvj ivRv‡ì `ye©jZvi my‡hvM wb‡q weRq †mb g`bcvj‡KcivwRZ K‡i DËi I DËi-cwðg evsjv n‡Z cvj‡ì weZvwoZ K‡i wbR cÖfyZ¡ we¯Ívi K‡ib| Gici wZwbKvgiyc, Kwj½ I wgw_jv AvµgY K‡ib| ûMjx †Rjvi wÎ‡ebx‡Z Aew¯’Z weRqcyi wQj weRq †m‡bi cÖ_givRavbx| wØZxq ivRavbx ¯’vcb Kiv nq eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcy‡i| weRq †mb cig gv‡nk¦i, ci‡gk¦i,cigfÆviK gnvivRvwaivR, AwiivR-e„lf-k¼i cÖf„wZ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| †mb es‡ki Aax‡bB me©cÖ_g mgMÖevsjv `xN©Kvje¨vcx GKK ivRvi Aax‡b wQj|

a‡g©i w`K n‡Z weRq †mb wQ‡jb ˆke| Kwe DgvcwZai weRq †mb KZ©„K AbywôZ hvM-h‡Ái K_v e‡j‡Qb|Gme hvM-hÁ n‡Z Abygvb Kiv nq †h weRq †mb êw`K a‡g©i cÖwZ we‡kl kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| wKš‘ †Kn †Kn g‡bK‡ib weRq †mb †Muvov wn›`y wQ‡jb| Ab¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ Zuvi †Kvb mwnòyZv wQjbv| GRb¨B weRq †mb I ZuviDËivwaKvix‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvi Afv‡e G‡`‡k †eŠ×ag© †Zgb we¯Ívi jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|

weRq †m‡bi ci wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Zuvi cyÎ ej-vj †mb (1160-1178 wLª:)| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j wZwb ïaywcZ…ivR¨ i¶vB K‡ibwb, gMa I wgw_jvI †mb ivR¨fy³ K‡i †mb kvmb kw³kvjx wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|PvjyK¨ ivRKb¨v igv‡èx‡K wZwb we‡q K‡ib| Ab¨vb¨ Dcvwai mv‡_ ej-vj †mb wb‡Ri bv‡gi mv‡_ ÔAwiivR


wbtk¼ k¼iÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| e„× eq‡m cyÎ j¶Y †m‡bi nv‡Z ivR¨fvi Ac©Y K‡i ¯¿x‡K m‡½wb‡q wZwb wÎ‡ebxi wbKU M½vZx‡i evbcÖ¯’ Aej¤b K‡i †kl Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib|

ej-vj †mb AZ¨šÍ mycwÊZ wQ‡jb| we`¨v I weØv‡bi cÖwZ Zuvi h‡_ó AbyivM wQj| wZwb †e`, ¯§„wZ, cyivY cÖf„wZkv¯¿ Aa¨qb K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi GKwU weivU MÖš’vjq wQj| Kwe ev †jLK wn‡m‡e ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Z¨ Zuvi `vbAcwimxg| Zuvi c~‡e© evsjvi †Kv‡bv cÖvPxb ivRv Giƒc †jLwb cÖwZfvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| wZwb Ô`vbmvMiÕ IÔA™¢yZmvMiÕ bv‡g `ywU MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Aek¨ ÔA™¢yZmvMiÕ MÖ‡š’i Amgvß Ask Zuvi cyÎ j¶Y †mb m¤ú~Y©K‡iwQ‡jb| G MÖš’Øq Zuvi Avg‡ji BwZnv‡mi AZxe g~jëvb DcKiY| wZwb ivgcv‡j bZzb ivRavbx ¯’vcbK‡iwQ‡jb| ej-vj †mb Zš¿ wn›`y a‡g©i c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb| d‡j, Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j eªvþY¨ a‡g©i cÖwZcwË e„w×cvq Ges †eŠ× ag© `ye©j n‡q c‡o| wZwb wn›`y mgvR‡K bZzb K‡i MVb Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ô†KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vÕ cÖeZ©bK‡iwQ‡jb| Gi d‡j mvgvwRK AvPvi-eënvi, weevn Abyôvb cÖf„wZ wel‡q Kzjxb †kªwYi †jvKw`M‡K KZK¸‡jvwe‡kl ixwZbxwZ †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡Zv|

GKK KvR : wn›`yag© cÖPvi I cÖmv‡i ivRv ej-vj †mb Kx Kx eë _v Aej¤b K‡ib Zv D‡j-L Ki|

ej-vj †m‡bi ci Zuvi cyÎ j¶Y †mb (1178-1205 wLª:) cÖvq 60 ermi eq‡m wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wcZvI wcZvg‡ni b¨vq j¶Y †mbI my`¶ †hv×v wQ‡jb Ges iY‡¶‡Î ˆbcy‡Yï cwiPq †`b| wZwb cÖvM-†R¨vwZl,†MŠo, Kwj½, Kvkx, gMa cÖf„wZ AÂj †mb mvgªvRfy³ K‡ib| wKšÍy Zuvi †kl Rxeb Lye my‡Li wQj bv| `xN©w`ba‡i hy×weMÖn cwiPvjbv I eva©K¨RwbZ `ye©jZv I Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y wZwb †kl ch©šÍ kvm‡bi cÖwZ Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡qc‡ob Ges wcZvi b¨vq M½vZx‡i wØZxq ivRavbx beØx‡c emevm Ki‡Z ïiy K‡ib| d‡j †MŠo fqven lohš¿ IAšÍtwe‡iv‡ai jxjv‡¶‡Î cwiYZ nq Ges Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq| G my‡hv‡M 1196 wLªóv‡ã eZ©gvbmy›ìeb AÂ‡j †Wv¤§b cvj we‡ ªvnx n‡q GKwU ¯vaxb iv‡Rï cÖwZôv K‡ib|

j¶Y †mb wb‡R mycwÊZ I we‡`¨vrmvnx wQ‡jb| wcZvi Amgvß MÖš’ ÔA™¢yZmvMiÕ wZwbB mgvß K‡iwQ‡jb|j¶Y †mb iwPZ K‡qKwU †k-vKI cvIqv †M‡Q| Zuvi ivRmfvq eû cwÊZ I Ávbx e¨w³e‡M©i mgv‡ek N‡UwQj|†avqx, kiY, Rq‡è, †Mvea©b, DgvcwZai cÖf„wZ cÖwm× KweMY Zuvi mfv Aj¼„Z Ki‡Zb| fviZ cÖwm× cwÊZnjvq~a Zuvi cÖavbgš¿x I ag©xq cÖavb wQ‡jb| Zuvi mgmvgwqK Ab¨vb¨ cwÊZ‡ì g‡a¨ kªxai `vm, cyiy‡lvËg, cïcwZI Ckvb weL¨vZ| Kwe‡ì g‡a¨ †Mvea©b ÔAvh©¨mß`kxÕ, Rq‡è ÔMxZ‡Mvwe›`Õ I †avqx Ôceb ~ZÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡iAgiZ¡ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| mvwnZ¨ †¶Î e¨ZxZ wkí †¶‡ÎI evsjv G mgq DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡iwQj|

j¶Y †mb wcZv I wcZvg‡ni ˆke a‡g©i cÖwZ AbyivM Z¨vM K‡i êòe ag© MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j g‡b nq| wcZvI wcZvg‡ni Ôcig g‡nk¦iÕ Dcvwai cwie‡Z© wZwb Ôcig êòeÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb kv¯¿ I ag© PP©vq wcZviDchy³ cyÎ wQ‡jb| gymwjg HwZnvwmK wgbnvR Zuvi `vbkxjZv I J`v‡h©i f~qmx cÖksmv K‡i‡Qb|

†Z‡iv kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K gymwjg †mbvcwZ eL&wZqvi Lj&wR bw`qv AvµgY K‡ib| e„× j¶Y †mb †Kvb cÖwZ‡ivabv K‡i b`xc‡_ c~e©e‡½i ivRavbx eZ©gvb gywÝMÄ †Rjvi weµgcyi Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| DËi I DËi-cwðgevsjv eLwZqvi LjRx mn‡RB AwaKvi K‡i †bb| j¶YveZx‡K (†MŠo) †K›`ª K‡i evsjvq gymwjg mvgvR¨cÖwZwôZ nq| `w¶Y-c~e© evsjvq Ae¯’vb K‡i j¶Y †mb AviI 2/3 ermi ivRZ¡ K‡ib| Lye m¤¢e 1206wLªóv‡ã (gZvšÍ‡i 1205 wLª:) wZwb g„Zz¨gy‡L cwZZ nb| j¶Y †m‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi `yB cyÎ wek¦iƒc †mb I


†Kke †mb wKQyKvj (1203 wLª: ch©šÍ) c~e© evsjv kvmb K‡ib| Zey ejv P‡j j¶Y †m‡bi civR‡qi ga¨ w`‡qevsjvq †mb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

`jxq KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmKMY †Kb wewfbœ Dcvax aviY Ki‡Zb? Dcvax¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmb-eë¯’v

¸ß kvm‡bi c~‡e© cÖvPxb evsjvi ivR¨kvmb c×wZ m¤‡Ü mwVK †Kv‡bv weeiY cvIqv hvq bv| cÖvPxb evsjvikvmb eë¯’vi weeiY w`‡Z †M‡j mevi Av‡M †KŠg mgv‡Ri K_v g‡b c‡o| G‡`‡k ¸ß kvmb cÖwZôvi c~‡e©GB †KŠg mgvRB wQj m‡e©me©v| ZLb ivRv wQj bv, ivRZ¡ wQj bv| Zey kvmb-c×wZ mvgvb¨ gvÎvq wQj| ZLbgvbyl GKmv‡_ emevm KiZ| †Kvg‡ì g‡a¨ cÂv‡qZx cÖ_vq cÂv‡qZ Øviv wbe©vwPZ `j‡bZv ¯’vbxq †KŠgkvmbeë¯’vq †bZ…Z¡ w`‡Zb| evsjvi G †KŠg eë¯’v wPi¯’vqx nqwb| wLªóc~e© Pvi kZ‡Ki c~‡e©B evsjvq†KŠgZš¿ †f‡½ wM‡q ivRZ‡š¿i c~Y© weKvk N‡UwQj|

¸ß‡ì mgq evsjvi kvmb-c×wZi cwi®‹vi weeiY cvIqv hvq| AvbygvwbK wØZxq-Z…Zxq kZ‡K DËie½ †gŠh©mvgªv‡Rï AšÍfy©³ n‡qwQj| evsjvq †gŠh© kvm‡bi †K›`ª wQj cyÛªbMiÑeZ©gvb e¸ovi cuvP gvBj ` ~‡ignv¯’vbM‡o| g‡b nq ÔgnvgvÎÕ bvgK GKRb ivR cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g ZLb evsjvq †gŠh© kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZn‡Zv| evsjv ¸ß mvgªvR¨fy³ n‡jI mgMÖ evsjv ¸ß mgªvU‡ì mivmwi kvm‡b wQj bv| evsjvi †h Ask ¸ßmgªvU‡ì mivmwi kvm‡b wQj bv Zv ÔgnvivRvÕ Dcvwaavix gnvmvgšÍMY cÖvq ¯vaxb I Avjv`vfv‡e kvmb Ki‡Zb|G mg¯Í mvgšÍ ivRviv me mgq ¸ß mgªv‡Ui KZ…©Z¡‡K †g‡b Pj‡Zb| ax‡i ax‡i evsjvi me©Î ¸ß mgªvU‡ìkvmb Pvjy nq| G gnvmvgšÍ‡ì Aax‡b eû Kg©Pvix wbhy³ _vK‡Zb|

evsjv‡`‡ki †h Ask mivmwi ¸ß mgªvU‡ì Aax‡b wQj Zv K‡qKwU cÖkvmwbK wefv‡M wef³ wQj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨

me‡P‡q eo wefv‡Mi bvg wQj Ôfyw³Õ| cÖ‡Z¨K Ôfyw³Õ Avevi K‡qKwU wel‡q, cÖ‡Z¨K welq K‡qKwU gÊ‡j, cÖ‡Z¨K

gÊj K‡qKwU exw_‡Z Ges cÖ‡Z¨KwU exw_ K‡qKwU MÖv‡g wef³ wQj| MÖvgB wQj me‡P‡q †QvU kvmb wefvM|

¸ß mgªvU wb‡R fyw³i kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Ki‡Zb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv mgq ivRKzgvi ev ivRcwievi †_‡KI fyw³i

kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Kiv n‡Zv| fyw³cwZ‡K ejv nZ ÔDcwiKÕ| cieZ©x mg‡q kvmKMY ÔDcwiK gnvivRÕ Dcvwa

MÖnY Ki‡Zb| mvaviYZ ÔDcwiK gnvivRÕ-B Zuvi welq¸‡jvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv

mg‡q mgªvU wb‡R Zv‡ì wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| ¸ßhy‡Mi fyw³ I welq¸‡jv‡K eZ©gvb mg‡qi b¨vq wefvM I †Rjvi

mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ¸ß‡ì mgq evsjvi †emvgwiK kvmb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨ Z_¨ cvIqv hvq|wKšÍy mvgwiK kvmb m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv Z_¨B cvIqv hvq bv| †Zgwbfv‡e ivR¯^ eë¯’v m¤ú‡K©I Avgv‡ì ÁvbILyeB Kg| G e¨vcv‡i gvÎ K‡qKRb Kg©Pvixi bvg cvIqv hvq| G n‡Z ¯úófv‡e eySv hvq †h, ¸ß‡ì mg‡q†gvUvgywU GKwU myôz ivR¯^ eë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj|

Qq kZ‡K DËi-cwðg evsjvq ¸ßes‡ki kvmb †kl n‡q hvq| e½ ¯vaxb I Avjv`v wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv jvf K‡i|

ZLb e‡½ †h bZzb ivóª eë¯’vi m„wó n‡qwQj Zv g~jZ ¸ß Avg‡ji cÖv‡`wkK kvm‡bi g‡ZvB wQj| ¸ß‡ìmg‡q ivRZš¿ wQj mvgšÍ wbf©i| G Avg‡j Zvi cwieZ©b nqwb| eis mvgšÍZš¿B AviI cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q| ¸ß


ivRv‡ì g‡Zv evsjvi mvgšÍ ivRvMYI ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ Dcvwa MÖnY Ki‡Zb| GuivI wewfbœ †kªwYi eûmsL¨K

ivRKg©Pvix wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb|

AvU kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q cvj es‡ki cÖwZôvi m‡½ m‡½ e‡½i bZzb hy‡Mi ïiy nq| cvj es‡ki Pvi

kZvãxi ivRZ¡Kv‡j e‡½ Zv‡ì kvmb-eë¯’v mycÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| c~‡e©i g‡Zv cvj hy‡MI kvmb-eë¯’vi g~jK_v n‡jv ivRZš¿| †K› ªxq miKv‡ii kvmb wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P wQ‡jb ivRv ¯qs| civµvšÍ cvj ivRviv cÖvPxbevsjvi ÔgnvivRÕ ev cieZ©xKv‡ji ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ cèx‡Z mšÍyó _v‡Kbwb| ¸ß mgªvUM‡Yi g‡Zv ZuvivI

Ôci‡gk¦iÕ, ÔcigfÆviKÕ, ÔgnvivRvwaivRÕ cÖf„wZ †MŠiegq Dcvwa MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivRvi cyÎ ivRv n‡Zb| G

wbqg _vKv m‡Ë¡I åvZv I ivR cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ wbKU AvZ¥xq‡ì g‡a¨ wmsnvmb wb‡q we‡iva I msNl© n‡Zv| G

mgq n‡Z me©cÖ_g GKRb cÖavbgš¿x ev cÖavb mwP‡ei D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| wZwb wQ‡jb me©cÖavb ivR Kg©Pvix|

iv‡Rï mKj cÖKvi kvmbKv‡h©i Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó kvmb-wefvM wQj| Gi cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi Rb¨ GKRb

Aa¨¶ wbhy³ _vK‡Zb| ivRv gš¿x I AvgvZ¨M‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ †K› ªxq kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| wcZv RxweZ

_vK‡jI A‡bK mgq hyeivR kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb|

†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Av‡qi wewfbœ Drm wQj| Gi g‡a¨ bvbv cÖKvi Ki wQj cÖavb| wewfbœ iK‡gi ivR¯ Av`v‡qi Rb¨wewfbœ †kªwYi Kg©Pvix wbhy³ wQj| ivR¯ Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve I `wjj wefvM †`Lvïbv Kivi eë¯’v wQj| f~wgivR‡¯i cwigvY wVK Kivi Rb¨ Rwg Rwi‡ci Dci we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qv n‡Zv| gy ªv Ges k‡mï AvKv‡i ivR¯ Av`vqn‡Zv| cvj ivRv‡ì mg‡q kvwšÍ i¶vi Rb¨ my›ì wePvi I cywjk wefvM wQj| G mg‡q †Mvcb msev` msMÖ‡niRb¨ ¸ßPi evwnbx wQj| c`vwZK, Ak¦v‡ivnx, n¯Íx I iYZixÑ G KwU wefv‡M mvgwiK evwnbx wef³ wQj|

¸ß‡ì g‡Zv cvj‡ì mg‡qI mvgšÍ ivRv‡ì D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| Gu‡ì bvbv Dcvwa wQj| †K› ªxq kvm‡bi †kŠh©I exh© mvgšÍ‡ì AaxbZvq _vK‡Z eva¨ KiZ| Aek¨ A‡bK †¶‡Î †K› ªxq kw³i `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Guiv ¯vaxbZv†NvlYv Ki‡Zb| cvj kvmK‡ì kw³ A‡bKvs‡k Giƒc mvgšÍivR‡ì mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZvi Dci wbf©i KiZ|

cvj iv‡R¨ †h kvmb-c×wZ cÖPwjZ n‡qwQj Zv cieZ©x mg‡q ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ivResk I †mb ivRZ¡Kv‡j ivóª kvm‡biAv`k© wn‡m‡e ¯xK…Z jvf K‡i| Aek¨ †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wel‡q wKQy wKQy cwieZ©b N‡UwQj| †mb eskxq ivRviv cvjivRv‡ì ivR-Dcvwa QvovI bvbvwea Dcvwa aviY Ki‡Zb| G mg‡q ivbx‡K ivRKxq gh©v`v †`qv n‡q‡Q|kvmbKv‡h© hyeivR‡ì h‡_ó cÖfve wQj| ˆR¨ô ivRKzgvi hyeivR n‡Zb|

c~‡e©i g‡Zv †mb‡ì mg‡qI A‡bK mvgšÍ kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì kw³ I cÖfve Lye cÖej wQj| G mKj mvgšÍivcÖK…Zc‡¶ wbR wbR AÂ‡j ¯^vaxb ivRvi g‡ZvB Pj‡Zb|

†gvUvgywUfv‡e GB wQj cÖvPxb evsjvi kvmbÑc×wZ| G kvmb eë¯’vq we‡`wk‡ì cÖfve wK cwigvY wQj Zv ejvhvq bv| cwÊZ‡ì g‡Z, kvmb c×wZi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k †m mg‡q fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ As‡ki Zzjbvq †gv‡UBwcwQ‡q wQj bv|

`jxq KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvq miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drmmg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ ZyZ Ki|


Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :

1. †Kvb mg‡q fvi‡Z ¸ß mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq?

K. 320 wLªóv‡ã L. 321 wLªóv‡ã

M. 322 wLªóv‡ã N. 323 wLªóv‡ã

2. kkvsK gvjeivR †è¸‡ßi mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb K‡ib-

i. cyl¨f~wZ‡ì `gb Ki‡Z

ii. †gŠLix‡ì `gb Ki‡Z

iii. ivR¨kÖx‡K e›`x Ki‡Z




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :ivqMÄ BDwbq‡b my`xN©Kvj a‡i kvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e kvmb KvR cwiPvwjZ n‡q Avm‡Q| wKšÍy A` I `ye©j †Pqvig¨vbmyg‡bi kvmbvg‡j wewfbœ Kvi‡Y ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Am‡šÍvl †`Lv †`q| GKch©v‡q `yR©‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ RbMYwe‡`ªvn K‡i mygb‡K Zuvi c` †_‡K mwi‡q †`q|

3. iƒcM‡Äi we‡ ªvnx †bZv `yR©‡qi g‡a¨ BwZnv‡mi †Kv‡bv we‡ ªvnx †bZvi Av`k© cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q?

K. fxg L. wè¨

M. wØZxq gnxcvj N. weMÖn cvj

4. †Pqvig¨vb myg‡bi g‡Zv D³ †bZvi ÿgZvPy¨wZi KviY-

i. we‡`ªvn `g‡b e¨_©Zv

ii. kvmK wn‡m‡e A`ÿZv

iii. RbM‡Yi mgm¨v mgvav‡b AcviMZv


K. i L. ii I iii



m„Rbkxj cÖkœ :1. ARq Zvi cwiev‡ii mv‡_ cyivZb wbevm Z¨vM K‡i bexbM‡i bZzbfv‡e emevm ïiy K‡ib| Kvjµ‡g wZwbbexbM‡ii kvmb ÿgZvi AwaKvix nb| GjvKvi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wZwb eûwea Kvh©m¤úv`b K‡ib| GQvovZuvi cieZx© eska‡iivI wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ I mvwn‡Z¨ we‡kl Ae`vb iv‡Lb| Zuvi GjvKvq emevmiZ wewfbœa‡g©i †jvKRb êl‡gï wkKvi n‡Zb|

K. LoM es‡ki ivRavbx †Kv_vq wQj?

L. †mb‡ì eªþÿwÎq ejv nq †Kb?

M. bexbM‡ii kvmK AR‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ê †Kvb †mb kvm‡Ki Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZdjb j¶¨ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ kvm‡Ki eska‡iiv wk¶v I mvwnZ¨ weKv‡k h‡_ó Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb? †ZvgviDË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ †`LvI|

2. ivgbMi †cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨vb †mŠ‡gb eoyqv Zvi GjvKvq GKwU wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡ib| †m wk¶vcÖwZôv‡b †`k we‡`‡ki wkÿv_x©‡ì wkÿv MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv nq| Zvi GjvKvi wewfbœ ag©vej¤^x‡ìwbR wbR ag© cvj‡bi myweavi wel‡q wZwb g‡bv‡hvMx nb| wZwb Zvi †cŠi mfvq kvwšÍk„•Ljv ¯’vc‡bI mg_©nb| d‡j wZwb `xN©w`b †cŠikvmb Kivi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib|

K. cvj es‡ki cÖwZôvZv †K?

L. Ôgvrm¨b¨vqÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq?

M. AvaywbK wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î ivgbMi †cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨v‡bi m‡½ ag©cv‡ji †KvbKg©Kv‡Êi wgj i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ô†mŠ‡gb eoyqvi `xN©w`b †cŠikvmb Kivi wcQ‡b KvR K‡i‡Q ag©cv‡ji Av`k© I Aby‡cÖiYvÕ- Dw³wUih_v_©Zv g~j¨vqb Ki|


PZz_© Aa¨vq

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvmgvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgvRe× n‡q emevm KivB Zvi ¯fve| Gfv‡e evm Ki‡Z n‡j PvB G‡K A‡bï mv‡_

mn‡hvwMZv| G Kvi‡YB gvby‡li cÖ‡qvRb c‡o wewfbœ mvgvwRK A_©‡bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Ges Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb

M‡o †Zvjv| Rxeb euvPv‡Z wZbwU wRwb‡mi cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRbÑ Lv`¨, e¯¿ Ges evm¯’vb| GiciB gvbyl Rxeb‡K

my›ìfv‡e GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z g‡bv‡hvM †`q wk¶v, weÁvb, wkíKjv, AvBb cÖf„wZi Dbœq‡b| mgvR Rxeb weKv‡k

gvby‡li G mg¯Í KvRK‡g©i GKwÎZ iƒcB n‡”Q Zvi ms¯‹…wZ| Avh©‡ì AvMg‡bi c~‡e© evsjvi cÖvPxb gvby‡livGKwU mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb M‡o Zz‡jwQj| evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi GUvB me‡P‡q cÖvPxb iƒc|

cwÊZ‡ì g‡Z, G‡ì fvlvi bvg wQj ÔAwóªKÕ| RvwZ wn‡m‡e G‡ì ejv n‡Zv wblv`| Gici evsjvi ¶z`ª

b„‡Mvôxi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq ÔAvjcvBbÕ bv‡g GK RvwZ| Avh©iv G‡`‡k Avmvi c~‡e© Giv wg‡jwg‡k evsjvi ms¯‹…wZM‡o †Zv‡j| evOvwji Rb cÖK…wZ‡Z wewfbœ gvbe‡Mvôxi aviv G‡m wgwjZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j Zv‡ì ÔmsKi-RbÕ

wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ K‡i‡Q| eû eQi wewPÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb I wgkª‡Yi d‡j evOvwji GKwU wbR¯ A½-cÖZ¨½

êwkó¨ ùvwo‡q‡Q| d‡j AwaKvsk evOvwji gv_v †Mvj AvK…wZi, Pzj Kv‡jv, †Pv‡Li gwb cvZjv n‡Z Nb Kv‡jv,

bv‡Ki AvK…wZ †gvUvgywU ga¨g, Mv‡qi is mvaviYZ k¨vgjv, gyLgÊ‡ji MVb ga¨g AvK…wZi A_©vr †Mvj ev j¤v

bq| G ga¨g AvK…wZi †`n j¶YB evOvwji êwkó¨|


� •� cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíKjv, ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎKjvi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� cÖvPxb evsjvi fvlv I mvwn‡Zï D™¢e I weKvk e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

•��cÖvPxb evsjvi ag©, AvPvi-Abyôvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi cÖ`wk©Z g~j¨‡eva I wek¦vm e¨vL¨vKi‡Z cvie;

•��cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK PP©vq ZrKvjxb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ivReskmg~‡ni Ae`vb m¤ú‡K©BwZevPK aviYv †cvlY Ki‡Z m¶g ne;

•��BwZnvm PP©vi gva¨‡g cÖvPxb evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡bi D™¢e I weKvk m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ZAvMÖnx ne|

cÖvPxb evsjvi mgvR, A_©bxwZ I ms¯‹…wZ

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK Rxeb†gŠh© kvm‡bi c~‡e© e¨vcK A‡_© evsjvi Awaevmx‡ì g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK cwiPq M‡o I‡Vwb| G mg‡q mgvR wewfbœ†Mv‡Î wef³ wQj| G‡K ejv n‡Zv †KŠg mgvR| Avh©‡ì c~‡e© wKQy wKQy ag©wPšÍv cieZ©x mg‡q G‡`‡ki wn›`y a‡g©Qwo‡q c‡o| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jvÑKg©dj, Rb¥všÍiev`, †hvM mvabv BZ¨vw`| G hy‡Mi A‡bK mvgvwRK

cÖ_v I AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi cÖfve cieZ©x mg‡q wn›`y mgv‡R j¶ Kiv hvq| †hgb- AwZw_‡ì cvb-mycvwi †L‡Z †`qv,kx‡ei MxZ MvIqv, we‡q‡Z Mv‡q njy` †`qv, a~wZ-kvwo civ Ges †g‡q‡ì Kcv‡j wmu`yi †`qv BZ¨vw`|

Avh© mgv‡Ri AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq A½ wQj RvwZ‡f` cÖ_v| Zviv `xN©w`b a‡i G‡`‡k emevm Kivi d‡j evsjvqIG eë¯’v Pvjy nq| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvq eªvþY, ¶wÎq, êk¨ I k~`ªÑ G Pvi cÖKvi eY© wQj| cieZ©x mg‡q AviIbvbv cÖKvi m¼i A_©vr wgkª RvwZi m„wó nq| mgv‡R cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZiB wbw`©ó †ckv wQj| Aa¨qb, Aa¨vcbv I c~Rvcve©b KivÑ G¸‡jv wQj eªvþY‡ì wbw`©ó Kg©| Zviv mgv‡R me©‡kªô gh©v`v jvf Ki‡Zb| ¶wÎq‡ì †ckv wQjhy× Kiv| eëmv-evwYR¨ Kiv wQj êk¨‡ì KvR| me‡P‡q wbPz †kªwYi k~`ªiv mvaviYZ K…wlKvR, gvQ wkKvi IAb¨vb¨ †QvULv‡Uv KvR KiZ| eªvþY Qvov evKx me e‡Y©i gvbyl G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ †gjv‡gkv KiZ| mvaviYZGK RvwZi g‡a¨B weevn n‡Zv, Z‡e D”P †kªwYi ei I wbgœ †kªwYi Kb¨vi g‡a¨ weevnI Pvjy wQj| wKšÍy cieZ©xmg‡q Gme e¨vcv‡i K‡Vvi wbqg Pvjy nq|

ZLbKvi w`‡b we‡`k ågYKvix evOvwj cyiyl‡ì †Kv‡bv mybvg wQjbv| wKšÍy ev½vwj †g‡q‡ì ¸Yvejxi Rb¨myL¨vwZ wQj| †g‡qiv †jLvcov wkLZ| †m hy‡M Ae‡iva ev c`©vcÖ_v wQjbv| Z‡e evsjvi †g‡q‡ì †Kv‡bv cÖKvi¯^vaxbZv wQjbv| GKwUgvÎ ¯¿x MÖnYB wQj mgv‡Ri wbqg| Z‡e cyiy‡liv eû ¯¿x ivL‡Z cviZ| weaev‡K wbivwglAvnvi K‡i me ai‡bi wejvwmZv Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ n‡j ¯¿x‡KI g„Z ¯vgxi wPZvq RxešÍ cywo‡qgviv n‡Zv| G cÖ_v‡K ejv nq ÔmZx`vn cÖ_vÕ| ab-m¤úwË‡Z bvix‡ì †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ AwaKvi wQjbv| evsjvicÖvPxb ag©kv‡¯¿ evOvwji DbœZ Pwi‡Îi K_v Rvbv hvq| wKšÍy ZvB e‡j evOvwji mvgvwRK Rxe‡b †Kvbiƒc `yb©xwZ IAk-xjZv wQjbv, Ggb K_v ejv hvq bv|

evOvwji cÖavb Lv`¨ eZ©gvb mg‡qi gZ ZLbI wQj fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, N„Z, ¶xi BZ¨vw`|PvDj n‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bvbv cÖKvi wcVvI RbwcÖq gyL‡ivPK Lvevi wQj| ev½vwj eªvþ‡Yiv Avwgl †L‡Zb| ZLb mKjcÖKvi gvQ cvIqv †hZ| c~e©e‡½ Bwjk I ïuUwK gvQ Lye wcÖq Lvevi wQj| ZiKvwii g‡a¨ †e¸b, jvD, Kzgov,wSs‡M, KvKiyj, KPz Drcbœ n‡Zv| d‡ji g‡a¨ Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, Zvj, †cu‡c, bvi‡Kj, B¶z cvIqv †hZ| Z‡eWv‡ji K_v †Kv_vI ejv †bB| `ya, bvi‡K‡ji cvwb, B¶zim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cÖKvi cvbxq mycÖPwjZwQj| fvZ, Mg, B¶z, ¸o, gay I Zvjim MuvRvBqv bvbv cÖKvi g` ˆZwi n‡Zv| g` RvZxq bvbv cÖKv‡ii cvbxqcvb Kiv n‡Zv| LvIqv-`vIqv †k‡l gmjvhy³ cvb LvIqvi ixwZ wQj|

†cvkvK-cwi”Q‡ì e¨vcv‡i ivRv-gnvivRv I abx‡ì K_v ev` w`‡j we‡kl †Kv‡bv Avo¤i ZLb wQjbv| evsjvibi-bvixiv h_vµ‡g a~wZ I kvwo cwiavb KiZ| cyiy‡liv gvj‡KvPv w`‡q a~wZ ciZ Ges Zv nuvUzi wb‡P bvgZ bv|†g‡q‡ì kvwo †Mvovjx ch©šÍ †cŠuQvZ| gv‡S gv‡S cyiy‡liv Mv‡q Pvì, Avi †g‡qiv coZ Iobv| Drme-Abyôv‡bwe‡kl †cvkv‡Ki eë¯’v wQj| cyiyl-bvix Df‡qi g‡a¨B AjsKvi eënv‡ii ixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj| Zviv Kv‡b KzÊj,Mjvq nvi, Av½y‡j AvswU, nv‡Z evjv I cv‡q gj cwiavb KiZ| †g‡qivB †KejgvÎ nv‡Z k‡•Li evjv ciZ GesA‡bK¸‡jv Pzwo ci‡Z fvjevmZ| gwY-gy³v I `vgx †mvbv-iƒcvi AjsKvi abxiv eënvi KiZ| †g‡qiv bvbvcÖKvi†Lvcv euvaZ| cyiyl‡ì evewo Pzj Kuv‡ai Dci Sz‡j _vKZ| Kcy©i, P›`b cÖf„wZ cÖmvab mvgMÖxi mwnZ wewfbœmyMwÜi eënvi ZLb Lye cÖPwjZ wQj| †g‡q‡ì mvRm¾vq AvjZv, wmu`yi I KzgKz‡gi eënviI ZLb cÖPwjZwQj| cyiy‡liv gv‡S g‡a¨ Kv‡Vi Log ev Pvgovi PwURyZv eënvi KiZ| ZLb QvZviI cÖPjb wQj|


ZLbKvi w`‡b bvbv iKg †Ljva~jv I Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡ì eë¯’v wQj| cvkv I `vev †Ljv cÖPwjZ wQj| Z‡e bvP-Mvb I Awfb‡qi cÖPjb wQj Lye †ewk| exYv, euvwk, g„`½, XvK, †Xvj, †Lvj, KiZvj BZ¨vw` †Zv wQjB, GgbwKgvwUi cvÎ‡KI ev`¨hš¿i~‡c eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| Kzw¯Í, wkKvi, e¨qvg, †bŠKvevBP I evwRK‡ii †Ljv cyiyl‡ì LyecQ›` wQj| bvix‡ì g‡a¨ D`¨vb iPbv, Rjµxov BZ¨vw` Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡ì cÖPjb wQj|

AbœcÖvkb, we‡q, kªv× BZ¨vw` mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY Abyôvb †m hy‡MI cÖPwjZ wQj| ev‡iv gv‡m †Z‡iv cve©YAbywôZ n‡Zv| G Dcj‡¶ bvbv cÖKvi Av‡gv`ÑDrm‡ei eë¯’v wQj| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvq eZ©gvbKv‡ji b¨vqåvZ…wØZxqv (fvB‡duvUv), bevbœ, i_hvÎv, Aógx mœvb, †nvwj, Rb¥vógx, `kniv, A¶q Z…Zxqv, M½vmœvb cÖf„wZmycwiwPZ Abyôvb¸‡jv †mKv‡jI cÖPwjZ wQj| GmKj bvbvwea Av‡gv`-Drme QvovI wn›`ya‡g©i A‡bK †jŠwKKAbyôvbI cÖvPxbKv‡ji mgvR Rxe‡b wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡iwQj| wkïi R‡b¥i c~‡e© Zvi g½‡ji Rb¨Mf©vavb, mxg‡šÍvbœqb BZ¨vw` AbywôZ n‡Zv| R‡b¥i ci bvgKiY, AbœcÖvkb BZ¨vw` DcvPvi cvjb Kiv n‡Zv|cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi RbM‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ag©kv‡¯¿i cÖej cÖfve wQj| †Kvb& wZw_‡Z wK wK Lv`¨ wbwl×,†Kvb& wZw_‡Z Dcevm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges weevn, wkï eq‡m covïbv ïiy Kiv, we‡`k hvÎv, Zx_©hvÎv cÖf„wZi Rb¨†Kvb& †Kvb& mgq ïf ev Aïf BZ¨vw` wel‡q wbqg K‡Vvifv‡e cvwjZ n‡Zv|

cÖPxb evsjvi gvby‡li hvZvqv‡Zi cÖavb evnb wQj Miyi Mvwo I †bŠKv| Lvj-we‡j PjvP‡ji Rb¨ †fjv I †Wv½veënvi KiZ| gvbyl †QvU †QvU Lvj cvi n‡Zv muv‡Kv w`‡q| abx †jv‡Kiv nvZx, †Nvov, †Nvovi Mvwo cÖf„wZhvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ eënvi KiZ| Zv‡ì ¯¿x-cwiR‡biv †bŠKv I cvjKx‡Z GK¯’vb n‡Z Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Avmv-hvIqvKiZ| weev‡ni ci beea~‡K Miyi Mvwo‡Z ev cvjwK‡Z K‡i k¦ïi evwo Avbv nZ| †gv‡Ui Dci g‡b nq †h,AvaywbK Kv‡ji MÖvgxY RxebhvÎv Ges †mKv‡ji RxebhvÎvi g‡a¨ Lye †ewk cv_©K¨ wQj bv|

K…wlcÖavb †`k wn‡m‡e evsjvi AwaKvsk gvbyl MÖv‡g evm KiZ| gvby‡li Rxeb †gv‡Ui Dci my‡Li wQj| Z‡ecÖvPxb evsjvi Mwie `ytLx gvby‡li K_vI Rvbv hvq| mgv‡Ri DuPz †kªwY A_©vr eªvþY‡ì nv‡Z wQj g~j ¶gZv| Gmgq ïaygvÎ eªvþYivB kv¯¿Ávb PP©v Ki‡Z cviZ| eªvþY‡ì AZ¨vPvi mvaviY gvby‡li Rxeb‡K AwZó K‡iZz‡jwQj| G DrcvZ †eŠ× ag©vej¤x‡ì cÖwZ AwaK n‡Zv| †kl w`‡Ki †mb ivRv‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i mvaviY gvbylAZ¨šÍ AmšÍyó n‡q D‡V| †mb es‡ki kvmbvg‡j †eŠ× mgvR I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †b‡g Av‡m `y`©kv| eªvþY‡ì cÖfv‡e†mb‡ì mg‡q mvaviY wn›`y mgvR `ye©j n‡q c‡o| cÖvPxb evsjvi †kl ch©v‡q G wek„•Lj Ae¯’vq gymjgvbmgv‡Ri wfZ M‡o IVvi cÖwµqv ïiy nq| gymjgvb mgvR cÖwZôvi ga¨w`‡q evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi m~Pbv nq| Avi Ghy‡M evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi iƒcI cv‡ë hvq|

GKK KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, AjsKvi, ev`¨hš¿ I †Ljvayjvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v Ges wkíKjv I ¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹h©

cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vevsjv wPiKvjB K…wl cÖavb †`k| cÖvPxbKv‡j evsjvi Awaevmx‡ì †ewki fvM †jvKB MÖv‡g evm KiZ| Zviv mevBwg‡j GKmv‡_ MÖvg M‡o ZzjZ| Avi MÖv‡gi Avkcv‡ki f~wg Pvl K‡i msmvi Pvjv‡Zv| hviv Pvl KiZ ev Ab¨†Kvb cÖKv‡i Rwg †fvM KiZ, wewbg‡q Zv‡ì KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó Ki w`‡Z n‡Zv|

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 31

cÖavbZ: wZb cÖKv‡ii f~wg wQj| Ni-evwo ˆZwi K‡i _vKvi Rb¨ Dchy³ Rwg‡K Ôev¯‘Õ, Pvl Kiv hvq Ggb De©iRwg‡K Ô†¶ÎÕ Ges De©i A_P cwZZ Rwg‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwLjÕ| G wZb cÖKv‡ii f~wg QvovI Ab¨vb¨ cÖKv‡ii f~wgwQj| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ PviY f~wg, nvU-evRvi, Abye©i, ebR½j Ges hvbevnb PjvP‡ji c_| g‡b Kiv nq Gmgq f~wgi gvwjK wQ‡jb ivRv wb‡R| ZLbKvi w`‡b ÔbjÕ w`‡j Rwg gvcv n‡Zv| wewfbœ GjvKvq b‡ji ˆ`N©¨wewfbœ iK‡gi wQj|

cÖvPxbKvj n‡ZB e½‡`k K…wli Rb¨ cÖwm× wQj| ZvB G‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q K…wli Dci wbf©i K‡i|avb wQj evsjvi cÖavb dmj| GQvov cvU, B¶z, Zyjv, bxj, m‡l© I cvb Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi L¨vwZ wQj| djevbe„‡¶i g‡a¨ wQj Avg, KuvVvj, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, Wvwjg, Kjv, †jey, Wygyi, †LRyi BZ¨vw`| GjvwP, je½ cÖf„wZgmjvI e‡½ Drcbœ n‡Zv| M„ncvwjZ cïi g‡a¨ Miy, QvMj, †gl, nuvm-gyiwM, KzKzi BZ¨vw` wQj cÖavb| jeY IïUwK †`‡ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv As‡k Drcbœ n‡Zv|

KzwUi wk‡í cÖvPxb evsjv AZ¨šÍ mg„× wQj| MÖv‡gi †jvK‡ì ìKvwi me wKQy MÖv‡gB ˆZwi n‡Zv| gvwUi ˆZwiwRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ wQj Kjm, NwU-evwU, nuvwo-cvwZj, evmbcÎ BZ¨vw`| †jvnvi ˆZwi wRwbmc‡Îi g‡a¨ wQj `v,Kzovj, †Kv`vj, LšÍv, Lyiwc, jv½j BZ¨vw`| GQvov R‡ji cvÎ, Zxi, ek©v, Z‡jvqvi cÖf„wZ hy‡×i A¯¿k¯¿ˆZwi n‡Zv| wejvwmZvi bvbv iKg wRwb‡mi Rb¨ ¯Y©-wkí I gwY-gvwbK¨ wkí A‡bK DbœwZ jvf K‡iwQj|Kv‡Vi wkíI †m mg‡q AZ¨šÍ DbœZ wQj| msmv‡ii AvmevecÎ, Ni-evwo, gw›ì, cvwé, Miyi Mvwo, †Nvovi Mvwo,i_ cÖf„wZ Kv‡Vi ØvivB ˆZwi n‡Zv| GQvov b`xc‡_ PjvP‡ji Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi †bŠKv I mgy‡ ª PjvP‡ji Rb¨Kv‡Vi eo eo †bŠKv ev RvnvR ˆZwi n‡Zv|

evsjv‡`k K…wl cÖavb n‡jI AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z GLv‡b bvbv cÖKvi wkíRvZ `ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv| e¯¿ wk‡íi Rbëvsjv cÖvPxbKv‡jB weL¨vZ n‡q D‡VwQj| wek¦L¨vZ gmwjb Kvco cÖvPxbKvj †_‡KB evsjvq ˆZwi n‡Zv| G e¯¿GZ m~² wQj †h, 20 MR gmwjb GKwU b‡mï †KŠUvq fiv †hZ| Kvc©vm Zyjv I †ik‡gi ˆZwi DbœZgv‡bi m~²e‡¯¿i RbÏ e½ cÖwm× wQj| Kvc©vm Zyjv I k‡bi ˆZwi †gvUv KvcoI ZLb cÖ¯‘Z n‡Zv| Rvbv hvq †h,e½‡`‡k †m mgq wUb cvIqv †hZ|

e‡½ K…wl I wkí `ª‡eï cÖvPzh© wQj| Avevi G¸‡jvi Lye Pvwn`vI wQj fvi‡Zi wewfbœ AÂ‡j Ges c„w_exi wewfbœ†`‡k| ZvB e‡½i m‡½ cÖvPxbKv‡j c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki eëmv-evwYR¨ PjZ| e‡½i ißvbx c‡Yï g‡a¨D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj m~wZ I †ikgx Kvco, wPwb, ¸o, jeY, †ZRcvZv I Ab¨vb¨ gmjv, PvDj, bvi‡Kj, mycvwi, JlaˆZwii MvQcvjv, bvbv cÖKvi wniv, gy³v, cvbœv BZ¨vw`|

wk‡íi DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ evsjvi evwYRÏ h‡_ó cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| ¯’j I Rj Dfq c‡_B evwY‡RïAv`vb-cÖ`vb PjZ| †`‡ki †fZ‡i evwYR¨ QvovI †m mg‡q evsjv ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ we‡kl DbœZ wQj| ¯’j IRjc‡_ fvi‡Zi Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡ji m‡½ evsjvi cY¨ wewbgq PjZ| G Kvi‡Y evsjvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b eo eo bMiI evwYR¨ e›ì M‡o D‡VwQj| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ be¨vewkKv, †KvUxel©, cyÛªea©b, Zvgªwjß, KY©myeY©, mßMÖvgBZ¨vw`| Aek¨ kni Qvov MÖv‡gi nvUevRv‡iI wKQy wKQy eëmv-evwYR¨ PjZ| Gme MÖv‡gi nv‡U MÖv‡g Drcbœ IwbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ †ePv-†Kbv n‡Zv| mgy ª c‡_ wmsnj, eªþ‡`k, P¤úv, K‡¤^vR, heØxc, gvjq, k¨vg,mygvÎv, Pxb cÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evsjvi cY¨ wewbgq PjZ| ¯’jc‡_ Pxb, †bcvj, f~Uvb, wZeŸZ I ga¨ GwkqvcÖf„wZ †`‡ki m‡½ evwYR¨ PjZ|


wk‡íi DbœwZ I eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡ii d‡j evsjvi ab-m¤ú` I Jk¦h© cÖPzi †e‡o wM‡qwQj| cÖvPxbKv‡j nqZµq-weµq Ges eëmv-evwY‡Rï Rb¨ Ôwewbgq cÖ_vÕ cÖPwjZ wQj| m¤¢eZ wLªóc~e© Pvi kZ‡Ki c~‡e© evsjvqgy`ªvi cÖPjb Avi¤¢ nq| wewfbœ mg‡q e½‡`‡k wewfbœ cÖKvi gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡jI GLv‡b Kwo me‡P‡q Kg gvbwn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡Zv|

`jxq KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvq mgy`ª I ¯’jc‡_ †Kvb& †Kvb& †`‡ki mv‡_ eëmv-evwY‡Rï m¤úK© wQj Q‡K †`LvI|

wkíKjv I ¯’vcZ¨-fv¯‹h©evsjv‡`‡ki bvbv¯’v‡b cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I wPÎwk‡íieû wb`©kb cvIqv †M‡Q| bvbvwea Kvi‡Y cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíKjvaŸsm n‡q †M‡Q| ZeyI wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq, cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjviwkíKjv LyeB DbœZ wQj|

¯’vcZ¨ : cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi wb`k©b AwZ mvgvb¨BAvwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| Pxb †`‡ki ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb I wnD‡qb-mvs-Gi weeiYx I cÖvPxb wkjvwjwc †_‡K cÖvPxb hy‡M evsjvi KviyKvh©gq eû ng©¨, (P~ov, wkLv) gw›ì, ¯Í~c Iwenv‡ii wKQy cwiPq cvIqv hvq|

fviZ Dc-gnv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ¯’vc‡Zï wb`©kb n‡jv ¯Í~c| êw`K hy‡M †`nve‡kl cuy‡Z ivLvi Rb¨k¥kv‡bi Dci gvwUi ¯Í~c i¶v Kivi Rb¨ G ¯’vcZ¨ c×wZ‡K MÖnY Kiv nq| †eŠ×ag© †hLv‡bB cÖmvi jvfK‡i‡Q, †mLv‡bB †QvU-eo AmsL¨ ¯Í~c wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb evsjvq wKQy †eŠ× I ˆRb ¯Í~c wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|XvKv †Rjvi Avkivdcyi MÖv‡g ivRv †è Lo‡Mi †eªvÄ ev AóavZz wbwg©Z GKwU ¯Í~c cvIqv †M‡Q| GwUB m¤¢eZevsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ¯Í~‡ci wb`©kb| ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges PÆMÖv‡gi †SIqvwi‡Z AviI `ywU †eªv‡Äi ˆZwi¯Í~c cvIqv †M‡Q| GQvov, ivRkvnxi cvnvocyi Ges euvKzovi eûjvovq eû ¶z`ª ¶z`ª B‡Ui ˆZwi ¯Í~c cvIqv †M‡Q|

AwZ cÖvPxbKvj n‡Z evsjvq †eŠ× I ˆRb wf¶ziv wenvi I msNivg ˆZwi K‡i ¯ ¯^ ag© cÖPvi Ki‡Zb| wKšÍy G‡K¯’vcZ¨ Kg© ejv P‡j bv| KviY, BU-cv_‡ii KvVv‡gvi Dci euvk I KvV w`‡q G¸‡jv ˆZwi n‡Zv| Kvjµ‡g †eŠ×I ˆRb ms‡N hLb cÖPvi‡Ki msL¨v evo‡Z jvMj ZLb n‡ZB B‡Ui ˆZwi wenvi cÖ¯‘Z ïiy n‡jv| cvj hy‡M G‡mBwenv‡ii iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b n‡jv| Gme wenv‡ii †Kv‡bv †KvbwU †ek eo Ges KviyKvh©gq wQj| ¯Í~‡ci gZ G¸‡jvIaŸsmcÖvß n‡q †M‡Q| ivRkvnxi cvnvocy‡i †h wekvj †eŠ× wenvi Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zv cÖvPxb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨wk‡íi †kªô wb`k©b| G ch©šÍ fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k hZ wenvi Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q Zvig‡a¨ G wenviwU me‡P‡q eo|Rvbv hvq, Aóg kZ‡K ag©cvj GLv‡b cÖKvÊ wenviwU wbg©vY K‡ib| Ô†mvgcyi wenviÕ bv‡g GwU mgMÖ fviZe‡l© IfviZe‡l©i evB‡i L¨vwZ AR©b K‡i| †mvgcyi wenvi e¨ZxZ ag©cvj weµgkxj wenvi I I`šÍcyi wenvi bv‡g AviI`ywU wenvi wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| GQvov cvj Avg‡j ˆZwi †QvU-eo AviI K‡qKwU wenv‡i bvg cvIqv hvq|†hgbÑgvj`‡ni ÔRM`yj wenviÕ, Ô†èx‡KvU wenviÕ, PÆMÖv‡gi ÔcwÊZ wenviÕ, wÎcyivi ÔKbK¯—‚c wenviÕ cÖf„wZ|K‡qK eQi c~‡e© Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ‡Z K‡qKwU wenv‡ii mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| Bnv Ôkvjej wenviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|†Kn †Kn g‡b K‡ib †h, cvnvocy‡ii wenvi I gw›ì A‡c¶vI eo gw›ì I wenvi GLv‡b wQj|


Qwe : kvjeb wenvi, gqbvgwZ, Kzwgj-v

fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯’vc‡Zï BwZnv‡m cÖvPxb evsjvi gw›ì ¯’vcbv gh©v`v I ¯KxqZvq GK we‡kl ¯’vb`Lj K‡i Av‡Q| KviY, cÖvPxbKv‡j GLv‡b AmsL¨ gw›ì wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| G mKj gw›ì AvR mKjBaŸsmcÖvß n‡q‡Q| †KejgvÎ Aóg kZK n‡Z KwU fv½v I Aa©-fv½v gw›`‡ii wb`k©b cvIqv hvq| G mKj†eŠ× gw›ì cyÛªea©b, mgZU, ivp, e‡i›`ª cÖf„wZ AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z wQj| ea©gvb †Rjvi eivK‡ii gw›ìwU cÖvPxbevsjvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb gw›ì e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi BwZnv‡m cvnvocy‡ii gw›ì GKAgi m„wó| G Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m cvnvocy‡ii gw›`‡ii ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv, Dcgnv‡`‡ki AewkóAÂ‡ji ¯’vcZ¨ wkí‡K Bnv Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| w`bvRcyi †Rjvi evYM‡o cÖ Íi wbwg©Z Ges PÆMÖv‡gi†KIqvwi‡Z †eªv‡Äi ˆZwi gw›ì cvIqv †M‡Q|

AwZ m¤cÖwZ Iqvix-e‡Uk¦i MÖv‡g cÖvq 2500 erm‡iicyivZb GK bMi-†Kw› ªK aesmve‡kl cvIqv †M‡Q| BnvXvKv n‡Z 75 wK‡jvwgUvi `~‡i biwms`x †Rjvi †ejv‡evDc‡Rjvq Aew¯’Z| GZw`b aviYv Kiv n‡Zv cÖvPxb evsjvimf¨Zv MÖvg-†Kw›`ªK| wKšÍy G Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j GLb†Rvov‡jv fv‡eB ejv hvq †h cÖvPxb evsjvq bMi-†K›`ªxKmf¨ZvI M‡o D‡VwQj|

fv¯‹h© : wLª÷v‡ãi ïiy‡Z A_ev Gi c~e© el© n‡Z evsjvq ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi cvkvcvwk fv¯‹h© wk‡íi PP©vI n‡Zv|cÖvPxb evsjvq eû gw›ì wQj| ZvB fv¯‹h© wkíKjvI †h DbœZ wQj Zv‡Z m‡›`n †bB| A‡bK ¯’v‡b gw›ì aŸsm

n‡jI Zvi g‡aï †èg~wZ© iw¶Z n‡q‡Q| †KejgvÎ cy¯‹iY, ZgjyK, gnv¯’vb cÖf„wZ AÂ‡j ¸ß-c~e© hy‡Mi

K‡qKwU †cvovgvwUi g~wZ© Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q|

cvnvocy‡ii gw›ì Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z cv_i I †cvovgvwUi djK †_‡Kevsjvi wbR¯^ fv¯‹h© wk‡íi êwk‡óï cwiPq cvIqv hvq| welqe¯‘I wkí †KŠk‡ji w`K †_‡K wePvi Ki‡j cvnvocy‡ii fv¯‹h©-wkí‡K†jvKwkí, AwfRvZ wkí I `y‡qi gvSvgvwS wkí †KŠkjÑG wZb†kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| cvnvocy‡ii fv¯‹‡h© ivgvqY-gnvfvi‡ZiA‡bK Kvwnbx Ges K…òjxjvi A‡bK K_v †Lvw`Z Av‡Q| GQvov,mvaviY gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi A‡bK K_vI G fv¯‹‡h© iƒc †`qvn‡q‡Q| †Lvw`Z fv¯‹h© QvovI cÖvPxb evsjvq †cvovgvwUi wkí LyeBDbœZ wQj| Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ I jvjgvB cvnv‡o †ek wKQy †cvovgvwUi djK I g~wZ© Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb†KvwUel© bMixi aŸsm¯Í~‡cI A‡bK¸‡jv †cvovgvwUi djK Avwe®‹„Z n‡q‡Q| cwÊZMY G¸‡jv‡K †gŠh©, k~½,KzlvY, ¸ß I cvj hy‡Mi e‡j Abygvb K‡i‡Qb| †MŠ‡oi ivRavbx KY©mye‡Y©i aŸsmve‡k‡lI wKQy †cvovgvwUi g~wZ©cvIqv †M‡Q|

wPÎwkí : cvj hy‡Mi c~‡e©Kvi †Kv‡bv wPÎ AvR ch©šÍ cvIqv hvqwb| wKš‘ cÖvPxbKv‡jB evsjvq †h wPÎ A¼‡bi PP©vwQj Zv‡Z †Kv‡bv m‡›`n †bB| mvaviYZ: †eŠ× wenvi I gw›`‡ii †`qvj †mŠ›`h©gq Kivi Rb¨ wPÎv¼b KiviixwZ cÖPwjZ wQj|


Qwe : Dqvix-e‡Uk¦‡i Avwe¯‹…Z aŸsmve‡kl

Qwe : cvnvocy‡ii gw›ì Mv‡Î †Lvw`Z †cvovgvwUi djK

ZLbKvi w`‡b †eŠ× †jL‡Kiv ZvjcvÎ A_ev KvM‡R Zv‡ì cy¯Í‡Ki cvÊywjwc ˆZwi Ki‡Zb| G mKj cyuw_wPÎvwqZ Kivi Rb¨ †jLK I wkíxiv †QvU †QvU Qwe AvuK‡Zb|

†iLvi mvnv‡h¨ wPÎv¼‡bI cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíxiv h‡_ó `¶Zv †`wL‡q‡Qb| ivRv ivgcv‡ji ivRZ¡Kv‡j iwPZÔAómvnwmªKv cÖÁvcviwgZvÕ cyuw_ evsjvi wPÎ wk‡íi †kªô wb`k©b| †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ wPÎv¼‡bi Avi GKwU `„óvšÍnj my›ìe‡b cÖvß †Wv¤§bcv‡ji Zvgªkvm‡bi Aci wc‡V DrKxY© weòzi †iLvwPÎ|

cÖvPxb evsjvi wkíKjvi †¶‡Î cvj hyM ¯§iYxq| beg †_‡K Øv`k kZK-G Pvi kZK ch©šÍ G hy‡Mi wkí‡KmvaviYZ; cvj hy‡Mi wkíKjv e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| KviY, G hy‡Mi wkíbxwZB cieZ©x †mb hy‡MI Ae¨vnZwQj| cÖ¯Íi I avZz wbwg©Z †è-†èxi g~wZ© G hy‡Mi wkíKjvi †kªô wb`k©b e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| G‡Z ag©fv‡eicÖfveB wQj †ewk| kv¯¿xq Abykvmb Abymv‡i †è-†èxi g~wZ©¸‡jv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| Z_vwc wkíxi wkí‡KŠkj I†mŠ›`h©‡ev‡ai cwiPq G‡Z j¶¨ Kiv hvq| g~wZ© wbg©v‡Y mvaviYZ AóavZz I Kv‡jv Kwócv_i eënvi Kivn‡Zv| G Qvov ¯^Y© I iƒcvi eënv‡ii cÖPjb wQj|

evsjv fvlv I mvwnZ¨ : D™¢e I weKvk

Avh©‡ì cÖvPxb evsjvq AvMg‡bi c~‡e© GLv‡b bvbv RvwZ I ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi †jvK emevm KiZ| Zviv Avh©fvlx wn›`ywQj bv| wKšÍy Zviv †h †Kvb fvlvq K_v ejZ Zv mwVKfv‡e AvRI wbY©q Kiv hvqwb| †Mvôx wefv‡Mi m‡½ gvbeRvwZi fvlv wefv‡Mi mswgkªY bv NwU‡q GK_v ejv hvq †h, evsjvi cÖvPxb Awaevmxiv bvbv fvlv-fvlx †jvK wQj bv|

evsjvi cÖvPxbZg Awaevmxiv m¤¢eZ wQj Aw÷ªK †Mvôxi A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK RvwZi gvbyl| Zviv eªþ‡`‡k(gvqvbgvi) I k¨vg‡`‡ki (_vBj¨vÛ) †gvb Ges K‡¤v‡Ri †þi kvLvi gvby‡li AvZ¥xq| G RvZxq gvbyl‡KB †evanq ejv n‡Zv Ôwblv`Õ wKsev ÔbvMÕ; Avi cieZ©xKv‡j Ô†Kvj-Õ, Ôwfj-Õ BZ¨vw`| Zv n‡j Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h,Zv‡ì fvlvI wQj Aw÷ªK †Mvôxi †gvb, †þi kvLvi fvlvi g‡ZvB| A‡bKUv Giƒc fvlvq GLbI K_v e‡jevsjv‡`‡ki cwð‡g †Kvj, gyÛv, muvIZvj cÖf„wZ ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôx, Avi eZ©gvb Avmvg iv‡Rï Lvwmqv cvnv‡oievwm›`viv| Aw÷ªK †Mvôx QvovI evsjvq evm KiZ `ªvweo †Mvôxi wewfbœ kvLvi †jvK| Zviv wQj mymf¨ RvwZigvbyl| Zv‡ì cÖavb evmf~wg GLb `vw¶Yv‡Z¨| wKšÍy GK mgq Zviv m¤¢eZ cwðg-evsjv I ga¨-evsjvq Qwo‡qc‡owQj| A‡÷ªv-GwkqvwUK I ªvexo fvlvi †jv‡Kiv QvovI c~e© I DËi evsjvq eû c~e©Kvj n‡Z bvbv mg‡qG‡mwQj g‡½vjxq ev †fvU Pxbv †Mvôxi bvbv RvwZ, ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi †jvK| Giv n‡jv Mv‡ov, e‡ov, †KvP, †gQ,KvQvwo, wUcivB, PvKgv cÖf„wZ| m¤¢eZ G‡ìB ejv n‡Zv wKivZ RvwZ| Giv †fvUPxbv †Mvôxi bvbv fvlv-Dcfvlvq K_v ejZ| Gi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv kã I iPbv c×wZ evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…Z fvlvq jywK‡q Av‡Q Ges GiwKQy wKQy wb`k©b fvlv weÁvbxiv Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|

Aw÷ªK, `ªvweo I †fvUPxbv fvlv‡Mvôxi ci †h bZzb GKwU fvlv †Mvôxi gvbyl evsjvq cÖ‡ek K‡i Zviv n‡jvAvh©| Avh©‡ì fvlvi bvg cÖvPxb êw`K fvlv| cieZ©xKv‡j G fvlv‡K ms¯‹vi Kiv nq| cyiv‡bv fvlv‡K ms¯‹viKiv nq e‡j G fvlvi bvg nq ms¯‹…Z fvlv| m¤¢eZ êw`K hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K Zviv evsjvq AvMgb ïiy K‡i|Avi wLª÷xq cÖ_g kZ‡Ki g‡a¨ Zviv G‡`‡k emwZ ¯’vcb †kl K‡iwQj| fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AÂ‡jig‡Zv `xN©w`b a‡i Zviv evsjvi ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi m‡½ cvkvcvwk emevm Ki‡Zv| d‡j, ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi Awaevmxiv


wb‡R‡ì fvlv Z¨vM K‡i m¤ú~Y©fv‡e Avh© fvlv MÖnY K‡i| myZivs, me©cÖvPxb hy‡M Avh©MY †h fvlv eënvi KiZGes †h fvlvq êw`K MÖš’ iwPZ n‡qwQj ¯’vb‡f‡` Ges mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b Gi A‡bK cwieZ©b N‡U| ms¯‹…Zn‡Z cÖK…Z Ges cÖvK…Z n‡Z Acåsk fvlvi DrcwË nq| Acåsk fvlv n‡Z Aóg ev beg kZ‡K evsjv fvlvim„wó nq| †hgb- K…ò>Kvý>Kvby>KvbvB|

bq I `k kZ‡Ki Av‡M evsjv fvlvi iƒc wK wQj Zv Rvbevi †Kvb Dcvq †bB| Z‡e G kZK¸‡jv‡Z evsjvqms¯‹…Z QvovI `y‡Uv fvlv cÖPwjZ wQjÑ Gi GKwU n‡jv †kŠi‡mbx Acåsk Ges Ab¨wU gvMax Acås‡ki ¯’vbxq†MŠo-e½xq iƒcÑ hv‡K ejv hvq cÖvPxbZg evsjv fvlv| GKB †jLK G `y fvlv‡ZB c`, †`vnv, I MxZ iPbvKi‡Zb| evsjv fvlvi Giƒc cÖvPxbZg wb`k©b cvIqv hvq nicÖmv` kv¯¿x KZ©„K †bcvj n‡Z msM„nxZ PviwU cÖvPxb†eŠ× cuyw_‡Z| G¸‡jv ÔPh©vc`Õ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GLb ch©šÍ †gvU 47wU Ph©vc` cvIqv †M‡Q| G Ph©vc`¸‡jvig‡a¨B evsjv mvwn‡Zï Rb¥ nq| cieZ©x hy‡M evsjvq mnwRqv Mvb, evDj Mvb I êòe c`vejxi DrcwË nq|myZivs, evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï BwZnv‡mi w`K †_‡K G Ph©vc`¸‡jvi g~j¨ Acwimxg| †gvUvgywUfv‡e ejv hvq†h, AvU kZK n‡Z ev‡iv kZK ch©šÍ G cuvPkZ eQiB n‡jv evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï cÖvPxb hyM|

cÖvPxb evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Rxeb, g~j¨‡eva I wek¦vmcÖvPxb evsjvi ag©xq Ae¯’vcÖvPxb evsjvq Avh© ag© cÖwZôvi c~‡e© †Kvb& ag© cÖPwjZ wQj, †m m¤ú‡K© mwVK †Kvb wKQy Rvbv hvq bv| KviY †mmKj Avw`g Awaevmx‡ì ag©-K‡g©i BwZnvm n‡jv Rbcè× cÖvPxb evsjvi ¶z`ª b„-†Mvôxi †jvK‡ì c~Rv-AP©bv,fq-fw³, wek¦vm I ms¯‹v‡ii BwZnvm| ZLb mgMÖ †`ke¨vcx a‡g©i cÖK…wZ GKB iKg wQjbv| eis eY©, †kªwY,†KŠg, Rbc` BZ¨vwì wewfbœZvi m‡½ m‡½ ag©-K‡g©I wewfbœZv †`Lv w`‡qwQj| Z`ycwi, Zv‡ì cÖvPxb ag©gZ,ms¯‹vi, c~Rv-c×wZ cÖf„wZ iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q Avh© a‡g©i m‡½ wg‡j wM‡q‡Q| GLbI evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡g-M‡Ä bvixRvwZi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ e„¶ c~Rv, c~Rv-cve©‡Y Avgª cj-e, avb Qov, `ye©v, Kjv, cvb-mycvwi, bvi‡Kj, NU, wmu`yicÖf„wZi eënvi ¶z`ª b„-†Mvôxi †jvK‡ì `vb| GKBfv‡e gbmv c~Rv, k¥kvb Kvjxi c~Rv, eY`~M©vc~Rv, lóxc~Rvcªf„wZ ¶z`ª b„-†Mvôxi †jvK‡ì ag©xq Abyôv‡biB cwiPq enb K‡i| Lvwmqv, gyÛv, mvuIZvj, ivReskx, ey‡bv, keicÖf„wZ †KŠ‡gi †jv‡Kiv Zv‡ì Avw`g cyiyl‡ì g‡Zv AvRI †èZvi Avm‡b ewm‡q MvQ, cv_i, cvnvo, cï-c¶xI dj-g~‡ji c~Rv K‡i _v‡K| cÖvPxb fvi‡Zi g‡Zv ZLbKvi w`‡b G‡`‡k bvbv iK‡gi aŸR c~RvI cÖPwjZwQj| aŸR c~Rv wQj †KŠ‡gi †jvK‡ì wbKU H‡Kï cÖZxK|

wLªóc~e© PZz_© kZK n‡ZB Dcgnv‡`‡ki wZbwU e„nr ag©Ñêw`K, †eŠ× I ˆRb a‡g©i cÖfv‡e evsjv cwZZ nq|evsjvq ¸ß hy‡Mi c~‡e© A‰ew`K Avh© a‡g©i wKQyUv we¯Ívi NU‡jI wLªóxq wZb-Pvi kZK ch©šÍ GLv‡b Avh©-êw`K ag© I ms¯‹…wZi wKQyB cÖmvi jvf K‡i wb| ¸ß Avg‡ji Zvgªkvmb n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, ga¨‡`k n‡Z G‡meªvþ‡Yiv e½‡`‡ki bvbv RvqMvq emwZ ¯’vcb K‡iwQj| Zviv êw`K hvM-hÁvwì Abyôvb Ki‡Zb Ges †eÀv‡jvPbv Ki‡Zb| Zv‡ì ag©-Kg© cwiPvjbv I gw›ì wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ f~wg`vb K‡i ivRv-gnvivRviv c~Y¨ AR©‡bi†Póv Ki‡Zb| Gfv‡e Qq kZ‡K êw`K ag© I ms¯‹…wZi †XD evsjvi c~e© mxgvbv ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡QwQj|


Qwe : Ph©vc`

ea©gvb gnvexi

cvj kvm‡bi Avg‡jI êw`K a‡g©i cÖfve cÖwZcwË AUzU wQj| eg© I †mb ivRv‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvi d‡j GKv`kI Øv`k kZ‡K êw`K ag© AviI cÖmvi jvf K‡i| G `yB es‡ki ivRv-gnvivRviv cÖvq mK‡jB eªvþY¨ a‡g© wek¦vmxwQ‡jb| ZLb †eŠ× ag© A‡bKUv ¤-vb n‡q wM‡qwQj| êw`K hvM-h‡Á †cŠivwYK †è-†èx I we‡kl we‡kl wZw_b¶‡Î mœvb-`vb-a¨vb-wµqvK‡g©i cÖPjb ïiy nq| RvZKg©, wb®ŒgY, bvgKiY, AbœcÖvkb, P~ovšÍKiY, Dcbqb,mgveZ©b, weevn, M„n cÖ‡ek BZ¨vw` ms¯‹vi Gfv‡e evOvwj eªvþY¨ mgv‡R Qwo‡q c‡o| Gme ms¯‹vi †`‡kig‡a¨ Qwo‡q †èvi Rb¨ eªvþYiv mivmwi iv‡óªi mnvqZv jvf K‡iwQj|

êw`K I eªvþY¨ ag© evsjvi ey‡K Lye ªyZ cÖmvi jvf Ki‡jI Kvjµ‡g Gi g‡a¨ weeZ©b †`Lv †`q| ¸ß Avg‡jG‡`‡k GKwU bZzb eªvþY¨ a‡g©i Avwef©ve N‡U| êw`K hy‡Mi †è-†èxi cwiPq cÖvq wejxb n‡q hvq| Zvicwie‡Z© bZzb bZzb †è-†èxi c~Rv ïiy nq| G mKj †èZv‡ì bv‡gi m‡½ êw`K †èZvi bv‡gi wgj wQj|wKš‘ êw`K wµqvKv‡Ûi m‡½ Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv wgj wQj bv| G bZzb †è-†èxiv wQ‡jb g~jZ cyivY I gnvKv‡eëwY©Z †è-†èx| ZvB G ag©‡K Ô†cŠivwYK ag©Õ ejv nq| ¯’vbxq ag© wek¦v‡mi cÖfv‡ei d‡j Avh© a‡g© GiƒcweeZ©b †`Lv †`q| cy‡ivwnZiv ag©-Kg© cwiPvjbv Kivi mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib| ag©xq wµqvKv‡Êi RwUjZv†e‡o hvq| †èZvi †ew`‡Z `ya I N„Z Drm‡M©i cwie‡Z© cïewj cÖ_v e„w× cvq| wewfbœ cÖKvi Kzms¯‹vi a‡g©iA½ wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q|

cvj c‡e© †h †cŠivwYK ag© I ms¯‹v‡ii we¯Ívi †`Lv hvq, †mb Avg‡j Zv AviI cÖmvwiZ nq| m~h© MÖnY, P›`ªMÖnY, DÌvb Øv`kx wZw_, DËivqb, msµvwšÍ BZ¨vw` Dcj‡¶ mœvb, Zc©Y I c~Rv, myLivwÎ eªZ, †nvjvKv ev eZ©gvbKv‡ji †nvwj Drme, Rb¥vógx, bxwZ cv‡Vi Abyôvb cÖf„wZ †cŠivwYK wµqv-Kjvc G hy‡M e¨vcKfv‡e †`Lv hvq|

†cŠivwYK c~Rv cve©‡Yi ixwZ-bxwZ I wµqvKjvc n‡Z †h mKj ag© m¤cÖ`v‡qi D™¢e nq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ êòeag©vej¤^xiv me©v‡c¶v D‡j-L‡hvM¨| cvj-P›`ª-K‡¤^vR hy‡M êòe a‡g©i DbœwZi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wewfbœwjwcgvjvq| cvj ivRv‡ì A‡b‡K †eŠ× a‡g©i c„ôv‡cvlK n‡jI Ab¨ a‡g©i b¨vq êòe a‡g©i cÖwZ kª×vkxjwQ‡jb| wKšÍy †mb ivRv‡ì Ae¯’v wfbœZi| hwÌ c~e©cyiy‡liv m`vwk‡ei c~Rv Ki‡Zb, Zey ivRv j¶Y †mbwQ‡jb Ôcig‰eòeÕ| Zuvi mgq n‡ZB ivRKxq kvm‡bi ïiy‡Z wk‡ei cwie‡Z© weòzi ¯Í‡ei cÖPjb nq|

¸ßhy‡M ˆke ag©I cÖPwjZ wQj| lô kZ‡Ki †Muvovq gnvivR êb¨¸‡ßi mnvqZvq c~e© evsjvq ˆkeag© Qwo‡qc‡owQj| mßg kZ‡K †MŠoivR kkvsK I Kvgiƒc ivRv fv¯‹i-eg©v-`yR‡bB wQ‡jb cig ˆke| j¶Y †mb IZuvi eskaiMY êòe gZvej¤^x n‡jI Kzj‡èZv m`vwke‡K KLbI cwiZ¨vM K‡ibwb| Avh©ve‡Z© cvïcZag©vej¤^xiv me‡P‡q cÖvPxb ˆke m¤cÖ`vq| cvj Avg‡j cvïcZ m¤cÖ`vqI Lye kw³kvjx wQj|

GmKj †è-†èxi c~Rv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ AviI A‡bK †cŠivwYK †è-†èxi c~Rvevsjvq cÖPwjZ wQj| G‡ì g‡a¨ m~h© I kw³ c~RvB wQj me©v‡c¶v D‡j-L‡hvM¨|

wLªóc ~e© lô kZ‡K ˆRb a‡g©i cÖeZ©K ea©gvb gnvexi ivp †`‡k AvMgbK‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‘ †mLvbKvi †jv‡Kiv Zuvi ag©‡K MÖnY K‡iwb| eis Zuvi mwnZ`ye©ënvi K‡iwQj| ZvB e‡j ˆRb a‡g©i AMÖMwZ †iva Kiv hvqwb| cÖvPxbKvjn‡Z G m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jv‡Kiv ÔwbMÖnšÍÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡Zv| ¸ßhyM ch©šÍ G bvgcÖPwjZ wQj| mgªvU A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j DËi e‡½ ˆRb m¤cÖ`vqwe`¨gvb wQj| wLª÷xq PZz_© kZ‡K bv‡Uv‡ii cvnvocy‡o GKwU ˆRb wenvi wQj| mßg kZ‡K DËi, `w¶Y I c ~e©


e‡½ wbMÖnšÍ ˆRb‡ì cÖfve wQj me‡P‡q †ewk| mgZU I cyÛªea©‡b ZvivB wQj msL¨vMwiô| †Z‡iv kZ‡KI evsjvqˆRb ev ÔwbMÖnšÍÕ ms‡Ni ixwZg‡Zv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| Z‡e cvj hyM ïiy nevi ci n‡Z ˆRb a‡g©i cÖfve K‡g G‡mwQj|

cÖvPxb evsjvi ag© RM‡Z †eŠ× ag© GKwU wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q|ey×‡`‡ei g„Zyï ci evsjvi †Kv_vI †Kv_vI †eŠ× ag© Qwo‡q c‡owQj|A‡kv‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡jB †eŠ× ag© evsjvq †ewk cÖmvi jvf K‡i| ¸ß I ¸ßcieZ©x mg‡q †eŠ× ag© cÖmvi jvf bv Ki‡jI Gi Lye †Zvo‡Rvo wQj| lôkZ‡Ki †Muvovi w`‡K evsjvi c~e©Zg cÖvšÍ wÎcyivq gnvhvb †eŠ× ag© mycÖwZwôZn‡qwQj| Kzwgj-v AÂ‡j ZLb AmsL¨ †eŠ× wenvi wQj| cvj es‡ki AvMg‡bid‡j evsjvq †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖfve Lye e„w× †c‡qwQj| Aóg kZK n‡Z GKv`kkZK ch©šÍ evsjvq †eŠ× a‡g©iB RqRqKvi wQj| my`xN© PvikZ eQ‡iiivRZ¡Kv‡j Zuv‡ì mwµq c„ô‡cvlKZvq evsjv-wenvi Qvwo‡q G ag© AvšÍR©vwZKgh©v`v I cÖwZôv jvf K‡iwQj| Zuviv A‡bK †eŠ×-wenvi wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|G‡ì g‡a¨ ag©cv‡ji weµgkxj gnvwenvi, †mvgcyi wenvi I I`šÍcyi wenvi me©v‡c¶v D‡j-L‡hvM¨| G mKjwenv‡i wZeŸZ I Ab¨vb¨ AÂj n‡Z A‡b‡K †eŠ×ag© m¤ú‡K© Ávb jv‡fi Rb¨ AvMgb Ki‡Zb| †mvgcyi wenv‡ievm Ki‡Zb gnvcwÊZvPvh© †evwaf`ª| AvPvh© AZxk `xc¼iI wKQyKvj G wenv‡i evm K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv QvovIivp AÂj, e‡i›`ª, w`bvRcyi, wÎcyiv, Kzwgj-v I PÆMÖv‡gI †QvU-eo AmsL¨ †eŠ× wenvi wQj| K‡qK eQi c~‡e©Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ‡Z wKQy msL¨K wenv‡ii aŸsmve‡kl cvIqv †M‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ AZ¨šÍ wekvj AvK…wZi wenviwUÔkvjeb wenviÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| kªxfe‡ì Bnv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| cvj hy‡Mi ci evsjvq †eŠ×ag© mnwRqv ag©iƒ‡cRbwcÖq n‡q D‡VwQj| mgv‡Ri wbgœ ¯Í‡i mnwRqv a‡g©i Lye cÖfve wQj|

cvj ivRv‡ì g‡Zv P›`ª esk I KvwšÍ‡`‡ei es‡ki †jv‡KivI †eŠ× wQ‡jb| wKšÍy †mb ivRvM‡Yi AvMg‡bi cievsjvq ˆke I êòe ag© Ges cÖvPxb êw`K I †cŠivwYK ag©vbyôvb I AvPvi-eënvi cybiy¾xweZ Kivi †Póv Kivnq| †mb hy‡MB weòz, wke, cve©Zx cÖf„wZ †è-†èxi c~Rv ïiy nq Ges eû wn›`y gw›ì wbwg©Z nq| d‡j evsjvq†eŠ× a‡g©i cZb ïiy nq| Zvici †kl AvNvZ Av‡m ZzKx© gymjgvb‡ì wbKU n‡Z| Øv`k kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡KZyKx© Avµg‡Yi d‡j hLb cÖ_‡g gMa I c‡i DËi evsjvi †eŠ× wenvi I gw›ì¸‡jv aŸsm nq, ZLbB †eŠ×msNfvi‡Zi c~e©cÖv‡šÍi G me©‡kl Avkªq ¯’vb n‡Z weZvwoZ n‡q AvZ¥i¶vi Rb¨ †bcvj I wZeŸ‡Z Mgb K‡i|†eŠ×msNB wQj †eŠ× a‡g©i cÖavb †K› ª| Kv‡RB †eŠ× ms‡Ni m‡½ m‡½ †eŠ× ag©I evsjv Z_v fviZel© n‡Zwejyß n‡q hvq|

cÖvPxb evsjvq êw`K, †cŠivwYK, ˆRb, †eŠ× I Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤x m¤cÖ`vq eZ©gvb _vK‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨ Kjn Iwnsmv-†Øl wQj bv| Zviv ci¯úi wg‡jwg‡k cvkvcvwk emevm KiZ| we‡kl K‡i cvjivRMY †eŠ× a‡g©ic„ô‡cvlK n‡qI Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i cÖwZ kª×vkxj wQ‡jb| cÖvPxb evsjvq GKgvÎ kkvs‡Ki ciag© we‡Ø‡li KvwnbxAv‡Q| Aek¨ Gi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó m‡›`n Av‡Q| Pxbv Ges wZeŸZxq Z_¨ n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, cÖvPxb hy‡Mevsjvi ag© Rxeb Lye DbœZ wQj Ges ciag© mwnòzZv evOvwj Pwi‡Îi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ wQj|

GKK KvR : cÖvPxb evsjvi ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jvi bvg D‡j-L Ki|


†MŠZg ey×

cÖvPxb evsjvi AvPvi-Abyôvb, Drme I ixwZ-bxwZcÖvPxb evsjvq c~Rv-cve©b I Av‡gv` cÖ‡gv‡ì cÖPzi eë¯’v wQj| Dgv A_©vr `~M©vi AP©bv Dcj‡¶ e‡i‡›`ª wecyjDrme n‡Zv| weRqv `kgxi w`b Ôkv‡evirmeÕ bv‡g GKcÖKvi b„Z¨Mx‡Zi Abyôvb n‡Zv|

ˆPÎ gv‡m ev`¨ mnKv‡i GK ai‡bi Ak-xj Mv‡bi ixwZ ZLb cÖPwjZ wQj| †nvjvKv ev eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Ô†nvwjÕGKwU cÖavb Drme wQj| ¯¿x-cyiyl mK‡j G‡Z †hvM`vb Ki‡Zv| †KvRvMix c~wY©gv ivwÎ‡Z A¶-µxov n‡Zv|AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb wg‡j wPov I bvi‡K‡ji cÖ¯‘Z bvbvwea Lv`¨ MÖnY †m ivwÎi cÖavb A½ wQj| `y¨Z-cwZc` bv‡gGKwU we‡kl Drme KvwZ©K gv‡mi ïK¬v cÖwZc‡` AbywôZ n‡Zv| G gv‡mB myLivwÎeªZ cvwjZ n‡Zv| åvZ…wØZxqv,AvKvkcÖ`xc, Rb¥vógx, A¶q Z…Zxqv, `kniv, M½vmœvb, gnvAógx‡Z eªþcyÎ mœvb BZ¨vw` eZ©gv‡bi mycwiwPZAbyôvb¸‡jv †mKv‡jI cÖPwjZ wQj|

G mKj c~Rv-cve©‡Y AbywôZ bvbvwea Av‡gv`-Drme e¨ZxZ wn›`ya‡g©i A‡bK †jŠwKK AbyôvbI cÖvPxbKv‡jimvgvwRK Rxe‡b wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡iwQj| wkïi R‡b¥i c~‡e© Zvi g½‡ji Rb¨ Mf©vavb, cysmeb,mxg‡šÍvbœqb I †kvl¨šÍx‡nvg AbywôZ n‡Zv| R‡b¥i ci RvZKg©, wb®ŒgY, bvgKiY, †cŠwóKKg©, AbœcÖvkb IAviI A‡bK DcvPvi cvjb Kiv n‡Zv|

evsjvi wn›`y‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b ag©kv‡¯¿i cÖej cÖfve wQj| †Kvb& wZw_‡Z wK wK Lv`¨ I Kg© wbwl×, †Kvb&wZw_‡Z Dcevm Ki‡Z n‡e Ges weevn, Aa¨qb, we‡`k hvÎv, Zx_© Mgb cÖf„wZi Rb¨ †Kvb& †Kvb& Kvj ïf evAïf †m wel‡q kv‡¯¿i Abykvmb K‡Vvifv‡e cvwjZ n‡Zv|

ZLbKvi w`‡b evOvwj cyiyl‡ì †Kv‡bv mybvg wQj bv| eis Zviv weev`wcÖq I D×Z e‡j cwiwPZ wQj| wKšÍyevOvwj †g‡q‡ì myL¨vwZ wQj| †g‡qiv †jLvcovI wkLZ| wkw¶Z mgv‡R gvZv I cZœxi m¤§vb I gh©v`v †ek D”PwQj| †m hy‡M Ae‡iva ev c`©v cÖ_v wQj bv| evsjvi †g‡q‡ì †Kv‡bv ¯^vZš¿¨ ev ¯^vaxbZv wQj bv| GKwU gvÎ ¯¿xMÖnYB wQj mvaviY wbqg| Z‡e cyiy‡li g‡a¨ eû weevn cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| A‡bK ¯¿x‡KB mcZœxi m‡½ GK‡ÎRxeb hvcb Ki‡Z nZ| weaev bvix Rxe‡bi Pig Awfkvc e‡j we‡ewPZ nZ| gy‡Q †hZ Kcv‡ji wmu`yi Ges †mBm‡½ Zvi mg¯Í cÖmvab I Aj¼vi| weaev‡K wbivwgl Avnvi K‡i me ai‡bi wejvm eR©b I K…”Q« mvab Ki‡Zn‡Zv| mngiY cÖ_v †mKv‡jI cÖPwjZ wQj| A_©vr ¯^vgxi g„Zz¨ n‡j GKB wPZvq ¯¿x‡KI RxešÍ cywo‡q gvivn‡Zv| cÖvPxb evsjvq ab-m¤úwË‡Z bvix‡ì †Kv‡bv wewaweavbMZ AwaKvi wQj bv| Z‡e, ¯vgxi AeZ©gv‡bAcyÎK weaev ¯¿x ¯^vgxi mg¯Í m¤úwËi AwaKvi `vwe Ki‡Z cviZ|

evsjvi cÖvPxb ag©kv‡¯¿ ˆbwZK Rxe‡bi Lye D”P Av`‡k©i cwiPq cvIqv hvq| GKw`‡K mZ¨, †kŠP, `qv, `vbcÖf„wZ me©wea ¸‡Yi gwngv KxZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K, eªþ nZ¨v, myiv cvb, Pzwi Kiv, ci`vi Mgb (ci¯¿xiwbKU Mgb) cÖf„wZ gnvcvZK e‡j MY¨ K‡i Zvi Rb¨ K‡Vvi kvw¯Í I ¸iyZi cÖvqwð‡Ëi eë¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b G Av`k© wK cwigv‡Y AbymiY Kiv n‡Zv Zv ejv KwVb| Z‡e mgvR Rxe‡b wKQy wKQy `yb©xwZ IAk-xjZvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|


Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1. cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K wek¦L¨vZ †Kv‡bv Kvco evsjvq ˆZwi n‡Zv?

K. †iqb L. †ikgx

M. gmwjb N. ckgx

2. cÖvPxb evsjvi A_©bxwZ‡K K…wl wbf©i ejv nq, †Kbbv G mg‡q-

i. evsjvi cÖavb dmj wQj avb

ii. B¶z, Zzjv I cvb Pv‡li Rb¨ evsjvi L¨vwZ wQj

iii. cÖavb A_©Kix dmj wQj cvU


K. i L. ii

M. ii I iii N. i I ii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :KweZv MÖx‡®§i QzwU‡Z gv-evevi mv‡_ Kzwgj-vi gqbvgwZ‡Z kvjeb wenvi cwi`k©‡b hvq| †mLv‡b wM‡q jÿ K‡i†h wenv‡ii ga¨Lv‡b DuPz wXwei Dci †K›`ªxq gw›ì, Pvicv‡k †eŠ× wf¶z‡ì Rb¨ AmsL¨ K¶, †Ìqv‡j†UivKvUv AsKb| mewKQz wgwj‡q Ac~e© cÖvPxb wb`k©b|

3. KweZvi †`Lv cÖvPxb wb`k©‡bi êwk‡óï mv‡_ cÖvPxb evsjvi †Kv‡bv wb`k©‡bi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq?

K. XvKvi Avkivdcy‡ii L. PÆMÖv‡gi †SIqvwii

M. bIMuvi cvnvocy‡ii N. euvKzovi eûjvovi

4. D³ cÖvPxb wb`k©‡b †h êwkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq, Zv n‡jv-

i. †eŠ×‡ì wbwg©Z

ii. Ávb mvabvi¯’vb

iii. †`‡k we‡`‡k h‡_ó L¨vwZ i‡q‡Q





m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. wUbv Zvi evÜexi eo †evb bxjvi we‡q‡Z MÖv‡gi evwo‡Z †eov‡Z G‡m‡Q| bxjvi wcZv MÖv‡gi mg„×kvjxeëmvqx| wZwb we‡`‡k mywZe¯¿, wmé, Jla wgwn PvDj ißvwb K‡ib| MÖv‡g A‡bK KzwUi wkí M‡oD‡V‡Q| ìKvwi A‡bK wRwbl MÖv‡gB ˆZwi nq| MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv GLbI gvwUi ˆZwi Kjm, nuvwo-cvwZjeënvi K‡i| MÖv‡g GLbI h‡_ó K…wl Rwg, PviYf~wg, nvU evRvi, e›ì hvbevnb PjvP‡ji c_ i‡q‡Q|Ggb GKwU MÖv‡g weevn Abyôv‡b G‡m wUbv gy»| we‡qi w`b wUbv Lye my›ì K‡i mywZi kvwo, cv‡q AvjZv,Kcv‡j KzgKzg I gv_vq Iobv c‡i my›ì K‡i Pz‡ji †Lvcv †eu‡a‡Q| we‡q evwo‡Z fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, mewR,`wa I ¶xi cwi‡ekb Kiv n‡q‡Q| LvIqv-`vIqv †k‡l gmjvhy³ cvb †`qv nq| weevn I Lvev‡ii †k‡lGKwU †QvU Mv‡bi Rjmvi Av‡qvRb wQj|

K. Avh©‡ì fvlvi bvg Kx?

L. Kxfv‡e evsjv fvlvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q?

M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Lv`¨ I †cvkvK cwi”Q‡ì mv‡_ evsjvi †Kv‡bv Avg‡ji wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôbxjv‡ì MÖv‡gi Avw_©K KvVv‡gv ZrKvjxb evsjvi cÖwZ”QweÕ Zzwg wK Dw³wUi m‡½ GKgZ? hyw³ `vI|

2. †mŠif e¨vbvRx© I cÖ`xc ewYK `yB eÜz Ges GKB kn‡i emevm K‡i| †mŠi‡fi evev Kvc‡oi eëmvK‡ib| Zvi †`vKv‡b Uv½vB‡ji ZuvZ, ivRkvnxi wmé I Rvg`vwb kvwo wewµ nq| eZ©gv‡b wZwb mywZ KvcoI wmé kvwo we‡`‡k ißvwb Ki‡Qb| cÖ`x‡ci evev PvDj, wPwb, jeY, gmjv BZ¨vwì eëmv K‡ib| wZwbwPwb I gmjv Avg`vwb K‡ib| GKw`b cÖ`xc †mŠif‡ì evwo‡Z hvq Ges Zvi †evb‡K †`‡L wbR eofvB‡qi mv‡_ weev‡ni cÖ¯Íve †`q| cÖ`xciv †mŠif‡ì m¤§K bq weavq D³ cÖ¯Íve evwZj K‡i †`b†mŠi‡fi gv- evev|

K. KLb †_‡K evsjvq gy ªvi cÖPjb Avi¤¢ nq?

L. cÖvPxb evsjvi gvby‡li Ae¯’v †Kgb wQj?

M. †mŠi‡fi †ev‡bi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i Zvi gv-evevi g‡bvfv‡e ZrKvjxb evsjvi †Kvb w`KwU dz‡U D‡V‡Q?e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki, cÖ`x‡ci eo fvB‡qi we‡qi e¨vcv‡i †h euvavi m„wó n‡q‡Q Zv ZrKvjxb evsjvimgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi AšÍivq? hyw³ `vI|


cÂg Aa¨vq

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm(1204 wLªt-1757 wLªt)

evsjvq gymjgvb kvm‡bi m~PbvKvj‡K evsjvq ga¨hy‡Mi ïiy ejv nq| BwZnv‡m GK hyM †_‡K Ab¨ hy‡M cÖ‡ekKi‡Z n‡j we‡kl KZK¸‡jv hyMvšÍKvix cwieZ©b ìKvi| gymjgvb‡ì e½ weR‡qi d‡j e‡½i ivR‰bwZK†¶‡ÎB ïay cwieZ©b Av‡mwb| Gi d‡j e‡½i mgvR, ag©, A_©bxwZ, fvlv I mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvmn wewfbœ †¶‡Î G†`kevmxi Rxe‡b êc-weK cwieZ©b Av‡m|

G Aa¨vq †k‡l AvgivÑ

� • ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi gymjgvb kvmb cÖwZôv c‡e©i D‡j-L‡hvM¨ w`Kmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

• ga¨hy‡M myjZvwb Avg‡j evsjvi eskvbyµwgK kvmb Ges Zuv‡ì ivR‰bwZK K…wZZ¡mg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Zcvie;

� • evsjvq AvdMvb kvmbvgj I kvmKM‡Yi K…wZZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� • evsjvq evi f~uBqv‡ì BwZnvm I cwiPq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

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BIR LjwRi g„Zzï ci †_‡K 1287 wLª÷vã ch©š— lvU eQi evsjv w`j-xi gymjgvb kvmK‡ì GKwU cÖ‡`‡kcwiMwYZ nq| G mgq c‡bi Rb kvmbKZ©v evsjv kvmb K‡ib| Gu‡ì `k Rb wQ‡jb `vm| `vm‡ì ÔgvgjyKÕejv nq| G Kvi‡Y lvU eQ‡ii evsjvi kvmb‡K A‡b‡K `vm kvmb ev gvgjyK kvmb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i| wKšÍy Ghy‡Mi c‡bi Rb kvm‡Ki mK‡jB ZzK©x es‡ki wQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y G mgqKvj‡K ZzK©x hyM ejv me‡P‡q h_v_©n‡Z cv‡i| ZzK©x kvmK‡ì mg‡q w`j-x‡Z Af¨š—ixY †Mvj‡hvM PjwQj| myZivs, evsjvi g‡Zv `~ieZ©x cÖ‡`‡kiw`‡K myjZvb‡ì g‡bv‡hvM †Ìqvi my‡hvM wQjbv| cwiYv‡g evsjvi ZzK©x kvmKiv A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e †`kcwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| cÖ_g ZzK©x kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb bvwmiDÏxb gvngy`| wZwb wQ‡jb w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwg‡kicyÎ| 1229 wLª÷v‡ã bvwmiDÏxb gvngy` g„ZzëiY Ki‡j Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ evsjvq ¶gZvq Av‡mb ÌjZ kvn-web-gI`y`| 1236 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb BjZzrwg‡ki g„Zz¨ n‡j w`j-x‡Z †Mvj‡hvM †`Lv hvq| G my‡hv‡M AvIi LvbAvBeK jL‡bŠwZi ¶gZv `Lj K‡i †bb| wKšÍy AíKvj c‡iB wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v ZzNij ZzNvb Lv‡bi nv‡Z ZuvicivRq N‡U| ZzNvb Lvb 1245 wLª÷vã ch©š— 9 eQi evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wQ‡jb| Gici gvÎ 2 eQi jL‡bŠwZi¶gZvq wQ‡jb Igi Lvb|

1247 †_‡K 1251 wLª÷vã ch©š— evsjv kvmb K‡ib RvjvjDwÏb gvmy` Rvwb| wZwb jL‡bŠwZ‡Z kvwš— wdwi‡qAvb‡Z m¶g nb| cieZ©x kvmK wQ‡jb A‡hva¨vi kvmbKZ©v gvwjK BLwZqvi DwÏb BDReK| mxgvš— AÂ‡jwZwb ivR¨mxgvi we¯—vi NUvb| h‡_ó kw³ mÂq Kivi ci gvmy` Rvwb 1255 wL÷v‡ã ÔgywNmDwÏbÕ DcvwaaviY K‡i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| wZwb 1257 wLª÷v‡ã wbnZ nb| cieZ©x `yB eQi jL‡bŠwZ ¯vaxbfv‡e kvmbK‡ib gvwjK D¾DwÏb BDReK| c‡i 1269 wLª÷v‡ã Kviv cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbKZ©v ZvRDwÏb Avimvjvb LvbjL‡bŠwZi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Avimvjvb Lv‡bi ci evsjvi kvmbKZ©v nb ZvZvi Lvb| wZwb w`j-xi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨cÖKvk Ki‡jI K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨ w`j-xi mv‡_ evsjvi m¤úK© wQbœ n‡q hvq| ZvZvi Lv‡bi ci Aíw`‡bi Rbëvsjvi ¶gZvi e‡mwQ‡jb †ki Lvb|


cieZ©x kvmbKZ©v ZzNwij wQ‡jb gvgjyK ZzK©x‡ì g‡a¨ me©‡kªô| DËi Ges cwðg evsjv QvovI XvKv Gesdwi`cy‡ii †ek wKQy AÂj wZwb AwaKv‡i Av‡bb| †mvbviMuvI‡qi wbKU wZwb bviwKj-v bv‡g GK `yM© ˆZwiK‡iwQ‡jb| mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q `yM©wU ZzNwi‡ji wKj-v bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| ZzNwij ÔgywNmDwÏbÕ Dcvwa wb‡q¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j w`j-xi myjZvb ejeb cÖPÊ AvµgY nv‡bb ZzNwi‡ji Dci| 1281 wLª÷v‡ãeje‡bi nv‡Z civwRZ I wbnZ nb ZzNwij| evsjvi kvmbKZ©viv we‡`ªvn K‡i e‡j Gevi ejeb Zuvi †Q‡j eyNivLvb‡K evsjvi Mfb©i wnmv‡e wb‡qvM K‡ib| cieZ©x Qq eQi evsjv w`j-xi Aax‡b wQj| 1287 wLª÷v‡ãeje‡bi g„Zzï ci eyNiv Lvb ÔbvwmiDÏxb gvngy` kvnÕ bvg wb‡q ¯^vaxb myjZvb wnmv‡e evsjv kvmb Ki‡Z_v‡Kb| G mgq w`j-xi myjZvb wQ‡jb eyNiv Lv‡bi †Q‡j Kvq‡Kvev`|

Kvq‡Kvev‡ì g„Zy¨ msev‡` eyNiv Lv‡bi gb †f‡½ hvq| wZwb Zuvi Ab¨ cyÎ iyKbDwÏb KvqKvDm‡K evsjviwmsnvm‡b ewm‡q wb‡R m‡i hvb| KvqKvDm (1291-1300 wLªt) `k eQi evsjvi kvmK wQ‡jb| Zuvi †Kv‡bv†Q‡j bv _vKvq cieZ©x kvmbKZ©v nb gvwjK wdiyR BZMxb| wZwb myjZvb wn‡m‡e bZzb bvg aviY K‡ibÔmyjZvb kvgmywÏb wdiyR kvnÕ| wdiyR kv‡ni g„Zy¨ n‡j cyÎ wMqvmDwÏb evnv`yi kvn evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|AíKvj c‡iB w`j-xi myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb ZzNj‡Ki nv‡Z wZwb civwRZ I e›`x nb| c‡i 1325 wLª÷v‡ãevnv`yi kvn‡K gyw³ w`‡q †mvbviMuvI‡q cvVvb nq| †mLv‡b wZwb evnivg Lv‡bi mv‡_ hyM¥fv‡e kvmbKZ©v wbhy³nb| jL‡bŠwZi Mfb©i nb bvwmiDwÏb Beªvwng I Kì Lvb| B¾DwÏb‡K wb‡qvM Kiv nq mvZMuvI‡qi Mfb©‡iic‡`| 1328 wLªóv‡ã wMqvmDwÏb evnv`yi we‡`ªvn Ki‡j wZwb evnivg Lv‡bi nv‡Z wbnZ nb| Gici †_‡K1338 wLª÷vã ch©š— evsjv w`j-xi Aax‡b wQj|

evsjvq ¯^vaxb myjZvbx kvm‡bi BwZnvm

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GKRb ¯^vaxb myjZvb wnmv‡e dLiywÏb wbR bv‡g gy ªv Rvwi K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi gy ªvq †Lvw`Z ZvwiL †`‡L aviYv

Kiv hvq, wZwb 1338 wLª÷vã †_‡K 1349 wLª÷vã ch©š— †mvbviMuvI ivRZ¡ K‡ib| dLiywÏb gyeviK kvn Zuvi

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BLwZqvi DwÏb MvRx kvn bvgvw¼Z gy`ªv Rvwi Kiv nq| MvRx kv‡ni bvgvw¼Z gy`ªvq 1352 wL÷vã ch©š—

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wnmv‡e wmsnvm‡b e‡mb Ges 1352 wLª÷vã ch©š— wZb eQi ivRZ¡ K‡ib|

GKK KvR

1. wMqvm DÏxb BIR LjRxi m‡½ w`j-xi myjZvb BjZzrwg‡ki we‡iv‡ai KviY wPwýZ Ki|

2. †K, KLb Ges Kxfv‡e evsjvi ¯vaxb mvjZvbvZ cÖwZôv K‡ib?

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†mbvcwZ Avjx gyeviK| wmsnvm‡b e‡m wZwb ÔAvjvDwÏb Avjx kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| jL‡bŠwZ‡Z wZwbI ¯vaxb

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wLª÷vã ch©š—| Zuvi `yafvB wQ‡jb nvRx Bwjqvm| wZwb Avjx kvn‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i ÔkvgmywÏb Bwjqvm

kvnÕ bvg wb‡q evsjvq GKwU ivResk cÖwZôv K‡ib| GB ivRes‡ki bvg Bwjqvm kvnx esk| Gici Bwjqvm

kv‡ni eskaiMY A‡bK w`b evsjv kvmb K‡ib| gvSLv‡b wKQyw`‡bi Rb¨ wn›`y ivR‡Z¡i DÌvb N‡UwQj|

1342 wLª÷v‡ã wd‡ivRvev‡ì wmsnvmb AwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g Bwjqvm kvn DËi I DËi-cwðg evsjvi AwacwZ

nb| †mvbviMuvI I mvZMuvI ZLbI Zuvi kvm‡bi evB‡i wQj| Bwjqvm kv‡ni ¯cœ wQj mgMÖ evsjvi AwacwZ

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BLwZqvi DwÏb MvRx kvn 1352 wLª÷v‡ã †mvbviMuvI-G Bwjqvm kv‡ni nv‡Z civwRZ nb| †mvbviMuvI `L‡ji

gva¨‡g mgMÖ evsjvi AwaKvi m¤úbœ nq| ZvB ejv nq, 1338 wL÷v‡ã dLiywÏb gyeviK kvn evsjvi ¯vaxbZvim~Pbv Ki‡jI cÖK…Z ¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôv K‡ib Bwjqvm kvn 1352 wLª÷v‡ã| evsjvi evB‡iI wenv‡ii wKQy AskÑP¤úviY, †Mvi¶cyi Ges Kvkx Bwjqvm kvn Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Kvgiƒ‡ci wKQy AskI wZwb Rq K‡ib| †gvUK_v,Zuvi ivRmxgv Avmvg n‡Z evivbwm ch©šÍ we¯Ívi jvf K‡i| Bwjqvm kvn w`j-xi m‡½ m¤úK© wQbœ K‡i wbR bv‡gLyrev cvV I gy`ªv Rvwi Kivq myjZvb wdiyR kvn ZzNjK AZ¨šÍ ¶zä nb|


cÖ_g w`‡K w`j-xi myjZvb evsjvi G ¯^vaxbZv †g‡b †bbwb| myjZvb wdiyR kvn ZzNjK 1353 wLª÷v‡ã †_‡K

1354 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ Bwjqvm kv‡ni weiy‡× hy× K‡ib| Zuvi †Póv wQj evsjv‡K w`j-xi AwaKv‡i wb‡q Avmv|

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m¤¢vebv †bB| ZvB wd‡ivR kvn mwÜi gva¨‡g evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv‡K †g‡b wb‡q Bwjqvm kv‡ni mv‡_ eÜzZ¡ ¯’vcb

K‡i w`j-x wd‡i hvb|

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K‡iwQj| wZwb GKRb wbôvevb gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wZwb dwKi-ì‡ek‡ì Lye kª×v Ki‡Zb|

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kvgmyÏxb Bwjqvm kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ wmKv›`vi kvn (1358-1393 wLªt) evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wcZvi

g‡Zv wZwbI `¶ Ges kw³kvjx kvmK wQ‡jb| w`j-xi myjZvb wd‡ivR kvn ZzNjK 1358 †_‡K 1360 wLª÷vã

ch©šÍ cybivq evsjv AvµgY K‡ib| wKšÍy GeviI wd‡ivR kvn ZzNjK‡K e¨_© n‡Z nq| wcZvi g‡Zv wmKv›`vi

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wd‡ivR kvn ZzNj‡Ki m‡½ wZwbI w`j-x‡Z wd‡i †M‡jb| †mvbviMuvI Ges jL‡bŠwZ‡Z Avevi Av‡Mi g‡ZvB

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G‡K AviI k³ wfwËi Dci ùvo Ki‡Z m¶g nb|

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m‡½ Zuvi cÎvjvc n‡Zv|


gymjgvb wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi weKvk Ges evsjv mvwn‡Zï c„ô‡cvlKZvi Rb¨ wMqvmDÏxb Avhg kvn e‡½iBwZnv‡m GK wewkó ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i i‡q‡Qb| Zuvi ivRZ¡vKv‡jB cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn& gyn¤§`mMxi ÔBDQyd-Ry‡jLvÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib| Avhg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡jB weL¨vZ mydx mvaK b~i KzZze-Dj-AvjgcvÛyqvq Av¯Ívbv Mv‡ob| G ¯’vb n‡ZB wZwb evsjvi wewfbœ RvqMvq Bmjvg a‡g©i cÖPvi K‡i †eov‡Zb| d‡jcvÛyqv Bmjvg wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZi †K› ª wn‡m‡e fviZe‡l© myL¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQj| ag©wbô myjZv‡bi wbKU n‡ZwZwb me©cÖKvi mvnvh¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| myjZvb g°v I gw`bv‡ZI gmwR` I gv ªvmv wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ A_© e¨qKi‡Zb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †¶‡Î ÎywU-wePz¨wZ I e¨_©Zv m‡Ë¡I wMqvmDÏxb Avhg kvn wQ‡jb e‡½i †kªômyjZvb‡ì Ab¨Zg Ges Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki †kl myjZvb| Zuvi g„Zyï ci n‡ZB G es‡ki cZb ïiy nq|

ivRv M‡Yk I nvemx kvmbmvaviYfv‡e ejv n‡q _v‡K, evsjvi BwZnv‡mi `yBkZ eQi (1338-1538 wLªt) gymjgvb myjZvb‡ì ¯vaxbivR‡Z¡i hyM| Z_vwc G `yBkZ eQ‡ii gvSvgvwS Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ wKQyUv weiwZ wQj| wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kv‡nig„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ mvBdzwÏb nvgRv kvn wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKšÍy G mgq AwfRvZ‡ì g‡a¨ ¶gZv `Lj wb‡qlohš¿ Pj‡Z _v‡K| wZwb GK eQi kvmb Kivi ci 1412 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi µxZ`vm wknveDwÏ‡bi nv‡Z wbnZ nb|

wknveDwÏb myjZvb n‡q wb‡Ri bvg †bb ÔwknveDwÏb evqvwR` kvnÕ| wKš‘ `yB eQ‡ii gv_vq 1414-15 wLª÷v‡ãwZwbI lohš¿Kvix‡ì nv‡Z wbnZ nb| G my‡hv‡M wn›`y AwfRvZ ivRv M‡Yk evsjvi ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib|

evsjvi myjZvbiv A‡bK D”Pc‡`B wn›`y‡ì wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| AvRg kv‡ni GKRb D”Pc`¯’ AgvZ¨ wQ‡jb ivRvM‡Yk| Rvbv hvq, M‡Yk cÖ_‡g w`bvRcy‡ii fvZzwjqv AÂ‡ji GKRb ivRv wQ‡jb| wZwb myjZv‡bi ìev‡iPvKwi †bb| PvKwi wb‡qB wZwb †Mvc‡b kw³ mÂq Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| Zuvi B‡”Q wQj gymjgvb‡ì nwU‡q cybivqwn›`y kw³i ¶gZv cÖwZôv Kiv| G j‡¶¨B wZwb Bwjqvm kvnxi esk D‡”Q` K‡i wb‡R ¶gZvq e‡mb| M‡YkA‡bK mydx mvaK‡K nZ¨v K‡ib| gymjgvb‡ì i¶v Kivi Rb¨ ì‡ek‡ì †bZv b~i KzZze-Dj-Avjg †RŠbcy‡iimyjZvb Beªvwng kwK©i wbKU Av‡e`b Rvbvb| Beªvwng kwK© m‰m‡b¨ evsjvq Dcw¯’Z n‡j M‡Yk fq †c‡q hvb|Ae‡k‡l wZwb Av‡cvm K‡ib ì‡ek b~i KzZze-Dj-Avj‡gi mv‡_| kZ© Abyhvqx M‡Yk Zuvi †Q‡j h`y‡K Bmjvga‡g© `xw¶Z K‡ib Ges †Q‡ji nv‡Z evsjvi wmsnvmb †Q‡o †`b| gymjgvb nIqvi ci h`yi bvg nq RvjvjDwÏbgvngy`| myjZvb Beªvwng kwK© RvgvjDwÏb‡K wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q wd‡i hvb wbR †`k †RŠbcy‡i|

M‡Yk `yÕevi wmsnvm‡b e‡mwQ‡jb| cÖ_gevi K‡qK gvm gvÎ ¶gZvq wQ‡jb| 1415 wLª÷v‡ãi gvSvgvwSBeªvwng kwK© RvjvjDwÏb gvngy` kvn‡K wmsnvm‡b emvb| Beªvwng kwK© wd‡i †M‡j wb‡R‡K wbivc` g‡b K‡ibM‡Yk| ZLb RvjvjDwÏb‡K wmsnvmb †_‡K mwi‡q w`‡q cybivq wb‡R ¶gZv MÖnY K‡ib| A‡bK AvPvi-AbyôvbKwi‡q †Q‡j‡K Avevi wn›`y a‡g© wdwi‡q Av‡bb| M‡Yk 1418 wLª÷v‡ã g„ZzëiY K‡ib| ivRv M‡Y‡ki g„Zzï ciwn›`y AvgvZ¨MY M‡Y‡ki cyÎ g‡n› ª‡è‡K e‡½ wmsnvm‡b emvb| wKš‘ AwZ AíKv‡ji g‡a¨B g‡n›`ª‡è‡KAcmvwiZ K‡i RvjvjDwÏb wØZxqevi e‡½i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| G ch©v‡q wZwb GKUvbv 1431 wLª÷vãch©šÍ ¶gZvq wQ‡jb| G my‡hvM¨ kvm‡Ki mgq evsjvi ivR¨mxgv A‡bK e„w× cvq| cÖvq mgMÖ evsjv GesAvivKvb e¨ZxZ wÎcyiv I `w¶Y wenv‡iiI wKQy Ask AšÍZ mvgwqKfv‡e Zuvi iv‡Rï AšÍfy©³ wQj| iv‡Rïwewfbœ UvKkvj n‡Z Zuvi bv‡g gy`ªv cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| cvÛyqv n‡Z wZwb †MŠ‡o Zuvi ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|


RvjvjDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ kvgmywÏb Avng` kvn evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| 1433wLª÷v‡ã Avng` kvn AvgvZë‡M©i loh‡š¿ mvw` Lvb I bvwmi Lvb bvgK µxZ`v‡mi nv‡Z wbnZ nb| Gfv‡eivRv M‡Yk I Zuvi eskai‡ì cÖvq wÎk eQ‡ii ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U|

GKK KvR

1. myjZvb wMqvmDÏxb Avhg kvn wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb cÖgvY Ki|

2. ivRv M‡Y‡ki DÌv‡bi KviY we‡k-lY Ki|

cieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki kvmbkvgmywÏb Avng` kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zvi nZ¨vKvix µxZ`vm bvwmi Lvb evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKš‘ Avng`kvn‡K nZ¨v Kivi e¨vcv‡i †h mKj AwfRvZeM© bvwmi Lvb‡K BÜb †`b Zviv bvwmi Lv‡bi wmsnvm‡bAv‡ivnY‡K Lywk g‡b MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡jb bv| m¤¢eZ µxZ`v‡mi AvwacZ¨‡K Zviv AcgvbRbK g‡bK‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB Zviv HKë× n‡q bvwmi Lvb‡K nZ¨v K‡ib|

bvwmi Lvb wbnZ nIqvi ci †MŠ‡oi wmsnvmb wKQy mg‡qi Rb¨ k~b¨ Ae¯’vq c‡o iBj| Avng` kv‡ni †Kv‡bvcyÎ mšÍvb wQjbv| AZci AwfRvZeM© gvngy` bv‡g Bwjqvm kv‡ni GK eskai‡K 1452 wL÷v‡ã †MŠ‡oiwmsnvm‡b emvb| BwZnv‡m wZwb bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn bv‡g cwiwPZ| Bwjqvm kv‡ni eskaiMY Gfv‡e cybivq¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ ïiy K‡ib| ZvB G hyM‡K ejv nq ÔcieZ©x Bwjqvm kvnx hyMÕ| bvwmiDwÏb GKRb `¶ †mbvcwZ Ib¨vqcivqb kvmK wQ‡jb| h‡kvi I Lyjbv AÂj bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j gymjgvb mvgªvR¨fy³n‡qwQj| cwðg e½, c~e©e½, DËie½ I wenv‡ii KZKvsk Zuvi mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| wZwb wbR bv‡g gy ªvI RvwiK‡iwQ‡jb|

1459 wLªóv‡ã bvwmiDwÏb gvngy` kvn g„ZzëiY K‡ib| Gici Zuvi cyÎ iyKbDwÏb eieK kvn evsjviwmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wcZvi ivRZ¡Kvj †_‡KB eieK kvn kvmK wn‡m‡e `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡qwQ‡jb| ZLb wZwbwQ‡jb mvZMuvI‡qi kvmbKZ©v| Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j evsjvi ivR¨mxgv A‡bK e„w× cvq| eieK kv‡ni mwnZ Kvgiƒciv‡Rï msN‡©li K_v Rvbv hvq| wKšÍy djvdj wK n‡qwQj Zv mwVK ejv hvq bv| M½v b`xi DËivsk ZuvimvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| fvMjcyi Zuvi kvmbKv‡j gymjgvb mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b Av‡m| wKšÍy gy‡½‡ii cwð‡g Aew¯’Z†Rjv¸‡jv †RŠbcy‡ii kvmbKZ©v gvngy` kvK©xi Aax‡b wQj| Zuvi mg‡q G AÂj Rq Kiv nq e‡j g‡b nq|PÆMÖv‡gi KZ©„Z¡ wb‡q †Mvj‡hvM wQj| eieK kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K Bnv AvivKvb mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b wQj|wKš‘ †kl w`‡K eieK kvn Bnv cybiy×vi K‡ib| h‡kvni I Lyjbv Zuvi AwaKv‡i wQj| wZwb `w¶Y w`‡KI ZuviivR¨ we¯—…Z K‡iwQ‡jb|

eieK kvnB cÖ_g AmsL¨ Avwewmbxq µxZ`vm (nvemx µxZ`vm) msMÖn K‡i †mbvevwnbx I ivRcÖvmv‡ì wewfbœ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡` wb‡qvM K‡ib| wb‡qvMK…Z G nvemx µxZv`v‡mi msL¨v wQj AvU nvRvi| wZwb m¤¢eZ iv‡R¨ GKwUwbR¯^ `j MV‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ G mKj nvemx‡ì wb‡q evwnbx MVb K‡iwQ‡jb| wKšÍy Zuvi G eë¯’v fwel¨‡Zmvgªv‡Rï Rb¨ wec` †W‡K wb‡q Av‡m|


myjZvb iyKbDÏxb eieK kvn GKRb gnvcwÛZ wQ‡jb| Zuvi wewfbœ wkjvwjwc‡Z wbR bv‡g Ges wewfbœ ivRKxq

Dcvwai m‡½ ÔAvj-dvwRjÕ I ÔAvj-KvwgjÕ⎯ G `ywU Dcvwai D‡j-L †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| G n‡Z cÖgvwYZ nq †h,

eieK kvn wk¶v †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P Dcvwa jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ïay cwÊZB wQ‡jb bv, wZwb we`¨v I mvwn‡Zïc„ô‡cvlKI wQ‡jb| wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq a‡g©iB weØvb I cwÊZ e¨w³ Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

e„n¯úwZ wgkª wQ‡jb MxZ‡Mvwe›ÙxKv, Kzgvim¤¢eUxKv, iNyeskUxKv cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’i †jLK| ÔkªxK…ò weRqÕ bvgKweL¨vZ evsjv Kv‡eï iPwqZv gvjvai emy G mg‡qi GKRb †kªô cwÊZ wQ‡jb| evsjv ivgvq‡Yi iPwqZv

K…wËevm eieK kv‡ni AbyMÖn jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| evmy‡èI m¤¢eZ eieK kv‡ni c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡ib| G

mg‡qi gymjgvb Kwe-mvwnwZ¨K‡ì g‡a¨ Beªvwng KvBqyg dviyKx, Avgxi R‡qbDÏxb nvivfx, Avgxi wknveDÏxb

wKigvbx I gbmyi wkivRxi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡j-L‡hvM¨| eieK kvn wewfbœfv‡e Kwe I mvwnwZ¨K‡ì mvnvh¨

K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †h GKRb D`vi I Amv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡bi bicwZ wQ‡jb Zv wn›`y Kwe-cwÊZ‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZv I

eû wn›`y‡K D”P ivRc‡` wb‡qvM n‡Z eySv hvq| G w`K w`‡q eieK kv‡ni b¨vq D`vi g‡bvfvevcbœ kvmK ïayevsjvi BwZnv‡m b‡n, fviZe‡l©i BwZnv‡mI `yj©f|

eieK kvn GKRb cÖK…Z †mŠ›`h©iwmK wQ‡jb| †MŠ‡oi Ô`vwLj ìIqvRvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ weivU I my›ì †ZviYwU

eieK kvn&B wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| G Avg‡j PÆMÖv‡g Ges cUzqvLvjx †Rjvi gxR©vM‡Ä `ywU gmwR` wbwg©Z

n‡qwQj| G mg¯Í Kvh©vejx we‡ePbv Ki‡j e‡½i myjZvb‡ì g‡a¨ eieK kvn&‡K Ab¨Zg †kªô ejv hvq|

1474 wLª÷v‡ã eieK kvn ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| c‡i Zuvi cyÎ mvgmywÏb Avey gyRvddi BDmyd kvn (1474-

1481 wLªt) evsjvi myjZvb nb| wcZv I wcZvg‡ni Mov wekvj mvgªvR¨ Zuvi mgq A¶zYœ wQj| Zuvi ivR¨ cwð‡g

Dwol¨v Ges c~‡e© wm‡jU ch©šÍ we¯—…Z wQj|

BDmyd kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ wmKv›`vi kvn wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKš‘ wZwb Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j Zuv‡K AcmviY

Kiv nq| eieK kv‡ni †QvU fvB ûmvBb ÔRvjvjDÏxb d‡Zn kvnÕ Dcvwa aviY K‡i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib

(1481-1487 wLªt)| wZwb wbR bv‡g gy ªv Rvwi K‡ib| wKšÍy G mgq ivRìev‡i `y‡h©vM †`Lv †`q| nvemx

µxZ`vmiv G mgq Lye ¶gZvkvjx n‡q D‡V| G‡ì cÖZvc Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ RvjvjDÏxb d‡Zn kvn †Póv K‡ib|

G‡Z mg¯Í nvemx µxZ`vm GK‡RvU n‡q myjZv‡bi weiy‡× lohš¿ ïiy K‡i| myjZvb kvnRv`v wQ‡jb cÖvmv`

i¶x`‡ji cÖavb| µxZ`vmMY cÖ‡jvfb Øviv myjZvb kvnRv`v I Zvi Aaxb¯’ cvBK‡ì wbR `jfy³ K‡i|

kvnRv`v ivRcÖvmv‡ì Af¨šÍ‡i d‡Zn kvn&‡K nZ¨v K‡i| d‡Zn kvn wbnZ n‡j evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Bwjqvm kvnx

es‡ki kvmbKv‡ji cwimgvwß N‡U| evsjvq nvewk‡ì ivR‡Z¡i m~Pbv nq|

GKK KvR : myjZvb iyKbDÏxb eieK kv‡ni †Kvb& c`‡¶c iv‡Rï Rb¨ wnZKi wQj Zv AbymÜvb Ki|

nvemx kvmbevsjvi nvemx kvmb gvÎ Qq eQi (1487-1493 wLªt) ¯’vqx wQj| G mgq G‡`‡ki BwZnvm wQj Ab¨vq,

AwePvi, we‡ ªvn, lohš¿ Avi nZvkvq cwic~Y©| G mg‡q PviRb nvemx myjZv‡bi g‡a¨ wZbRb nvemx myjZvb‡KBnZ¨v Kiv nq|


nvemx †bZv myjZvb kvnRv`v ÔeieK kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡q cÖ_g evsjvi ¶gZvq e‡mb| wKš‘ K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨BwZwb nvemx †mbvcwZ gvwjK Avw›`‡ji nv‡Z wbnZ nb| gvwjK Avw›`j ÔmvBdzwÏb wdiyR kvnÕ Dcvwa wb‡qwmsnvm‡b e‡mb| GKgvÎ Zuvi wZb eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji (1487-1490 wLªt) BwZnvmB wKQyUv †MŠiegq wQj|Zuvi g„Zzï ci ¶gZvq Av‡mb wØZxq bvwmiDwÏb kvngy` kvn| wKšÍy wKQyKvj (1490-1491 wLªt) ivRZ¡ KiviciB wZwb wbnZ nb| GK nvemx m`©vi Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i ÔkvgmywÏb gyRvddi kvnÕ bvg wb‡q wmsnvm‡b e‡mb(1491-1493 wLª:)| AZ¨vPvix I nZ¨vKvix wn‡m‡e Zvi KzL¨vwZ wQj| d‡j †MŠ‡oi m¤£všÍ †jv‡Kiv gyRvddikv‡ni weiy‡× we‡`ªvn K‡i| we‡`ªvnx‡ì mv‡_ †hvM †`b gyRvddi kv‡ni DwRi ˆmq` †nv‡mb| Ae‡k‡lgyRvddi kvn wbnZ nb| Zuvi g„Zzï m‡½ m‡½B evsjvq nvewk kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

†nv‡mb kvnx esknvemx kvmb D‡”Q` K‡i evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb ˆmq` †nv‡mb| myjZvb n‡q wZwb ÔAvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvnÕDcvwa MÖnY K‡ib| Gfv‡eB evsjvq Ôû‡mb kvnx eskÕ bv‡g GK bZzb es‡ki kvmbce© ïiy nq| evsjvi ¯^vaxbmyjZvb‡ì g‡a¨ û‡mbkvnx Avgj (1493-1538 wLª:) wQj me‡P‡q †MŠiegq hyM|

myjZvb AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn wQ‡jb û‡mb kvnx hy‡Mi †kªô myjZvb| wZwb Avie †`kxq ˆmq` es‡ki †jvKwQ‡jb| wcZv ˆmq` Avkivd-Avj-ûmvBbx I fvB BDmy‡di mv‡_ wZwb g°v n‡Z evsjvq Av‡mb Ges iv‡piPuv`cvov MÖv‡g cÖ_‡g emevm ïiy K‡ib| û‡mb kvn c‡i ivRavbx †MŠ‡o hvb Ges gyRvddi kv‡ni Aax‡b PvKwijvf K‡ib| c‡i wZwb DwRi nb| Gfv‡eB wZwb evsjvi ¶gZvq Av‡mb|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi c~e© n‡Z mvgªv‡R¨ AivRKZv I wek„•Ljv weivwRZ wQj| iv‡Rï`vwqZ¡fvi MÖn‡Yi ci wZwb †`‡k kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv cÖwZôvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| nvemx †Mvôxi `ytkvm‡bi d‡j†`‡k AivRKZvi m„wó n‡qwQj| cÖwZwU myjZv‡bi nZ¨vi †cQ‡b Zviv cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb KiZ| wmsnvmb jv‡fici û‡mb kvn nvemx‡ì Giƒc Kvh©Kjvc eÜ Ki‡Z wb‡`©k †`b| wKš‘ Zviv Zuvi Av‡`k Agvb¨ Ki‡j wZwbZv‡ì nZ¨vi Av‡`k †`b| û‡mb kv‡ni G K‡Vvi eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi d‡j cÖvq evi nvRvi nvemx cÖvY nvivq| evwKnvemxiv ivR¨ n‡Z weZvwoZ n‡jv|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni cieZ©x c`‡¶c wQj †`ni¶x cvBK evwnbxi ¶gZvi webvk| G cvBK evwnbxivRcÖvmv‡ì mKj loh‡š¿i g~‡j KvR KiZ| û‡mb kvn cvBK‡ì `j †f‡½ †`b| Zv‡ì RvqMvq m¤£všÍ wn›`yI gymjgvb‡ì wb‡q GKwU bZzb i¶x`j MVb K‡ib|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kvn iv‡Rï Kj¨v‡Yi j‡¶ e‡½i ivRbxwZ I mgvR eë¯’v‡K nvemx‡ì cÖfvegy³ Ki‡Z†hgb m‡Pó wQ‡jb, †Zwgb ivRavbx cwieZ©b K‡i kvmb eë¯’v `„p K‡ib| †MŠo iv‡Rï wbKUeZ©x GKRvqMvq wZwb ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡iwQ‡jb| e‡½i myjZvb‡ì g‡a¨ GKgvÎ wZwbB cvÛyqv ev †MŠo e¨ZxZAb¨Î ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib| nvemx kvmbKv‡j †Mvj‡hvM

m„wóKvix Avgxi-Igivn‡ì K‡Vvi kvw¯Íi weavb Kiv nq| bxP eskRvZ AZ¨vPvix mKj Kg©Pvix‡K eiLv¯Í Kivnq| Zvi cwie‡Z© wZwb kvmb eë¯’vi wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I D”P c‡` ˆmq`, †gv½j, AvdMvb, wn›`y‡ì‡K wbhy³K‡ib| G mg¯Í eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi d‡j Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨B iv‡R¨ kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv wd‡i Av‡m|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni mgq evsjvi ivR¨mxgv me‡P‡q †ewk e„w× cvq| wZwb Kvgiƒc I KvgZv Rq K‡ib|Ewol¨v I wÎcyiv iv‡Rï wKQy AskI Zvui KivqË nq| DËi I `w¶Y wenv‡ii wKQy AskI Zuvi AwaKv‡i Av‡m|


wZwb AvivKvbx‡ì PÆMÖvg †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| G mg‡q w`j-xi myjZvb wmKv›`vi †jv`x evsjv AvµgY Ki‡jwZwb Zv cÖwZnZ K‡ib| GKgvÎ Avmvg Awfhv‡b wZwb mdj n‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zuvi wekvj iv‡R¨ me iKgwbivcËv weav‡b û‡mb kvn mdj n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb `xN© QvweŸk eQi (1493-1519 wLªt) ivRZ¡ K‡ib| G my`xN©mgq mvd‡jï mv‡_ ivR¨ cwiPvjbv K‡i G gnvb myjZvb 1519 wLª÷v‡ã g„ZyëiY K‡ib|AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn& mykvmK I `~i`k©x ivRbxwZwe` wQ‡jb| kvmbeë¯’vi cybM©Vb Ges RbKj¨vY mva‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb h‡_óD`¨g, wbôv I weP¶YZvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Qb| ivRvi Rb¨ ivR¨ RqB†kl K_v bq⎯ hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I b¨vqwfwËK kvmbeë¯’vI †hAcwinvh©, Zv wZwb Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb| kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq IcÖRvcvj‡bi †¶‡Î wZwb RvwZ I a‡g©i †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ m„wó K‡ibwb|wn›`y I gymjgvb-Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨ I m¤cÖxwZ ¯’vc‡biØviv GKwU myôz, my›ì I Kj¨vYgyLx kvmbeë¯’vi cÖwZôv Zuvi j¶¨wQj| GRb¨ GKRb †Muvov mybœx gymjgvb nIqv m‡Ë¡I wZwb wewfbœwn›`y‡K †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i kvmbKv‡h© wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb| wn›`yw`M‡KDrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Zv‡ì‡K wewfbœ DcvwaI cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb|wn›`y‡ì cÖwZ ûmvBb kv‡ni G D`viZv myôzfv‡e kvmbKvh© wbe©v‡ni†¶‡Î we‡kl djcÖm ~ n‡qwQj Ges evOvwj‡ì wbR¯^ HwZn¨ m„wó‡ZmnvqZv K‡iwQj| Bnv Zuvi ivR‰bwZK `~i`wk©ZviI cwiPq enb K‡i| û‡mb kv‡ni G ag©xq D`viZv ZuviDËivwaKvix‡ìI DrmvwnZ K‡iwQj| Zuvi kvwšÍc~Y© ivRZ¡Kv‡j cÖRviv my‡L-kvwšÍ‡Z evm KiZ|

û‡mb kv‡ni wn›`y-gymjvgb m¤cÖxwZ ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡Póv ZrKvjxb mgvR-Rxeb‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj| ZuvikvmbKv‡jB Avwef©ve N‡U êòe a‡g©i cÖeZ©K kªx‰PZ‡bï| û‡mb kvn Zuvi cÖwZ D`vi g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡ZbGes Zuv‡K ag© cÖPv‡i me iK‡gi mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖwZ wb‡`©k †`b| mZ¨cx‡ii Avivabv û‡mbkv‡ni kvmbKv‡ji Avi GKwU D‡j-L‡hvM¨ NUbv| mZ¨cx‡ii Avivabv wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úªxwZ cÖwZôvi †¶‡ÎGKwU D¾¡j cÖ‡Póv|

evsjv mvwn‡Zï DbœwZ I weKvk û‡mb kv‡ni kvmbKvj‡K BwZnv‡m Agi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Zuvi D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZvwbtm‡›`‡n evsjv mvwn‡Zï kªxe„w× mvab K‡i‡Q| û‡mb kvn †hvM¨ Kwe I mvwnwZ¨KMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨cyi¯‹vi cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| G hy‡Mi cÖL¨vZ Kwe I †jLK‡ì g‡a¨ iƒc †Mv¯vgx, mbvZb †Mv¯^vgx, gvjvai emy,weRq¸ß, wecÖ`vm, civMj Lvb I h‡kvivR Lvb D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb| û‡mb kv‡ni c„ô‡cvlKZvq Zuviv AmsL¨MÖš’ iPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì wbijm mvwnZ¨-KxwZ© evsjvi BwZnvm‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q| G mg‡q gvjvai emyÔkªxg™¢vMerÕ I ÔcyivYÕ Ges ci‡gk¦i ÔgnvfviZÕ evsjv fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib| AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn Aviex Idvm©x fvlviI D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|

û‡mb kvn GKRb wbôvevb gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wbR ag© I mydx mvaK‡ì cÖwZ Zuvi Acwimxg wbôv I fw³ wQj|Zuvi ivRZ¡Kv‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b AmsL¨ gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| G mg¯Í gmwR‡ì g‡a¨ †MŠ‡oi Ô†QvU†mvbv gmwR`Õ me‡P‡q D‡j-L‡hvM¨| iv‡R¨ Bmjvgx ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki Rb¨ A‡bK LvbKvn& I gv`ªvmv wbwg©Z


wPÎ : kªx‰PZb¨

n‡qwQj| cvÛyqvi gymjgvb mvaK KzZze-Dj-Avj‡gi mgvwa i¶Yv‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ û‡mb kvn cÖPzi A_© e¨qKi‡Zb| û‡mb kvn& †MŠ‡o GKwU `yM© I †ZviY, gvj`‡n GKwU we`¨vjq I GKwU †mZz wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| GmKj gmwR`, gv`ªvmv, `yM©, †ZviY û‡mb kv‡ni ¯’vcZ¨ cÖxwZi cwiPq enb K‡i| Zuvi 26 eQ‡ii kvmbKv‡je‡½ Ávb-weÁvb I wkíKjvi AfvweZ DbœwZ mvwaZ n‡qwQj| GRb¨ Zuvi kvmbKvj‡K e‡½i gymjgvbkvm‡bi BwZnv‡m Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq|

AvjvDwÏb û‡mb kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi †R¨ô cyÎ bymiZ kvn ÔbvwmiDwÏb Aveyj gyRvddi byimZ kvnÕ (1519-1532 wLªt) Dcvwa wb‡q evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Zuvi `¶Zv †`‡L û‡mb kvn Zvi ivRZ¡Kv‡jB kvmbKv‡h©iwKQy wKQy ¶gZv bymiZ kvn‡K †Q‡o w`‡qwQ‡jb| wmsnvm‡b e‡mI wZwb wcZvi g‡Zv `¶Zv †`Lv‡Z†c‡iwQ‡jb| G mgq mgMÖ wenvi Zuvi Aax‡b Av‡m| Zuvi mg‡q fvi‡Z gyNj mvgªvR¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| cÖ_g gyNjmgªvU evei evsjv Awfhv‡bi Rb¨ ˆmb¨ cvVvb| bymiZ kvn cÖ_‡g eve‡ii mv‡_ wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡ib| c‡i hy×ïiy n‡j mwÜ K‡i evsjvi wmsnvmb‡K wbivc` iv‡Lb| 1531 wLª÷v‡ã bymiZ kvn AvZZvqxi nv‡Z wbnZ nb|

myjZvb bymiZ kvn& Zuvi mg‡qi GKRb D‡j-L‡hvM¨ kvmK wQ‡jb| RbM‡Yi cÖwZ wZwb wQ‡jb mnbkxj Gesmü`q| cÖRv‡ì cvwbKó wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ wZwb iv‡Rï eû ¯’v‡b K~c I cyKzi Lbb K‡iwQ‡jb| ev‡Minv‡UiÔwgVv cyKziÕ AvRI Zvi KxwZ© †NvlYv Ki‡Q| bymiZ kv‡ni gvbweK ¸Yvejx Zuv‡K Zuvi cÖRv‡ì wbKU RbwcÖqK‡i Zz‡jwQj| wn›`yivI Zuvi iv‡R¨ mywePvi jvf KiZ| wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤cÖxwZ G mg‡qi êwkó¨ wQj| G†¶‡Î wZwb Zuvi wcZvi K…wZZ¡‡K A¤-vb †i‡LwQ‡jb|

bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbKv‡ji eû ¯’vcZ¨-KxwZ© wkí I ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡Î Zuvi Drmvn I c„ô‡cvlKZvi cwiPq enbK‡i| †MŠ‡oi weL¨vZ ÔK`g imyjÕ fe‡bi cÖ‡Kv‡ô wZwb GKwU gÂ wbg©vY K‡ib| Zuvi Dci nhiZ gyn¤§‡ì (`t)c`wPý m¤^wjZ GKwU Kv‡jv KviyKvh© LwPZ gg©i †ew` emv‡bv nq| †MŠ‡oi myweL¨vZ Ôeo †mvbv gmwR`Õ evÔevi`yqvix gmwR`Õ Zuvi Avg‡ji KxwZ©| bymiZ kvn& †MŠ‡oi A`~‡i wcZvi mgvwa wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| ea©gvb †Rjvig½j‡KvU bMi Ges ivRkvnx †Rjvi evNv bvgK ¯’v‡b wZwb `yÕwU gmwR` wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi gnvb Kvh©mg~‡niAvi GKwU wb`k©b n‡jv mv`yj-vcy‡i gnvb AvDwjqv gL`yg AvwL wmivRDÏx‡bi †MŠiegq gvRv‡ii wfwË|

bymiZ kv‡ni Av‡`‡k Kex›`ª ci‡gk¦i gnvfvi‡Zi wKq`sk evsjvq Abyev` K‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi kvmbKv‡jB kªxKib›`x gnvfvi‡Zi Ak¦‡gac‡e©i e½vbyev` K‡ib| kªxaiI gnvfvi‡Zi e½vbyev` K‡iwQ‡jb| Ávb I wk¶vicÖmv‡ii Rb¨ bymiZ kvn& †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b jvB‡eªixI ¯’vcb K‡iwQ‡jb|

evsjvi cieZ©x myjZvb wQ‡jb bymiZ kv‡ni cyÎ AvjvDwÏb wdiyR kvn| wZwb cÖvq GK eQi ¶gZvq wQ‡jb|bymiZ kv‡ni mgq †_‡KB A‡nvg iv‡Rï mv‡_ evsjvi msNl© PjwQj| wd‡ivR kv‡ni mgqI Zv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|bymiZ kv‡ni mgqKvj †_‡KB ïiy nq evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvbx hy‡Mi cZb ce©| bymiZ kv‡ni DËivwaKvixMYwQ‡jb `ye©j| Zuvi †QvU fvB wMqvmDwÏb gvngy` kvn 1533 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi fvB‡qi †Q‡j wd‡ivR kvn‡K nZ¨vK‡i wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKš‘ Zv‡Z Ae¯’vi †Kv‡bv cwieZ©b n‡jv bv| eis bymiZ kv‡ni kvmbKv‡j iv‡R¨ †hfv½‡bi m~Pbv n‡qwQj, gvngy` kv‡ni kvmbKv‡j Zv m¤ú~Y© nq| Zuvi cuvP eQ‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji D‡j-L‡hvM¨NUbv AvdMvb †bZv †ki kvn k~‡ii mv‡_ msNl©| Ae‡k‡l 1538 wLª÷v‡ã †ki kvn †MŠo `Lj Ki‡j evsjvi`yBkZ eQ‡ii ¯^vaxb myjZvbx hy‡Mi Aemvb N‡U|


GKK KvR : kvmb-bxwZi †¶‡Î AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kv‡ni D`viZv †`‡ki Rb¨ g½j e‡q G‡bwQj GK_vi h_v_©Zv wbiycY Ki|

`jxq KvR : myjZvb bmir kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡ji RbwnZKi Kvh©vewj I ¯’vcZ¨ KxwZ©mg~‡ni GKwU ZvwjKvcÖ¯‘Z Ki|

AvdMvb kvmb I evifu~Bqv (1538 wLª: - 1576 wLªt)

1538 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi ¯^vaxb myjZvwb hy‡Mi Aemvb n‡j G‡K G‡K we‡`wk kw³mg~n MÖvm Ki‡Z _v‡Kevsjv‡K| gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb Aí wKQyKvj evsjvi ivRavbxi Ici AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| wKš‘ †kl ch©šÍ Zuv‡K

AvdMvb †bZv †ki kv‡ni Kv‡Q civRq gvb‡Z nq| evsjv I wenvi mivmwi P‡j Av‡m AvdMvb‡ì nv‡Z|

AvdMvb‡ì `yB kvLv-k~i AvdMvb I KiivYx AvdMvbiv †ek wKQyKvj evsjv kvmb K‡i| †kl ch©šÍ gyNj mgªvUAvKei AvdMvb‡ì nvZ †_‡K evsjvi ¶gZv †K‡o †bb| ivRavbx `Lj Ki‡jI gyNjiv evsjvi Af¨šÍ‡i A‡bK

w`b ch©šÍ cÖK…Z ¶gZv cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| G mgq evsjvq A‡bK eo eo ¯^vaxb Rwg`vi wQ‡jb| Ôevi

f ~ uBqvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ G mg¯Í Rwg`vi gyNj‡ì AwaKvi †g‡b †bbwb| mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq gyNjmyev`viMY Ôevi fu~Bqv‡ìÕ `gb Kivi †Póv K‡iI mdj n‡Z cv‡ibwb| Ôevi f~uBqv‡ìÕ `gb Kiv nq mgªvURvnv½x‡ii mg‡q|

AvdMvb kvmbgyNj mgªvU evei I Zuvi cyÎ ûgvqyb û‡mbkvnx hy‡Mi †klw`K †_‡KB †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb evsjv‡K gyNj AwaKv‡iwb‡q Avm‡Z| wKš‘ AvdMvb‡ì Kvi‡Y gyNj‡ì G D‡Ïk¨ cÖ_g w`‡K mdj nqwb| AvdMvb †bZv †ki Lvbk~‡ii mv‡_ hy‡× Rwo‡q c‡ob mgªvU ûgvqyb| †ki Lv‡bi wcZv nvmvb Lvb k~i wenv‡i Aew¯’Z mvmvivgAÂ‡ji RvqwMi`vi wQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb RvqwMi`vi wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib| G mgq wenv‡iiRvqwMi`vi Rvjvj Lvb bvevjK e‡j Zuvi Awffve‡Ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib †ki Lvb|

mgMÖ fvi‡Zi AwacwZ nIqvi ¯cœ wQj †ki Lv‡bi| ZvB †Mvc‡b wZwb wb‡Ri kw³ e„w× Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| G j‡¶Äí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †ki Lvb kw³kvjx Pzbvi `yM© I wenvi AwaKvi K‡ib| wZwb 1537 wLª÷v‡ã `yÕevi evsjviivRavbx †MŠo AvµgY K‡ib| Gevi mZK© nb w`j-xi gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb| wZwb †ki Lv‡bi wcQy avIqv K‡ievsjvi ivRavbx †MŠo AwaKvi K‡i †bb| †MŠ‡oi PgrKvi cÖvmv` I cÖvK…wZK †mŠ›`‡h© gy» n‡q ûgvqyb GibvgKiY K‡ib ÔRvbœvZev`Õ| mgªvU †MŠ‡o 6 gvm Av‡gv` d~wZ©‡Z Mv fvwm‡q †`b| G my‡hv‡M wb‡Ri kw³evov‡Z _v‡Kb †ki Lvb| w`j-x †_‡K Lei Av‡m ûgvqy‡bi mrfvB wn›`vj wmsnvmb `Lj Kivi lohš¿ Ki‡Qb|G Lei †c‡q ûgvqyb w`j-xi w`‡K hvÎv K‡ib| G my‡hvM Kv‡R jvMvb †ki Lvb| wZwb IuZ †c‡Z _v‡Kb e·v‡iiwbKU †PŠmv bvg ¯’v‡b| M½v b`xi Zx‡i G ¯’v‡b ûgvqyb †cuŠQv‡j †ki Lvb Zuvi Ici Suvwc‡q c‡ob| AcÖ¯‘Zûgvqyb civwRZ nb (1539 wLªt)|

gyNj mgªvU ûgvqyb‡K civwRZ K‡i †ki Lvb Ô†ki kvnÕ Dcvwa †bb| wZwb wb‡R‡K wenv‡ii ¯vaxb myjZvbwn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| Gevi evsjvi w`‡K `„wó †`b wZwb| 1540 wLª÷v‡ã gyNj kvmbKZ©v Avjx Kzwj‡KcivwRZ K‡i wZwb evsjv `Lj K‡ib| G eQiB wZwb ûgvqyb‡K K‡bŠ‡Ri wbKU wejMÖv‡gi hy‡× P ~ovšÍfv‡e


civwRZ K‡i w`wj-i wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e `xN©w`b ci evsjv Avevi w`j-xi kvm‡b P‡j Av‡m| PÆMÖvgI wm‡jU ch©šÍ mgMÖ evsjv‡`k †ki kv‡ni mvgªvR¨fy³ wQj| †ki kvn k~i es‡ki e‡j G mg‡qi evsjvi kvmbwQj k~i AvdMvb es‡ki kvmb|

†ki kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ Rvjvj Lvb ÔBmjvg LvbÕ bvg aviY K‡i w`j-xi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwbAvU eQi (1545-1553 wLªt) ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wKš‘ Bmjvg Lv‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi bvevjK cyÎ wdiyR Lv‡biwmsnvm‡b Av‡ivn‡Yi m‡½ m‡½ m~i es‡ki g‡a¨ `jv`wj ïiy nq| †ki Lv‡bi fv‡Mœ gyevwiR Lvb wdiyR Lvb‡KnZ¨v K‡i Ôgyn¤§` Avw`jÕ bvg aviY K‡i w`j-xi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb|

fviZe‡l©i ivR‰bwZK NUbvejx n‡Z G mgq evsjv wew”Qbœ wQj bv| ZvB Bmjvg Lv‡bi g„Zzï m‡½ m‡½Bevsjvi AvdMvb kvmK gyn¤§` Lvb m~i ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| Dcvwa aviY K‡ib Ôgyn¤§` kvn k~iÕ| G mgqn‡Z cieZ©x Kzwo eQi ch©šÍ evsjv ¯^vaxb wQj| gyn¤§` kvn m~i DËi fvi‡Z mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ gyn¤§Àvw`j kvn m~‡ii mwnZ cÖwZØw›ØZvq AeZxY© nb| wZwb †RŠbcyi Rq K‡i AvMÖvi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| wKš‘ P~ovšÍch©v‡q wZwb civwRZ I wbnZ nb|

gyn¤§` kvn m~i wbnZ n‡j w`j-xi ev`kvn Avw`j kvn kvnevR Lvb‡K evsjvi kvmbKZ©v wbhy³ K‡ib| gyn¤§`kv‡ni cyÎ wLwRi Lvb ZLb Gjvnvev‡` Ae¯’vb KiwQ‡jb| wcZvi g„Zz¨ msev` †c‡q m‡½ m‡½ wZwbÔwMqvmDÏxb evnv`yi kvnÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i wb‡R‡K evsjvi ¯vaxb myjZvb e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| wKQyw`b ci wZwbkvnevR Lvb‡K civwRZ K‡i evsjvi wmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib|

G mgq w`j-xi ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ h‡_ó †Nvjv‡U n‡q D‡V| †ki kv‡ni eskai‡ì `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M gyNjev`kvn ûqvq~b ¯^xq ivR¨ cybiy×vi K‡ib| wKš‘ w`j-x‡Z Zuvi KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡jI evsjvq wZwb gyNj AvwacZ¨we¯Ívi Kivi my‡hvM †c‡jb bv| ûgvqy‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ AvKei w`j-xi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡i k~i eskxqAvdMvb †bZ…e„›`‡K G‡K G‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ AMÖmi n‡jb| cvwbc‡_i wØZxq hy‡× (1556 wLªt) Avw`jkv‡ni †mbvcwZ wngy gyNj ˆmb¨‡ì wbKU civwRZ I wbnZ nb| G‡Z Avw`j kvn AZ¨šÍ `ye©j n‡q c‡ob|AZtci wZwb evsjvi w`‡K cjvqb Ki‡jb| cw_g‡a¨ myiRM‡oi wbKUeZ©x d‡Zncy‡i myjZvb wMqvmDÏxbevnv`yi kvn KZ…©K GK hy‡× civwRZ I wbnZ nb (1557 wLªt)|

evsjv weRqx AvdMvb myjZvb wMqvmDÏxb evnv`yi kvn †RŠbcy‡ii w`‡K AMÖmi n‡j gyNj †mbvcwZ Lvb-B-RvgvbZuvi MwZ‡iva K‡ib| K~UKzkjx evnv`yi kvn Lvb-B-Rvgv‡bi m‡½ wgÎZv ¯’vcb K‡i evsjvq cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib|Gici wZwb evsjvi evwn‡i Avi †Kv‡bv Awfhvb †cÖiY K‡ibwb| 1560 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|

wMqvmDÏxb evnv`yi kv‡ni g„Zzï ci Zuvi åvZv RvjvjDÏxb k~i ÔwØZxq wMqvmDÏxbÕ Dcvwa MÖnY K‡i evsjviwmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wZwbI Zuvi åvZvi b¨vq gyNj‡ì m‡½ eÜzZ¡ i¶v K‡i Pj‡Zb| 1563 wLª÷v‡ãwZwb †kl wbtk¦vm Z¨vM Ki‡j Zuvi GKgvÎ cyÎ evsjvi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| wKš‘ Zuvi bvg Rvbv hvqwb|gvÎ mvZ gvm ivRZ¡ Kivi ci Z…Zxq wMqvmDÏxb bv‡g R‰bK AvdMvb `j‡bZv Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i evsjviwmsnvmb AwaKvi K‡ib| wKš‘ wZwbI †ewk w`b ivRZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| KiivYx es‡ki ivRv ZvR Lvb KiivYxwMqvmDÏxb‡K nZ¨v K‡i evsjvi wmsnvm‡b wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|


ZvR Lvb KiivYx I myjvqgvb Lvb KiivYx †ki kv‡ni †mbvcwZ wQ‡jb| K‡bŠ‡Ri hy‡× K…wZZ¡c~Y© Ae`v‡bi Rb¨†ki kvn Zv‡ì‡K `w¶Y wenv‡i RvqMxi cÖ`vb K‡ib| Bmjvg kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j ZvR Lvb KiivYx †mbvcwZ I

K~U‰bwZK civgk©`vZv wn‡m‡e we‡kl K…wZ‡Z¡i cwiPq †`b| Bmjvg kv‡ni evjKcyÎ I DËivwaKvix wdiy‡hi mgqZvR Lvb DwRi wbhy³ nb| wdiyh‡K nZ¨v K‡i Zuvi gvZzj gyn¤§` Avw`j m~i wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| G mgq ZvR LvbKiivYx cvwj‡q wM‡q åvZv‡ì mnvqZvq `w¶Y wenv‡i cÖvavb¨ ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1557 wLª÷v‡ã ZvR Lvb KiivYx

bvggvÎ evsjvi myjZvb evnv`yi kvn k~‡ii ek¨Zv ¯xKvi K‡ib| wKQyw`b ci wZwb m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c ¯vaxb n‡q c‡ob|

evsjvi wmsnvm‡bi cÖwZI Zvi `„wó wQj| wZwb my‡hv‡Mi A‡šl‡Y wQ‡jb| AÁvZbvgv wMqvmDÏxb hLb k~ies‡ki wmsnvmb `Lj K‡ib ZLb my‡hvM ey‡S ZvR Lvb I Zuvi åvZviv wMqvmDÏxb‡K civwRZ I wbnZ K‡i

†MŠo `Lj K‡ib| Gfv‡e ZvR Lvb KiivYx evsjvq KiivYx es‡ki ivRZ¡ cÖwZôv K‡ib|

ZvR Lvb KiivYxi g„Zyï ci 1565 wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi fvB myjvqgvb Lvb KiivYx evsjvi myjZvb nb| G `¶ kvmK

AvdMvb †bZv‡ì Zuvi `jfy³ K‡ib| Gfv‡e evsjv I wenv‡ii AwaKvsk GjvKv Zuvi Awafy³ nq| Dwol¨v‡ZI

Zuvi AwaKvi cÖwZwôZ nq| myjvqgvb KiivYxi weÁ DwRi †jv`x Lv‡bi civg‡k© wZwb gyNj mgªvU AvKe‡ii mv‡_

mym¤úK© i¶v K‡i PjwQ‡jb| wZwb me©cÖ_g †MŠo n‡Z gvj`‡ni 15 gvBj `w¶Y-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z ZvÊvqivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib| 1572 wL÷v‡ã myjvqgvb KiivYxi g„Zy¨ n‡j cyÎ evqwR` wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wKšÍy

AíKvj c‡iB G AZ¨vPvix myjZvb‡K nZ¨v K‡ib AvdMvb m`©viiv| Gevi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb myjvqgvb KiivYxi

wØZxq cyÎ `vD` KiivYx| wZwbB wQ‡jb evsjvq †kl AvdMvb kvmK| `vD` KiivYx Lye A`~i`k©x kvmK wQ‡jb|wekvj ivR¨ I ab Hk¦h© †`‡L wZwb wb‡R‡K mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgK¶ fve‡Z _v‡Kb| GZw`b evsjv I wenv‡ii

AvdMvb kvmKMY cÖKv‡k¨ gyNj mgªv‡Ui cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ `vD` ¯^vaxb mgªv‡Ui gZ Ôev`kvnÕ

Dcvwa MÖnY K‡ib Ges wbR bv‡g Lyrev cvV K‡ib I gy ªv Rvwi K‡ib|

AvdMvbiv Ggwb‡ZB gyNj‡ì kÎy wQj| Zvi Ici evsjv-wenvi gyNj‡ì AwaKv‡i bv _vKvq mgªvU AvKe‡ii

¯^w¯Í wQjbv| `vD` KiivYxi AvPiY AvKei‡K evsjv Avµg‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i w`j| cÖ_‡g AvKei †RŠbcy‡iikvmbKZ©v gywbg Lvb‡K wb‡`©k †`b KiivYx ivR¨ AvµgY Ki‡Z| cÖ_gw`‡K mivmwi AvµgY K‡ibwb gywbg

Lvb| DwRi †jv`x Lv‡bi civg‡k© gywbg Lv‡bi mv‡_ Zuvi eÜzZ¡ wQj| `vD` Lvb DwRi †jv`xi civg‡k© gywbg

Lv‡bi mv‡_ abiZœ w`‡q Av‡cvm K‡ib| wKšÍy AwP‡iB G Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b nq| `vD` wKQy lohš¿Kvixi

civg‡k© fyj †ev‡Sb DwRi †jv`x‡K| `vD‡ì wb‡`©‡k nZ¨v Kiv nq Zuv‡K| †jv`xi eyw×i ¸‡YB GZw`b gyNj

Avµg‡Yi nvZ †_‡K i¶v †c‡qwQj evsjv I wenvi| gywbg Lv‡bi Avi euvav iBj bv| gywbg Lvb †jv`xi g„Zzï ci

1573 wLª÷v‡ã wenvi †_‡K AvdMvb‡ì nwU‡q †`b| AvdMvbiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ wb‡R‡ì †fZi weev` K‡i `ye©j

n‡q c‡owQj| G my‡hv‡M gywbg Lvb evsjvi w`‡K AMÖmi nb| KiivYx‡ì evsjvi ivRavbx wQj ZvÊvq|

AvdMvbiv ZvÛv †Q‡o wcQy n‡U| Avkªq †bq ûMjx †Rjvi mßMÖv‡g| ivRavbx AwaKvi K‡i gyNj ˆmbïvI AMÖmi

nq mßMÖvg-G| `vD` Lvb cvwj‡q hvb Dwol¨vq| gywbg Lvb ZvÛvq gyNj ivRavbx cÖwZôv K‡ib| G mgq

ZvÛvq †c-M †ivM †`Lv w`‡j gywbg Lvbmn A‡bK gyNj ˆmb¨ G †iv‡M gviv hvb| d‡j wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| GAe¯’vi my‡hv‡M `vD` KiivYx cwðg I DËi evsjv cybivq AwaKvi K‡i †bb| Ab¨w`‡K fvwU AÂ‡ji Rwg`viCmv Lvb c~e© evsjv †_‡K gyNj ˆmb¨‡ì nwU‡q †`b| gyNj ˆmbïv Gevi evsjv †Q‡o Avkªq †bq wenv‡i|


gywbg Lv‡bi g„Zz¨ msev` AvMÖvq †cuŠQv‡j mgªvU AvKei evsjvi kvmbKZ©v K‡i cvVvb Lvb Rvnvb û‡mb KzjxLvb‡K| Zuvi mnKvix wbhy³ nb ivRv †UvWigj| evsjvq cÖ‡ek c‡_ ivRgn‡j gyNj ˆmb¨‡ì euvav †`b `vD`KiivYx| gyNj‡ì mvnv‡h¨ GwM‡q Av‡mb wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v gyRvddi Lvb ZzievwZ| 1576 wLªóv‡ãivRgn‡ji wbKU gyNj I AvdMvb‡ì g‡a¨ GK Zzgyj hy× nq| ivRgn‡ji hy‡× `vD` KiivYxi P~ovšÍ civRqN‡U| c‡i Zuv‡K g„Zz¨`Ê †Ìqv nq| Gfv‡e evsjvq KiivYx AvdMvb kvm‡bi Aemvb NwU‡q gyNj kvm‡bim~ÎcvZ nq| Aek¨ Ôevi f~uBqv‡ìÕ euvavi gy‡L gyNj kvmb †ewk `~i we¯—…Z n‡Z cv‡iwb|

GKK KvR : evsjvq AvdMvb kvmb Kxfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj Zv e¨vL¨v Ki|

evi f~uBqv‡ì BwZnvmmgªvU AvKei mgMÖ evsjvi Dci Zuvi AwaKvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| evsjvi eo eo Rwg`viiv gyNj‡ìAaxbZv †g‡b †bbwb| Rwg`viMY Zuv‡ì wbR wbR Rwg`vix‡Z ¯vaxb wQ‡jb| G‡ì kw³kvjx ˆmb¨ I †bŠ-eniwQj| ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi Rb¨ Guiv GK‡RvU n‡q gyNj †mbvcwZi weiy‡× Suvwc‡q co‡Zb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m GRwg`viMY Ôevi f~uBqvÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| G ÔeviÕ ej‡Z eviR‡bi msL¨v eySvq bv| aviYv Kiv nq Awbw`©ó msL¨KRwg`vi‡ì †evSv‡ZB ÔeviÕ kãwU eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q|

evsjvi BwZnv‡m evi f~uBqv‡ì Avwef©ve †lvok kZ‡Ki gaëZ©xKvj n‡Z mß`k kZ‡Ki gaëZ©x mg‡q|Av‡jvP¨ mg‡q gyNj‡ì weiy‡× huviv wb‡R‡ì ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb, HwZnvwmK `„wó‡Z ZuvivB Ôevif~uBqvÕ| GQvovI e½‡`‡k AviI A‡bK †QvULvU Rwg`vi wQ‡jb| ZuvivI gyNj‡ì weiy‡× gv_v Zz‡j ùvovb|wKš‘ c‡i Guiv gyNj‡ì ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bb| evi f~uBqv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jb:

cÖ_g w`‡K evi f~uBqv‡ì †bZv wQ‡jb Cmv Lvb| û‡mb kvnx es‡ki Aemvb n‡j Cmv Lv‡bi wcZv myjvqgvb Lvb†mvbviMuvI AÂ‡j Rwg`vix cÖwZôv K‡ib| wLwRicyi `yM© wQj Zuvi kw³i cÖavb †K›`ª| †mvbviMuvI I wLwRicy‡iiwbKUeZ©x KvZ&ivey Zuvi ivRavbx wQj| `vD` KiivYxi cZ‡bi ci wZwb †mvbviMuvI-G ivRavbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|

evi f~uBqv‡ì `gb Kivi Rb¨ mgªvU AvKei we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM †`b| GRb¨ wZwb 1583 wLª÷v‡ã kvnevR Lvb,1585 wLª÷v‡ã mvw`K Lvb, 1586 wLª÷v‡ã DwRi Lvb I 1594 wLªóv‡ã ivRv gvbwmsn‡K evsjvi myev`vi K‡i


evi f~uBqv‡ì bvg GjvKvi bvg

Cmv Lvb, g~mv Lvb XvKv †Rjvi Aa©vsk, cÖvq mgMÖ gqgbwmsn †Rjv Ges cvebv,e¸ov I iscyi †Rjvi wKQy Ask|

Puv` ivq I †K`vi ivq kªxcyi (weµgcyi, gyÝxMÄ)evnv`yi MvRx fvIqvj†mvbv MvRx mivBj (wÎcyivi DËi mxgvq)Imgvb Lvb †evKvBbMi (wm‡jU)exi nvwgi weòzcyi (evKzov)j¶Y gvwYK¨ fyjyqv (†bvqvLvjx)cigvb›` ivq P›`ªØxc (ewikvj)

we‡bv` ivq, gay ivq Pv›`cÖZvc (gvwbKMÄ)gyKz›ìvg, mÎwRr f~lYv (dwi`cyi)

ivRv K›`c©bvivqY, ivgP›`ª ewikvj †Rjvi Ask we‡kl

cvVvb| Zuviv Cmv Luvb I Ab¨vb¨ Rwg`v‡ii mv‡_ eûevi hy× K‡ib| wKšÍy evi f~uBqv‡ì †bZv Cmv Lvb‡K m¤ú~Y©civwRZ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| wZwb mgªvU AvKe‡ii AvbyMZ¨ ¯^xKv‡ii wewbg‡q wb‡Ri AvwacZ¨ eRvq iv‡Lb|Ab¨w`‡K wZwb gyNj‡ì weiy‡× ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i Ôgmb`-B-AvjvÕ Dcvwa aviY K‡iwQ‡jb|

1599 wLª÷v‡ã Ckv Lv‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡j evi f~uBqv‡ì †bZv nb Zuvi cyÎ g~mv Lvb| Gw`‡K 1601 wLª÷v‡ãgvbwmsn‡K wØZxqev‡ii gZ evsjvq cvVv‡bv nq| Gevi gvbwmsn wKQyUv mdj nb| 1603 wLª÷v‡ã g~mv Lvb GK†bŠ-hy‡× gvbwms‡ni nv‡Z civwRZ nb| wKšÍy P~ovšÍ mvdj¨ AR©b Kivi Av‡M mgªvU AvKe‡ii Amy¯’Zvi LeiAv‡m| mgªv‡Ui Wv‡K gvbwmsn AvMÖvq wd‡i hvb|

mgªvU AvKe‡ii g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ †mwjb ÔRvnv½xiÕ bvg aviY K‡i 1605 wLª÷v‡ã w`j-xi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnYK‡ib| wZwb gvbwmsn‡K Avevi evsjvq †cÖiY K‡ib| GK eQi ci 1606 wLª÷v‡ã KzZzeyÏxb †KvKv‡K evsjvimyev`vi wb‡qvM Kiv nq| KzZzeyÏxb †ki AvdKz‡bi nv‡Z cÖvY nvivb| Zuvi cieZ©x myev`vi Rvnv½xi KzjxLvb GKeQi ci gviv hvb| Gi ci Bmjvg Lvb 1608 wLª÷v‡ã e‡½i myev`vi wbhy³ nb|

evsjvi evi f~uBqv‡ì `gb K‡i G‡`k gyNj kvmb cÖwZôv mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii ivRZ¡Kv‡ji K…wZZ¡c~Y© Kvh©| AviG K…wZ‡Z¡i `vwe`vi myevì Bmjvg Lvb (1608-1613 wLª:)| kvmbfvi MÖnY K‡iB wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h, evifu~Bqv‡ì †bZv g~mv Lvb‡K `gb Ki‡Z cvi‡jB Zuvi c‡¶ Ab¨vb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì‡K ekxf~Z Kiv mnRmva¨ n‡e|†mRb¨ wZwb ivRgnj n‡Z XvKvq ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| KviY, g~mv Lv‡bi NuvwU†mvbviMuvI XvKvi A`~‡i wQj| evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq Avmvi c‡_ Bmjvg Lvb †ek KRbRwg`v‡ii AvbyMZ¨ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

evi f~uBqv‡ì †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ Bmjvg Lvb kw³kvjx †bŠ-eni M‡o †Zv‡jb| g~mv Lv‡bi mv‡_ cÖ_g msNl©euv‡a 1609 wLª÷v‡ã Ki‡Zvqv b`xi c~e©Zx‡i hvÎvcy‡i| GLv‡b g~mv Lv‡bi `yM© wQj| hy‡× g~mv Lvb I Ab¨vb¨Rwg`vi †kl ch©šÍ wcQy n‡Ub| Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLª÷v‡ã XvKvq cÖ‡ek K‡ib| G mgq †_‡K XvKv nq evsjviivRavbx| mgªv‡Ui bvg Abymv‡i XvKvi bvg ivLv nq ÔRvnv½xi bMiÕ|

Gici cybivq g~mv Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ gyNj‡ì euvav †èvi Rb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì †bŠ-eni GKwÎZ nq kxZj¶¨v b`x‡Z|Bmjvg Lvb Gi cwðg Zx‡ii wewfbœ ¯’v‡b ˆmb¨`j I †bŠ-eni †cÖiY K‡ib| 1611 wLª÷v‡ã Bmjvg Lv‡bim‡½ Rwg`vi‡ì hy× ïiy nq| b`xi c~e© cv‡o Aew¯’Z g~mv Lv‡bi K`g imyj `yM©mn Ab¨vb¨ `yM© gyNj‡ìAwaKv‡i Av‡m| Ae¯’vi wech©‡q g~mv Lvb †mvbviMuvI P‡j Av‡mb| ivRavbx wbivc` bq g‡b K‡i wZwb †gNbvb`x‡Z Aew¯’Z Beªvwngcyi Øx‡c Avkªq †bb| gyNj ˆmbïv †mvbviMuvI AwaKvi K‡i †bb| Gi d‡j Rwg`viMYeva¨ nb AvZ¥mgc©Y Ki‡Z| †Kvb Dcvq bv †`‡L g~mv LvbI †kl ch©šÍ gyNj‡ì wbKU AvZ¥mgc©‡Y eva¨ nb|Bmjvg Lvb g~mv Lvb‡K Ab¨vb¨ Rwg`vi‡ì g‡Zv Zuv‡KI Zuvi Rwg`vwi‡Z gyNj‡ì Aaxb¯’ RvqwM‡ii `vwqZ¡w`‡jb| Gici g~mv Lvb mgªv‡Ui AbyMZ RvqwMi`vi wn‡m‡e evwK Rxeb AwZevwnZ K‡ib| g~mv Lv‡biAvZ¥mgc©‡Y Ab¨vb¨ Rvwg`viMY wbivk n‡q gyNj mgªv‡Ui ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi K‡ib| Gfv‡e evsjvi evi f~uBqv‡ìkvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

`jxq KvR : cieZx© c„ôvq D‡j-wLZ Q‡K Ôevi f~uBqv‡ìÕ bvg I mwVK AÂj wgj Ki (5wU) :


µwgK bs bvg AÂj

1

gyNj kvmb (1576-1757 wLªt)myev`vwi I bevweÑ G `yB c‡e© evsjvq gyNj kvmb AwZevwnZ nq| evi f~uBqv‡ì `g‡bi ci mgMÖ evsjvqmyev`vwi cÖwZwôZ nq| gyNj cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ÔmyevÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| evsjv wQj gyNj‡ì Ab¨Zg myev| m‡ZikZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`K †_‡K AvVvi kZ‡Ki ïiy ch©šÍ wQj myev`vix kvm‡bi ¯Y©hyM| mgªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei ci w`j-xi`ye©j DËivwaKvix‡ì mg‡q gyNj kvmb kw³nxb n‡q c‡o| G my‡hv‡M evsjvi myev`viMY cÖvq ¯vaxbfv‡e evsjvkvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gyNj Avg‡ji GB hyM Ôbevex AvgjÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

my‡e`vix I bevex Avgjmyev`vi Bmjvg Lvb 1610 wLª÷v‡ã evi f~uBqv‡ì `gb K‡i mgMÖ evsjvq myev`vwi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡ib| 1613wLª÷v‡ã Zuvi g„Zzï ci †ek KRb myev`vi evsjvi ¶gZv MÖnY K‡ib| Z‡e 1660 wLª÷v‡ã myev`vi gxi Rygjv¶gZv MÖnY Kivi c~e© ch©šÍ †Kvb myev`viB †Zgb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ Bmjvg LvbwPkwZ (1617-1624 wLªt) Ges w`j-xi mgªvÁx b~iRvnv‡bi fvB Beªvwng Lvb d‡Zn R½ (1617-1624wLªt)evsjvi myev`vi wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| AZci Lye Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ myev`vi wbhy³ nb `vivi Lvb, gneŸZLvb, gyKviig Lvb Ges wdZvB Lvb|

mgªvU kvnRvnvb ¶gZv MÖnY Kivi ci evsjvi myev`vi wn‡m‡e Kvwmg Lvb Rywqbx‡K wb‡qvM K‡ib 1628wLª÷v‡ã| û‡mb kvnx hyM n‡ZB evsjvq cZz©MxRiv evwYR¨ KiZ| G mgq cZz©MxR ewYK‡ì cÖwZcwË A‡bK†e‡o hvq| µ‡g Zv evsjvi Rb¨ ûgwK n‡q ùvovq| Kvwmg Lvb Rywqbx k³ nv‡Z cZz©MxR‡ì `gb K‡ib|

Kvwmg Lv‡bi ci myev`vi Bmjvg Lvb gvmnv`x (1635-1639 wLªt) Pvi eQi kvmb K‡ib| AZtci kvnRvnvbZuvi wØZxq cyÎ kvn myRv‡K evsjvi myev`vi K‡i cvVvb| myRv Kzwo eQi `vwq‡Z¡ wQ‡jb| †gvUvgywU kvwšÍc~Y© wQjmyRvi kvmbKvj| we‡`wk ewYK †Mvôxi g‡a¨ Bs‡iRiv G mgq myev`v‡ii KvQ †_‡K wKQy evowZ myweav jvfKiwQj| G‡Z evwY‡Rï cvkvcvwk Bs‡iR‡ì ¶gZvI e„w× cvq| 1657 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU kvnRvnvb Amy¯’ n‡qco‡j Zuvi Pvi cy‡Îi cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mgªvU nIqvi Rb¨ we‡`ªvn K‡i| G mgq AvIi½‡R‡ei mv‡_ kvn myRvi Ø›Øïiy nq| `yB fvB‡qi hy‡× 1659 wL÷v‡ã kvn myRv civwRZ nb| civwRZ n‡q wZwb AvivKvb Mgb K‡ib|†mLv‡b c‡i wZwb mcwiev‡i wbnZ nb|

AvIi½‡R‡ei †mbvcwZ gxi Rygjv myRv‡K `gb Kivi Rb¨ evsjvi ivRavbx Rvnv½xibMi ch©šÍ G‡mwQ‡jb|ZvB mgªvU AvIi½‡Re gxi Rygjv‡K (1660-1663 wLªt) evsjvi myev`v‡ii `vwqZ¡ †`b| Ang‡ì weiy‡× Zuvimvdj¨ †Zgb D‡j-L‡hvM¨ bv n‡jI KzPwenvi I Avmvg weRq gxi Rygjvi mvgwiK cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i enb K‡i|Zuvi mg‡qB KzPwenvi m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv gyNj mvgªv‡Rï Aax‡b Av‡m| Avmvg Awfhv‡bi Øviv wZwbgyNj mvgªv‡Rï mxgvšÍ Avmvg ch©šÍ ewa©Z K‡ib|

gxi Rygjvi g„Zzï ci cÖ_‡g w`wji Lvb I c‡i `vD` Lvb A¯’vqx myev`vi wn‡m‡e evsjv kvmb K‡ib| AZciAvIi½‡R‡ei gvgv kv‡q¯Ív Lvb‡K (1664-1688 wLªt) evsjvi myev`vi wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq|


gvSLv‡b 1678 wLª÷v‡ã mgªvU Zuv‡K w`wj-‡Z †W‡K cvwV‡qwQ‡jb| Gici1679 wLªóv‡ãi †m‡Þ¤^‡i wZwb wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv evsjvi myev`vi nb|

kv‡q¯Ív Lvb wQ‡jb GKRb my`¶ †mbvcwZ I `~i`k©x kvmK| wZwb gM‡ìDrcvZ n‡Z evsjvi RbM‡Yi Rvbgvj i¶v K‡ib| wZwb m›Øxc I PÆMÖvgAwaKvi K‡i AvivKvbx Rj`my¨‡ì m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c DrLvZ K‡ib| myev`vi kv‡q¯ÍvLvb KzPwenvi, Kvgiƒc, wÎcyiv cÖf„wZ AÂ‡j gyNj kvmb myôzfv‡e cÖwZwôZK‡ib| mxgvšÍ GjvKvi wbivcËviI eë¯’v Kiv nq|

Zuvi f‡q Avmv‡gi ivRv gyNj‡ì weiy‡× kÎyZv Ki‡Z mvnm cvbwb| myev`vixi†kl w`‡K kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi mv‡_ Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi we‡iva euv‡a|Bs‡iR‡ì ¶gZv GZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K †h Zviv µ‡g G‡`‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK wn‡m‡e †`Lv †`q| `xN©w`‡bi †Póvici kv‡q¯Ív Lvb evsjv †_‡K Bs‡iR‡ì weZvwoZ K‡ib| kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi ci G‡K G‡K Lvb-B-Rvnvb evnv`yi,Beªvwng Lvb I AvwRgywÏb evsjvi myev`vi nb| Zuv‡ì mgq evsjvi BwZnvm †Zgb NUbveûj wQjbv|

kv‡q¯Ív Lvb Zuvi kvmb Avg‡ji wewfbœ RbwnZKi Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ ¯§iYxq n‡q i‡q‡Qb| Zuvi mg‡q mvgªv‡Rïme©Î AmsL¨ mivBLvbv, iv¯Ív I †mZz wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| †`‡ki A_©bxwZ I K…wl †¶‡Î wZwb AfvweZ mg„w×Avbqb K‡iwQ‡jb| RbKj¨vYKi kvmbKv‡h©i Rb¨ ïay evsjvq b‡n, mgMÖ fviZe‡l©I wZwb L¨vwZ AR©bK‡iwQ‡jb| Zuvi mg‡q `ªe¨ g~j¨ GZ m¯Ív wQj †h, UvKvq AvU gY PvDj cvIqv †hZ|

kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi Avg‡j evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i g~‡j wQj wkí I eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖmvi| G Avg‡j K…wlKv‡Ri m‡½ wkí I eëmv-evwY‡RïI h‡_ó DbœwZ nq| kv‡q¯Ív Lvb eëmv-evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î we‡`kxewYKw`M‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Zb|

kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi kvmbKvj evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Rb¨ mwe‡kl D‡j-L‡hvM¨| wewPÎ †mŠagvjv, g‡bvig mv‡Rmw¾Z ZrKvjxb XvKv bMix ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi Abyiv‡Mi mv¶¨ enb K‡i| ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weKv‡kiRb¨ G hyM‡K evsjvq gyNj‡ì Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| Zuvi Avg‡j wbg©vY Kiv ¯’vcZ¨ Kv‡h©i g‡a¨†QvU KvUiv, jvjevM †Kj-v, wewe cixi mgvwa-†mŠa, †nv‡mbx `vjvb, mdx Lv‡bi gmwR`, eywoM½vi gmwR`, PKgmwR` cÖf„wZ D‡j-L‡hvM¨| †gvUK_v, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv myev`vi ev kvmbKZ©v XvKvq kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi b¨vq wb‡Ri¯§„wZ‡K GZ †ewk R¡jšÍ †i‡L †h‡Z cv‡ibwb| e¯‘Z, XvKv wQj kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi bMix|

`¶ myev`vi wnmv‡e Gevi evsjvi ¶gZvq Av‡mb gywk©` Kzjx Lvb (1700-1727wLªt)| cÖ_‡g Zuv‡K evsjvi w`Dqvb wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †Ìqv nq| w`Dqv‡bi KvR wQjmyevi ivR¯^ Av`vq I A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v wbqš¿Y Kiv| mgªvU dLiyL wkqv‡iiivRZ¡Kv‡j gywk©` Kzjx Lvb evsjvi myev`vi wbhy³ nb| gywk©` Kzjx Lvb hLb esjvqAvMgbY K‡ib ZLb evsjvi ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †kvPbxq n‡q c‡owQj|G cwiw¯’wZi gy‡L wZwb AZ¨šÍ mvnwmKZvi mwnZ evsjvq gyNj kvmb cybiy×v‡im‡Pó nb| ¯^xq e¨w³Z¡, weP¶YZv I eyw×gËv Øviv wZwb evsjvi BwZnv‡mi MwZ‡KcwiewZ©Z K‡iwQ‡jb|


wPÎ : kv‡q¯Ív Lvb

wPÎ: gywk©`Kzjx Lvb

mgªvU AvI½‡R‡ei g„Zzï ci `ye©j gyNj mgªvUMY `~ieZ©x myev¸‡jvi w`‡K †Zgb `„wó w`‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡jGme AÂ‡ji myev`viMY A‡bKUv ¯vaxbfv‡e wb‡R‡ì AÂj kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| gywk©` Kzjx LvbI A‡bKUv¯^vaxb n‡q c‡ob| wZwb bvggvÎ mgªv‡Ui AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Ki‡Zb Ges evwl©K 1 †KvwU 3 j¶ UvKv ivR¯^cvVv‡Zb| gywk©` Kzjx Lv‡bi ci Zuvi RvgvZv myRvDwÏb Lvb evsjvi wmsnvm‡b e‡mb| Gfv‡e evsjvi my‡e`vwieskMZ n‡q c‡o| Avi GiB c_ a‡i cybivq cÖwZwôZ nq evsjvi ¯vaxb kvmb|

beve gywk©` Kzjx Lv‡bi mgq †_‡KB evsjv myev cÖvq ¯vaxb n‡q c‡o| G mgq myev‡K ejv n‡Zv ÔwbRvgZÕ Avimyev`v‡ii e`‡j cèx nq ÔbvwRgÕ| bvwRg c`wU n‡q c‡o eskMZ| myev`vi ev bvwRgMY evsjvi wmsnvm‡be‡m gyNj mgªv‡Ui KvQ †_‡K ïay GKwU Aby‡gv`b wb‡q wb‡Zb| ZvB AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki evsjvq gyNj kvm‡biBwZnvm wbRvgZ ev bevwe Avgjiƒ‡c cwiwPZ| Avi cÖvq ¯vaxb kvmKMY cwiwPZ nb ÔbeveÕ wn‡m‡e|

ivR¯^ ms¯‹vi gywk©` Kzjx Lv‡bi me©vwaK ¯§iYxq KxwZ©| wZwb f~wg Rwic K‡i ivqZ‡ì mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx ivR¯wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivR¯^ Av`vq‡K wbwðZ I wbqwgZ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb Dchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwbKg©Pvix‡ì mvnv‡h¨ f~wgi cÖK…Z Drcvw`Kv kw³ I evwYR¨ K‡ii mwVK Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Zb| G c×wZ‡Z ga¨¯’e¨w³‡ì Øviv cÖRv‡ì nqivwbi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv|

gywk©` Kzjx Lvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i Rb¨ eëmv-evwY‡R¨ cÖmv‡ii ¸iyZ¡ we‡klfv‡e Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb|RvwZ-ag© wbwe©‡k‡l Bs‡iR, divmx I cviwmK eëmvqx‡ì‡K wZwb Drmvn cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| eëmvqxiv hv‡Zwbw`©ó cÖPwjZ Ki cÖ`vb K‡i Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ hv‡Z †Kv‡bv AwePvi Kiv bv nq †mw`‡K `„wó ivLvi Rb¨ mswk-óKg©Pvix‡ì wb‡`©k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Zuvi c„ô‡cvlKZvi Kvi‡YB evsjvi eëmv-evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡qwQj|KjKvZv, PzuPzov I P›`bbMi wewfbœ we‡`kx ewYK‡ì eëmvi †K› ª wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V|

gywk©` Kzjx Lv‡bi †Kv‡bv cyÎ mšÍvb wQjbv| ZvB Zuvi Kb¨v wRbvZ-Db-wbmvi ¯vgx myRvDwÏb Lvb‡K (1727-1739 wLªt) mgªvU diiyL wkqvi evsjvi myev`vi wb‡qvM K‡ib| myRvDwÏb GKRb ¯vaxb bev‡ei gh©v`v wb‡qwmsnvm‡b e‡mb| wZwb wQ‡jb GKRb `¶ kvmK| evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vÑ wZb cÖ‡`‡kiB beve n‡qwQ‡jb wZwb|wZwb Zuvi AvZ¥xq¯Rb I wek¦vmfvRb‡ì D”Pc` `vb K‡ib| Rwg`vi‡ì mv‡_I GKwU mym¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡jb|wKšÍy myRvDwÏ‡bi †kl Rxeb my‡L Kv‡Uwb| cÖvmv‡ì A‡bK Kg©KZ©v Zuvi weiy‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wKšÍy `¶nv‡Z wZwb msKU †gvKvwejv K‡ib| myRvDwÏ‡bi g„Zzï ci Zuvi cyÎ midivR Lvb evsjv-wenvi-Dwol¨vi bevenb| Zuvi A‡hvM¨Zvi Kvi‡Y †`kRy‡o wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| G my‡hv‡M wenv‡ii bv‡qe-B-bvwRg Avjxe`x© LvbmidivR‡K AvµgY K‡ib| midivR civwRZ I wbnZ nb| gyNj mgªv‡Ui Aby‡gv`‡b bq, evûe‡j evsjvi ¶gZv`Lj K‡ib Avjxe`©x Lvb| Avjxe`©xi kvmbKv‡j (1740-1756 wLª:) evsjvq kvwšÍ cÖwZwôZ nq|

A‡bKw`b †_‡KB eM©x bv‡g cwiwPZ gvivwV `myïv evsjvi wewfbœ AÂ‡j AvµgY K‡i RbRxeb AwZô K‡iZz‡jwQj| Avjxe`©x Lvb 1742 †_‡K 1751 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ 10 eQi cÖwZ‡iva K‡i eM©x‡ì †`k Qvov Ki‡Zm¶g nb| Zuvi kvmbKv‡j AvdMvb ˆmbïv we‡ ªvn Ki‡j wZwb k³ nv‡Z Zv `gb K‡ib| Avjxe`©xi mg‡qBs‡iRmn A‡bK BD‡ivcxq ewY‡Ki evwYwR¨K ZrciZv evsjvi wewfbœ As‡k Qwo‡q c‡o| GKB mv‡_ GivmvgwiK kw³I mÂq Ki‡Z _v‡K| Avjxe`©x Lvb k³ nv‡Z ewYK‡ì ZrciZv †iva K‡ib|

Avjxe`©x Lvb Zuvi Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv †eM‡gi cyÎ wmivRD‡ÏŠjv‡K Zuvi DËivwaKvix g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| Avjxe`©xicÖ_g Kb¨v N‡lwU †eM‡gi B‡”Q wQj Zuvi wØZxq fwMœi cyÎ kIKZ R½ beve n‡eb| d‡j wZwb wmivRD‡ÏŠjviweiy‡× lohš¿ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| K‡qKRb AwfRv‡Zi mg_©b jvf K‡ib N‡lwU †eMg| G‡ì g‡a¨ ivq `yj©f,


RMr†kV, gxiRvdi, DwgPuv`, ivRej-f cÖgy‡Li bvg Kiv hvq| cÖvmv‡ì †fZi G lohš¿‡K Kv‡R jvMvq evsjvqevwYR¨ Ki‡Z Avmv B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi myPZzi Bs‡iR ewYKiv| lohš¿Kvix‡ì mv‡_ Zviv nvZ †gjvq|Ae‡k‡l Bs‡iR‡ì mv‡_ hy× ev‡a bev‡ei| 1757 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cjvkxi hy‡× bev‡ei †mbvcwZ gxiRvdiwek¦vmNvZKZv K‡i hy‡× AskMÖn‡Y weiZ _v‡Kb| Amnvqfv‡e civRq N‡U wmivRD‡ÏŠjvi| Gfv‡eB cjvkxihy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfwË ¯’vwcZ nq| Avi GKB mv‡_ evsjvi ga¨ hy‡MiI Aemvb N‡U|

KvR :1. myev`vi kvn myRvi †kl cwiYwZ wK n‡qwQjÑ Zv D‡j-L Ki|2. myev`vi kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi mg‡qi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi wb`k©b¸‡jv D‡j-L Ki|3. ¯^vaxb bevex cÖwZôvq myev`vi gywk©`Kzjx Lv‡bi f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki|4. wb‡gœi kvmK‡ì bvg mgqKvj Abyhvqx avivevwnKfv‡e mvRvI :


1. †MŠ‡oi bvg ÔRvbœvZvev`Õ †K iv‡Lb?

K. †kikvn L. ûgvqyb

M. Rvnv½xi N. AvKei

2. evi f~uBqv‡ì `g‡b myev`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi we‡kl †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ wQj-

i. kw³kvjx †bŠ-eni M‡o †Zvjv

ii. ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq ivRavbx ¯’vbvšÍi

iii. Ak¦v‡ivnx evwnbx MVb





µwgK bs kvm‡Ki bvg avivevwnK bvg1 Bmjvg Lvb2 BIR LjRx3 kv‡q Ív Lvb4 AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn5 kvgmyÏxb Bwjqvm kvn

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :nvRxinvU AÂ‡ji wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb †bvgvb mv‡ne †ek RbwcÖq| Zvi GjvKvq wn›`y I gymwjg G `yBm¤úª`v‡qi emevm| wZwb wb‡R gymjgvb n‡jI †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i wn›`y‡ì‡KI wewfbœ Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ w`‡Zb| ZviG agx©q D`viZvi d‡j GjvKvq mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ ˆZwi nq|

3. ga¨hy‡Mi †Kv‡bv myjZv‡bi wk¶v †bvgvb mv‡ne‡K Zvi Kv‡R Aby‡cÖiYv hywM‡q‡Q?

K. AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kvn L. wmKv›`vi kvn

M. wMqvmDwÏb AvRg kvn N. AvjvDwÏb wdiyR kvn

4. D³ myjZv‡bi Kg©Kv‡Êi d‡j-

i. evsjv mvwnZ¨ PP©v bZzb MwZ cvq

i. A`~i`k©x ivRbxwZi cwiPq †g‡jiii. `¶Zvi mv‡_ kvmb Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq


K. i L. i I ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1. †Uwjwfk‡b cÖvPxb †ivgvb †hv×v‡ì hy‡×i Qwe †`LwQj †mv‡nj| †m †`Lj hy‡×i †KŠkj wn‡m‡e GKwU`‡ji †mbvcwZ Zvi †hv×v‡ì wewfbœ Dc`‡j wef³ K‡i Avµg‡Yi cwiKíbv Ki‡Q| †mbvcwZ G mKj†hv×v‡ì R½jc‡_ AwZ ms‡Mvc‡b wb‡R‡ì Avovj K‡i wec `‡ji cÖvmv‡` AvµgY Pvwj‡q cÖvmv` `LjK‡i †bq|

K. ivRv M‡Yk w`bvRcy‡ii †Kvb AÂ‡ji ivRv wQ‡jb?L. Bwjqvm kvn‡K ga¨hy‡Mi gymjgvb evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖ_g evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖe³v ejv nq †Kb?

M. DÏxc‡K weRqx †mbvcwZi hy× †KŠk‡ji cÖwZdjb cvV¨ eB Gi †Kvb e¨w³i K‡g© cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q?e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ e¨w³ cÖ_gRxe‡b wewfbœ †¶‡Î e¨_© n‡jI fvM¨ I Kg©kw³i mswgkÖY Zv‡KmdjZv G‡b †`q? hyw³ `vI|

2. cvnvwo AÂ‡ji cÖZ¨šÍ GjvKv nvBQwo| †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v mnRmva¨ bv nIqvq †mLvbKvi Drcvw`Z cY¨mgqgZ evRviRvZ Kiv Kômva¨| cvnv‡oi Xvjy Rwg‡Z cÖPzi Kjv Drcvw`Z nIqvq †m¸‡jv mgqgZevRviRvZ Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| G‡Kev‡iB ¯^íg~‡j¨ Kjv wewµ nIqv †`‡L ¯‹zj coyqv `yR©q eoyqv Zvi gv‡Kejj G †Zv †`wL BwZnv‡mi cybive„wË|

K. evsjvq gymjgvb kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ †K †bŠ evwnbxi †MvovcËb K‡ib?

L. evsjv‡K ÔeyjMvKcyiÕ ejv n‡qwQj †Kb?

M. `yR©‡qi evsjvi BwZnv‡mi †Kvb kvm‡Ki K_v g‡b c‡o hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. D³ kvm‡Ki kvmbKvj‡K ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi ¯Y©hyM ejv‡K †hŠw³K g‡b Ki wK?


lô Aa¨vq

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•��ga¨hy‡M evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwieZ©‡b myjZvb I gyNj kvmKM‡Yi Ae`vb e¨vL¨vKi‡Z cvie|

•��ga¨hy‡M evsjvi eëmv-evwYR¨, ¯’vcZ¨ I wPÎKjvi weKv‡k myjZvb I gyNj kvmKM‡Yi Ae`vbg~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie|

•��ga¨hy‡M myjZvwb I gyNj kvmbvg‡j evsjvi ag©xq Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie|

•��ga¨hy‡M evsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï D™¢e I weKv‡k myjZvb I gyNj kvmKM‡Yi Ae`vb wPwýZ Ki‡Zcvie|

•��ga¨hy‡M evsjvq gymjgvb‡ì AvMg‡Yi d‡j evOvwj RxebcÖYvjx I wPšÍvavivi BwZevPK cwieZ©bmg~nDcjwä‡Z m¶g ne|

•��myjZvwb I gyNj Avg‡ji Ae`vb I ¯’vcZ¨ wb`k©‡bi HwZnvwmK ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i cwi`k©‡b AvMÖnxne|

mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Rxebga¨hy‡M evsjvi mgvR eë¯’vq wn›`y I gymjgvb G `y‡Uv a‡g©i cÖfve we`¨gvb wQj| e¯‘Z, G `y‡Uv ag©‡K †K› ªK‡iB ga¨hy‡M evsjvi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ M‡o D‡VwQj|

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gymjgvb kvmKMY RgKv‡jv ivRcÖvmv‡` evm Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡ì ivRavbxI bvbv iKg g‡bvgy»Ki AÆvwjKvqmymw¾Z wQj| Hk¦h© I AvbyôvwbKZv QvovI ivRìev‡ii we‡kl êwkó¨ wQj Ávbx I ¸Yx e¨w³‡ì mgv‡ek|kvmKMY Ávb-weÁvb I wkí-ms¯‹…wZi D`vi c„ô‡cvlK wQ‡jb|

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvq gymjgvb mgvR eë¯’vq D”P, ga¨g, I wbgœÑ G wZbwU c„_K †kªwYi Aw¯—Z¡ wQj| ˆmq`,D‡jgv cÖgyL e¨w³eM© mgv‡R h‡_ó cÖfvekvjx wQ‡jb| ag©civqY I wkw¶Z e¨w³w`M‡K RbMY h‡_ó kª×vKiZ| RbmvaviY Qvov gymjgvb kvmKMY Zuv‡ì‡K we‡kl kª×v Ki‡Zb| Zuv‡ì cÖwZ kª×vi wb`k©b wn‡m‡efvZv Ges Rwg eivÏ Kiv n‡Zv|

D‡jgvMY Bmjvgx wk¶vq AwfÁ wQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì ga¨ n‡Z KvRx, mì Ges Ab¨vb¨ ag© welqK Kg©Pvix wb‡qvMKiv n‡Zv| †kLMY ag©xq I Ava¨vwZ¥K wel‡q RbMY‡K wk¶v w`‡Zb| ga¨hy‡M evsjvq gymjgvb mgv‡RiAMÖMwZi †¶‡Î Zuv‡ì D‡j-L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv wQj|

ga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡R GKwU AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`vq M‡o D‡VwQj| †hvM¨Zv, cÖwZfv I Áv‡bi Øviv Zvivwb‡R‡ì mvaviY gvby‡li Zzjbvq GKwU Avjv`v †kªwY wn‡m‡e M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb| Ávb-weÁvb I wk‡íi mvabviØviv Zviv Zv‡ì RxweKv wbe©vn Ki‡Zb| †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Zvi †hvM¨Zv I cÖwZfv Øviv iv‡óªi gh©v`vc~Y© c‡` em‡Zcvi‡Zb| G †¶‡Î myjZvb wMqvmDÏxb BIR wLjRx I my‡e`vi gyk©x` Kyjx Lv‡bi `„óvš— D‡j-L‡hvM¨| Aek¨cieZ©x mg‡q G wbq‡gi e¨wZµg N‡U| DËivwaKvim~‡Î gh©v`vc~Y© miKvwi c` jv‡fi bxwZ cÖPwjZ nq| G hy‡MmvgwiK I wePvi wefv‡Mi D”Pc`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì wb‡q miKvwi AwfRvZ †kªwY M‡o D‡VwQj| wbgœ †kªwYi miKvwiKg©Pvix‡ì wb‡q ga¨weË †kªwYi m„wó nq| K…lK, ZuvZx Ges wewfbœ kªwgK‡ì wb‡q Z…Zxq †kªwY MwVZ wQj|K…lK‡ì AwaKvskB wQj wn›`y| KZK¸‡jv †ckv gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GK‡PwUqv wQj| gymjgvb mgv‡R KZK¸‡jvmvgvwRK Drme cvjb Kiv n‡Zv| G¸‡jv GLbI gymjgvbMY cvjb K‡i| mšÍvb Rb¥jvf GKwU Avb›``vqKe¨vcvi wQj| gymjgvbMY beRvZ wkïi bvgKiY‡K †K›`ª K‡i ÔAvwKKvÕ bvgK we‡kl Abyôvb cvjb Ki‡Zb|ÔLvZ&bvÕ gymjgvb mgv‡Ri GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ mvgvwRK cÖ_v wQj| weevn gymjgvb mgv‡Ri GKwU we‡klDrmegyLi Abyôvb| †gŠjfxiv gymjgvb ixwZ- bxwZ Abyhvqx weevnKvh© m¤úbœ Ki‡Zb| be`¤úwZi Rb¨ evmi-kh¨vi eë¯’v Kiv n‡Zv| evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡R evj¨ I weaev weev‡niI cÖPjb wQj| g„Z‡`n mrKvi Gesg„‡Zi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ mg‡q gymjgvbMY KZK¸‡jv ag©xq I mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb K‡i| Zviv g„Z‡`n‡KKei †`q Ges Zvi AvZ¥vi kvwšÍi Rb¨ †KviAvb cvV K‡i Ges wgjv` covq|

MÖvgxY Rxe‡b ag©xq Drmevw` Ges we‡q-kv`xi g‡Zv mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b †gvj-v m¤cÖ`v‡qi Dcw¯’wZ wQjAcwinvh©| gymjgvb mgv‡R mydx I ì‡ek bv‡g cwiwPZ cxi ev dwKi m¤cÖ`v‡qi h‡_ó cÖfve wQj| wewfbœmgm¨v n‡Z gyw³ jv‡fi Rb¨ mvaviY gvbyl Zv‡ì †`qv ZvweR-KeR eënvi KiZ|

evsjvi GK weivU msL¨K wn›`y I †eŠ× Bmjvg a‡g© `xw¶Z n‡qwQj| ag©všÍwiZ e¨w³iv A‡b‡KB Zv‡ì c~&e©eZ©xa‡g©i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv wek¦vm I ms¯‹vi Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Gfv‡e wn›`y mgv‡Ri Ô¸iyev`Õ gymjgvb mgv‡RcÖ‡ek K‡i| cx‡ii ìMvq mÜ¨vq Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bv Ges wmwbœ cÖ`vb AZ¨šÍ mvaviY NUbv wQj|

AwfRvZ gymjvgMY †fvRb-wejvmx wQ‡jb| Zv‡ì Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wewfbœ gvQ-gvs‡mi m‡½ AvPv‡ii bvgI cvIqvhvq| Gme Lvev‡ii cvkvcvwk Kveve, †iRvjv, †Kvg©v Avi wN‡q ivbœv Kiv hveZxq gyL‡ivPK Lvevi RvqMv K‡i

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK BwZnvm 67

†bq| fvZ, gvQ, kvK-mewR evOvMvwj gymjgvb‡ì cÖwZw`‡bi Lv`¨ wQj| Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e iywUi eënv‡ii K_vIRvbv hvq| wLPzwi ZLbKvi mgv‡R GKwU wcÖq Lv`¨ wQj|

AwfRvZ gymjgvbMY cvqRvgv I †Mvj MjveÜmn Rvgv ci‡Zb| Zv‡ì gv_vq _vKZ cvMox, cv‡q _vKZ †ikgI †mvbvi myZvi KvR Kiv Pvgovi RyZv| Zviv Zv‡ì Av½y‡j A‡bK¸‡jv gwY-gy³v emv‡bv AvswU eënviKi‡Zb| †gvj-v I †gŠjfxivI cvqRvgv, Rvgv Ges Uzwc eënvi Ki‡Zb| Uzwc Qvov gymjgvbMY mgv‡R mgvìjvf KiZ bv| Mwie ev wbgœ †kªwYi gymjgvbMY jyw½ I Uzwc ciZ| AwfRvZ gwnjviv KvwgR I mv‡jvqvieënvi Ki‡Zb| Zviv cÖmvabx eënv‡i Af¨¯Í wQj bv| Zviv evû I Kwâ‡Z †mvbvi AjsKvi Ges Av½y‡j†mvbvi AvswU ci‡Zb|

AwfRvZ m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ Mvb-evRbv I wewfbœ Av‡gv` cÖ‡gv` cÖPwjZ wQj| G D‡Ï‡k¨ Zviv wewfbœ mgv‡e‡kiIAv‡qvRb Ki‡Zb| AwfRvZ e¨w³MY †PŠMvb †Lj‡Z cQ›` Ki‡Zb| †QvU †Q‡j-†g‡qiv Ô†MiyÕ bvgK †Ljv †Lj‡Zfv‡jvevmZ| muvZvi, †bŠKvevBP cÖf„wZ RbwcÖq †Ljv wQj| Kzw¯Í †Ljv, evwRaiv, Ryqv‡Ljv cÖf„wZ mgv‡R cÖPwjZwQj| ev‡Ni †Ljv †`‡LI RbMY we‡kl Avb›` jvf KiZ|

e‡½ Bmjvg we¯—…wZi mv‡_ mv‡_ gymjgvb mgvRI we¯—…Z n‡Z _v‡K| e‡½i gymjgvb mgv‡R `ywU c„_K †kªwYwe‡klfv‡e j¶Yxq| GKwU AvMZ gymjgvb, Ab¨wU ¯’vbxq ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvb| we‡`k n‡Z we‡`kx I ¯’vbxqgymjgvbM‡Yi g‡a¨ K…wó I ixwZ-bxwZi cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Df‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv †`qwb| gymjgvbkvmKM‡Yi D`viZv Ges ¯’vbxq K…wó-ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ Zuv‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvB Gi KviY wQj|

G hy‡Mi cÖ_g w`‡K PvwiwÎK ¸Yvejx I mZZvi Rb¨ gymjgvbMY we‡kl L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQj| cieZ©x mg‡qZviv ag©xq AvPi‡Yi †¶‡Î K‡Vvi I ˆbwZK gvb eRvq ivL‡Z e¨_© nq| Gi d‡j gymjgvb mgv‡R `yb©xwZ IA‰bmjvwgK Kvh©vejxi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| mvgvwRK Rxe‡b gymjgvb‡ì ˆbwZK AatcZb kvmb eë¯’v‡KI cÖfvweZK‡iwQj| evsjvi bevex kvm‡bi Aemv‡bi †cQ‡b kvmKe‡M©i ˆbwZK AebwZ h‡_ó cwigv‡Y `vqx wQj|

GKK KvR

1. ga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì mvgvwRK Drme I ixwZbxwZi D‡j-L Ki|

2. ga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì †cvkvK-cwi”Q` Kxiƒc wQj?

wn›`y mgvRga¨hy‡M evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì cÖfve, ixwZbxwZ I fveaviv wn›`y mgv‡R AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| Z_vwc wn›`y mgv‡Rig~j bxwZ¸‡jv Ges mvaviY mgvR eë¯’vq †Zgb †Kvb cwieZ©b Av‡mwb| G hy‡MI wn›`y mgv‡R RvwZ‡f` cÖ_vcÖPwjZ wQj| wewfbœ †ckv‡K wfwË K‡iB G cÖ_vi m„wó| eªvþY, Kvq¯’, êk¨ I k~`ªÑ mgv‡R G PviwUD‡j-L‡hvM¨ eY© wQj| G PviwU e‡Y©i g‡a¨ mvgvwRK †gjv‡gkv wQj bv| eY©cÖ_v K‡Vvifv‡e cvwjZ n‡Zv| d‡jGK e‡Y©i mwnZ Ab¨ e‡Y©i weevn ev Av`vb-cÖ`vb wbwl× wQj|

ag©-K‡g©i †¶‡Î eªvþY‡ì GKK KZ…©K wQj| Rxeb I RxweKvi ZvwM‡` Zviv wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ n‡Zb|eªvþY‡ì g‡a¨ hviv wPwKrmv we`¨v‡K †ckv wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡iwQj mgv‡R Zviv Ôê`¨Õ ev KweivRÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ


wQj| Kvq¯’iv wQj wn›`y mgv‡Ri ga¨g †kªwYi AšÍM©Z| wk¶v I PvKwii †¶‡Î Zviv wQj D‡j-L‡hvM¨| gymjgvbkvm‡bi mg‡q Kvq¯’iv mvgvwRK Rxe‡b we‡kl cÖwZcwË jvf K‡iwQj| K…wlKvR wQj êk¨‡ì cÖavb †ckv|Zv‡ì g‡a¨ A‡b‡K eëmvI KiZ| mgv‡Ri wbgœZg ¯’v‡b wQj k~`ªiv| GKB †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³iv GK‡ÎGKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b emevm KiZ| mgv‡R `vm-eë¯’v cÖPwjZ|

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvq Rb¥, weevn I g„Zz¨ Dcj‡¶ wn›`yiv wewfbœ mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ cvjb KiZ| ZLbKvi hy‡MicÖPwjZ Abyôvb¸‡jv eZ©gvbKv‡jI i¶Ykxj wn›`y mgv‡R j¶¨ Kiv hvq| mšÍvb R‡b¥i ci Zv‡K M½vRj w`‡q†aŠZ Kiv n‡Zv| hô w`‡b lwó c~Rvi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡Zv| eªvþY wkïi †Kvwô MYbv Ki‡Zb| GKgvm ci evjKDÌvb ce© cvjb Kiv n‡Zv| Qq gv‡mi mgq Kiv n‡Zv AbœcÖvk‡bi eë¯’v| AwaKvsk wn›`y igYx wbqwgZ DcevmI GKv`kx cvjb Ki‡Zb|

wn›`y mgv‡R weevn GKwU D‡j-L‡hvM¨ mvgvwRK Abyôvb| eY©-cÖ_vi Dci wfwË K‡i wn›`y mgv‡R weevn-ixwZcÖPwjZ wQj| G hy‡M cY I evj¨weevn cÖ_vI cÖPwjZ wQj| mgv‡R cyiy‡liv GKvwaK ¯¿x ivLZ| Ni-RvgvB_vKvi ixwZI cÖPwjZ wQj| evsjvq wn›`y mgv‡R GKvbœeZ©x cwieviB wQj AwaK| wcZvi g„Zzï ci †R¨ô cyÎBmsmv‡ii `vwqZ¡ MÖnY KiZ| ¯^vgxÑfw³ wn›`y mgv‡Ri GKwU D‡j-L‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ wQj|

G mg‡q evsjvi wn›`y mgv‡R bvix‡ì †Zgb †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wQj bv| ¯^vgx ¯¿x‡K Zvi m¤úwË wn‡m‡e MY¨KiZ| Kb¨v gvZv-wcZv, ¯¿x ¯^vgx I weaev mšÍvb‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj wQj| M„nKZ©vi AbygwZ Pvov †g‡qiv M„‡nievwn‡i †h‡Z cviZ bv| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î m¤úwËi Dci ¯¿x‡ì †Kv‡bv AwaKvi wQj bv| mgv‡R mZx`vn cÖ_vcÖPwjZ wQj| Z‡e evsjvq me©Î G cÖ_v eva¨Zvg~jK mvgvwRK ixwZ wQj bv| Z_vwc G hy‡M A‡bK bvix wbR†hvM¨Zv I eyw×gËv Øviv wb‡R‡ì ¯vaxb mËv‡K weKwkZ Ki‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj| mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡ÎI G hy‡Mibvix‡ì K…wZZ¡ Kg wQj bv| weËkvjx cwiev‡i wbqwgZ wkí I ms¯‹…wZi PP©v n‡Zv| exbv, Zvbcyiv I Ab¨vbëv`¨h‡š¿ G hy‡Mi gwnjviv cvi`k©x wQj|

†cvkvK I Aj¼vi wn‡m‡e †g‡qiv cvU I Zyjvi Kvco, AvswU, nvi, bvKcvkv, `yj, †mvbvi †eªm‡jU, †mvbvikvLv, Kvbevjv, b_, AbšÍ, evRy cÖf„wZ eënvi KiZ| Aj¼vi weËevb gwnjviv eënvi KiZ| G mKjAj¼vi †mvbv, iƒcv, nvZxi ùvZ Øviv wbwg©Z n‡Zv Ges gwYgvwYK¨ LwPZ _vKZ| weevwnZ ¯¿x‡jv‡Kiv cÖmvabxwn‡m‡e wmu`yi, KvRj, P›`b wgwkªZ K¯‘ix cÖf„wZ eënvi KiZ| A‡b‡K cv‡q b~cyi ciZ| †KejgvÎ we‡klAbyôvb¸‡jv‡ZB G mKj AjsKvi I cÖmvabx eënvi Kiv nZ| mvaviY †g‡qiv wb‡R‡ì M„‡n mvaviY †ekf~lvqmw¾Z _vKZ| kvwo Zv‡ì wbZ¨w`‡bi †cvkvK wQj| abx gwnjviv e¶eÜbx I Iobv eënvi KiZ| cyiyl‡ìmvaviY †cvkvK wQj aywZ| AwfRvZ Ges wkw¶Z e¨w³iv Puvì I cvMox eënvi KiZ| abx e¨w³iv we‡klZeëmvqxiv Mjvq nvi, Kv‡b `yj Ges Av½y‡j AvswU ci‡Zb|

ga¨hy‡Mi evsjvi wn›`y mgv‡Ri Lv‡`ï mwnZ eZ©gvb wn›`y mgv‡Ri Lv‡`ï †Zgb †Kv‡bv D‡j-L‡hvM¨ cv_©K¨ wQjbv| fvZ wQj cÖavb Lv`¨| GQvov Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq wQj gvQ, gvsm, kvK-mewR, `ya, `wa, N„Z, ¶xi BZ¨vw`|Mwie‡ì mKv‡ji bv¯Ív wQj cvšÍvfvZ| PvDj n‡Z cÖ¯‘Z bvbv cÖKvi wcVvI RbwcÖq gyL‡ivPK Lvevi wQj|evOvMvwj eªvþ‡Yiv Avwgl †L‡Zb| ZLb mKj cÖKvi gvQ cvIqv †hZ| c~e©e‡½ Bwjk I ïuUwK gvQ Lye wcÖqLvevi wQj| ZiKvixi g‡a¨ †e¸b, jvD, Kzgov, wSs‡M, KvKiyj, KPz Drcbœ n‡Zv| d‡ji g‡a¨ Avg, KuvVvj,


Kjv, Zvj, †cu‡c, bvi‡Kj, B¶z cvIqv †hZ| `ya, bvi‡K‡ji cvwb, B¶zim, Zvjim Qvov g` RvZxq bvbv cÖKvicvbxq mycÖPwjZ wQj| fvZ, Mg, B¶z, ¸o, gay I Zvjim MuvwR‡q bvbv cÖKvi g` ˆZwi n‡Zv| D‡j-L¨, ZLbKvimg‡q wn›`y-gymjgvb‡ì Lv`¨ ZvwjKvi g‡a¨ †Zgb †Kv‡bv cv_©K¨ wQj bv| Z‡e †Mv-gvsm f¶Y wn›`y‡ì wbKUPig Aag© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Zv|

wn›`y mgv‡R †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v cÖPwjZ wQj| d‡j mgv‡R bvbv AbvPvi AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| eªv²Y, ê`¨ I Kvq¯’‡ìg‡a¨ G cÖ_vi e¨vcK cÖPjb wQj| †KŠwjb¨ cÖ_vi d‡j mgv‡R eû weevn cÖ_v cÖPwjZ nq| ga¨hy‡M evsjvq wn›`yI gymjgvb mgvR Rxe‡b KZK¸‡jv mvgvwRK wek¦vm Rb¥jvf K‡iwQj| †RvwZlxiv cuvwR-cyuw_ †N‡U ïf¶Ywba©viY Ki‡Zb| Gmgq RbMY B› ªRvj Ges hv`y we`¨vq wek¦vm KiZ|

GKK KvR : ga¨hy‡M wn›`yiv Kx ai‡bi mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb Ki‡Zv D‡j-L Ki|

A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v I eëmv-evwYR¨b`xgvZ…K evsjvi f~wg wPiw`bB cÖK…wZi AK…cY Avkxe©v‡` cwicyó| GLvbKvi K…wlf~wg A¯^vfvweK De©i| ga¨hy‡MGLvbKvi Drcbœ dm‡ji g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj avb, Mg, Zyjv, B¶z, cvU, Av`v, †Rvqvi, †Zj, mxg, mwilv IWvj| K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï g‡a¨ wcuqvR, imyb, njy`, kkv cÖf„wZ wQj D‡j-L‡hvM¨| Avg, KuvVvj, Kjv, †gvmveŸi,†LRyi BZ¨vw` djg~‡ji djbI wQj cÖPzi| cvb, mycvwi, bvi‡KjI cÖPzi cwigv‡Y Drcbœ n‡Zv| Mvjv ev ªv¶vIDrcbœ n‡Zv cÖPzi| gymjgvb kvm‡bi mgq n‡ZB evsjvq cvU I †ik‡gi Pvl ïiy nq|

evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i g~j Drm wQj K…wl| K…wl dj‡bi cÖvPzh© _vK‡jI G mg‡qi Pvlvev` c×wZ wQjAbybœZ| AvaywbK mg‡qi g‡Zv cvwb †mP eë¯’v †m hy‡M wQjbv| K…lK‡K AwaKvsk mg‡qB †m‡Pi Rb¨ e„wóiDci wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡Zv| Livi weiy‡× Zv‡ì Kivi wKQyB wQjbv|

K…wl cÖavb †`k e‡j evsjvi Awaevmxi e„nËi Ask wQj K…lK| evsjvi gvwU‡Z K…wlRvZ `ª‡eï cÖvPzh© wQj| d‡jDØ„Ë wewfbœ cY¨ we‡`‡k ißvbx Kiv n‡Zv| G eëmvwqK ZrciZv Kvjµ‡g wk‡íi †¶‡ÎI cÖmvwiZ nq|gymjgvb kvmbKv‡j e‡½ e¯¿ wkí, wPwb wkí, †bŠKv wbg©vY KviLvbv BZ¨vw` M‡o D‡VwQj|

e¯¿ wk‡í evsjvi AMÖMwZ wQj mwe‡kl D‡j-L‡hvM¨| GLvbKvi wbwg©Z e¯¿¸‡jv ¸Y I gv‡bi wePv‡i h‡_óDbœZ wQj| ZvB we‡`‡k G¸‡jvi cÖPzi Pvwn`v wQj| wb‡R‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨ iwOb Kvco Ges we‡`‡k ißvwbKivi Rb¨ mv`v Kvco GLv‡b ˆZwi Kiv n‡Zv| XvKv wQj gmwjb bvgK wek¦L¨vZ my² e¯¿ wk‡íi cÖavbcÖvY‡K›`ª| BD‡iv‡c Gi cÖPzi Pvwn`v wQj| G e¯¿ GZ my² wQj †h 20 MR gmwjb GKwU b‡mï wWevq f‡iivLv †hZ| cv‡Ui I †ik‡gi ˆZwi e‡¯¿I e‡½i K…wZZ¡ wQj D‡j-L‡hvM¨| evsjvq wPwb I ¸o ˆZwi Ges RvnvRwbg©vY wk‡íi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U|

ga¨hy‡M evsjvi iKgvix ¶z ª wk‡íi K_v Rvbv hvq| G cÖm‡½ avZe wk‡íi K_v we‡klfv‡e D‡j-L‡hvM¨| ZLb†jŠn wbwg©Z ªe¨vwì e¨vcK cÖPjb wQj| Kg©KviMY wewfbœ K…wl hš¿cvwZ wbg©vY KiZ| GQvov yavix Zievwi, Qywi,KuvwP, †Kv`vj BZ¨vw` wbZëënvh© avZe ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv| KjKvZv I Kvwkg evRv‡i G‡`‡ki †jv‡Kiv Kvgvb ˆZwiKiZ| KvMR, MvwjPv, B¯úvZ cÖf„wZ wk‡íi K_vI Rvbv hvq| e‡½i cÖavb wkí wn‡m‡e je‡Yi K_vI Rvbv hvq|


†`‡k ¯^Y©Kvi m¤cÖ`vq wQj| evOvwj KvwiM‡iiv ¯^Y©, †iŠc¨, †eªvÄ, KvV, cv_i, MR`š— BZ¨vwì KvR we‡klwbcyYZvi mwnZ m¤úv`b KiZ| k•L wk‡íi Rb¨ XvKvi cÖPzi myL¨vwZ wQj| XvKvi kvLvwi cwÆ AvRI †mK_v¯§iY K‡i †`q|

evsjvi K…wl I wkí c‡Yï cÖvPzh© Ges we‡`‡k G¸‡jvi e¨vcK Pvwn`vi d‡j we‡`‡ki mwnZ evsjvi evwYwR¨KZrciZv gymjgvb kvmb Avg‡j Af~Zc~e© cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj| evsjvi ißvwb c‡Yï g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj m~wZKvco, gmwjb, †ikgx e¯¿, PvDj, wPwb, ¸o, Av`v, j¼v BZ¨vw`| K…wlRvZ c‡Yï g‡a¨ PvDj, ZvgvK, mycvwi,cvU, dj BZ¨vw` ißvwb n‡Zv| wewea K…wl I wkíRvZ `ªe¨ QvovI evsjv n‡Z jeY, Mvjv, Avwdg, bvbv cÖKvi gmjv,Jla BZ¨vw` fviZe‡l©i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ges wewfbœ †`‡k †cÖwiZ n‡Zv| ZLb evsjvq `vm eëmvI cÖPwjZ wQj|

eëmv-evwY‡Rï wmsnfvMB wQj ißvwb| Lye Aí cwigvY `ªe¨ Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv| evsjvi Kvc‡oi Pvwn`v e„w×cvIqvq KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e Z~jv Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv| evOvwj ewY‡Kiv ¸RivU †_‡K Avg`vwb KiZ Z~jv, Pxb †_‡K†ikg, Bivb †_‡K †mŠwLb ªe¨| GQvov evsjvq Avg`vwb Kiv n‡Zv ¯Y©, †iŠc¨ I g~jëvb cv_i|

gymjgvb kvm‡bi mgq evsjvq †ek wKQy mgy`ª e›ì I b`x e›ì M‡o D‡VwQj| PÆMÖvg wQj ZLbKvi weL¨vZmgy`ª e›ì| Ewol¨v, †mvbviMuvI, †MŠo, evKjv (ewikvj), gywk`©vev`, Kvwkg evRvi, ûMwj, wenv‡ii cvUbv IEwol¨vi wccjx D‡j-L‡hvM¨ evwYR¨ e›ì wQj|

eëmv-evwYR¨ e„w× cvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ ªe¨ I UvKv-cqmvi †jb‡`b Ges wnmve-wbKvk e„w× cvq| ZvB µ‡g e¨vswKscÖ_vi weKvk N‡U| G hy‡M ûwÛi gva¨‡g we‡`‡k †jb‡`b Kiv n‡Zv| mgMÖ ga¨hy‡M evsjvq ªe¨ mvgMÖx mnR jf¨ Im¯Ív wQj| †PŠÏ kZ‡K weL¨vZ ågYKvix Be‡b eZzZv wj‡L‡Qb †h, mgMÖ c„w_ex‡Z evsjv‡ZB me‡P‡q m¯ÍvqwRwbmcÎ cvIqv †hZ| ZviciI mgmvgwqK mvwnZ¨ n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, †`‡k Hk¦h©kvjx abxi cvkvcvwk cÖPzi `ªwi`ª†jvKI wQj| ZvB `ªe¨mvgMÖx m¯Ív n‡jI Zv mvaviY K…lK I cÖRv‡ì mn‡R †Kbvi mvg_©¨ wQj bv|

evsjvi wkí, eëmv-evwYR¨ I Ab¨vb¨ A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î gymjgvb A‡c¶v wn›`y‡ì cÖvavb¨ wQj †ewk eëmv-evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î ¯’vbxq eëmvqx‡ì †Kv‡bv KZ©„Z¡ wQjbv| G‡`‡ki evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y KiZ Aviexq I cviwmKewY‡Kiv| †bŠ-evwY‡Rï GK‡PwUqv KZ©„Z¡ wQj Zv‡ìB| cieZ©xKv‡j cZz©MxR I Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq ewYKMYeëmvi †¶‡Î AvwacZ¨ we¯—vi Ki‡Z _v‡K|

GKK KvR : ga¨hy‡M evsjvq Drcvw`Z K…wl I wkíRvZ `ª‡eï ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

¯’vcZ¨ I wPÎKjv

gymjgvb kvmKMY Bmjv‡gi †MŠie‡K mycÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z Geswb‡R‡ì ivR¨ Rq I kvmbKvj‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i ivL‡Z evsjviwewfbœ ¯’v‡b wewfbœ mg‡q A‡bK cÖvmv`, gmwR`, Kei, ìMvnBZ¨vw` wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| gmwR` wbg©vY‡K gymjgvb kvmKMYAwZkq c~‡Yï KvR e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡Zb| myjZvbx Avg‡ji wbg©vYKv‡h©i aesmve‡k‡li g‡a¨ GLbI A‡bK ¯§„wZwPý i‡q‡Q|

Qwe : Avw`bv gmwR`, †MŠo


Qwe : †QvU †mvbv gmwR`, †MŠo

¯^vaxb evsjvi gymjgvb myjZvb‡ì ivRavbx cÖ_‡g wQj

†MŠo, c‡i cvÛyqv Ges Gici Avevi †MŠo| Kv‡RB G `y

kn‡iB cÖ_‡g gymjgvb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wkí M‡o D‡VwQj|

1369 wLª÷v‡ã myjZvb wmKvÏvi kvn ÔAvw`bv gmwR`Õ

wbg©vY K‡ib| G gmwR‡ì DËi cv‡k¦© wmKv›`vi kv‡ni

Kei wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|

eZ©gvb XvKv n‡Z 15 gvBj `~‡i †mvbviMuvI‡q wMqvmDÏxbAvRg kv‡ni (1410 wLªt) GKwU Kei Av‡Q| G Ke‡ii

AwZ wbK‡U cuvPwU ìMvn I cuvPwU gmwR` Av‡Q| G¸‡jv

ÔcuvP cx‡ii ìMvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| myjZvb wMqvmDÏxb

AvRg kv‡ni mgvwa ¯’vcZ¨Kjvi GKwU my›ì wb`k©b|

myjZvb RvjvjDÏx‡bi kvmbKv‡ji D‡j-L‡hvM¨ KxwZ©

cvÛyqvi ÔGK jvLx gmwR`Õ| Gi wbg©vYKvj 1418-1423

wLª÷vã| cÖev` Av‡Q †h, ZLbKvi w`‡b GK j¶ UvKv e¨‡q

Bnv wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| ZvB Bnv ÔGK jvLx gmwR`Õ bv‡g

cwiwPZ n‡q‡Q| G gmwR` Avm‡j GKwU Kei| G mgvwa-

†mŠ‡a Zuv‡K Ges Zuvi ¯¿x-cyÎ‡ì mgvwnZ Kiv nq| GgmwR‡ì wkíKjvq wn›`y ¯’vcZ¨-ixwZi cÖwZdjb j¶¨

Kiv hvq|

eo †mvbv gmwR‡ì Avi GK bvg Ôevi`yqvix gmwR`Õ| G‡Z

e„nr eviwU ìRv wQj| G gmwR‡` †mvbvjx is-Gi wMjwU

Kiv KviyKvh© wQj| m¤¢eZ GR¨B Bnv †mvbv gmwR` bv‡g

AwfwnZ n‡Zv| G gmwR`wU †MŠ‡oi e„nËg gmwR`| Avmvg

weRq‡K ¯§iYxq K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ û‡mb kvn G gmwR`wU

wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| 1527 wLª÷v‡ã bmiZ kvn-Gi wbg©vY

KvR †kl K‡ib|

†MŠo kn‡ii me©‡kl `w¶Y cÖv‡šÍ eZ©gvb wdiyRvev` MÖv‡g

Ô†QvU †mvbv gmwR`Õ wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| G gmwR`wU wQj

AvKv‡i †QvU| Z‡e G gmwR‡Ì †mvbvjx is-Gi wMjwUi

KviyKvh© wQj| m¤¢eZ G Kvi‡YB Bnv †QvU †mvbv gmwR`

bv‡g cwiwPZ| AvjvDÏxb û‡mb kv‡ni Avg‡ji R‰bK

Iqvjx gyn¤§` Bnvi wbg©vZv wQ‡jb|

Qwe : wMqvmDÏxb Avhg kv‡ni mgvwa†mvbviMuvI, bvivqbMÄ

Qwe : GKjvLx gmwR`, cvÛyqv


Qwe : eo †mvbv gmwR` (evi`yqvix gmwR`), †MŠo

ev‡MinvU †Rjvq ÔLvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwaÕ wbwg©Z n‡q‡Q|

wKse`wšÍ Abymv‡i Lvb Rvnvb Avjx bvgK R‰bK cxi H

¯’v‡b emwZ ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1459 wLª÷v‡ã †mLv‡bB Zuvi

g„Zz¨ nq| wZwb myjZvb bvwmiDwÏb Bwjqv‡mi mgmvgwqK

wQ‡jb|

ev‡MinvU †Rjvi ÔlvU M¤^yR gmwR`Õ evsjvi gymjgvb

kvmbKv‡ji †MŠie e„w× K‡i‡Q| Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwai

wZb gvBj `w¶Y-cwð‡g lvU M¤yR gmwR` Aew¯’Z| Aek¨

Gi M¤yR lvUwU b‡n, mvZvËiwU| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwSmg‡q Bnv wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| ZyKx© †mbvcwZ I Bmjv‡gi

GKwbô mvaK DjyL Lvb Rvnvb G gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| GB

¯’vcZ¨ Kg©wU RvwZms‡Ni BD‡b‡¯‹v KZ…©K wek¦mf¨Zvi

wb`k©b wn‡m‡e (world heritage) ¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q|

ÔK`g imyjÕ †MŠ‡o Aew¯’Z| gnvbexi c`wP‡ýi cÖwZ m¤§vbcÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ G febwU wbwg©Z nq| bmir kvn Bnv wbg©vYK‡iwQ‡jb (1531 wLªt)| G fe‡bi GK K‡¶ GKwU Kv‡jvKviyKvh©LwPZ gg©i †e`xi Dc‡i nhiZ gyn¤§‡`i (`t) c`wPým¤^wjZ GKLÊ cÖ¯Íi ¯’vwcZ n‡qwQj|

XvKv †Rjvi ivgcv‡j Ôevev Av`‡gi gmwR`Õ Aew¯’Z| 1483wLª÷v‡ã gvwjK Kvdzi d‡Zn kv‡ni ivRZ¡Kv‡j Bnv wbwg©Z|G¸‡jvi evB‡iI evsjvi bvbv ¯’v‡b eû gmwR` I mgvwa-†mŠaAv‡Q|


Qwe : Lvb Rvnvb Avjxi mgvwa, ev‡MinvU

Qwe : lvU M¤^yR gmwR`, ev‡MinvU

Qwe : K`g imyj, †MŠo

Qwe : evev Av`‡gi gmwR`, ivgcvj, XvKv

gmwR` I mgvwa-†mŠa QvovI G hy‡Mi wbwg©Z wewfbœ

†ZviY-K¶ I wgbvi gymjgvb evsjvi ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi

DrK…ó wb`k©b| G‡ì g‡a¨ iyKbDÏxb eieK kvn

wbwg©Z †MŠ‡oi Ô`vwLj ìIqvRvÕ I AvjvDÏxb û‡mb

kv‡ni mgvwa-†ZviY we‡kl D‡j-L‡hvM¨| †MŠ‡oi ÔwdiyR

wgbviÕ ¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi Avi GKwU DrK…ó wb`©kb|

A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h nvemx myjZvb mvBdDÏxb wdiyR

kvn Bnv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb|

gyNj Avg‡j evsjvi kvmKMY wkíKjvi †¶‡Î GK

we¯§qKi Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| AvRI evsjvi eû ¯’v‡b

gyNj kvmKM‡Yi wkí cÖxwZi wb`k©b we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|

Zuv‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvq eûmsL¨K gmwR`, mgvwa feb,

¯§„wZ‡mŠa, gvRvi, `yM©, ¯Í¤¢ I †ZviY wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|

¯’vcZ¨ wk‡íi weKv‡ki Rb¨ G hyM‡K evsjvq gyNj‡ì

Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| gyNj hy‡Mi ¯’vcZ¨

wk‡íi wWRvBb I †mŠ›`h© Ab¨ hy‡Mi †P‡q Avjv`v wQj|

G hy‡Mi gmwR‡ì M¤yR¸‡jv wQj LuvRKvUv| M¤^y‡Ri Mv‡q †gvRvBK Kiv n‡Zv| wLjv‡bi Pvicv‡k wQj

jZvcvZvi KviyKvR| M¤y‡Ri P~ov n‡Zv j¤^v I m~uPv‡jv| gmwR‡ì Mv‡q _vKZ jZvcvZv I dz‡ji Aj¼iY|

gyNj hy‡Mi `vjvb- †KvVvi AvK…wZ wQj wekvj| G hy‡M weL¨vZ BgviZ¸‡jv ˆZwi nq XvKvq|

gyNj hy‡M ÔKvUivÕ bv‡g †ek KwU `vjvb ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv wQj AwZw_kvjv| XvKvi Ôeo KvUivÕ wbg©vY

K‡ib kvn myRv| Bnv P‡Ki `w¶Y w`‡K eywoM½v b`xi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z|

Qwe : `vwLj ìIqvRv, †MŠo

Qwe : eo KvUiv, XvKv


Qwe : jvjev‡Mi kvnx gmwR`, XvKv Qwe : †QvU KvUiv, XvKvQwe : nvRxMÄ `yM© (wLwRicyi `yM©) bvivqYMÄ

bvivqYMÄ †Rjvq kxZj¶v b`xi cwðg Zx‡i Aew¯’Z

nvRxMÄ `yM© (eZ©gv‡b wLwRicyi `yM© bv‡g cwiwPwZ) m¤¢eZmyev`vi gxi Rygjv (1660-1663 wLªt) ¯’vcb K‡ib| gM I

cZz©MxR Rj`my¨‡ì AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kivi Rb¨ G `yM© ˆZwi

Kiv n‡qwQj|

myev`vi kvnRv`v AvRg †ek wKQy BgviZ ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb|

eywoM½vi Zxi †Nu‡l wZwb GK wekvj KvUiv ˆZwi K‡iwQ‡jb|

Zuvi Avg‡jB Ôjvjev‡Mi kvnx gmwR`Õ ˆZwi nq|

evsjvq gyNj wkíKjvi we¯Ív‡ii †¶‡Î kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bibvg mwe‡kl D‡j-L‡hvM¨| 1663 wLª÷v‡ã kv‡q¯Ív Lvb†QvU KvUiv wbg©vY K‡ib| Bnv eo KvUiv n‡Z 200 MR

`~‡i Aew¯’Z| Gi Af¨šÍ‡i GKwU gmwR` I GKwU

M¤^yR Av‡Q| jvjev‡Mi †Kj-v AvRI kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bikvmbKvj‡K ¯§iY K‡i †`q| Zuvi kvmbKv‡ji c~‡e©B Giwbg©vY KvR ïiy nq| wZwb GwU †kl Kivi c`‡¶c †bb|

1690 wLª÷v‡ã Beªvwng Lv‡bi kvmbKv‡j Gi wbg©vY KvR †kl nq| jvjevM `y‡M©i †fZi i‡q‡Q kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡biKb¨v Ôwewe cixi mgvwa-†mŠaÕ| gv‡e©j cv_‡i wbwg©Z G mgvwa febwU GLb ch©šÍ G‡`‡k me©vwaK my›ì gymwjg ¯§„wZ†mŠa wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| 1676 wLª÷v‡ã kv‡q¯Ív Lvb †nv‡mbx `vjvb wbg©vY K‡ib| PK evRv‡ii gmwR`,eywoM½vi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi gmwR` I mvZ M¤yR gmwR‡ì mv‡_ kv‡q¯Ív Lv‡bi bvg Rwo‡q Av‡Q|

evsjvi beve‡ì mg‡qI eû BgviZ wbwg©Z nq|wRbwRiv cÖvmv` Zuv‡ìB KxwZ©| gywk©` Kzjx Lv‡biAvg‡j †eMg evRvi gmwR` wbwg©Z nq| gywk©`vev‡`wZwb GKwU KvUiv I gmwR` wbg©vY K‡ib| †P‡nj†mZzb bv‡g GKwU cÖvmvÌ Zuvi mg‡q ˆZwi| GwU wQjGKwU cÖKvÊ ìevi feb| G mg¯Í ¯’vcbv QvovIgyNj Avg‡j A‡bK `yM©, C`Mvn, nv¤§vgLvbv, wPj-vLvbvI †mZy wbg©vY Kiv nq| gyNj hy‡Mi G mKj wkí KxwZ©evsjvi mvs¯‹…wZK Rxe‡b GK my`~icÖmvix cÖfve we¯ÍviK‡iwQj|

`jxq KvRcieZx© c„ôvq Q‡K G‡jv‡g‡jvfv‡e cÖ`Ë ¯’vcZ¨ KxwZ©¸‡jv †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z Zv mwVKfv‡e cv‡k¦© D‡j-LK‡i ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

Qwe : jvjev‡Mi †Kj-v, XvKv

Qwe : wewe cixi mgvwa-†mŠa, XvKv

Qwe : †nv‡mbx `vjvb, XvKv


ag©xq Ae¯’veZ©gvbKv‡ji g‡Zv †m hy‡MI wn›`yiv wewfbœ ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb KiZ| Avo¤î IRuvKRg‡Ki mwnZ wn›`yiv wewfbœ †è-†èxi c~Rv KiZ| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ j²x, mi¯Zx, M‡Yk, wke, wkewj½, PÛx,gbmv, weòz, K…ò, m~h©, g`b, bvivqY, eª¶, AwMœ, kxZjv, lóx, M½v BZ¨vw` D‡j-L‡hvM¨| evOvwj wn›`yi mvgvwRKRxe‡b `yM©c~Rv we‡klfv‡e D‡j-L‡hvM¨| wn›`yiv `kniv, M½v mœvb, Aógx mœvb Ges gvNx mßgx mœvb‡K cweÎe‡j g‡b KiZ| ag©cÖvY wn›`y‡ì wbKU M½vi Rj wQj AZ¨šÍ cweÎ| Zviv †`vjhvÎv, i_hvÎv, †nvwj BZ¨vwàg©xq Drme cvjb KiZ|

RvwZMZ †kªwY‡f` QvovI wn›`y mgv‡R KZK¸‡jv ag©xq m¤cÖ`vq wQj| †hgb ˆke, kv³ BZ¨vw`| wn›`y RvwZig‡a¨ G mgq êòe a‡g©i cÖfveI D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj| G mg‡q wn›`y mgv‡Ri D‡j-L‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ wQj ag©xqAmwnòzZv| wn›`y mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ag©xq m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb †mŠnv`©¨ I m¤cÖxwZ wQj bv| GK m¤cÖ`v‡qi mwnZAb¨ m¤cÖ`v‡qi we‡iva I we‡Øl AwZ cwiwPZ NUbv wQj|

gymjgvbivI eZ©gvb mg‡qi g‡Zv wewfbœ ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi Abyôvb cvjb KiZ| C`yj wdZi I C`yjAvRnv gymjgvb mgv‡Ri cÖavb ag©xq Drme wn‡m‡e cvwjZ n‡Zv| ag©cÖvY gymjgvb gvÎB cweÎ igRvb gv‡m†ivRv iv‡L Ges ke-B-eiv‡Zi w`b Gev`Z e‡›`Mx‡Z ivÎx hvcb K‡i| Drme Abyôv‡b gymjgvbMY Zv‡ìmva¨gZ bZzb Ges cwi”Qbœ †cvkv‡K mw¾Z KiZ; G‡K A‡bï M„‡n wM‡q Kzkj I `vIqvZ wewbg‡qi gva¨‡gZv‡ì †mŠn©v`¨ I åvZ…Z¡fve‡K my`„p KiZ|

myjZvb, my‡e`vi I beveMY ag©xq Drme Dcj‡¶ RbM‡Yi mvwbœ‡a¨ Avm‡Zb| we‡kl Avo¤^‡ii m‡½gymjgvbMY bexi (`t) Rb¥w`b cvjb Ki‡Zb| eZ©gvb mg‡qi b¨vq ga¨hy‡MI gniig Drme cvwjZ n‡Zv| Bnvwkqv m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU cÖavb ag©xq Abyôvb e‡j cwiwPZ| G D‡Ï‡k¨ wkqviv ÔZvwRqvÕ ˆZwi KiZ| gymjgvb‡ìel©cÄx Abymv‡i gnii‡gi cÖ_g w`b‡K beel© wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq| gnii‡gi P›`ª D`q‡K gymjgvbMYAvb›` I Drmv‡ni m‡½ eiY KiZ|

G hy‡M ag©cÖxwZ gymjgvb mgv‡Ri GKwU D‡j-L‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ wQj| ag©cÖvY gymjgvbMY ˆ`wbK cuvP Iqv³ bvgvRco‡Zb| GQvov, Zviv wbqwgZ †KviAvb I nv`xm cvV Ki‡Zb| mgv‡R ag©xq wk¶vi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qvn‡Zv| †Q‡j-†g‡q Dfq‡KB ag©xq wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ g³‡e †cÖiY Kiv n‡Zv| mgv‡R ag©xq Áv‡bi Rb¨ Gesag©xq Abyôvbvw` cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †gvj-v m¤cÖ`vq‡K we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ †`qv n‡Zv| wewfbœ e¨vcv‡i Ges A‡bK mgm¨vmgvav‡b †gvj-vMY nv`xm-†Kviv‡bi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z Dc‡`k cÖ`vb Ki‡Zb| MÖvgxY Rxe‡bag©xq Drmevw`‡Z Ges we‡q-kvwì g‡Zv mvgvwRK Abyôvb¸‡jv‡Z †gvj-v m¤cÖ`v‡qi Dcw¯’wZ wQj Acwinvh©|

µwgK bs ’vcZ¨ KxwZ©i bvg Ae ’vb1 Avw`bv gmwR` XvKv2 eo †mvbv gmwR` ev‡MinvU3 cixwewei mgvwa †MŠo4 lvU M¤^yR gmwR` †mvbviMuvI5 wMqvmDÏxb Avhg kv‡ni mgvax cvÛyqv


gymjgvb mgv‡R mydx I ì‡ek bv‡g cwiwPZ cxi ev dwKi m¤cÖ`v‡qi h‡_ó cÖfve wQj| Zuviv ag©kv‡¯¿mycwÊZ wQ‡jb Ges me©`v Ava¨vwZ¥K mvabvq wbgMœ _vK‡Zb| †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Zuviv ag© mvabvi Rb¨ ÔìMvÕcÖwZôv K‡ib| kvmKeM© I RbMY mK‡ji Kv‡QB Zuviv kª×vi cvÎ wQ‡jb|

evsjvq Bmjv‡gi we¯—…wZi mv‡_ mv‡_ gymjgvb mgvRI we¯—…Z n‡Z _v‡K| evsjvq gymjgvb mgv‡R `ywU c„_K†kªwY we‡klfv‡e j¶Yxq| GKwU we‡`k n‡Z AvMZ gymjgvb, Ab¨wU ¯’vbxq ag©všÍwiZ gymjgvb| we‡`kx I¯’vbxq gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ K…wó I ixwZ-bxwZi cv_©K¨ _vKv m‡Ë¡I Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv we‡iva †`Lv†`qwb| gymjgvb kvmK‡ì D`viZv Ges ¯’vbxq K…wó-ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ Zuv‡ì c„ô‡cvlKZvB Gi KviY wQj|

GKK KvR

1. ga¨hy‡M gymjgvb‡ì ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ I AvPvi Abyôvb¸‡jv Kxiƒc wQj?

fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I wk¶vevsjv fvlv I mvwn‡Zï weKvkI DbœwZi Rb¨ myjZvbx I gyNj kvmbKv‡ji Ae`vb we‡klfA‡e D‡j-L‡hvM¨| Gwel‡q cÖ_‡gB huvi bvg D‡j-L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb wZwb n‡jb Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb Avhg kvn(1393-1411 wLªt)| Zuvi kvmbKv‡jB cÖ_g evOvwj gymjgvb Kwe kvn gyn¤§` mMxi Zuvi cÖYqg~jK Kve¨ÔBDmyd- †Rv‡jLvÕ iPbv K‡ib| Bnv dvmx© iPbvi Abyev`| myjZvbx hy‡M AviI KRb Kwe dvmx© Kv‡eï Abyev`K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ †`ŠjZ DwRi evnivg Lvb I †`vbv MvRxi bvg D‡j-L‡hvM¨|

evsjv fvlvq HwZnvwmK mvwnZ¨ iPbvi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e gymjgvb‡ì Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq| Bmjv‡gi Av`‡k©AbycÖvwYZ n‡q A‡bK gymjgvb Kwe weRq Kve¨ iPbv K‡i‡Qb| Gi gyL¨ welq wQj gymjgvb‡ì †kªô‡Z¡i¸YKxZ©b Kiv| weRq Kve¨ iPwqZv‡ì g‡a¨ weL¨vZ wQ‡jb Ôimyj weRqÕ Kve¨ iPwqZv RqbyÏxb| e‡½igymjgvb Kweiv c`vejx iPbv K‡ib| Puv` KvRx wQ‡jb evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g c`vejx Kv‡eï mªóv| cx‡iigvnvZ¥ eY©bv K‡i G hy‡M gymjgvb Kweiv A‡bK Kve¨ evsjvq iPbv K‡ib| evsjv fvlvq gymjgvbMYm½xZwe`¨vi PP©vI K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ m½xZwe`¨vi Dci iwPZ cÖ_g MÖš’ ÔivMgvjvÕ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jbKwe dqRyj-vn&| Kwe †gvRv‡¤§j ÔbxwZkv¯¿ evZ©vÕ I ÔmvZbvgvÕ MÖš’ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

evsjv fvlvi mg„w× I mvwn‡Zï kªe„w×i †¶‡ÎI gymjgvb Kwe‡ì h‡_ó Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| eû Aviex I dvm©xkã Zuviv evsjv fvlvq eënvi K‡i‡Qb| Avj-vn, †Lv`v, bex, cqM¤i, wKZve BZ¨vw` eû kã †m mg‡qigymjvgb Kwe-†jLK‡ì eënv‡ii d‡j evsjv kã fvÛvi mg„× n‡q‡Q|

myjZvbx hy‡M wn›`y KweivI mvwnZ¨ †¶‡Î h‡_ó Ae`vb †i‡L †M‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î gymjgvb kvmKe‡M©i Drmvn Ic„ô‡cvlKZv wn›`yw`M‡K we‡klfv‡e AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Q| evsjv mvwn‡Zï DbœwZ I weKvk û‡mb kv‡nikvmbKvj‡K BwZnv‡m Agi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Zuvi D`vi c„ô‡cvlKZv wbtm‡›`‡n evsjv mvwn‡Zï kªxe„w× mvabK‡i‡Q| G hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Kwe I †jLKM‡Yi g‡a¨ iƒc †Mv¯vgx, mbvZb †Mv¯vgx, gvjvai emy, weRq¸ß, wecÖ`vmI h‡kvivR Lvb D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb| G mg‡q gvjvai emy Ôkªxg™¢vMerÕ I ÔcyivYÕ evjv fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib|myjZvb û‡mb kvn I bvwmiDwÏb bymiZ kv‡ni c„ô‡cvlKZvq Kwe› ª ci‡gk¦i ÔgnvfviZÕ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib|


êòe Kwe wn‡m‡e e„›`veb `v‡mi bvg mwe‡kl D‡j-L‡hvM¨| evsjv fvlvq wZwbB me©cÖ_g kªx‰PZb¨‡`‡eiRxebPwiZ MÖš’ ÔˆPZb¨-fMeZÕ iPbv K‡ib| P›`ªveZx Ôgbmv g½jÕ Kve¨ iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡ZÏ gymjgvb myjZvbM‡Yi h‡_ó Ae`vb wQj| ms¯‹…Z fvlvi mwnZ evsjv fvlvi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍNwbô| GRb¨ A‡bK gymjgvb kvmK Gi cÖwZ AvMÖnx wQ‡jb| Zuv‡ì A‡b‡K e¨w³MZfv‡e ms¯‹…Z fvlvi PP©vIKi‡Zb| gymjgvb kvmbKv‡j evsjvi ms¯‹…Z mvwn‡Zï GK weivU †K› ª wQj| ïay evsjv I ms¯‹…ZB bq, AviexI dvm©x Kv‡eï PP©vI myjZvbx hy‡M wQj|

gyNj hy‡M evsjvi mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZi †¶‡ÎI h‡_ó DbœwZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Z‡e gyNj kvmKMY myjZvbx hy‡MikvmK‡ì b¨vq fvlv I mvwn‡Zï †¶‡Î cÖZ¨¶ †Kv‡bv mn‡hvwMZv K‡ibwb| evsjvi Rwg`viMY ¯xq cÖ‡Póvq †mHwZn¨ A¶zYœ †i‡LwQ‡jb|

gymjgvb hy‡M cÖwZ‡ewk AvivKv‡bi m‡½ evsjvi ivR‰bwZK m¤úK© wQj| d‡j AvivKv‡b evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖmviNU‡Z ïiy K‡i| AvivKvb ivRmfvi Ab¨Zg †kªô Kwe wQ‡jb †`ŠjZ KvRx| AvjvIj wQ‡jb ivRmfvi AviGKRb Kwe| Zuvi QqwU Kve¨MÖ‡š’i g‡a¨ ÔcÙveZxÕ me©‡kªô| wZwb K‡qKwU dvm©x Kve¨MÖš’ evsjvq Abyev`K‡ib| GQvov, ÔivMbvgvÕ bv‡g GKwU m½xZkv¯¿ welqK MÖš’I wZwb iPbv K‡iwQ‡jb|

evnivg Lvb iPbv K‡ib ÔjvBjx-gRbyÕ Kve¨MÖš’| ÔR½bvgvÕ I ÔwnZÁvb evYxÕ MÖš’¸‡jv Kwe KvRx nvqvr gvngyìwPZ| Kwe kvn Mixeyj-vn wQ‡jb GKRb cÖwm× cuyw_ mvwnwZ¨K|

wk¶vevsjvi gymjvgb kvmb †Kej ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †¶‡ÎB b‡n, wk¶vi †¶‡ÎI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQj|evsjvq gymjgvb kvmbKv‡j wk¶vi Øvi wn›`y-gymjgvb mK‡ji Rb¨ Db¥y³ wQj| †kL‡ì LvbKvn I D‡jgv‡ìM„n wk¶vi †K› ª wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡VwQj| gymjgvb kvm‡bi mgq evsjvi me©Î AmsL¨ gmwR` wbwg©Z n‡qwQj| GmKj gmwR‡ì m‡½B g³e I gv`ªvmv wQj| g³e I gv`ªvmvi wk¶v_©xiv D”Pwk¶v MÖnY KiZ| evjK-evwjKvivGK‡Î g³e I cvVkvjvq †jLvcov KiZ| cÖv_wgK wk¶v mKj gymjgvb evjK-evwjKvi Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK wQj|¯¿x wk¶vi we‡kl cÖPjb wQjbv| gva¨wgK wk¶v MÖnYI †g‡q‡ì Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK wQjbv| d‡j mvaviYgymjgvb †g‡qiv D”Pwk¶v MÖnY n‡Z ewÂZ wQj| kvmKe‡M©i fvlv wQj dvm©x| d‡j G fvlv cÖvq ivóªxq gh©v`vjvf K‡iwQj| beve I gymjgvb AwfRvZeM© dvm©x fvlv I mvwn‡Zï Drmvn`vZv wQ‡jb| miKvwi PvKwi jv‡fiAvkvq A‡bK wn›`y dvm©x fvlvq wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Zb| gymjgvb wk¶KMY dvm©x I Aviex fvlvq we‡kl AwfÁwQ‡jb| G hy‡M evsjv fvlv we‡kl mg„w× jvf K‡iwQj| Aviex I dvm©x fvlvq AÁ mvaviY gymjgv‡biv †hbBmjv‡gi a¨vb-aviYv eyS‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ A‡b‡KB evsjv fvlvq cy¯ÍKvw` iPbv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì iPbvejx evsjvfvlv I mvwn‡Zï fvÛvi‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q|

gymjgvb kvm‡bi c~‡e© evsjvi wn›`y mgv‡R Ávb-weÁvb I wk¶vi †¶‡Î eªvþY‡ì GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi wQj|gymjgvb‡ì kvmb-eë¯’vq wn›`y mgv‡Ri mKj †kªwYi Rb¨ wk¶vi Øvi Db¥y³ nq| cvVkvjvq wn›`y evjK-evwjKviv cÖv_wgK wk¶v MÖnY KiZ| ¸iyi Avevm¯’j wKsev weËevb‡ì M„‡n cvVkvjv emZ| KLbI KLbIGKB N‡ii Pvjvi wb‡P g³e I cvVkvjv emZ| mKv‡j gyÝx g³‡ei wk¶v_©x‡ì Ges weKv‡j ¸iy Zvi QvÎ‡ì


cvVkvjvq wk¶v `vb Ki‡Zb| weËevb †jv‡Kiv cvVkvjvi e¨qfvi MÖnY Ki‡Zb| wn›`y evjK-evwjKviv GK‡ÎcvVkvjvq wk¶v MÖnY KiZ| 6 eQi ch©šÍ cvVkvjvq wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡Zv| D”P wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Ô†UvjÕwQj| ms¯‹…Z fvlvi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡K D”P wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡Zv| ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨ PP©vi Rb¨ beØxc, ea©gvbcÖf„wZ ¯’v‡bi bvg D‡j-L¨‡hvM¨ wQj| A‡bK gwnjv G hy‡M wk¶v I ms¯‹…Z PP©vi †¶‡Î wb‡R‡ì K…wZZ¡ cÖ`k©bK‡i‡Qb| eªvþY‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU we‡kl †kªwY me©`v wb‡R‡ì †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ I †R¨vwZwe©Ávb PP©vq wb‡qvwRZ_vK‡Zb| wewfbœ wk¶v cÖwZôvb QvovI G hy‡M mgv‡R RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Ávb I eyw× e„wËi weKv‡ki Rb¨KZK¸‡jv mvaviY c×wZ cÖPwjZ wQj, †hgbÑ ag©xq m½xZ, RbwcÖq †jvK-Kvwnbx I bvUK- Muv_v|


1. †Kvb Kve¨ dvmx© iPbvi Abyev`?

K. imyj weRq L. ivMgvjv

M. BDmyd †Rv‡jLv N. mvZbvgv

2. †Kb ga¨ hy‡M wn›`y m¤úª`vq dvmx© fvlvq wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Zb?K. mvwnZ¨ iPbv Ki‡Z L. PvKwi †c‡Z

M. cÖkvmwbK KvR Ki‡Z N. ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :wjg‡bi PvPv A‡bK eQi a‡i Av‡gwiKv mn BD‡iv‡ci K‡qKwU †`‡k eëmv K‡i AvmwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi eëmvcÖmv‡ii j‡ÿ¨ wbR †`‡k wd‡i bvivqYM‡Ä GKwU kvLv Awdm †Lv‡jb| wZwb e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g eëmvwqK †jb‡`bcwiPvjbv K‡ib| eëmvi myweavi Rb¨ wZwb e¨w³MZ wegvb eënvi K‡ib|

3. wjg‡bi PvPvi evwYwR¨K cÖmvi evsjvi †Kvb Avg‡ji m‡½ wgj cvIqv?

K. cvj L. †mb

M. myjZvwb N. gyNj

4. evwYwR¨K cÖmv‡ii d‡jB D³ Avg‡j M‡o D‡VwQj-

i. mgy`ª e›ì

ii. b`x e›ì

ii. ¯’j e›ì


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. †iRv mv‡ne PÆMÖv‡gi GKRb eo eëmvqx| Zuvi Avg`vwb ißvwbi eëmv| wZwb Rvnv‡Ri gva¨‡gB we‡`k†_‡K †mvbv, iƒcv, `vgx cv_‡ii Mqbv, †ikgx myZv, wewfbœ `vgx gmjv Avg`vwb K‡ib| cvkvcvwk wZwb Pv IcvURvZ ªe¨ ißvwb K‡ib| MZ mßv‡n wZwb Zvi †g‡qi Rb¥w`‡b †cvjvI, Kveve, †iRvjv I wgwóiAv‡qvRb K‡ib| mevB Lvevi †L‡q LyeB Lywk|

K. gnvfviZ evsjvq Abyev` K‡ib †K?

L. K…wl‡K evsjvi A_©‰bwZK mg„w×i g~j Drm ejv nq †Kb?

M. †iRv mv‡n‡ei evwoi LvIqv-`vIqvi m‡½ †Kvb Avg‡ji wgj i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. †iRv mv‡n‡ei A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v D³ Avg‡ji †P‡q wK mg„× wQj e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? hyw³ `vI|

2. MÖv‡gi ¯‹zj wk¶K myaxb iv‡qi †g‡q Abb¨v ivq mßg †kÖwY‡Z c‡o| Zvi evÜex iv‡eqv myjZvbv‡K Zvievev Avi ¯‹z‡j cvVv‡eb bv| wZwb e‡jb †h †g‡q‡ì Gi †_‡K †ewk cov †jLvi ìKvi †bB| wk¶K myaxbivq iv‡eqvi evevi wk¶v m¤ú‡K© GB Dw³ ï‡b ej‡jb †h, eZ©gvb mg‡q wkÿvi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg Geswk¶v Qvov †h †Kv‡bv gvbylB Am¤ú~Y©| me hy‡MB wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ wQj Ges Av‡Q|

K. †nv‡mbx `vjvb †K wbg©vY K‡ib?

L. †Kb ga¨hyM‡K gyNj‡ì Ô¯^Y©hyMÕ ejv nq? eY©bv `vI|

M. iv‡eqvi evevi wk¶v welqK GB gvbwmKZvi m‡½ ga¨hy‡Mi gymwjg wk¶vi Kx wgj i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. wk¶K myaxb iv‡qi g‡Zv †jvK‡ì Kvi‡YB Kx ga¨ hy‡M wn›`y †Q‡j‡g‡qiv wk¶vq GwM‡q wQj?cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|


mßg Aa¨vq

evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvce©cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K fviZxq Dcgnv‡`kÑwe‡kl K‡i evsjv AÂj wQj ab m¤ú‡` c~Y© iƒcK_vi g‡Zv GKwU †`k| GAÂ‡ji ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© MÖvg A_©vr gvby‡li Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ hv wKQy cÖ‡qvRb mewKQyB ZLb G me MÖvg¸‡jv‡ZcvIqv †hZ| GB ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© MÖv‡gi K…lK‡ì †¶Z fiv dmj, †Mvjv fiv avb, cyKzi fiv gvQ _vKZ| KzwUiwk‡íI GB MÖvg¸‡jv wQj mg„×| ZuvwZ‡ì nv‡Z †evbv Kvco BD‡iv‡ci Kvc‡oi †P‡qI DbœZgv‡bi wQj| Gi

g‡a¨ RMr weL¨vZ wQj gmwjb Kvco| ZvQvov Dcgnv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ AÂjI bvbv ai‡bi evwYwR¨K cY¨, gmjviRb¨ weL¨vZ wQj| Gme c‡Yï AvKl©‡YB A‡b‡KB G‡`‡ki m‡½ evwYR¨ Ki‡Z G‡m‡Q| Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv

†Kv¤úvwbI Dcgnv‡`‡k G‡mwQj eëmv-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z| cieZ©x mg‡q Zviv G‡`‡ki ivóªxq ¶gZv `Lj Ki‡Zm¶g nq| G‡`‡k AvMZ Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv‡K civwRZ K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq kvmK‡ì weiy‡×bvbvgyLx lohš¿ K‡i wKfv‡e Bs‡iR eëmvqx †Kv¤úvbx G AÂ‡j Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbv K‡iÑeZ©gvb Aa¨v‡q †mwel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l AvgivÑ

� •� evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi cUf~wg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� cjvkx I e·v‡ii hy‡×i KviY I djvdj g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� Bs‡iwR kvmb cÖwZôvq wÌqvbx jv‡fi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡e;

� •� wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi cUf~wg I djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� Bs‡iR kvm‡bi d‡j evsjvq ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©bmg~n Abyave‡b m¶g ne|

BD‡ivcxq‡ì AvMgbmvZ kZK †_‡K G AÂ‡ji m‡½ Avie ewYK‡ì eëmv-evwYR¨ wQj GK‡PwUqv| Zviv evwYR¨ KiZ g~jZmgy`ªc‡_| 1453 wLª÷v‡ã KÝóvw›Ub‡cvj A‡Uvgvb ZzK©xiv `Lj K‡i †bq| d‡j Dcgnv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Rjc‡_eëmv-evwYR¨ eÜ n‡q hvq| myZivs cÖv‡Pï mv‡_ cvðv‡Zï eëmv-evwY‡Rï Rb¨ wfbœ Rjc_ Avwe®‹v‡iicÖ‡qvRb n‡q c‡o| g~jZ G Kvi‡YB BD‡ivcxq kw³¸‡jv mgy ªc‡_ Dcgnv‡`‡k Avmvi Awfhvb ïiy K‡i|

cZz©MxR

cZz©MxR‡ì g‡a¨ †h `ytmvnmx bvweK cÖ_g mgy`ªc‡_

G‡`‡k Av‡mb Zuvi bvg fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv| wZwb 1498

wLª÷v‡ã 27 †g fvi‡Zi cwðg-DcK~‡ji KvwjKU e›`‡iG‡m Dcw¯’Z nb| Zuvi G Dcgnv‡`‡k AvMgb eëmv-

evwYR¨ Ges †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î GK bZzb hy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i|fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgvi fviZe‡l© AvMg‡bi c_

cZz©MxRiv eëmv-evwYR¨‡K g~jab K‡i G‡`‡k Avm‡j µ‡g µ‡g Zviv mvgªvR¨ we¯Ív‡ii w`‡K Suy‡K c‡o| ¯^ímg‡qi g‡a¨ GB BD‡ivcxq ewYKiv Dcgnv‡`‡ki cwðg DcK~‡ji KvwjKU, †PŠj, †ev¤^vB, mvj‡mwU, †ewmb,†KvwPb, †Mvqv, `gb, w`D cÖf„wZ e›`‡i KzwV ¯’vcb Ki‡Z m¶g nq| 1538 wLª÷v‡ã Zviv PÆMÖvg I mvZMuvI‡qïéNuvwU wbg©v‡Yi AbygwZ jvf K‡i| 1579 wLª÷v‡ã ûMjx bvgK ¯’v‡b Zviv Dcwb‡ek M‡o †Zv‡j| Gici ZvivDwol¨v Ges evsjvi wKQy AÂ‡j emwZ m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq| evsjvmn Dcgnv‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j evwYR¨KzwV wbg©v‡Yi e¨vcv‡i AMÖYx f~wgKv _vK‡jI cZy©MxR‡ì wewfbœ AcKg© I `my¨Zvi Kvi‡Y evsjvi my‡e`vikv‡q¯Ív Lvb Zv‡ì PÆMÖvg I m›Øx‡ci NuvwU `Lj K‡i evsjv †_‡K weZvob K‡ib| ZvQvov cZz©MxRiv G‡`‡kAvMZ Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq kw³i m‡½I cÖwZØ›ØxZvq civwRZ nq| d‡j Giv G †`k Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nq|

Ij›`vR ev WvPnj¨v‡Ûi Awaevmx Ij›`vR ev WvPiv ÔWvP Bó BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ MVb K‡i evwYwRï D‡Ï‡k 1602 wLª÷v‡ã GBDcgnv‡`‡k Av‡m| fviZe‡l© Zviv †Kv¤úvwbi mb` Abyhvqx KvwjKU, bvMvcÆg evsjvi PuzPzov I evKzovq evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i| ZvQvov ejv‡mvi KvwkgevRvi Ges eivbM‡iI Zviv KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i| Ij›`vR I AciBD‡ivcxq kw³ Bs‡iR‡ì g‡a¨ eëmv-evwYR¨ wb‡q we‡iva ïiy nq Ges GKB m‡½ evsjvi kvmK‡ì m‡½Zviv we‡iv‡a Rwo‡q c‡o| 1759 wLª÷v‡ã msMwVZ we`vivi hy‡× Zviv Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZnq| d‡j 1805 wLª÷v‡ã Zviv mKj evwYR¨ †K›`ª ¸wU‡q fviZel© Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| cÖ_‡g cZzM©xR c‡iIj›`vR kw³i cZb, fvi‡Z Bs‡iR kw³i DÌv‡bi c_ myMg K‡i|

w`‡bgviw`‡bgvi ev †Wbgv‡K©i Awaevmx GK`j ewYK evwYR¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ Ô†Wwbk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbÕ MVb K‡ib|1620 wLª÷v‡ã Zviv `w¶Y fvi‡Zi Zv‡Ävi †Rjvq wÎev¼zi Ges 1676 wLª÷v‡ã evsjvi kªxivgcy‡i evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡ib| wKšÍy G‡`‡k Zviv jvfRbK eëmv Ki‡Z e¨_© nq| 1845 wLª÷v‡ã Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q evwYR¨KzwV wewµ K‡i †Kv‡bv iKg evwYwR¨K mdjZv QvovB w`‡bgviiv G‡`k Z¨vM K‡i|

`jxq KvR : cZz©MxR, Ij›`vR I w`‡bgvi‡ì Dcgnv‡`‡k ¯’vwcZ evwYR¨ KzwV¸‡jvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

Bs‡iRmgy`ªc‡_ BD‡ivcxq ewYK‡ì mvdj¨, cÖv‡Pï ab-m¤ú‡ì cÖvPzh©, Bs‡iR ewYK‡ì‡KI G AÂ‡j eëmvevwY‡R¨ DrmvwnZ K‡i| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi GK`j ewYK B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb bv‡g GKwU ewYK msN M‡o†Zv‡j| ewYK msNwU 1600 wLª÷v‡ã ivYx GwjRv‡e‡_i KvQ †_‡K 15 eQi †gqvw` cÖv‡P¨ GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨Kivi mb`cÎ jvf K‡i| GB mb`cÎ wb‡q †Kv¤úvwbi cÖwZwbwa evwYwR¨K myweav jv‡fi Avkvq AvKe‡iiìev‡i nvwRi nb| Gici K¨v‡Þb nwKÝ 1608 wLª÷v‡ã †Rg‡mi mycvwikcÎ wb‡q evwYR¨ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi j‡¶¨mgªvU Rvnv½x‡ii m‡½ mv¶vr K‡ib| Zuvi AbygwZ wb‡q 1612 wLª÷v‡ã myiv‡U evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vwcZ nq|cieZ©xKv‡j 1615 wLª÷v‡ã cÖ_g †Rg‡mi `~Z n‡q Rvnv½x‡ii ìev‡i Av‡mb m¨vi Ugvm †iv| mgªv‡Ui KvQ†_‡K wZwb Bs‡iR‡ì Rb¨ evwYwR¨K myweav Av`vq K‡i †bb| 1619 wLªt wZwb fviZel© Z¨vM K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨†Kv¤úvwb myivU AvMÖv, Avng`vev` cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡ì wfwË gReyZ K‡i †d‡j|


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GKK KvR :

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2. mgªvU dviyKwkqvi KZ…©K Bs‡iR‡ì †`qv mb`cÎ cÖ`v‡bi d‡j cÖvß AwaKvi¸‡jv‡K gnvmb` evg¨vMbv KvU©v e‡j †Kb? KviY wjwceÜ Ki|

divmx

Dcgnv‡`‡k me©‡k‡l AvMZ BD‡ivcxq ewYK †Kv¤úvwb n‡”Q divmx B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb| 1664 wLª÷v‡ã GBevwYwR¨K †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq| 1668 wLª÷v‡ã †Kv¤úvwb me©cÖ_g myivU Ges c‡ii eQi gymwjgcÆ‡g evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1673 wLª÷v‡ã cwÛ‡Pix‡Z divmx Dcwb‡ek M‡o I‡V|

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evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvce© 83

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GKK KvR : cjvkxi hy‡× bev‡ei civR‡qi m‡½ divmx B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi e¨_©Zvi m¤úK© wbY©q Ki|

cjvkx hy×

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cjvkx hy‡×i KviY

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cjvkxi hy‡×i NUbv

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bev‡ei cZ‡bi KviY

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gvbwPÎ : cjvkx hy×‡¶Î

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•�� gxi Kv‡kg cÖ_‡g Bs‡iR‡ì ivR‰bwZK n¯Í‡¶ceÜ Ges cÖkvmb‡K cÖfvegy³ Kivi c`‡¶c MÖnYK‡ib| G D‡Ï‡k wZwb ivRavbx gywk©`vev` †_‡K gy‡½i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡ib| wbivcËvi Rb¨ `yM© wbg©vY IivRavbxi Pviw`‡K cwiLv Lbb K‡ib|

•� Bs‡iR‡ì m¤¢ve¨ AvµgY cÖwZnZ Kiv Ges ˆmwbK‡ì BD‡ivcxq mvgwiK c×wZ wk¶v`v‡bi Rb¨ `yRbBD‡ivcxq ˆmwbK‡K cÖwk¶K wn‡m‡e iv‡Lb|

•� A¯¿-†Mvjveviy‡ì Rb¨ hv‡Z Kv‡iv gyLv‡c¶x n‡Z bv nq †mRb¨ ivRavbx‡Z Kvgvb, e›`yK BZ¨vw` ˆZwiieë¯’v †bb|

•� �wenv‡ii kvmbKZ©v ivgbvivqY Bs‡iR‡ì cÖwZ †ewk AvMÖn †`Lv‡j Zv‡K c`Pz¨Z I Zvi m¤úwË ev‡RqvßKiv nq|

•� 1717 wLªt gyNj mgªv‡Ui digv‡b Bs‡iR‡ì eëmv Kivi †h my‡hvM-myweav †Ìqv n‡qwQj Zviv ZviAceënvi Kiv ïiy K‡i| Ô`¯ÍKÕ bv‡gi Qvoc‡Îi Aceënv‡ii d‡j †`wk eëmvqxiv ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡Z_v‡K| d‡j, beve mevi Rb¨ GK eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i AvšÍtevwY‡R¨ mKj ïé DwV‡q †`b| d‡j Bs‡iR†Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvix‡ì GK‡PwUqv jvfRbK eëmvq Amyweav nq| G wel‡q beve †Kv‡bviKg Av‡cvlKi‡Z bv PvB‡j Bs‡iR‡ì m‡½ msNvZ Awbevh© n‡q c‡o|

•� bev‡ei mKj c`‡¶c wQj †`k I RbM‡Yi ¯v‡_©, wKšÍy Bs‡iR ¯v_©we‡ivax| d‡j ¶zä Bs‡iRiv GicÖwZKv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z nw”Qj|

•� 1763 wLªt ¶zä n‡q cvUbv KzwVi Aa¨¶ Gwjm cvUbv AvµgY K‡i `Lj K‡i †bq| d‡j Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡×A¯¿aviY Kiv Qvov bev‡ei Avi †Kv‡bv Dcvq _v‡K bv| gxi Kvwkg mdj cÖwZ‡iv‡ai gva¨‡g Gwjm‡KcvUbv †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡ib| 1763 wLªt †KvjKvZv KvDwÝj bev‡ei weiy‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| †gRiGWvg‡mi †bZ„‡Z¡ †cÖwiZ Bs‡iR evwnbxi Kv‡Q wMwiqv, Kv‡Uvqv I D`qbvjvi hy‡× beve †kvPbxqfv‡ecivwRZ nb|


B‡Zvg‡a¨ Bs‡iRiv gxi Rvdi‡K cybivq evsjvi wmsnvm‡b emvq| gxi Kvwkg civwRZ n‡qI nZvk nbwb| beveBs‡iR‡ì †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| wZwb A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjv Ges gyNj mgªvU kvnAvj‡gi m‡½ GKwÎZ n‡q 1764 wLª: wenv‡ii e·vi bvgK ¯’v‡b Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× Pig kw³ cix¶vqAeZxY© nb| `yf©vM¨µ‡g mw¤§wjZ evwnbx †gRi gb‡ivi Kv‡Q Pigfv‡e civwRZ nq|

gxi Kvwk‡gi civR‡qi Kvi‡Y evsjvi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ D×v‡ii †kl †Póv e¨_© n‡q hvq| Bs‡iR kw³ AcÖwZ‡iva¨MwZ‡Z evsjv Z_v Dcgnv‡`‡ki me©Î ¶gZvi we¯Ívi NUv‡Z _v‡K| G Kvi‡Y Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m cjvkxihy‡×i †P‡q e·v‡ii hy‡×i ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK †ewk|

GKK KvR : QKwU mwVK K‡i mvRvI

e·v‡ii hy‡× AskMÖnYKvix‡ì bvg I †`‡ki bvg

e·vi hy‡×i djvdj :

GK. G hy‡×i d‡j gxi Kvwk‡gi ¯^vaxbZv i¶vi †kl †Póv e¨_© nq| Dcgnv‡`‡k Bs‡iR‡ì cÖfve cÖwZcwËgh©v`v e„w× cvq| webv evavq Zviv Dcgnv‡`‡k AvwacZ¨ we¯Ív‡ii my‡hvM jvf K‡i|

`yB. G hy‡× civwRZ n‡q A‡hva¨vi beve myRvD‡ÏŠjv †ivwnjvL‡Ê cvwj‡q hvb| w`j-xi mgªvU kvn AvjgBs‡iR‡ì c‡¶ †hvM †`b| gxi Kvwkg civwRZ n‡q AvZ¥‡Mvcb K‡ib| 1777 wLªt Zuvi g„Zz¨ nq|

wZb. Bs‡iRiv A‡hva¨vi bev‡ii KvQ †_‡K Kviv I Gjvnvev` n¯ÍMZ Ki‡Z m¶g nq|

Pvi. G hy‡×i d‡j ïay evsjvi beveB civwRZ nbwb, Zuvi wgÎ fviZ mgªvU kvn Avjg, A‡hva¨vi bevemyRvD‡ÏŠjvI civwRZ nb| GB wZb kw³i GKm‡½ civRq Bs‡iR‡ì gh©v`v I kw³ e„w× cvq|

cuvP. G hy‡×i d‡j ievU© K¬vBf w`j-xi mgªv‡Ui KvQ †_‡K AvbyôvwbKfv‡e evsjv wenvi Dwol¨vi wÌqvbx jvfK‡i| d‡j evsjvq Bs‡iR AwaKvi AvBbZ ¯xK…Z nq Ges Zviv Amxg ¶gZvkvjx n‡q DV‡Z _v‡K|

e·v‡ii hy‡× gxi Kvwk‡gi civRq ïay bevex Avg‡jiB cwimgvwß NUvqwb, gyNj mgªv‡Ui `ye©jZvI Bs‡iR‡ìKv‡Q cwi®‹vi n‡q hvq| d‡j Jcwb‡ewkK kw³ wn‡m‡e `ªyZMwZ‡Z Bs‡iR‡ì AvZ¥cÖKvk NU‡Z _v‡K|


bvg †`kgxi Kvwkg Bsj¨vÛmgªvU kvn Avjg evsjv†gRi gb‡iv A‡hva¨vmyRvD‡ÏŠjv w`jøx

†Kv¤úvwbi †Ìqvbx jvf

1765 wLª: gxi Rvd‡ii g„Zzï ci Zvi cyÎ bvwRg-D`-†`Šjv‡K kZ© mv‡c‡¶ evsjvi wmsnvm‡b emv‡bv nq| kZ©_v‡K †h wZwb Zvi wcZvi g‡Zv Bs‡iR‡ì wbR¯^ cyivZb `¯ÍK Abyhvqx webv ï‡é Aeva evwYR¨ Ki‡Z w`‡eb Ges†`kxq ewYK‡ì Aeva evwY‡Rï myweav evwZj K‡i w`‡eb| e·v‡ii hy‡×i ci evsjvq Bs‡iR kvm‡bi c_ myMgnq| G mg‡q Bs‡iR †Kv¤úvwb gyNj mgªv‡Ui KvQ †_‡K evsjvi ivR¯ Av`v‡qi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ A_©vr †Ìqvbx jvfK‡i| 1765 wLªt †Ìqvwb jv‡fi ci cÖK…Zc‡¶ Bs‡iRivB evsjvi mwZ¨Kvi kvmKiƒ‡c AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i|

gyNj kvmbvaxb evsjvi †Ìqv‡bi c` Ges my‡e`vi c` wfbœ wfbœ e¨w³i Dci b¨¯Í wQj| gywk©` Kzwj Lvb GBcÖ_v f½ K‡i `ywU c` GKvB `Lj K‡i †bb| Zuvi mgq †K‡› ª wbqwgZ ivR¯ cvVv‡bv n‡jI cieZ©xKv‡jA‡b‡KB Zv eÜ K‡i †`b| Avjxe`©x Lv‡bi mgq †_‡K GKev‡iB Zv eÜ n‡q hvq| G Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZmgªvU †Kv¤úvwb‡K evrmwiK Dc‡XŠK‡bi e`‡j evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi †Ìqvbx MÖn‡Yi Aby‡iva K‡ib| wKšÍy GBAby‡iva †Kv¤úvwb ZLb Mªvn¨ K‡iwb| wKšÍy e·v‡ii hy‡×i ci 1765 wLªt K¬vBf wØZxqevi fviZe‡l© Avm‡jcwiw¯’wZ cv‡ë hvq|

K¬vBf †`k †_‡K wd‡i cÖ_‡gB civwRZ A‡hva¨vi beve Ges w`j-xi mgªv‡Ui w`‡K bRi †`b| wZwb A‡hva¨vicivwRZ bev‡ei m‡½ ˆgÎx ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zvi wewbg‡q Av`vq K‡i †bb Kviv I Gjvnvev` †Rjv `ywU| hy‡×i¶wZc~iY eve` Av`vq K‡ib cÂvk j¶ UvKv| Aci w`‡K †Ìqvbx kZ© m¤wjZ `ywU Pzw³ wZwb K‡ib| GKwUw`j-xi mgªvU kvn Avj‡gi m‡½| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwb‡K evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi †Ìqvbx `vb Kiv nq| Gi wewbg‡qQvweŸk j¶ UvKv beve cÖwZeQi mgªvU‡K cvVv‡eb| GB UvKv wbqwgZ cvVvevi Rvwgb`vi n‡e †Kv¤úvwb|

Aci Pzw³wU nq gxi Rvd‡ii bvevjK cyÎ beve bvwRg-D`-†ÏŠjvi m‡½| evrmwiK 53 j¶ UvKvi wewbg‡qbeve †Kv¤úvwbi †Ìqvbx jv‡fi mKj kZ© †g‡b †bb| GB Pzw³Ø‡qi d‡j †h †Ìqvbx jvf Kiv nq Zv‡Z GAÂ‡j †Kv¤úvwbi ¶gZv GK‡PwUqv e„w× cvq| beve GLb e¯‘Z †Kv¤úvwbi †cbkbvi gvÎ| mgªvUI ZvB|mg¯Í ¶gZv †Kv¤úvwbi nv‡Z| †Ìqvbxi d‡j †Kv¤úvwbi †h Avq n‡e Zv w`‡q †Kv¤úvwbi mg¯Í LiP Kzwj‡qeëmvi mg¯Í cuywR msMÖn Kiv m¤¢e| myZivs, †Ìqvbxi ¸iyZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z nq †h,

GK. †Ìqvbx jvf †Kv¤úvwbi ïay ivR‰bwZK bq A_©‰bwZK †¶‡ÎI wekvj weRq|

`yB. mgªvU I beve Df‡qB ¶gZvnxb kvm‡K cwiYZ nb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Zviv n‡q hvb †Kv¤úvwbi †cbkb‡fvMxKg©Pvix|

wZb. †Ìqvbx jv‡fi d‡j Ges beve KZ©„K cÖ`Ë kZ© Abyhvqx ïénxb evwY‡Rï Kvi‡Y †Kv¤úvwbi Kg©Pvixiv†ec‡ivqv n‡q I‡V| Zv‡ì A_© †jvf w`b w`b †e‡o †h‡Z _v‡K| ¶wZMÖ Z n‡Z _v‡K †`kxq ewYK †kªwY,mvaviY gvbyl| Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK †giy`Ê m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †f‡½ c‡o|

Pvi. †Ìqvbx jv‡fi d‡j evsjv †_‡K cÖPzi A_© m¤ú` Bsj¨v‡Û cvPvi n‡Z _v‡K| Gi cwigvY GZUvB wQj †hGB A‡_©i e‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi wkí wec-‡ei †¶Î cÖ¯‘Z n‡qwQj|

Ô`jxq KvR : Bs‡iR kvm‡bi m~Pbvq †Ìqvbx jvf me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbvÕ- (`jxq weZK©)


ˆØZ kvmbievU© K¬vBf †Ìqvbx mb‡ì bv‡g evsjvi m¤ú` jyÉ‡biGK‡PwUqv ¶gZv jvf K‡i| w`j-x KZ©„K we‡`wk ewYK†Kv¤úvwb‡K GB AfvweZ ¶gZv cÖ`v‡b m„wó nq ˆØZ kvm‡bi|A_©vr hv‡Z K‡i †Kv¤úvwb jvf K‡i `vwqZ¡nxb ¶gZv, bevecwiYZ nb ¶gZvnxb kvm‡K| A_P bev‡ei `vwqZ¡ †_‡K hvq†lvjAvbv| d‡j evsjvq GK Af~Zc~e© cÖkvmwbK RwUjZvi m„wónq| hvi Pig gvmyj w`‡Z nq G‡`‡ki mvaviY Rb‡Mvôx‡K|1770 wLª÷v‡ã (1176 e½vã) MÖx®§Kv‡j †`Lv †`q fqven `ywf©¶, hv ¯§iYKv‡ji BwZnv‡m wQqvË‡ii gššÍibv‡g cwiwPZ| †Kv¤úvwbi gywk©`vev‡ì cÖwZwbwa wiPvW© †ePv‡ii fvlvq Ô†`‡ki K‡qKwU As‡k †h RxweZ gvbylg„Z gvbyl‡K f¶Y Kwi‡Z‡Q Zvnv ¸Re bq, AwZ mZ¨Õ| GB `ywf©‡¶ evsjvi RbmsL¨vi GK-Z…Zxqvsk g„Zz¨gy‡LcwZZ nq|

1765-70 wLªt evrmwiK ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi cwigvY hv wQj, `ywf©‡¶i eQiI Av`vq cÖvq Zvi KvQvKvwQ wQj| d‡jPig †kvlY wbh©vZ‡b evsjvi gvbyl nZ`wi ª I Amnvq n‡q c‡o| ˆØZkvmb eë¯’vq bev‡ei nv‡Z ch©vß A_©bv _vKvq cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvq wZwb m¤ú~Y©i~‡c e¨_© nb| mviv‡`‡k ïiy nq wek„•Ljv| GB cwiw¯’wZ‡Z 1772 wLªtIqv‡ib †nw÷sm ˆØZ kvmb eë¯’vi Aemvb NUvb|

wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍjW© KY©Iqvwjm‡K †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb `ybx©wZgy³ I mymsMwVZ Ki‡Z 1786 wLª÷v‡ã fvi‡Zi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij I†mbv cÖav‡bi `vwqZ¡ w`‡q cvVv‡bv nq| wZwb 1793 wLªt wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í ev ¯’vqx f~wg eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib|H eQi 22 gvP© wbw`©ó ivR¯^ cwi‡kv‡ai wewbg‡q evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vi Rwg`viMY‡K wbR wbR Rwgi Dci¯’vqx gvwjKvbv `vb K‡i †h e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy Kiv nq Zv‡KB ÔwPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯ÍÕ ejv nq|

cUf~wg t 1772 wLªt Iqv‡ib †nw÷sm ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ cuvPmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib| GB eë¯’vq D”Pnv‡iWvK wb‡q Rwgi e‡›`ve¯Í wb‡jI †m Abycv‡Z ivR¯ Av`vq n‡Zv bv| wbw`©ó mgqmxgv _vKvq Rwg`viivK…lK‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b wbh©vZb K‡i A_© Av`vq KiZ| A_P K…lK‡ì Dbœqb ev Rwgi Dbœq‡bi cÖwZZv‡ì †Kvb j¶ wQj bv| d‡j wbh©vZ‡bi f‡q K…lKiv Rwg †Q‡o cvwj‡q †hZ| eQ‡ii ci eQi Rwg Abvev`x_vKvq Rwgi `vg K‡g †hZ| G Ae¯’vq †nw÷sm Rwg`vi‡ì m‡½ GKmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib| wKšÍy Geë¯’vqI miKvi, Rwg`vi, cÖRvÑ Kv‡iv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi DcKvi nqwb| cieZ©xKv‡j evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨viivR¯^ mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Bsj¨v‡Ûi cvjv©‡g›U bZzb eë¯’v D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Dcjwä K‡i| 1784 wLªtwc‡Ui BwÛqv G¨v± cvj©v‡g‡›U M„nxZ nq| evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨vq ¯’vqx wbqg-Kvbyb cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g w`N©‡gqvwìvR¯^ eë¯’v Pvjyi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb‡K wb‡`©k †`qv nq| 1789 wLªt KY©Iqvwjm Rwg`vi‡ì `kkvjv e‡›`ve¯Íw`‡Z cÖ¯‘wZ †bb| Bsj¨v‡Ûi KZ©„c¶ Rwg`vi‡ì m‡½ e‡›`ve‡¯Íi AbygwZ cÖ`vb Ki‡j KY©Iqvwjm GBAby‡gv`‡bi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1789 wLªt `kmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í Pvjy K‡ib| Z‡e Gi m‡½ GB cÖwZkªywZI wZwb †`b †h,†Kv¤úvwbi WvB‡i±i mfvi Aby‡gv`b †c‡j `kmvjv e‡›`ve¯ÍB wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í cwiYZ n‡e|


Qwe : ievU© KvBf

1792 wLªt †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m †evW© Ae WvB‡i±im KZ©„K Aby‡gv`b jvf K‡i| 1793 wLªt KY©Iqvwjm 22 gvP©`kmvjv e‡›`ve¯Í‡K wPi¯’vqx e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib|

êwkó¨•� wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í Rwg`vi‡ì‡K Rwgi ¯’vqx gvwj‡K cwiYZ K‡i Ges Rwg`viMY Rwgi gvwjKvbv ¯Z¡jvf K‡i|

•� ivR‡¯î cwigvY wbw`©ó K‡i †Ìqvi d‡j wbqwgZ ivR¯ cÖ`v‡bi wewbg‡q Rwg`vi Rwg`vix †fv‡MiwPi¯’vqx AwaKvi jvf K‡i|

•� G cÖ_v Pvjy nIqvi d‡j Rwg`vi‡ì cÖkvmwbK ¶gZv wejyß nq| miKvi ¯qs kvwšÍ i¶v I wbivcËvi`vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i|

•� � bRivbv I weµq wd mg~n evwZj Kiv nq|

•� LvRbv evwK co‡j Rwg`vi‡ì f~wgi wKQy Ask wewµ K‡i ivR¯ Av`vq Kivi eë¯’v wQj|

djvdj

wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv‡Z my`~icÖmvix cÖfve †d‡j| KY©Iqvwjm Rwg`vi wQ‡jb|wZwb Bsj¨v‡Ûi g‡Zv G‡`‡kI GKwU Rwg`vi †kªwY M‡o Zzj‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| wKšÍy BD‡ivc AviDcgnv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv I Zvi weKv‡ki aib GK wQj bv| d‡j evB‡i †_‡K Pvwc‡q †ÌqvG eë¯’vq myweavi †P‡q AmyweavB AwaK cwijw¶Z nq|

myweav :•� G eë¯’vi cÖavb myweav n‡”Q miKv‡ii ivR¯ Avq mywbw`©ó nIqvi d‡j miKvi Zvi Av‡qi cwigvY m¤ú‡K©wbwðZ nq| †h Kvi‡Y ev‡RU cÖYqb, wewfbœ cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Kiv miKv‡ii c‡¶ mnR nq|

•� wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j m„ó Rwg`vi †kªwY †Kv¤úvwbi GKwbô mg_©K n‡q D‡V| d‡j weªwUk kvmb`„pKiY Ges `xN©vwqZKi‡Y Rwg`viiv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g nq|

•� Rwgi Dci Rwg`v‡ii ¯’vqx gvwjKvbv ¯xK…Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB wbR wbR GjvKvq bvbv ai‡biRbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R eªZx nb| Zviv wbR wbR GjvKvq wk¶v cÖwZôvb, wPwKrmvjq, Dcvmbvjq cÖf„wZcÖwZôv K‡ib| ZvQvov cÖRv‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ iv¯ÍvNvU, cyj ˆZwi, cyKzi Lb‡bi g‡Zv KvR QvovI A‡bKmvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Êi m‡½ Zuviv RwoZ nb|

•� Rwg`viiv Rwgi gvwjK nIqvi Kvi‡Y DrmvwnZ n‡q cwZZ Rwg, R½jvKxY© Rwg Pv‡li eë¯’v K‡ib|d‡j Drcv`b e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ †`‡ki Avw_©K Ae¯’vi DbœwZ nq|

•� wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve¯Í miKvi‡K RbwcÖq K‡i †Zv‡j, Avevi Rwg`vi †kªwY KZ…©K mvgvwRK wk¶v-mvs¯‹…wZKDbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv ivLvi Kvi‡Y cwiewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K MÖvgxY mgvR|

†`vl :wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j Rwg`v‡ii ¯^v_© myiw¶Z nq| Zviv ax‡i ax‡i abxK †kªwY‡Z cwiYZ nq| wKšÍy Aci


w`‡K Rwg‡Z cÖRv‡ì cy‡iv‡bv ¯^Z¡ m¤ú~Y© wejyß nq| d‡j Rwg`vi B‡”Q Ki‡jB †h‡Kv‡bv mgq Zv‡ì Rwg†_‡K D‡”Q` Ki‡Z cviZ| cÖ_g w`‡K cÖRv¯Z¡ AvBb bv _vKvq Zv‡ì fv‡Mï Rb¨ Zviv m¤ú~Y©fv‡eB Rwg`v‡ii`qvi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Zv|

• wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Í Rwgi mwVK Rwi‡ci eë¯’v bv _vKvq A‡bK mgq wb®‹i Rwgi Dci †ewk ivR¯^ avh©Kiv n‡Zv| Rwgi mxgv wba©vwiZ bv _vKvq cieZ©xKv‡j gvgjv weev` †`Lv w`Z|

• m~h©v¯Í AvB‡b wbw`©ó Zvwi‡L m~h©v‡¯Íi g‡a¨ LvRbv cwi‡kva weav‡bi K‡VviZvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK eo eoRwg`vix wbwðý n‡q hvq| GKgvÎ ea©gv‡bi Rwg`vix Qvov wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi mvZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨vb¨me Rwg`vix aŸsm n‡q hvq|

• Rwg`vix Avq I ¯Z¡ m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡q Rwg`viiv bv‡qe-†Mvg¯Ívi Dci `vwqZ¡ w`‡q kn‡i emevm ïiyK‡ib| GBme Abycw¯’Z Rwg`vi‡ì bv‡qe-†Mvg¯Ív‡ì AZ¨vPv‡i cÖRviv AwZô n‡q I‡V| d‡j RwgiDrcv`b K‡g †h‡Z _v‡K, MÖv‡gi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vI Lvivc n‡Z _v‡K|

• Dcgnv‡`‡k Rwg wQj AvwfRv‡Zï cÖZxK| d‡j wbgœe‡Y©i A‡bK e¨w³, mvaviY gvbyl hviv †Kv¤úvwbi m‡½eëmv-evwYR¨ K‡i cÖPzi A‡_©i gvwjK nb, Zviv Rwg`vix wK‡b AvwfRv‡Zï gh©v`vjv‡f e¨¯Í n‡q I‡Vb|d‡j †`kxq cyuwR, †`kxq wkí M‡o IVvi m¤¢vebv aŸsm n‡q hvq| Aci w`‡K †Kv¤úvwbI m¤¢ve¨ G‡`kxqcÖwZØ›Øxi nvZ †_‡K †eu‡P hvq|

wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j K…lKiv mivmwi Rwg`vi KZ…©K †kvwlZ n‡Z _v‡K| Avevi GB Rwg`vi †kªwYic„ô‡cvlKZv †c‡q MÖvgxY mgv‡R GKwU wkw¶Z †kªwY M‡o DVwQj, hviv cieZ©x mg‡q †`k-RvwZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbn‡q I‡V| GKB m‡½ weªwUk KZ…©K m„ó Rwg`vi †kªwY hviv cÖ_gw`‡K weªwUk mgªv‡Rï k³ wfZ wQj, Zv‡ìBcieZ©x cÖRb¥ cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡q weªwUk-ivR DrLv‡Zi Rb¨ ¯vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡o|

GKK KvR : wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j evsjvi A_©bxwZ wKfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯Í nq?

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœeûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ :1. †Kvb cZz©MxR bvweK cÖ_g mgy ªc‡_ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k Av‡mb?

K. fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv L. K¨v‡Þb nwKÝ

M. m¨vi Ugvm‡iv N. Re Pvb©K

2. beve wmivRD‡ÏŠjv cjvkxi cÖvšÍ‡i Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× A¯¿aviY Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb KviY-

i. bev‡ei wb‡lavÁv Agvb¨ K‡i Bs‡iRiv KjKvZvq `yM© wbg©vY Ae¨vnZ iv‡L

ii. Pzw³ f½ K‡i Bs‡iRiv beve‡K Ki w`‡Z A¯xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i

iii. beve Bs‡iR‡ì m¤ú` `Lj Ki‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ib





wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

A‡bK eQi Av‡Mi K_v| wm‡j‡Ui ingvb mv‡ne I Zuvi wZb eÜz ¯’vbxq Rwg`v‡ii wbKU †_‡K mycvwikcÎwb‡q `w¶Y Avwd«Kvq Mgb K‡i evwYwR¨K myweav jv‡fi Avkvq †mLvbKvi KZ…©c‡¶i mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib| ZvivGKwU b`xi Zx‡i A‡_©i wewbg‡q K‡qKwU MÖvg BRviv wb‡q KzwV ¯’vcb K‡ib| ¯’vbxq KZ…©c¶ ingvb mv‡ne IZvi †MŠôx‡K webv ï‡é evwYR¨ KiviI AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡ib|

3. †Zvgvi cvVëB G ewY©Z †Kvb BD‡ivcxq RvwZi evwYR¨ Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ ingvb mv‡ne I Zuvi eÜz‡ì M„nxZeë¯’vi wgj i‡q‡Q?

K. cZz©MxR L. Ij›`vR

M. w`‡bgvi N. Bs‡iR

4. D³ RvwZi Kg©Kv‡Êi g‡a¨ wQj-

i. m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii ìev‡i nvwRi nIqv

ii. †dvU© DBwjqvg `yM© wbg©vY Kiv

iii. webv ï‡é evwYwR¨K AwaKvi jvf Kiv




m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. gvgyb I Kvgvj `yB fvB| wcZvi g„Zzï ci Zv‡ì ÷vi Mv‡g©›Um Gi gvwjKvbv wb‡q `yB fvB‡qi g‡a¨ Ø›Øeva‡j eo fvB gvgyb Mv‡g©›Um cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib Ges †QvU fvB Kvgvj msmvi †`Lv‡kvbvi`vwqZ¡ †bq| Mv‡g©›Um Gi Avq †_‡K Kvgvj‡K msmvi cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© cÖ`vb bv Kivqmsmv‡i wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q|

K. fv‡¯‹v-Wv-Mvgv †Kvb †`‡ki bvweK wQ‡jb?

L. cÖvPxbKv‡j A‡b‡KB evsjv AÂ‡j evwYR¨ Ki‡Z G‡mwQj †Kb?

M. DÏxc‡Ki ¶gZv fvMvfvwMi mv‡_ †Zvgvi cvV¨ eB‡qi †Kvb NUbvi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ NUbv evsjvi A_©‰bwZK †giy`Ê †f‡½ w`‡qwQj? DË‡ii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|


2. †ek wKQzw`b a‡i cjvkcyi Pv evMv‡bi evwl©K Avq DVv-bvgv KiwQj| G Rb¨ evMvb KZ…©c¶ evMv‡bi Avqwbw`©ó Kivi j‡¶¨ Drcv`b eë¯’v K‡qK eQ‡ii Rb¨ KwZcq e¨w³i wbKU eivÏ †`b| G eë¯’vq bZzbBRviv`viiv †ewk gybvdv jv‡fi Avkvq Pv kÖwgK‡ì‡K AwZwi³ mg‡q KvR Kiv‡Z eva¨ K‡i AwZwi³cvwikÖwgK QvovB| G eë¯’vi d‡j Pv evMvb I Pv kÖwgK‡ì Ae¯’vi Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ †Kv‡bv `„wó wQj bvBRviv`vi‡ì| evMvb KZ…©c¶ G `yie¯’vi nvZ †_‡K gyw³ cvevi j‡¶¨ Ges evMv‡bi Avq mywb`©ó Ki‡ZBRviv`vi‡ì mv‡_ ¯’vqxfv‡e eivÏ m¤úv`b K‡i|

K. †Kvb b`xi Zx‡i cjvkxi hy× msNwUZ n‡qwQj?

L. ÔAÜK~c nZ¨vÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. DÏxc‡Ki bZzb eë¯’vi mv‡_ †Zvgvi cvV¨ eB‡qi †Kvb NUbvi wgj Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ e‡›`ve¯Í A_©‰bwZK k„•Ljv i¶vi †¶‡Î mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj? hyw³ `vI|


Aóg Aa¨vq

Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva, beRvMiY I ms¯‹viAv‡›`vjb

evsjvi K…lK GKmg‡q m~h© DVv †fv‡i jv½j Kuv‡a QyUZ Zvi dm‡ji Rwg‡Z| wdiZ A¯ÍMvgx m~h©‡K mvg‡b†i‡L| Zvi N‡i Abœ-e‡¯¿i cÖvPzh© wQj bv, Z‡e AfveI wQj bv| Afve wQj bv Avb›`-Drm‡ei| ev‡iv gv‡m†Z‡iv cve©Y †j‡MB _vKZ| Rvwi, mvwi, KxZ©b, hvÎvcvjv Mv‡b R‡g DVZ MÖvg-evsjvi mÜvi Avmi| wKšÍy mßgI Aóg kZ‡K Bs‡iR ewYK †kªwYi AvMÖvmb †K‡o wb‡Z _v‡K evsjvi K…l‡Ki gy‡Li nvwm, Zv‡ì Avb›`-Drme|

cÖ_‡g Zviv aŸsm K‡iwQj MÖvg-evsjvi KzwUi wkí, Zvici Zv‡ì bRi c‡o G‡`‡ki De©i Rwgi Dci|AwZwi³ A‡_©i †jv‡f f~wg ivR¯^ Av`v‡q G‡Ki ci GK cix¶v-wbix¶v Pj‡Z _v‡K| †h cix¶vi wbôyi ewj nqevsjvi K…lK-mvaviY gvbyl| d‡j Zxeª †kvl‡Yi wkKvi Amnvq K…lK-mvaviY gvby‡li we‡ ªvn Kiv Qvov †Kv‡bvDcvq _v‡K bv| G we‡`ªvn µgvMZ Pj‡Z _v‡K AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klvewa †_‡K Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klva© ch©šÍ|

Gi m‡½ m‡½ evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡R ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ N‡U, hv cieZ©x ch©v‡q e¨vcK K…lKAv‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq| GKB m‡½ cvðv‡Zï AvaywbK wPšÍvi †XD G‡m AvQ‡o c‡o G mgv‡Ri wkw¶Z gn‡j|d‡j wn›`y mgv‡R †hgb wkí, mvwn‡Z¨ beRvMi‡Yi m~ÎcvZ N‡U, †Zgwb D™¢e N‡U gy³wPšÍv gy³eyw×i| ïiy nqKzms¯‹vi, †Muvovwg `~i K‡i wn›`y a‡g©i ms¯‹vi| gymjgvb wkw¶Z mgvRI ms¯‹v‡ii gva¨‡g gymjgvbm¤cÖ`vq‡K cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mb|

g~jZ AvVv‡iv I Dwbk kZKRy‡o GB AÂ‡ji Av_©-mvgvwRK ivRbxwZ‡Z eB‡Z _v‡K cwieZ©‡bi nvIqv| GBcwieZ©‡bi cÖ_g m~Pbv K‡i evsjvi K…lK, mvaviY gvbyl|


� •� Bs‡iR kvmbvg‡j evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖw¶Z Ges Gi Zvrch© we‡k-lY Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� beRvMiY I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡b we‡kl e¨w³e‡M©i Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

•��Bs‡iR kvm‡bi weiy‡× hy× I cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vj‡bi wewfbœ NUbvcÖev‡ni g‡a¨ w`‡q †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy×ne;

� •� wewfbœ ms¯‹viK I ms¯‹vi Kg©KvÊ Rvbvi gva¨‡g gy³wPšÍvq AbycÖvwYZ ne|

cÖwZ‡iva Av‡›`vjbdwKi-mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb

evsjvi dwKi-mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vjb wQj GKwU weªwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb| AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© GB Av‡›`vj‡bi

ïiy| Gi Av‡M beve gxi Kvwkg Bs‡iR‡ì m‡½ hy‡× dwKi-mbœ¨vmx‡ì mvnvh¨ Pvb| GB Wv‡K mvov w`‡q

dwKi-mbœ¨vmxiv bev‡ei c‡¶ hy× K‡i| hy‡× civwRZ n‡q gxi Kvwkg cvwj‡q †M‡jI dwKi-mbœ¨vmxiv Zv‡ì

weªwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb Pvwj‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| beve‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Kvi‡Y Bs‡iRiv Zv‡ì MwZwewai cÖwZ Kov

bRi ivL‡Z _v‡K|

wPivPwiZ ixwZ Abyhvqx, dwKi-mbœ¨vmxiv wf¶ve„wË ev gywó msMÖ‡ni gva¨‡g RxweKv wbe©vn KiZ| ag©xq Drme,

Zx_©¯’vb `k©b Dcj‡¶ mviv eQi Zviv GK ¯’vb †_‡K Av‡iK ¯’v‡b Ny‡i †eovZ| Zv‡ì m‡½ wbivcËvi Rb¨

bvbv ai‡bi nvjKv A¯¿ _vKZ| evsjvq weªwUk kvmb cÖwZôvi c~e© ch©šÍ Zviv wQj ¯^vaxb Ges gy³| wKšÍy Bs‡iRmiKvi Zv‡ì Aeva Pjv‡divq evavi m„wó Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zx_©¯’vb `k©‡bi Dci Kiv‡ivc K‡i, wf¶v I gywó

msMÖn‡K †eAvBwb †NvlYv K‡i| ZvQvov Zv‡ì‡K WvKvZ-`my¨ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| d‡j ¶zä n‡q

dwKi-mbœ¨vmxiv Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× `xN© Av‡›`vj‡b AeZxY© nq| we‡ ªvnx dwKi `‡ji †bZvi bvg wQj gRby

kvn| Avi mbœ¨vmx‡ì †bZvi bvg wQj fevbx cvVK| Zv‡ì Avµg‡Yi g~j j¶¨ wQj miKvwi KzwV, Rwg`vi‡ìKvQvwi I bv‡qe-†Mvg¯Ívi evwo| 1760 wLªóv‡ã cwðge‡½i ea©gvb †Rjvq mbœ¨vmxiv Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× cÖ_gwe‡`ªvn ïiy K‡i|

1771 wLªóvã gRby kvn mviv DËi evsjvq Bs‡iRwe‡ivax ZrciZv ïiy K‡ib| 1777 wLªóvã -1786 wLªóvã

ch©šÍ iscyi, ivRkvnx, w`bvRcyi I gqgbwmsn †Rjvq Bs‡iR‡ì m‡½ gRby kvn eû msN‡l© wjß nb| Zvi hy×

†KŠkj wQj †Mwijv c×wZ A_©vr AZwK©‡Z AvµgY K‡i wbivc‡` m‡i hvIqv| Bs‡iR‡ì c‡¶ Zv‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e

civwRZ Kiv KLbB m¤¢e nqwb| wZwb 1787 wLªóv‡ã g„ZzëiY Ki‡j we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib gymv kvn,

†mvevb kvn, †PivM Avjx kvn, Kwig kvn, gv`vi eK&mmn cÖgyL dwKi| GB †bZviv K‡qK eQi Bs‡iR cÖkvmb‡K

e¨wZe¨¯Í K‡i iv‡L| 1800 wLªóv‡ã Zviv P~ovšÍfv‡e civwRZ nq| Aciw`‡K mbœ¨vmx we‡ ªv‡ni †bZv fevbxcvVK 1787 wLªóv‡ã †jd‡Ub¨v›U †eªbv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ GK`j eªwUk ˆm‡bï Avµg‡Y `yB mnKvixmn wbnZ nb|

mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖavb †bZv wQ‡jb wZwb| Zvi g„Zzï m‡½ m‡½ mbœ¨vmx Av‡›`vj‡biI Aemvb N‡U|

GKK KvR : gxi Kvwk‡gi civR‡qi m‡½ dwKi-mbœ¨vmx‡ì cÖwZ Bs‡iR‡ì Kov bR‡ii m¤ú‡K© Kx?Gi cwiYwZ Kx n‡jv?

wZZzgx‡ii msMÖvg :

gxi wbmvi Avjx Ii‡d wZZzgxi PweŸk ciMbv †Rjvi evivmvZ gnKzgviPuv`cyi MÖv‡g Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| DËi fviZ I DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ cÖ‡`‡khLb Iqvnvwe Av‡›`vj‡bi †Rvqvi Pj‡Q, ZLb cwðge‡½ evivmvZ AÂ‡jGB Av‡›`vjb wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ cÖej AvKvi aviY K‡i| Dwbk


wZZzgxi

kZ‡K fviZe‡l© gymjgvb mgv‡R GK ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡qwQj| evsjvq Zvi `ywU avivcÖengvb wQj| hvi GKwU Iqvnvwe ev gynv¤§`xqv Av‡›`vjb, AciwU di‡qwR Av‡›`vjb bv‡g L¨vZ| Dfq

Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj ag©xq mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi `~i K‡i gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq‡K ag©xq Abykvmb cvj‡bimwVK c_ wb‡`©k Kiv| evsjvi Iqvnvweiv wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ msMwVZ n‡qwQj| wZZzgx‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ

ZwiKv‡q gynv¤§`xqv Av‡›`vjb wQj DËi fvi‡Zi ˆmq` Avng` knx‡ì fveavivq AbycÖvwYZ|

wZZzgxi nR Kivi Rb¨ g°v kwid hvb| 1827 wLªóv‡ã wZwb †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb Ges ag© ms¯‹vi Kv‡R

AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib| Zuvi GB ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡b eû gymjgvb we‡kl K‡i PweŸk ciMbv Ges b`xqv †Rjvi

eû K…lK, ZuvZx GB Av‡›`vj‡b mvov †`q| d‡j Rwg`viiv gymjgvb cÖRv‡ì Dci bvbv ai‡bi wb‡lavÁv Rvwi

K‡i Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZ bvbv wbh©vZbg~jK AvPiY ïiy K‡i| wZZzgxi G AZ¨vPv‡ii weiy‡× KZ©„c‡¶i Kv‡QkvwšÍc~Y©fv‡e mywePvi †P‡q e¨_© nb| †kl ch©šÍ wZwb I Zuvi Abymvixiv mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai c_ Aej¤b K‡ib|1831 wLªt bvwi‡Kjevwoqv MÖv‡g wZZzgxi Zuvi cÖavb NuvwU ¯’vcb K‡ib| wbg©vY K‡ib kw³kvjx GK euv‡ki

†Kj-v| †Mvjvg gvmy‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ M‡o †Zv‡jb my`¶ kw³kvjx jvwVqvj evwnbx|

Bs‡iR, Rwg`vi, bxjKi‡ì Øviv wbh©vwZZ K…lKiv `‡j `‡j wZZzgx‡ii evwnbx‡Z †hvM w`‡j ag© ms¯‹v‡ii

Av‡›`vjb GKwU e¨vcK K…lK Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq| d‡j kvmK-†kvlK Rwg`vi‡kªwY⎯ ev K…lK‡ì msNe×Zv

Ges wZZzgx‡ii kw³ e„w×‡Z kw¼Z n‡q D‡V| †kl ch©šÍ 1831 wLªt wZZzgx‡ii weiy‡× Bs‡iR miKvi GK

wekvj mywkw¶Z †mbvevwnbx †cÖiY K‡i| †gRi ¯‹‡Ui †bZ…‡Z¡ GB evwnbx wZZzgx‡ii bvwi‡Kj evwoqv euv‡ki

†Kj-v AvµgY K‡i| Bs‡iR‡ì Kvgvb e›`y‡Ki mvg‡b ex‡ii g‡Zv jovB K‡i civwRZ nq wZZzgx‡ii evwnbx|

wZwb hy‡× wbnZ nb| †Mvjvi AvNv‡Z euv‡ki †Kj-v D‡o hvq| Gfv‡eB cwimgvwß N‡U GKwU mymsNwUZ K…lK

Av‡›`vj‡bi| wZZzgxi ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q e¨vcK K…lK Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z m¶g

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hywM‡q‡Q ¯^vaxbZvi c‡_ GwM‡q †h‡Z|

GKK KvR

1| wZZzgx‡ii †Kvb †Kvb Kg©KvÊ `ytmvnm Avi †`k‡cÖ‡gi cÖZxK|

2| ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb Kxfv‡e K…lK Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ n‡jv? Gi †cQ‡bi KviY AbymÜvb Ki|

bxj we‡`ªvn

Bs‡iRiv G‡`‡k G‡mwQj eëmv-evwYR¨ Ki‡Z| Dcgnv‡`‡ki kvmK‡ì `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M Zviv G‡`‡ki

kvmK n‡q D‡V| Z‡e me mgq Zv‡ì eëmvqx eyw× wQj mRvM| GB mRvM eëmvqx eyw×i Kvi‡YB evsjvi

De©i dm‡ji †¶‡Z Zv‡ì `„wó c‡o| Zviv GB De©i †¶Z¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨ dm‡ji (Lvevi dmj) cwie‡Z© evwYR¨

dmj (evwY‡Rï Rb¨ †h dmj) Drcv`‡bi AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V| bxj wQj Zv‡ì †mB evwYwR¨K dmj|

Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvq cÖwZ‡iva, beRvMiY I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb 97

H mg‡q bxj eëmv wQj LyeB jvfRbK| e¯‘Z wk‡íi DbœwZi m‡½ m‡½ Kvco is Kivi Rb¨ weª‡U‡b bx‡jiPvwn`v Lye †e‡o hvq| ZvQvov Av‡gwiKvi weªwUk Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv ¯vaxb n‡q hvIqvi Kvi‡Y Bs‡iR ewYK‡ì†mLvbKvi bxj Pvl eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j evsjv n‡q D‡V bxj mieiv‡ni cÖ`vb †K› ª| 1770 †_‡K 1780 wLªtg‡a¨ Bs‡iR Avg‡j evsjv‡`k bxjPvl ïiy nq|

bxjPv‡li Rb¨ bxjKiMY K…l‡Ki m‡e©vrK…ó Rwg †e‡Q wbZ| K…lK‡ì bxjPv‡li Rb¨ AMÖxg A_© MÖn‡Y (`v`b)eva¨ Kiv n‡Zv| Avi GKevi GB `v`b MÖnY Ki‡j my`-Avm‡j hZB K…lKiv FY cwi‡kva KiyK bv †Kb, eskci¤úivq †Kv‡bv w`bB FY †kva n‡Zv bv| bxjPv‡l K…lKiv ivwR bv n‡j Zv‡ì Dci Pig AZ¨vPvi Pvjv‡bvn‡Zv| evsjv‡`‡k bx‡ji eëmv wQj GK‡PwUqv Bs‡iR ewYK‡ì| dwi`cyi, h‡kvi, XvKv, cvebv, ivRkvnx,b`xqv, gywk©`vev‡` e¨vcK bxj Pvl n‡Zv|

wRwbm c‡Îi g~j¨ e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ bxj Pv‡li LiPI e„w× cvq| bxjKiiv welqwU we‡ePbvq ivLZ bv| ZvQvovcÖ_g w`‡K Zviv Pvwl‡ì webvg~‡j¨ bxj exR mieivn Ki‡jI c‡ii w`‡K ZvI eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j µgvMZbxjPvl Pvwl‡ì Rb¨ Am¤¢e n‡q ùvovq|

Dchy©³ eÂbvi nvZ †_‡K Pvwl‡ì euvPvi †Kv‡bv Dcvq wQj bv| AvBb wQj Zv‡ì bvMv‡ji evB‡i| AvBb hvivcÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb, †mme wePviK‡ì †ewki fvM wQj bxjKi‡ì ¯‡`kx ev eÜz| Avevi bxjKiivI A‡bK mgqwb‡RivB A‰eZwbK (Abvivwi) g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡` wb‡qvM †c‡Zb| d‡j AvB‡bi Avkªq ev mywePvi cvIqv Pvwli Rb¨wQj Am¤¢e| GgZve¯’vq bxjKi mv‡neiv evsjvi MÖvgvÂ‡j ïay eëmvqx iƒ‡c bq †`v`©Ê cÖZvckvjx GK AwfbeAZ¨vPvix Rwg`vi iƒ‡cI AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| Giv GZUvB wbôzi Avi †ec‡ivqv n‡q D‡VwQj †h Aeva¨ bxjPvwl‡KnZ¨v Ki‡ZI wØav K‡iwb|

†kl ch©šÍ †`qv‡j wcV †V‡K hvIqv bxj Pvwliv 1859 wLªt cÖPÊ we‡`ªv‡n †d‡U c‡o| MÖv‡g-MÖv‡g K…lKiv msMwVZGes HKë× n‡Z _v‡K| GB me we‡`ªv‡ni †bZ…Z¡ †`q bxjPvwlivB| h‡kv‡ii bxj we‡ ªv‡ni †bZv wQ‡jb bexbgvae I †ebx gvae bv‡g `yB fvB| ûMjx‡Z †bZ…Z¡ †`b ê`¨bv_ I wek¦bv_ m`©vi| b`xqvq wQ‡jb †gNbv m`©viGes b`xqvi †PŠMvQvq we‡ ªv‡ni †bZ…Z¡ †`b weòzPiY wek¦vm I w`M¤î wek¦vm bv‡g `yB fvB| ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi GB†bZ…‡Z¡ evsjvq K…lK we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡‡j D‡V| K…lKiv bxj Pvl bv Kivi c‡¶ `„p Ae¯’vb †bq| GgbwK ZvivBs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui Dc‡`kI AMÖvn¨ K‡i| wkw¶Z ga¨weË †kªwY bxjPvwl‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj g‡bvfve cÖKvkKi‡Z _v‡K| wewfbœ cwÎKvq bxjKi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvwnbx Qvcv n‡Z _v‡K| `xbeÜz wg‡Îi †jLv Ôbxj`c©YÕbvU‡Ki Kvwnbx Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q c‡o|

†kl ch©šÍ evsjvi msMÖvgx K…lK‡ì Rq nq| 1861 wLªt weªwUk miKvi BwÛ‡Mv Kwgkb ev bxj Kwgkb MVbK‡i| GB Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡ki Dci wfwË K‡i bxj Pvl‡K K…lK‡ì ÔB”QvaxbÕ e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| ZvQvovBwÛ‡Mv K›Uªv± evwZj nq| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z bxj we‡`ªv‡ni Aemvb nq| cieZ©xKv‡j bx‡ji weKí K…wÎg bxjAvwe®‹„Z nIqvq 1892 wLª÷v‡ã G‡`‡k bxjPvl wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q hvq|

GKK KvR : 1 †Kvb Ae¯’vi †cÖw¶‡Z bxj we‡ ªvn N‡U-Zvi Dci †Km ÷¨vwW cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

GKK KvR : 2 evsjvq wPiZ‡i bxj Pvl eÜ nIqvi †cÖ¶vcU Zz‡j a‡iv|


div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb

div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZôvbv nvRx kixqZDj-vn e„nËi dwi`cy‡ii gv`vixcyi †Rjvi kvmkvBj MÖv‡g 1782 wLªtRb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb `xN© wek eQi g°vq Ae¯’vb K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb Bmjvg a‡g©i Dci †jLvcov K‡iAMva cvwÊZ¨ AR©b K‡ib|

†`‡k wd‡i wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h evsjvi gymjgvbiv Bmjv‡gi cÖK…Z wk¶v †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i m‡i †M‡Q| Zv‡ìg‡a¨ A‰bmjvwgK ixwZbxwZ, Kzms¯‹vi, AbvPvi cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| Bmjvg ag©‡K Kzms¯‹vi Avi Gme A‰bmjvwgKAbvPvigy³ Ki‡Z wZwb `„pcÖwZÁ nb| GB cÖwZÁvi ekeZ©x n‡q wZwb Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© evsjvigymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ GK ag©xq-mvgvwRK ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ K‡ib| nvRx kixqZDj-vni GB ag©xqms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi bvgB Ôdiv‡qwR Av‡›`vjbÕ|

div‡qwR kãwU Aviwe ÔdiRÕ (Aek¨ KZ©e¨) kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hviv diR cvjb K‡i ZvivB div‡qwR| Avievsjvq huviv nvRx kixqZDj-vni Abymvix wQ‡jb, BwZnv‡m ïay Zv‡ì‡KB div‡qwR ejv n‡q _v‡K| kixqZDj-vn†h di‡Ri Dci we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb, Zv wQj cweÎ KziAv‡b ewY©Z cuvPwU Aek¨cvjbxq (diR)†gŠjbxwZ| GB †gŠjbxwZ¸‡jv n‡”QÑ Cgvb ev Avj-vni GKZ¡ I †imvjv‡Z wek¦vm, bvgvR, †ivRv, nR, RvKvZ|Bmjvg Abby‡gvw`Z me wek¦vm, AvPvi-AvPiY I Abyôvb Z¨vM K‡i Bmjvg a‡g© hv Aek¨KiYxq, Zv cvjb KiviRb¨ wZwb gymjgvb mgvR‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wZwb evsjv Z_v fviZe‡l© weªwUk kvmb †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| wZwbBs‡iR ivRZ¡‡K N„Yvi †Pv‡L †`L‡Zb| wZwb fviZel©‡K Ô`viyj nvieÕ A_©vr, Ôhy×iZ †`kÕ e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib|wZwb weag©x-weRvZxq kvwmZ †`‡k Rygv Ges `yB C‡ì bvgvR eR©‡bi Rb¨ gymjgvb‡ì wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb|

evsjvi †kvwlZ, wbh©vwZZ `wi`ª ivqZ, K…lK, ZuvZx, †Zwj m¤cÖ`vq ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e GB Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡i|kixqZDj-vni Dci `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Av¯’v, wek¦vm, Zuvi AmvaviY mvdj¨ wbgœ‡kªwYi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ `„p HK¨M‡o †Zv‡j| gymjgvb‡ì ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôv‡b Rwg`viiv evav cÖ`vb Ki‡Z _v‡K| wZwb cÖRv‡ì A‰ea Ki†`qv †_‡K weiZ _vKvi Dc‡`k †`b Ges Rwg`vi‡ì me AZ¨vPv‡ii weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘wZ†bb| †`kRy‡o Afve †`Lv w`‡j wZwb byb-fv‡Zi `vweI DÌvcb K‡ib|

Rwg`vi‡kªwY bvbv ARynv‡Z div‡qwR cÖRv‡ì Dci AZ¨vPvi ïiy Ki‡j cÖRv‡ì i¶vi Rb¨ wZwb jvwVqvj evwnbxMV‡bi wm×všÍ †bb| 1839 wLªt Zvi Dci cywjwk wb‡lavÁv Rvwi Kiv nq| 1840 mv‡j wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|Zuvi g„Zzï ci div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡bi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib Zuvi †hvM¨cyÎ gyn¤§` gynwmbDÏxb Avng` Ii‡d `y`ywgqv| wZwb 1819 wLªt Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wcZvi g‡Zv cwÊZ bv n‡jI Zuvi mvsMVwbK ¶gZv wQj AmvaviY|

GKK KvR : nvRx kixqZDj-vn †h di‡Ri Dci ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

`y`y wgqvi †bZ…‡Z¡ div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb GKvav‡i GKwU ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡bi cvkvcvwk K…lK‡kªwYi †kvlYgyw³i mk¯¿ msMÖv‡g cwiYZ nq| hvi d‡j GB Av‡›`vj‡bi PwiÎ †kl ch©šÍ ïay ag©xq ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vj‡big‡a¨ mxgve× iBj bv| Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì Pig A_©‰bwZK †kvl‡Y wech©¯Í evsjvi K…lK GB Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g†kvlYwe‡ivax cÖZ¨¶ f~wgKvq AeZ©xY n‡jv| nvRvi nvRvi K…lK I Rwg`vi, bxjKi mv‡ne‡ì wbh©vZb †_‡KeuvPvi Rb¨ div‡qwR Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM`vb K‡i|


`y`ywgqv wQ‡jb div‡qwR‡ì ¸iy ev I¯Ív`| wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb kvwšÍwcÖq bxwZ cwinvi K‡i mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gwjß nb| div‡qwR‡ì cÖwZ‡iva msMÖvg‡K `„p Ges kw³kvjx Kivi j‡¶¨ wZwb wb‡R jvwV Pvjbv wk¶v jvfK‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi Avg‡ji jvwVqvj RvjvjDwÏb †gvj-v‡K †mbvcwZ wb‡qvM K‡i GK my`¶ jvwVqvj evwnbx M‡o†Zv‡jb| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj Rwg`vi‡ì A‰ea Ki Av‡ivc Ges bxjKi‡ì AZ¨vPv‡ii weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iv‡ai eë¯’vKiv| GLv‡b D‡j-L¨, dwi`cyi, cvebv, ivRkvnx, h‡kvi, gywk©`vev`, b`xqv cÖf„wZ gymjgvbcÖavb AÂj¸‡jv bxjPv‡li Rb¨ wQj DrK…ó| myZivs G AÂ‡j bxjKiM‡Yi AZ¨vPv‡ii gvÎvI wQj `ytmn| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ MÖvgvÂ‡j¯^vaxb miKvi MVb Kiv n‡qwQj| K…lK cÖRvmvaviY‡K wb‡q ¯vaxb miKv‡ii GKUv †mbvevwnbxI (jvwVqvjevwnbx) MVb Kiv n‡qwQj|

div‡qwR‡ì miKvieë¯’vq c~e© evsjv‡K KZ¸‡jv njKv ev GjvKvq wef³ Kiv nq| `y`y wgqv Zuvi Abymvix‡ìwb‡q `xN©Kvje¨vcx Rwg`vi, bxjKi miKv‡ii weiy‡× GB msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvb| †`kxq Rwg`viiv we‡`wk Bs‡iRmiKvi I bxjKi mv‡ne‡ì m‡½ nvZ wgwj‡q Zuvi weiy‡× G‡Ki ci GK †dŠR`vwi gvgjv `v‡qi Ki‡Z_v‡K| wKšÍy `y`y wgqvi weiy‡× mv¶x bv †c‡q evievi Zv‡K gyw³ w`‡Z nq| †kl ch©šÍ 1857 mv‡j fvi‡Zi cÖ_g¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Av¸b R¡‡j DV‡j Bs‡iR miKvi fxZ-mš¿¯Í n‡q D‡V| fxZ Bs‡iR miKvi `y`y wgqv‡KivR‰bwZK e›`x wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi KvivMv‡i AvU‡K iv‡L| 1860 wLªt wZwb gyw³ cvb Ges 1862 wLªt GB†`k‡cÖwgK wec-exi g„Zz¨ N‡U| Zuvi g„Zzï ci †hvM¨ †bZ„‡Z¡i Afv‡e div‡qwR Av‡›`vjb `ye©j n‡q c‡o|

GKK KvR : 1857 mv‡ji fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq Bs‡iR miKvi fxZ n‡q `y`y wgqv‡K Kviviy×K‡i| Gi †cQ‡bi KviY¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e mvRvI|

beRvMiY I ms¯‹vi Av‡›`vjb

beRvMiY

1757 mv‡j cjvkx hy‡×i ci G AÂ‡ji A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi GK my`~icÖmvix Bw½Ze‡q Av‡b| Avevi Aóv`k kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© Bsj¨v‡Û wkí wec-e Ges d«v‡Ý i³¶qx divwm wec-‡ei (1789 wLªt)cÖfveI G‡m c‡o G AÂ‡ji ivRbxwZ I A_©bxwZ‡Z| G mg‡q evsjvi wKQymsL¨K e¨w³ GB êc-weK cwieZ©‡bims¯ú‡k© Av‡mb| ZvivB evsjvq †i‡bmuv ev beRvMi‡Yi m~Pbv K‡ib| BD‡ivcxq Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZKcwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e GB wkw¶Z evOvwj‡ì g‡b beRvMi‡Yi m~Pbv nq| G‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖfv‡e †`kevmxi g‡aÄvZ¥m‡PZbv, AvZ¥gh©v`v‡eva I ¯^vZš¿‡eva Zxeªfv‡e RvMÖZ n‡Z _v‡K| beRvMi‡Yi cÖfv‡eB †kl ch©šÍ G†`kevmxi g‡a¨ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi cÖv_wgK wfZ iwPZ nq, hv †kl ch©šÍ evOvwj‡K Z_v fviZxq‡ì¯^vaxbZvi c‡_ †V‡j †`q|

GB mg‡q cÖPwjZ ag©, wk¶v-ms¯‹…wZ, mvwnZ¨, mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I HwZ‡nï weiy‡× GK ai‡bi wPšÍvi wecøem~wPZ nq| GB cwiYwZ‡Z D™¢e N‡U bZzb ag©gZ (eªvþ ag© I be wn›`yev`), bZzb wk¶v, bZzb mvwnZ¨, bZzbmvgvwRK Av`k© I ixwZbxwZi| GB bZy‡bi g‡a¨B evsjvq Ô†i‡bmuvÕ ev beRvMi‡Yi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| Gfv‡eBDcgnv‡`‡k evsjvq cÖ_g beRvMi‡Yi ev †i‡bmuvi Rb¥| d‡j mviv fviZe‡l©i g‡a¨ evsjv n‡q D‡V AvaywbK wPšÍv-†PZbvi †K›`ª¯’j| Bs‡iwR wk¶v I cvðvZ¨ fveavivi cÖfv‡e evOvwj cwiYZ nq cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi aviK-


evn‡K| evOvwj eyw×Rxex‡ì A‡b‡KB ga¨hyMxq wPšÍv-†PZbv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i hyw³ev`, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv, êÁvwbK`„wófw½‡K MÖnY K‡i AvaywbK gvby‡l cwiYZ nb| GB be fveaviv cÖmv‡i B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi wKQymsL¨KD`vi‡PZv cÖkvm‡KiI Ae`vb i‡q‡Q| Giv †`wk fvlv-mvwn‡Zï DbœwZi Rb¨ cÖej Drmvn †`wL‡q‡Qb| †nw÷sm,G¨vjwdb‡÷vb, g¨vjKg gb‡iv, †gUKvd cÖgyL Bs‡iR cÖkvm‡Ki A‡b‡K fviZevmx‡K cvðvZ¨ fveaviv, Ávb-weÁvb-`k©‡b D¾xweZ Kiv‡K Zv‡ì ˆbwZK I gvbweK `vwqZ¡ KZ©e¨ e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zb| ZvQvov wLªóvbwgkbvwi‡ì cÖwZwôZ QvcvLvbvI AvaywbK wk¶vi fveaviv cÖmv‡i D‡j-L‡hvM¨ f~wgKv cvj‡b m¶g nq|

ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq

evsjvi beRvMi‡Yi mªóv fvi‡Zi cÖ_g AvaywbK cyiyl wQ‡jb ivRvivg‡gvnb ivq| 1774 wLªt ûMjx †Rjvi ivavbMi MÖv‡g Zuvi Rb¥|AmvaviY cvwÊ‡Zï AwaKvix ivg‡gvnb| we‡kl K‡i Aviwe, dviwm, D`y©,j¨vwUb I wMÖK fvlvq wZwb Amvgvb¨ `¶Zv AR©b K‡ib| wZwb †e`všÍm~ÎI †e`všÍmvimn Dcwbl‡ì Abyev` cÖKvk K‡ib| Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvi g‡aÄv‡Q Zzn&dvZzj gyRvnwn``xb (G‡Kk¦iev` †mŠif), gbRvivZzj Avw`qvb(wewfbœ a‡g©i Dci Av‡jvPbv), fÆvPv‡h©i mwnZ wePvi, wn›`yw`‡Mi†cŠËwjK ag©cÖYvwj BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov wZwb m¤^v` †KŠgy`x, wgivZzj AvLevi I eªvþwYKvj g¨vMvwRb bv‡g wZbwUcwÎKvi cÖKvkKI wQ‡jb|

AvaywbK fvi‡Zi iƒcKvi ivRv ivg‡gvnb ZrKvjxb mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK MwZaviv Mfxifv‡e ch©‡e¶YK‡ib| wb‡Ri wPšÍvavivi Av‡jv‡K bZzb mgvR MV‡b cÖqvmx nb| wZwb wn›`y mgv‡Ri mZx`vn, evj¨weevn,†KŠwjb¨ cÖ_v, g~wZ©c~Rv I Ab¨vb¨ Kzms¯‹vi `~i Ki‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| ZvQvov wZwb me Kyms¯‹vi `~i K‡i Avw`G‡Kk¦iev‡ì wfwË‡Z wn›`yag© cybtcÖwZôv Ki‡Z m‡Pó nb| wn›`ya‡g©i ms¯‹vi Z_v wbR ag©xq gZev` cÖPv‡iiD‡Ï‡k¨ AvZ¥xq mfv bv‡g GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib| 1828 wLªt 20 AvM÷ wZwb eªvþmgvR cÖwZôv K‡ib|1830 wLªt wZwb eªvþYmgv‡Ri Dcvmbvjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi eªvþmgvR cÖwZôv Dcgnv‡`‡ki ag©xq BwZnv‡mGK behy‡Mi m~Pbv K‡i| ïay mvgvwRK Avi ag©xq welq bq, wk¶v we¯Ív‡iI Zuvi Ae`vb wQj| wZwb wek¦vmKi‡Zb, †`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Bs‡iwR wk¶vi| G Kvi‡Y wZwb wb‡R ms¯‹…Z cwÊZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I 1923wLªt cÖ¯ÍvweZ miKvwi ms¯‹…Z K‡j‡Ri cÖwZôvi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| ivRv ivg‡gvnb 1822 wLªt KjKvZvqÔA¨vs‡jv wn›`y ¯‹zjÕ cÖwZôv K‡ib, †hLv‡b Bs‡iwR, `k©b, AvaywbK weÁvb covevi eë¯’v wQj| G‡`kevmx‡Kms¯‹…Z wk¶vi e`‡j AvaywbK Ávb, weÁvb, `k©b wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v K‡i Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij jW© Avgnv÷©‡K wPwV†j‡Lb| ZvQvov fviZxq‡ì wk¶vi Rb¨ Bs‡iR miKvi KZ©„K wba©vwiZ 1 j¶ UvKv wZwb ms¯‹…Z I gv ªvmvwk¶vi e¨q bv K‡i AvaywbK wk¶vq e¨q Kivi RbÏ Av‡e`b K‡ib|

1833 wLt GB gnvcyiyl fviZxq †i‡bmuvi mªóv ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi g„Zz¨ nq| Zuvi g„Zzï `yB eQi ci 1835wLªt Zvi ¯^cœ mdj nq| fviZxq‡ì cvðvZ¨ fvlvq wk¶v †Ìqvi miKvwi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq|

KvR : ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi wjwLZ MÖš’ Ges cÖKvwkZ cwÎKv¸‡jvi ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

Qwe ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq


wW‡ivwRI I Bqvs †e½j gyf‡g›U

†nbwi jyB wW‡ivwRI 1809 wLªt 18 GwcÖj KjKvZv kn‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv wQ‡jb cZy©wMR Ges gv

wQ‡jb evOvwj| wW‡ivwRI Bs‡iwR wk¶vi ¯‹zj †WwfW Wªvg‡Ûi ag©Zjv GKv‡Wwg‡Z cov‡jLv ïiy K‡ib| ¯‹z‡j

cÖavb wk¶K WªvgÛ wQ‡jb cÖMwZev`x, ms¯‹vigy³ Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv mg„× gvbeZvev`x AZ¨šÍ wbôvevb

wk¶K| GB wk¶‡Ki Av`k© wW‡ivwRI‡K Zuvi wkïKvj †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ cÖfvweZ K‡i †i‡LwQj| †h Kvi‡Y

cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb n‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi †hvM¨ DËim~wi| wZwb wQ‡jb Ô†i‡bmuvÕ hy‡M evOvwj hyemgv‡Ri g‡a¨ Av‡jvob m„wóKvix ÔBqvs †e½jÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v| eq‡m ZiyY n‡jI wZwb BwZnvm, Bs‡iwR,

mvwnZ¨, `k©bkv‡¯¿ Mfxi Áv‡bi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| Zuvi `~i`„wó, ewM¥Zv I we‡k-lY¶gZv ZrKvjxb ZiyYmgvR‡K e¨vcK cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj|

Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gva© Ry‡o wQj ivRv ivg‡gvnb iv‡qi Av‡›`vj‡bi aviv| `„pfv‡e †m aviv‡K euvwP‡q †i‡LwQj

wn›`y K‡j‡Ri cÖwZfvevb QvÎe„›`, Bqs †e½j Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g| huvi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb wn›`y K‡j‡Ri ZiyY

Aa¨vcK †nbwi jyBm wW‡ivwRI| wZwb Zuvi QvÎ-Abymvix‡ì ¯vaxb gZvgZ e¨³ Kivi wk¶v †`b|

Bqvs †e½j Av‡›`vj‡bi m`mïv G †`kevmx‡K evievi G K_vB †evSv‡Z †P‡q‡Q †h Zviv weªwUk KZ…©K kvwmZ I

†kvwlZ n‡”Q| G Kvi‡Y GB ZiyYiv fviZevmxi ¯v_©we‡ivax me Kv‡Ri †Nvi we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q| †hgbÑ †cÖmAvBb, gwikv‡m fviZxq kªwgK ißvwb, fviZevmxi ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZ D`vmxb 1833 mv‡ji PvU©vi AvBb G‡ì Øviv

Zxeªfv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q|

ZiyY mgv‡Ri cy‡iv‡bv a¨vb aviYv cv‡ë w`‡Z wW‡ivwRI 1828 wLªt cÖwZwôZ GKv‡Wwg A¨v‡mvwm‡qkb ¸iyZ¡c~Y©f~wgKv iv‡L| GKv‡Wwg ZiyY‡ì GB wk¶v †Ìqv nq †h hyw³nxb wek¦vm n‡jv g„Zzï mgvb| bZzb wPšÍvavivqcÖfvweZ ZiyYiv mbvZbcš’x wn›`y Ges †Muvovcš’x wLª÷vb‡ì ag©wek¦v‡mI AvNvZ nv‡b| d‡j Giv wW‡ivwRI

Ges Zvi GKv‡Wwgi m`m¨‡ì cÖwZ ¶zä nq| 1830 wLªt wW‡ivwRIi Aby‡cÖiYvq wn›`y K‡j‡Ri QvÎiv Ôcv‡_©bbÕ

bv‡g GKwU Bs‡iwR mvßvwnK cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡i| G‡Z mgvR, ag©, wewfbœ Kyms¯‹v‡ii weiy‡× wb›`vm~PKmgv‡jvPbv cÖKvwkZ n‡Z _vK‡j K‡jR KZ©„c¶ GwU eÜ K‡i †`q| wZwb 1831 wLªt ÔwnmcvevmÕ bvgK GKwU

cwÎKv m¤úv`bv Ges ÔB÷ BwÛqvÕ bv‡g GKwU ˆ`wbK cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡ib| H eQiB wW‡m¤^‡i gvÎ †ZBk eQieq‡m wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

Zuvi g„Zzï ciI Zuvi cÖ`wk©Z c_ AbymiY K‡i Pj‡Z _v‡K Zuvi nv‡Z Mov Abymvixiv| wW‡ivwRIi g„Zzï ci

Zuvi Abymvix QvÎiv wewfbœ †¶‡Î Ae`vb ivL‡Z _v‡K| Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb ivgZby jvwnox, ivavbv_

wmK`vi, c¨vwiPuv` wgÎ, K…ò‡gvnb e¨vbvwR© cÖgyL| gvB‡Kj gaymy`b `Ë Zuvi QvÎ bv n‡jI Zuvi Av`k© Øviv

Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡qwQ‡jb| wW‡ivwRIi Abymvix‡ì Av‡›`vjb Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|

GKK KvR : Ôhyw³nxb wek¦vm n‡jv g„Zzï mgvbÕ-Gi Av‡jv‡K wW‡ivwRIi Kg©KvÊ g~j¨vqY Ki||


Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi

cvwÊZ¨, wk¶v we¯Ívi, mgvR ms¯‹vi, `qv ªZv I †ZRw¯Zvq Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi wQ‡jb Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvqGKK e¨w³Z¡| Zuvi cÖÁv wQj cÖvPxb fviZxq Fwli g‡Zv, †kŠh© wQj Bs‡iR‡ì g‡Zv, Avi ü`q wQj evsjvi†KvgjgwZ gv‡q‡ì g‡Zv|

GB AmvaviY hyM cÖeZ©K gnvcyiy‡li Rb¥ n‡qwQj 1820 wLªt †g‡`bxcyi†Rjvi exiwmsn MÖv‡g| wZwb Zuvi †ZRw¯^Zv, mZ¨wbôv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi`wi`ª eªvþY wcZv VvKzi`vm e‡›`vcva¨v‡qi KvQ †_‡K| Avi ü`‡qiggZ¡‡eva Zuvi gv fvMeZx‡èxi KvQ †_‡K| `vwi‡`ªi Kvi‡Y iv‡Z evwZR¡vwj‡q covi ¶gZv wQj bv| d‡j wkï Ck¦iP›`ª mÜ¨vi ci †_‡K MfxiivZ ch©šÍ iv¯Ívi M¨vm evwZi wb‡P `vwo‡q cov‡kvbv Ki‡Zb| wZwbBs‡iwR msL¨v MYbv wk‡LwQ‡jb Zuvi evevi m‡½ MÖv‡gi evwo †_‡K cv‡q†nu‡U KjKvZvq Avmvi mgq, iv¯Ívi cv‡ki gvBj dj‡Ki msL¨vi wn‡me¸Y‡Z ¸Y‡Z|

AmvaviY †gav Avi Aaëmv‡qi ¸‡Y wZwb gvÎ GKzk eQi eq‡m ms¯‹…Z mvwnZ¨, e¨vKiY, b¨vq, †e`všÍ, ¯§„wZ,Aj¼vi BZ¨vw` wel‡q AMva cvwÛZ¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| H e‡q‡m wZwb †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri cwÛ‡Zi`vwqZ¡ jvf K‡ib| GKBm‡½ wZwb we`¨vjq cwi`k©‡Ki `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib|

Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡e‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wZwb mvwnZ¨ PP©vqI g‡bv‡hvMx nb| evsjv fvlvq DbœZgv‡bi cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Afve†`‡L wZwb M`¨mvwnZ¨ iPbv ïiy K‡ib| wZwb evsjv M`¨mvwnZ¨‡K beRxeb `vb K‡ib| G Rb¨ Zuv‡K evsjvM`¨mvwn‡Zï RbK ejv nq| wkï‡ì †jLvcov mnR Kivi Rb¨ wZwb iPbv K‡ib eY© cwiP‡qi cÖ_g I wØZxqfvM| ms¯‹…Z fvlv wk¶v‡K mnR Kivi Rb¨ wZwb e¨vKi‡Yi DcµgwYKv iPbv K‡ib| ZvQvov wZwb A‡bKMÖ‡š’i AbyevÌ K‡i‡Qb|

ïay mvwnZ¨ bq, wk¶v we¯Ív‡i Zuvi K…wZZ¡ AmvaviY| ms¯‹…Z wk¶vi ms¯‹vi, evsjv wk¶vi wfwË¯’vcb Gesbvixwk¶v cÖmv‡i AMÖYx f~wgKv Zuvi A¶q KxwZ©| ZvQvov ¯‹zj cwi`k©K _vKvKv‡j MÖv‡g-M‡Ä 20wU g‡Wj ¯‹zj,35wU evwjKv we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ we`¨vjq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡jv †g‡UªvcwjUbBbw÷wUDkb| GLb GwU we`¨vmvMi K‡jR bv‡g L¨vZ|

wZwb GKRb mdj mgvR-ms¯‹viKI wQ‡jb| †`‡k cÖPwjZ bvbv ai‡bi Kzms¯‹v‡ii weiy‡× wZwb iy‡L ùvovb|wZwb Kb¨vwkï nZ¨v, eûweevn cÖ_vi weiy‡× msMÖv‡g wjß nb| wZwb wn›`y mgv‡R weaev weev‡ni c‡¶ K‡VviAe¯’vb †bb| Zuvi wbijm cÖ‡Póvi Kvi‡Y 1856 wLªt Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji m¤§wZµ‡g weaev weevn AvBb cvk nq|

we`¨vmvMi `vb-`vw¶‡Yï Rb¨ L¨vZ wQ‡jb| G Kvi‡Y Zuv‡K `qvi mvMiI ejv n‡Zv| wZwb h‡_ó m”Qj bvn‡jI eû Abv_ QvÎ Zuvi evmvq †_‡K †jLvcov Ki‡Zv| Kwe gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi Pig A_©K‡ói mg‡qwe`¨vmvMi Zuv‡K cÖPzi A_© mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Qb| Kwe bexbP›`ª †mb ZiyY eq‡m we`¨vmvM‡ii A‡_© †jLvcovK‡i‡Qb|

Qwe : we`¨vmvMi


Zuvi gvZ…fw³ wQj AmvaviY| gv‡qi B”Qvq wZwb MÖv‡g `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq I we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| gv‡qi Wv‡Kmvov w`‡q Zvi Kv‡Q hvIqvi Rb¨ wZwb GKevi fiv el©vq Mfxi iv‡Z `v‡gv‡ì b` cvi n‡q evwo hvb|

GB mgvR †meK gnvÁvbx 1891 wLªt 71 eQi eq‡m ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib|

GKK KvR : we`¨vmvMi‡K evsjv M`¨mvwn‡Zï RbK ejvi KviY AbymÜvb Ki|

nvRx gyn¤§` gnmxb

nvRx gyn¤§` gnmxb 1732 wLªt cwðge‡½i ûMjx‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| Zuvi

wcZvi bvg wQj gyn¤§` dqRyj-vn| gv‡qi bvg wQj Rqbve Lvbg| Zv‡ì

Avw` wbevm wQj cvi‡m¨| nvwR gyn¤§` gnmx‡bi c~e©cyiyl fvM¨ A‡š^l‡Y

G‡m ûMjx kn‡i emevm ïiy K‡i|

gnmx‡bi wk¶vRxeb ïiy ûMjx‡Z| Zuvi M„nwk¶K AvMv wmivRx wQ‡jb

GKRb cwÊZ e¨w³| wZwb Zvui Kv‡Q Aviwe-dviwm fvlv wk¶v jvf K‡ib|

†fvjvbv_ I¯Ív` bv‡g GKRb m½xZwe‡ì Kv‡Q †mZvi evRv‡bv I

m½xZ †k‡Lb| Zuvi D”Pwk¶v ïiy nq gywk©`vev‡`| wcZvi g„Zzï ci wZwb ûMjx wd‡i Av‡mb Ges 1762 wLªt

†`k åg‡Y †ei nb| wZwb g°v, gw`bv Mgb K‡ib Ges nReªZ cvjb K‡ib| Avie, wgki, cvim¨ ågY K‡i

wZwb mvZvk eQi ci †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb| Aviwe, dviwm, D`y© I Bs‡iwR Ges BwZnvm I exRMwY‡Z Zuvi AMva

cvwÛZ¨ wQj|

1803 wLªt Zuvi GKgvÎ †ev‡bi g„Zz¨ n‡j wbtmšÍvb †ev‡bi wekvj m¤úwËi gvwjK nb wZwb| wZwb AZ¨šÍ mvaviY

Rxebhvcb Ki‡Zb| ZLb evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì wQj Pig `yw`©b| A_© e¨q K‡i †jLvcovi ¶gZv Zv‡ì wQj bv|

wZwb Zuvi mgy`q A_© wk¶v we¯Ívi wPwKrmv Ges `wi`ª gvby‡li Rb¨ e¨q K‡ib|

wZwb ûMwj‡Z GKwU we`¨vjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| XvKv, PÆMÖvg, h‡kvi cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡bi gv`ªvmvi DbœwZ mva‡bi

D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖPzi A_© `vb K‡ib| g„Zzï Qq eQi c~‡e© 1806 wLªt GKwU dvÛ MVb K‡i RbwnZKi Kv‡h© mg¯Í

m¤úwË `vb K‡ib| gnmxb dv‡Ûi A‡_© Zuvi g„Zzï ci 1836 wLªt ûMjx gnmxb dvÛ, ûMjx `vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq

Ges 1848 wLªt ûMjx‡Z Bgvgevov cÖwZwôZ nq| G Qvov ûMjx, XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx‡Z gv ªvmv I QvÎvevm

cÖwZôv Kiv nq| gnmxb dv‡Ûi e„wËi A‡_© nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb ZiyY D”P-wk¶v jv‡fi my‡hvM cvq| Gu‡ì

g‡a¨ evsjvi gymjgvb mgvR‡K huviv cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi c_ †`wL‡qwQ‡jb, Zuv‡ì AMÖ`~Z ˆmq` Avgxi AvjxI

wQ‡jb| Gfv‡e wZwb Zuvi g„Zz¨ ciI evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ wk¶vi c_ myMg K‡i hvb| GB `vbkxj

we`¨vbyivMx gnvcyiyl 1812 wLªt 29 b‡f¤i ûMjx‡Z ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|

KvR : RbwnZKi Kv‡h© nvRx gyn¤§` gynmx‡bi A_© †Kv_vq †Kv_vq e¨q n‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

Qwe : nvRx gyn¤§` gnmxb


bIqve Ave`yj jwZd

Ave`yj jwZd 1828 wLªt dwi`cyi †Rjvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb KjKvZv gv ªvmvq Bs‡iwR wk¶v jvf K‡ib|wk¶vRxeb †kl K‡i wZwb cÖ_‡g XvKv K‡jwR‡qU ¯‹zj Ges c‡i KjKvZv gv`ªvmvq Aa¨vcbv K‡ib| 1849 wLªtwZwb †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui c‡` †hvM`vb K‡ib| 1877 wLªt Zv‡K KjKvZv †cÖwm‡WwÝi g¨vwR‡÷ªU c‡` DbœxZKiv nq| 1884 wLªt wZwb miKvix PvKzwi †_‡K Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b Zuvi K…wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ miKvi Zuv‡KcÖ_‡g Lvb evnv`yi I c‡i bIqve Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i|

wZwb evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ Bs‡iwR wk¶vi we¯Ív‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Ges Zv‡ì Bs‡iwR wk¶vi ¸iyZ¡ eyS‡Zcv‡ib| ZvB wZwb gymjgvb‡ì AvaywbK wk¶vq wkw¶Z K‡i Zv‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡Póv Pvjvb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨RbgZ MV‡bi Rb¨ wZwb 1853 wLªt Ôgymjgvb QvÎ‡ì c‡¶ Bs‡iwR wk¶vi mydjÕ kxl©K GK iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZviAv‡qvRb K‡ib| Zuvi cÖ‡Póvq KjKvZv gv`ªvmvq A¨vs‡jv-cvwm©qvb wefvM †Lvjv nq| †mLv‡b D`y©, evsjv wk¶viIeë¯’v Kiv nq| D”P-wk¶v MÖn‡Y gymjgvb QvÎ‡ì mgm¨vi K_v wZwb miKv‡ii Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡ib| ZuvicÖ‡Póvq wn›`y K‡jR †cÖwm‡WwÝ K‡j‡R iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡j gymjgvb QvÎiv †mLv‡b cov‡jLv Kivi my‡hvM cvq|wZwb XvKv, ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b gv ªvmv ¯’vcb K‡ib| Ave`yj jwZ‡di cÖ‡Póvi Kvi‡Y 1873 wLªtgnmxb dv‡Ûi UvKv ïay evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì wk¶vq e¨q n‡e GB wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| Zuvi cÖwZwôZ gv`ªvmv¸‡jv‡Zag©xq wk¶vi cvkvcvwk Bs‡iwR I AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ wk¶v Pvjy Kiv nq| Ave`yj jwZ‡di D‡j-L‡hvM¨ K…wZZ¡ n‡”Q1863 wLªt KjKvZvq cÖwZwôZ †gvnv‡gWvb wjUvivwi †mvmvBwU ev gymwjg mvwnZ¨-mgvR|

bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di mviv Rxe‡bi K‡g©i g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj wZbwU :

GK. gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi cÖwZ Bs‡iR miKv‡ii we‡Ølfve `~i Kiv;

`yB. gymjgvb mgv‡Ri DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv Ges

wZb. wn›`y I gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ ˆgÎx cÖwZôv Kiv|

GKK KvR : bIqve Ave`yj jwZ‡di K‡g©i D‡Ïk¨ wZbwU ms‡¶‡c e¨vL¨v Ki|

ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx

Dwbk kZ‡Ki †klv‡a© evsjvi gymjgvb mgv‡Ri beRvMi‡Yi whwb me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQ‡jb wZwbn‡jb ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx| wZwb cvðvZ¨ wk¶vi gva¨‡g evOvwj gymjgvb‡ì mvgvwRK I êlwqK DbœwZ Ki‡Z†P‡q‡Qb| cvkvcvwk wZwb Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZKfv‡eI m‡PZb Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx 1849 wLªt ûMjxi GK m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vjq†_‡K Gg.G, I we.Gj wWwMÖ jvf K‡ib| 1873 wLªt jÛ‡bi wj¼Ý Bb †_‡K e¨vwi÷vwi cvm K‡i †`‡k†d‡ib| Kg©Rxe‡b wZwb wewfbœ `vwqZ¡c~Y© c‡` AwawôZ wQ‡jb| wZwb 1890 wLªt KjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U©i wePvicwZwbhy³ nb| 1909 wLªt wZwb jÛ‡b wcÖwf KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ nb|

evsjv Z_v fvi‡Z wZwbB cÖ_g gymjgvb †bZv, whwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ GKwU c„_K ivR‰bwZKmsMVb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, gymjvgb‡ì ¯^v_©i¶v Ges Zv‡ì `vwe-`vIqvi cÖwZ miKv‡ii`„wó AvKl©‡Yi Rb¨ wbR¯ ivR‰bwZK msMVb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ wZwb 1877 wLªt KjKvZvq Ô†m›Uªvj†gvnv‡gWvb A¨v‡mvwm‡qkbÕ bv‡g GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib|


wZwb wewfbœ cÎ-cwÎKvq wk¶v I wewfbœ †¶‡Î gymjgvb‡ì wcwQ‡q covi welqwU wb‡q †jLv‡jwL K‡ib| d‡j1885 wLªt miKvi gymjgvb‡ì wk¶vi AMÖMwZi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv eë¯’v MÖnY K‡ib| G Kvi‡Y wZwb 1884 wLªtKjKvZv gv`ªvmvq K‡jR ch©v‡q Bs‡iwR wk¶v Ges KivwP‡Z GKwU K‡jR cÖwZôvq DrmvwnZ K‡ib|

Zuvi weL¨vZ `ywU MÖš’ ‘The Spirit of Islam’ Ges ‘A Short History of the Saracens’-G Bmjvg a‡g©iweÁvbm¤§Z e¨vL¨v I Bmjv‡gi AZxZ †MŠi‡ei K_v Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb, AvaywbK fvi‡ZiDbœwZi Rb¨ wn›`y-gymjvgvb Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi GK‡hv‡M KvR Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wZwb 1906 wLªt gymwjg jxMcÖwZôv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvb| 1912 wLªt wZwb gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx bvixAwaKv‡ii wel‡qI m‡PZb wQ‡jb|

GKK KvR : ˆmq` Avgxi Avjx gymjgvb‡ì AMÖMwZi Rb¨ Kx Kx KvR K‡i‡Qb Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

†eMg †iv‡Kqv

wek kZ‡Ki ïiy‡Z hLb N‡i N‡i wk¶vi Av‡jv R¡j‡Q, evOvwj gymjgvb†g‡qiv ZLbI wcwQ‡q wQj| gymjgvb mgv‡Ri †g‡qiv me AwaKvi †_‡KewÂZ wQj| †jLvcov †kLv Zv‡ì Rb¨ GKiKg wbwl×B wQj| mgvRa‡g©i bv‡g Zv‡ì ivLv n‡Zv c`©vi Avov‡j M„ne›`x K‡i|

gymjgvb †g‡q‡ì GB ew›``kv †_‡K whwb gyw³i WvK w`‡jb, Zuvi bvg,†eMg †iv‡Kqv| 1880 wLªt iscyi †Rjvi wgVvcyKzi Dc‡Rjvi cvqive›`MÖv‡g Zuvi Rb¥| Zuvi wcZvi bvg RwniyÏxb †gvnv¤§` Avey Avjx mv‡ei|gv‡qi bvg †gvmv¤§r evnvZb&‡bmv mv‡eiv †PŠayivwY| H AÂ‡j mv‡ei cwievi wQj AZ¨šÍ m¤£všÍ Ges i¶Ykxj|†g‡qiv wQj LyeB c`©vbwkb| †eMg †iv‡Kqv Zuvi eo fvB Beªvwng mv‡ei Ges eo †evb Kwigy‡bœmvi Kv‡Q wk¶vjvf K‡ib| Zuv‡K cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z n‡Zv Mfxi iv‡Z, hv‡Z evwoi †jvK †Ui bv cvq| eo fvB‡qi GKvšÍDrmv‡n wZwb D`y©, Aviwe, dviwm, evsjv I Bs‡iwR fvlv wk¶v jvf K‡ib| ¯‹z‡j wM‡q wk¶v MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bvn‡jI wZwb evsjv fvlvq h‡_ó `¶Zv AR©b K‡ib| wK‡kvi eqm †_‡KB wZwb mvwnZ¨PP©vq g‡bvwb‡ek K‡ib|

mvwnZ¨PP©vi welqe¯‘I wQj bvix mgvR‡K wb‡q| wZwb mgv‡Ri Kzms¯‹vi, bvix mgv‡Ri Ae‡njv-eÂbvi KiyYwPÎ wbR †Pv‡L †`‡L‡Qb| hv Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb, Zv-B wZwb Zuvi †jLvi g‡a¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| mgvR‡K †Pv‡LAv½yj w`‡q †`Lv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb bvix‡ì KiyY `kv, Zv‡ì cÖwZ êlg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi bgybv| Zuvi ÔAe‡ivaevwmbxÕ, ÔcÙivMÕ, ÔgwZPziÕ, ÔmyjZvbvi ¯^cœÕ cÖf„wZ MÖ‡š’ †m wPÎ dz‡U D‡V‡Q|

weevwnZ Rxe‡b wZwb Zuvi ¯^vgxi KvQ †_‡K ÁvbPP©vi Drmvn jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| ¯vgxi g„Zzï ci wZwb ZuviRxe‡bi evwK mgqwU bvix wk¶v Avi mgvR‡mevq e¨q K‡ib| wZwb ¯vgxi bv‡g fvMjcy‡i GKwU cÖv_wgK evwjKvwe`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡ib| 1911 wLªt wZwb KjKvZvq mvLvIqvZ †g‡gvwiqvj D`y© cÖvBgvwi ¯‹zj ¯’vcb K‡ib|1931 mv‡j GwU D”P Bs‡iwR Mvjm© ¯‹z‡j DbœxZ nq| Zuvi g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ wZwb GB ¯‹z‡ji cÖavb wkw¶Kv Gesmycvwib‡Ub‡W‡›Ui `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb|

Qwe : †eMg †iv‡Kqv


bvixi AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ 1916 wLªt KjKvZvq AvÄygvb LvIqvwZ‡b Bmjvg (gymwjg gwnjv mwgwZ) cÖwZôvK‡ib| bvixi wk¶v, Kg©ms¯’vb I AvBbMZ AwaKvi cÖwZôvq Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ mwgwZ ewjô f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g nq|

gymjgvb bvixgyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cw_K…r †eMg †iv‡Kqvi g‡b bvixi cÖwZ mgv‡Ri bvbv AZ¨vPvi I AmwnòzZviweiy‡× wQj Zxeª we‡`ªv‡ni myi| wZwb Zuvi K‡g©i g‡a¨ Zvi cÖKvk NwU‡q‡Qb| 1932 wLªt GB gnxqmx bvixKjKvZvq g„ZzëiY K‡ib|

GKK KvR : mgv‡R bvix‡ì KiyY`kv D‡j-L K‡i †eMg †iv‡Kqv †h eB¸‡jv wj‡LwQ‡jb Zvi GKwUZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

Dcw¯’Z e³…Zv : beRvMiY Av‡›`vj‡bi ms¯‹viK‡ì m¤ú‡K© Dcw¯’Z e³e¨ (jUvwii gva¨‡g wbe©vPb)|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1. Òm¤v` †KŠgy`xÓ cwÎKvi cÖKvkK †K wQ‡jb?

K. gvB‡Kj gaymy`b `Ë L. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi

M. ivRv ivg‡gvnb ivq N. nvRx kixqZDj-vn

2. dwKi mbœ¨vmxiv Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× `xN© Av‡›`vj‡b AeZxb© nq, KviY Bs‡iRiv-

i. Zv‡ì‡K WvKvZ- `my¨ g‡b KiZ

ii. Zx_©¯’vb `k©‡bi Dci Kiv‡ivc KiZ

iii. Zv‡ì Pjv‡divq euvavi m„wó KiZ




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :m‡PZb I agx©q mywkw¶Z †jv‡Ki Afv‡e imyjcyi MÖv‡gi †jvKRb bvbviKg Kzms¯‹vi I A‰bmjvwgKixwZbxwZ‡Z Af¨¯Í n‡q c‡o| Kzms¯‹vi”Qbœ G AÂ‡ji gvbyl‡ì mwVK c‡_i mÜvb w`‡Z GwM‡q Av‡mbAvãyj-vn bvgK GKRb m‡PZb e¨w³|


3. †Kvb e¨w³i Rxe‡bi wk¶v Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avãyj-vn Kzms¯‹vigy³ mgvR MV‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb?

K. nvRx kixqZDj-vn L. `y`y wgqv

M. wZZzgxi N. †Mvjvg gvmyg

4. D³ e¨w³i Av‡›`vj‡bi aiY wQj-

i. mvgvwRK

ii. agx©q

iii. ivR‰bwZK




m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1. iƒccyi AÂ‡j `wi ª K…lK‡ì Rxebaviv m”Qj wQj bv| wewfbœ wmMv‡iU †Kv¤úvwbi †jvKRb Zv‡ì GBAm”Qj Rxebavivi my‡hvM wb‡q Zv‡ì‡K Pov my‡` A_© cÖ`vb K‡i Amg Pzw³i gva¨‡g ZvgvK Pv‡l AvMÖnxK‡i †Zv‡j| K…lK‡ì cÖvß g~j¨ Drcv`b Li‡Pi Zzjbvq Kg nIqvq ZvgvK Pvwliv †Kv¤úvwbi ivûMÖvm†_‡K †ei n‡Z bv †c‡i cÖwZev`x n‡q I‡V| DcišÍ †Uwjwfk‡b Zvgv‡Ki ¯v¯’¨ SuzwKi K_v †R‡b H AÂ‡jiZvgvK Pvwliv Kwig I Rwj‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ HKë× nq Ges †Kv¤úvwbi G ai‡bi Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖwZev` Rvbvq|

K. fvi‡Zi cÖ_g AvaywbK cyiyl ejv nq Kv‡K?

L. div‡qRx Av‡›`vj‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj?

M. DÏxcK mswkøó Z_¨¸‡jv †Zvgvi cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cwVZ †Kvb NUbvi K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. D³ NUbvwU K…lK‡ì ¯v_©i¶vq KZUzKz hyw³hy³ wQj e‡j Zzwg g‡b Ki? gZvgZ `vI|

2. myjZvbcyi AÂjwU cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvgvÂj| †mLv‡b GL‡bv bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK Kzms¯‹vi weivRgvb| G MÖv‡gi†g‡q‡ì evwoi evB‡i hvIqv wbwl× wQj| MÖv‡gi e‡qv‡R¨ô Rvwgjv †eMg †g‡q‡ì cov‡jLv Ki‡Z euvav†`b| †g‡q‡ì evwoi evB‡i †ei nIqv‡K wZwb agx©q Abykvm‡bi cwicš’x Ges Mwn©Z KvR g‡b Ki‡Zb|

K. 'The Spirit of Islam' eBwUi †jLK †K?

L. Ô†m›Uªvj b¨vkbvj †gvnv‡gWvb G‡mvwm‡qkbÕ MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ Kx wQj?

M. DÏxc‡K Rvwgjv †eM‡gi Pwi‡Îi wecixZ wPÎ cvV¨cy¯Í‡K cwVZ †Kvb gnxqmxi Rxe‡b cÖwZdwjZn‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki eZ©gvb bvix-wk¶vi AMÖMwZ‡Z D³ gnxqmxi Ae`vb Ab¯xKvh©? hyw³ `vI|


beg Aa¨vq

Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯vwaKvi Av‡›`vjbevOvwjiv KLbB we‡`wk Bs‡iR kvmK‡ì †g‡b †bqwb| d‡j cjvkx hy‡×i ci ciB G‡`‡ki K…lKiv we‡ ªvnxn‡q I‡V| civaxbZvi GKk eQi ci ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡i G‡`‡ki ˆmwbKiv I †`kxq ivRivRviv| cieZ©xch©v‡q ¯^vwaKvi ¯vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o cvðvZ¨ wk¶vq wkw¶Z ZiyY mgvR| evOvwj ZiyY mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gigva¨‡g `‡j `‡j AvZ¥vûwZ w`‡q Kuvwc‡q †Zv‡j Bs‡iR kvm‡bi wfZ| Dcgnv‡`‡ki ¯vwaKvi ¯^vaxbZvAv‡›`vj‡b me‡P‡q †MŠiegq f~wgKv wQj evOvwj‡ì| GB Aa¨v‡q 1857 wLªt cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvgmn cieZ©xAv‡›`vjbmg~‡n evOvwj Z_v ZrKvjxb fviZevmxi †MŠi‡ei I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi BwZnvm msw¶ßfv‡e eY©bv Kivn‡q‡Q|


• Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯vwaKvi I ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb Ges Gi djvdj g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

• wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx ne;

• mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi wel‡q cvi¯úwiK gZwewbg‡q DØy× ne|

1857 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg

cjvkx hy‡×i GKk eQi ci fvi‡Zi DIi I c~e©vÂ‡j cÖavbZ wmcvnx‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ †h e¨vcK mk¯¿ we‡`ªvnmsNwUZ nq, Zv‡KB fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg ejv nq| B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi `xN© mgq a‡i ivR‰bwZK,A_©‰bwZKfv‡e Pig †kvlY, mvgvwRKfv‡e †nq Kiv, ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ, m‡e©vcwi fviZxq ˆmwbK‡ì cÖwZêlg¨g~jK AvPiYÑGmeB gnvwe‡ ªvn ev cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cUf~wg iPbv K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ cÖ_g ¯vaxbZvmsMÖv‡gi KviYmg~n D‡j-L Kiv n‡jv|

ivR‰bwZK : cjvkx hy‡×i ci †_‡K B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi ivR¨ we¯Ívi, G‡Ki ci GK †`kxq ivR¨¸‡jv bvbvARynv‡Z `Lj, †`kxq ivRbë‡M©i g‡a¨ fxwZ, Am‡šÍvl I Zxeª †¶v‡fi Rb¥ †`q| jW© Wvj‡nŠwm ¯Z¡we‡jvcbxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i mvZviv, Suvwm, bvMcyi, m¤jcyi, fMr, D`qcyi, KivDjx weªwUk mvgªvR¨fy³ K‡ib| ¯^Z¡we‡jvcbxwZ Abyhvqx `ËK cyÎ m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi n‡Z cviZ bv| GB bxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kb©v‡Ui beve I Zv‡Äv‡iiivRvi `ËK cyÎ Ges †ckIqv wØZxq ivRv evwRivI‡qi `ËK cyÎ bvbv mv‡n‡ei fvZv eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nq|weªwU‡ki AbyMZ wgÎ A‡hva¨vi beveI GB AvMÖvmb †_‡K i¶v cvbwb| Ackvm‡bi ARynv‡Z A‡hva¨v weªwUkmvgªvR¨fy³ Kiv nq| Gme NUbvq †`kxq ivRbëM© AZšÍ ¶zä nb| ZvQvov Wvj‡nŠwm KZ…©K w`wj-mgªvU c`wejyß Kivq mgªvU c` †_‡K ewÂZ wØZxq evnv`yi kvnI ¶zä nb|

GKK KvR : ¯^Z¡we‡jvc bxwZ K‡i †Kvb †Kvb ivR¨ `Lj Kiv nq Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

A_©‰bwZK : B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmb cÖwZôvi m‡½ m‡½ ïiy nq Pig A_©‰bwZK †kvlY eÂbv| †Kv¤úvwbivR‰bwZK ¶gZv `L‡ji Av‡MB G‡`‡ki wkí aŸsm K‡iwQj| ¶gZv `L‡ji ci f~wg ivR¯^ bxwZi bv‡g aŸsmKiv nq `wi ª K…l‡Ki A_©‰bwZK †giy`Ê| AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j A‡bK e‡bw` Rwg`vi A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Ínb Ges mvgvwRKfv‡e †nq nb|

`wi`ª K…lK‡ì Dci AwZwi³ Ki avh© Kivi d‡j Ges Rwg`vi I ivR¯^ Av`vqKvix‡ì Zxeª †kvl‡Yi wkKvi

K…lK gnvRb‡ì Kv‡Q FYMÖ¯Í n‡q me©¯^všÍ n‡q c‡o| Gici wQj K…lK‡ì Dci bvbv AZ¨vPvi|

GKw`‡K evRvi `L‡ji bv‡g ¯’vbxq wkí aŸsm, Aci w`‡K AwZwi³ A_© jv‡fi Avkvq Rwg e‡›`ve‡¯Íi bv‡gK…wl aŸsm nq| d‡j evsjvi A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv m¤ú~Y©i~‡c aŸsm n‡q hvq| G Ae¯’vi wkKvi mvaviY gvbyl†Kv¤úvwb kvmb-†kvl‡Yi weiy‡× we‡ ªvnx n‡q D‡V|

mvgvwRK I ag©xq : Dcgnv‡`‡ki RbM‡Yi †¶v‡fi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KviY wQj mvgvwRK I ag©xq| AvVv‡ivkZ‡Ki †kl fv‡M Ges Dwbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_gv‡a© cvðv‡Zï cÖfve, †Kv¤úvwbi mgvR ms¯‹vi RbKj¨vYg~jK n‡jI†MvUv i¶Ykxj wn›`y-gymjgvb Gme †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| Bs‡iwR wk¶v, mZx`vn cÖ_v D‡”Q`, wn›`y weaev‡ìcybivq weevn, wLª÷vb ag©hvRK‡ì ag© cÖPvi BZ¨vwì d‡j wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi †Muvovcš’xiv kw¼Z n‡q

D‡V| ag© I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ wewfbœfv‡e ms¯‹v‡ii Kvi‡Y ¶yä nq Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbyl|

mvgwiK : mvgwiK evwnbx‡Z Bs‡iR I fviZxq ˆmb¨‡ì ga¨Kvi êlg¨ we‡ ªv‡ni Ab¨Zg KviY| Bs‡iR ˆmb¨ IfviZxq wmcvwn‡ì g‡a¨ c`we, †eZb-fvZvi g‡a¨ weivU êlg¨ wQj| fviZxq‡ì my‡hvM-myweavI Kg wQj|

ZvQvov c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM †_‡KI Zviv ewÂZ wQj| Zvi Dci weªwUk Awdmvi‡ì c¶cvwZZ¡, J×Z¨c~Y© AvPiYwmcvwn‡ì g‡a¨ we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡vwj‡q †`q|

we‡`ªv‡ni cÖZ¨¶ KviY wQj ag©xq Abyf~wZ‡Z AvNvZ| wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ e×g~j aviYv wQj, mgy`ª cvwo w`‡jag© bó nq| †m‡¶‡Î wn›`y wmcvwn‡ì‡K mgy ª cvwo w`‡q fvi‡Zi evB‡i hy‡× †h‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| ZvQvov

wn›`y-gymjgvb Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi wmcvwn‡ì eënv‡ii Rb¨ ÔGbwdìÕ ivB‡d‡ji cÖPjb Kiv nq| GB ivB‡d‡ji

†UvUv ùvZ w`‡q †K‡U e›`y‡K cÖ‡ek Kiv‡Z n‡Zv| ˆmb¨‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcKfv‡e G ¸Re Qwo‡q coj †h GB †UvUvq

Miy I k~K‡ii Pwe© wgwkªZ Av‡Q| d‡j DfqB ag©bv‡ki K_v †f‡e we‡ ªvnx n‡q DVj|

¯^vaxbZv msMÖvg : we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b cÖ_‡g R¡‡j D‡V cwðg e‡½i e¨vivKcy‡i| 1857 mv‡ji 29 gvP© e›`y‡Ki¸wj Qy‡o we‡`ªv‡ni m~Pbv K‡ib g½jcv‡Ê bv‡g GK wmcvwn| ªyZ GB we‡ ªvn wgivU, Kvbcyi, cvÄve, DËicÖ‡`k, ga¨ cÖ‡`k, wenvi, evsjvmn fvi‡Zi cÖvq me©Î Qwo‡q c‡o| evsjv‡`‡k XvKv, PÆMÖvg, h‡kvi, wm‡jU,Kzwgj-v, cvebv, iscyi, w`bvRcyi, ivRkvnx GB we‡ ªv‡n kvwgj nq|

KvR : evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv_vq †Kv_vq G msMÖvg Qwo‡q c‡owQjÑ evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ Gu‡K †m AÂj¸‡jv†`LvI|


we‡`ªvnxiv w`wj-`Lj K‡i gyNj mgªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kvn‡K

fviZe‡l©i ev`kv e‡j †NvlYv K‡i| GB hy‡× AskMÖnY

K‡ib bvbv mv‡ne, Suvwmi ivwb j²xevC, A‡hv×vi †eMg

nRiZ gnj, †gŠjwf Avng`Dj-vnmn ¶zä ewÂZ †`kxq

ivRbë‡M©i A‡b‡K| wewfbœ ¯’v‡b fviZxq wmcvwn I hy×iZ

we‡`ªvnx †bZviv cÖvYcY jovB K‡i civwRZ nb| GB msMÖv‡gi

m‡½ RwoZ‡ì †ewki fvM nq hy‡× kwn` nb A_ev Zv‡ì

duvwm‡Z Szwj‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq|

gyNj mgªvU wØZxq evnv`yi kvn‡K †i½y‡b (gvqvbgvi) wbe©vwmZ

Kiv nq| ivwb j²xevC hy‡× wbnZ nb| bvbv mv‡ne civwRZ

n‡q AšÍa©vb K‡ib| mvaviY ˆmwbK we‡ ªvnx‡ì Dci †b‡g

Av‡m Pig AgvbweK wbh©vZb| XvKvi evnv`yi kvn cv‡K©

Szwj‡q ivLv nq A‡bK ˆmwb‡Ki jvk| G ai‡bi exfrm NUbvNwU‡q kvmK‡Mvwô Rbg‡b AvZ¼ m„wói †Póv K‡i| d‡j wbh©vZ‡bi ga¨ w`‡q †kl nq fvi‡Zi cÖ_g ¯vaxbZvmsMÖvg| 1858 mv‡ji RyjvB‡qi g‡a¨ mewKQy †kl n‡q hvq| Z‡e Gi cÖfve wQj my`yicÖmvix|

cÖ_g ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi ¸iyZ¡ : GB we‡`ªv‡ni Zvr¶wYK ¸iyZ¡I wQj| Gi d‡j †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb nq|weªwUk miKvi fvi‡Zi kvmbfvi wbR nv‡Z MÖnY K‡i|

1858 wLªt 1 b‡f¤‡i gnvivwb wf‡±vwiqv †NvlYvc‡Î ¯Z¡wØ‡jvc bxwZ Ges Gi m‡½ hy³ Ab¨vb¨ wbqg evwZjKiv nq| ZvQvov GB †NvlYvc‡Î †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx fviZxq‡ì PvKwi cÖ`vb Ges ag©xq ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZvmnhy‡× AskMÖnYKvix‡ì cÖwZ ¶gv †NvlYv Kiv nq|

wØZxq evnv`yi kvn‡K †i½y‡b wbe©vwmZ Kiv nq| GB we‡ ªv‡ni my`~icÖmvwi ¸iyZ¡ n‡”Q GB we‡ ªv‡ni †¶vf †_‡ghvqwb| GB msMÖv‡gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z RbMY m‡PZb n‡q D‡V Ges bvbv Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q 1947 mv‡jBs‡iR kvm‡bi Aemvb NUvq|

GKK KvR : †Kvb Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U 1857 wLª÷v‡ã Dcgnv‡`‡k wmcvwniv we‡ ªvn †NvlYv K‡i, †mKviY¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

e½f½ (1905 wLªt-1911wLªt)

evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m e½f‡½i cÖfve wQj my`~icÖmvix| 1905 mv‡j e½f½‡K †K›`ª K‡i wn›`y-gymwjgm¤cÖ`‡qi m¤cÖxwZ wPiZ‡i bó n‡q hvq| ci¯úi ci¯úi‡K kÎy fve‡Z ïiy K‡i| Df‡qi g‡a¨ Awek¦vm e„w×†c‡Z _v‡K| †bZv‡ì D`vi cÖ‡Póv, wewfbœ †hŠ_ ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wPi d‡j gv‡S gv‡S H‡Kï m¤¢vebv D¾¡jn‡jI †kl ch©šÍ weªwUk we‡f` bxwZiB Rq nq| Dfq m¤cÖ`‡qi ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ Awek¦vm I kÎyZvi AemvbN‡U| cwiYwZ‡Z 1947 mv‡j Dcgnv‡`k fvM nq|

Bs‡iR kvmb Avg‡j evsjvi ¯vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb 111

Qwe : evnv`yi kvn cvK©

e½f½ cUf~wg : fvi‡Zi eojvU jW© KvR©b 1905 mv‡ji 16 A‡±vei evsjv fvM K‡ib| GB wefw³ BwZnv‡me½f½ bv‡g cwiwPZ| fvM nevi c~‡e© evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨v, g‡a¨ cÖ‡`k I Avmv‡gi wKQy Ask w`‡q MwVZ wQjevsjv cÖ‡`k ev evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝ| e½f‡½i GB cwiKíbv A‡bK Av‡M †_‡KB ïiy n‡q wQj| evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝiAvqZb A‡bK eo nIqvi Kvi‡Y 1853 †_‡K 1903 wLªt ch©šÍ Gi mxgvbv cybwe©b¨v‡mi A‡bK cÖ¯Íve weªwUkmiKvwi gn‡j Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| cÖK…Zc‡¶ 1903 mv‡j e½f‡½i cwiKíbv M„nxZ nq| 1904 mv‡j fviZmwPe GwU Aby‡gv`b K‡ib Ges 1905 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡m e½f‡½i cwiKíbv cÖKvwkZ nq| GB eQi A‡±veicwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq| GB cwiKíbvq evsjv‡`‡ki XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx, Avmvg, RjcvB¸wo, cve©Z¨wÎcyiv I gvj`n wb‡q MwVZ nq c~e© evsjv I Avmvg bv‡g bZzb cÖ‡`k| cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx nq XvKv| Acic‡¶cwðg evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨v wb‡q MwVZ nq cwðg evsjv cÖ‡`k, hvi ivRavbx nq KjKvZv|

e½f‡½i KviY : e½f‡½i †cQ‡b †ek wKQy KviY wQj, hv wb‡P D‡j-L Kiv n‡jv⎯

cÖkvmwbK KviY : jW© KvR©‡bi kvmbvg‡j e½f½ wQj GKwU cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹vi| Dcgnv‡`‡ki GK-Z…Zxqvsk†jv‡Ki emevm wQj evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝ‡Z| KjKvZv †_‡K c~e©vÂ‡ji AvBbk„•Ljv i¶v I kvmbKvh© myôzfv‡ecwiPvjbv Kiv wQj KwVb KvR| †h Kvi‡Y jW© KvR©b GZ eo AÂj‡K GKwUgvÎ cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡U ivLvhyw³msMZ g‡b K‡ibwb| ZvB 1903 mv‡j evsjv cÖ‡`k‡K `yfvM Kivi cwiKíbv K‡ib Ges 1905 mv‡j ZvKvh©Ki nq|

Av_©-mvgvwRK KviY : evsjv fv‡Mi †cQ‡b Av‡iv KviY wQj hvi GKwU A_©‰bwZK, AciwU mvgvwRK| ZrKvjxbmg‡q KjKvZv n‡q D‡VwQj Av_©-mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖvY‡K› ª| wkí, KviLvbv, eëmv-evwYR¨, Awdm-Av`vjZ,wk¶vcÖwZôvb mewKQyB cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj KjKvZv‡K wN‡i| hv wKQy DbœwZ AMÖMwZ, mewKQyB wQj KjKvZvi g‡a¨mxgve×| d‡j c~e© evsjvi DbœwZ e¨vnZ nq| A_P GLvb †_‡K †h KuvPvgvj mieivn Kiv n‡Zv Zvi RbÏ myôz†hvMv‡hvMeë¯’v wQj bv| d‡j c~‡e© evsjvi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v µ‡g µ‡g Lvivc n‡Z _v‡K| Dchy³wk¶vcÖwZôv‡bi Afv‡e wk¶v, D”P wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y G AÂ‡ji †jvKRb Awkw¶Z †_‡K hvq|Kg©nxb‡ì msL¨v w`b w`b †e‡o †h‡Z _v‡K| G Ae¯’vi K_v we‡ePbv K‡i e½f‡½i cÖ‡qvRb wQj|

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AvnŸvb Rvbvb| 1920 wLªt wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…e„›` HKë× Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g

`ye©vi Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| 1921-22 mvj ch©š— GB Av‡›`vjb me©fviZxq MY-Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq|

evsjvq wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb : wLjvdZ KwgwU MV‡bi Rb¨ 1919 mv‡ji 18 wW‡m¤î XvKvq GKmfv AbywôZ nq| mfvq KwgwU MVbmn wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv gvIjvbv gyn¤§` Avjx I gvIjvbv kIKZ

Avjxi gyw³ `vwe Kiv nq| Ag„Zm‡ii wLjvdZ KwgwU KZ©„K Avn‚Z wbwLj fviZ wLjvdZ KwgwUi Awa‡ek‡b

6 Rb cÖwZwbwa †cÖi‡Yi wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| 1920 wLªt wLjvdZ ÔBk‡ZnviÕ cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges miKv‡ii

weiy‡× Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv nq| evsjvi wn›`y-gymjgvb HKë×fv‡e wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM

Av‡›`vj‡b Ask †bq| wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx I gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv`

1920 wLªt gvP© gv‡m XvKvq Av‡mb| XvKvi RbMY Zv‡ì ÔAvj-vny AvKeviÕ I Ôe‡›` gvZigÕ aŸwb w`‡q ¯vMZ

Rvbvq| ZvQvov 19 gvP© niZv‡ji w`b gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq †ivRv Ges wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvKRb D‡cvm _v‡K|

Gw`b XvKvq GK Rbmfv AbywôZ nq| mfvq wm×v‡š— ejv nq †h wLjvdZ A¶zYœ bv _vK‡j gymjgvb‡ì

weªwUk miKv‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ _vKv Am¤¢e| 1920 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKvÊ ¯§i‡Y GK

mfv nq| cvkvcvwk wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b M„nxZ Ab¨vb¨ Kg©m~wPI cvwjZ nq| mfvq ivIjvU

AvB‡bi weiy‡× cÖwZev` Rvbv‡bv nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP Abyhvqx ¯‹zj-K‡jR eR©bmn 1919 mv‡ji

AvB‡bi Aax‡bi evsjvi eë¯’vcK mfvi wbe©vPb eR©b Kivi K_vI ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b, †hgb

: gqgbwmsn, iscyi, ivRkvnx, †bvqvLvjx cÖf„wZ †Rjvq †PŠwK`vwi U¨v· w`‡Z A¯xK…wZ Rvbv‡bv nq| miKv‡ii

Ges cywj‡ki bvbv ai‡bi wbh©vZb, `gbg~jK NUbvi ciI evsjvi RbMY GK eQie¨vcx wLjvdZ I

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b ewjô f~wgKv ivL‡Z m¶g nq|


wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Zvrch© :

wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Zvrch©c~Y©| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g fviZxq gymjgvbiv

†hgb cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv weªwUkwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b †hvM †`q, †Zgb wn›`y-gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv

HKë×fv‡e Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g| wKQyw`‡bi Rb¨ n‡jI weªwUk we‡f` I kvmbbxwZ e¨_© nq| d‡j wn›`y-

gymjgvb HK¨ I m¤cÖxwZi GK ivR‰bwZK AvenvIqvi m„wó nq| Aci w`‡K GB HK¨ weªwUk miKvi‡K

kw¼Z K‡i †Zv‡j| GB Av‡›`vjb ïay wkw¶Z gymjgvb hyeK‡ì bq, mviv fvi‡Zi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ GK

ivR‰bwZK †PZbv Qwo‡q w`‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| Z‡e GB Av‡›`vjb Ges wn›`y-gymwjg HK¨ `yB-B wQj

¶Y¯’vqx| Av‡›`vj‡bi Aemv‡bi m‡½ m‡½ `yB m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ Avevi `~iZ¡ m„wó n‡Z _v‡K|

evsjvi mk¯¿ wec-ex Av‡›`vjb (1911wLªt -1930 wLªt)

eqKU I ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨_©Zv evsjvi ¯vaxbZvKvgx †`k‡cÖwgK hye mgvR‡K mk¯¿ wec-‡ei c‡_ †V‡j

†`q| mk¯¿ msMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g †`k ¯^vaxb Kivi †h †Mvcb ZrciZvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U, Zv‡KB evsjvi mk¯¿ wec-ex

Av‡›`vjb ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB Av‡›`vjb ax‡i ax‡i wewfbœ AÂ‡j AZwK©Z †evgv nvgjv, D”Pc`¯’ miKvwi

Kg©Pvix nZ¨v, †Mwijv c×wZ‡Z LÊhy× BZ¨vw` NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖKv‡k¨ P‡j Avm‡Z _v‡K|

1911 mvj †_‡K 1930 mvj ch©š— GB msMÖvg †Rvi`vi n‡jI Gi A‡MB msMÖvg ïiy n‡qwQj| 1908 wLªt

Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU wKsm‡dvW©‡K nZ¨v Kivi Rb¨ ¶zwìv‡gi †evgv nvgjvi ga¨ w`‡q mk¯¿ wec-ex Av‡›`vjb

cÖKv‡k¨ AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| GB Av‡›`vjb g~jZ †kl nq 1930 mv‡j| Z‡e Gi c‡iI wew”Qbœfv‡e mk¯¿

Avµg‡Yi NUbv N‡U|

1911 wLªt e½f½ i‡ì Av‡MB evsjvi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi mk¯¿ Av‡›`vjb wKQyUv w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o| cÖ_g

ch©v‡qi kxl©¯’vbxq †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb Aiwe›` †Nvl, iex› ª †Nvl, f~‡c›`ª bv_ `Ë cÖgyL| cywjb wenvix `vm

wQ‡jb XvKvi Abykxjb mwgwZi cÖavb msMVK| Guiv †evgv ˆZwi †_‡K me ai‡bi A¯¿ msMÖnmn bvbv ai‡bi

wec-ex Kg©Kv‡Êi m‡½ RwoZ wQ‡jb| mk¯¿ AvµgY, ¸ß nZ¨v BZ¨vw` Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g Guiv miKvi‡K

e¨wZe¨¯— K‡i iv‡L| Aciw`‡K †jd‡Ub¨v›U Mfb©i dzjvi‡K nZ¨vi †Póv Kiv nq| Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU

wKsm‡dvW©‡K nZ¨vi †Póvq wb‡qvwRZ cÖdzj-PvKx AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i Ges aiv covi ci ¶ywìv‡gi duvwm nq|

GQvov gvwbKZjv †evgv nvgjvmn bvbv Awf‡hv‡M †ek K‡qKRb wec-ex‡K H mgq duvwm †Ìqv nq| †ek

K‡qKRb wec-ex‡K Kvive›`x I Øxcvš—‡i †cÖiY Kiv nq| GB mg¯— Pig `gbbxwZi Kvi‡Y cÖ_g ch©v‡q

mk¯¿ wec-e w¯’wgZ n‡q hvq| wØZxq ch©v‡q wec-ex Av‡›`vjb ïiy nq 1912 wLªt| GB Av‡›`vjb

KjKvZv‡Kw›`ªK n‡jI Qwo‡q c‡o c~e© evsjvi wewfbœ AÂ‡jI| GB mgq wec-exiv Avevi nZ¨v, †evgv nvgjv,

WvKvwZ BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg ïiy K‡ib| GB D‡Ï‡k¨ KjKvZvq †Mvc‡b †evgvi KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kiv nq| Gi g‡a¨

KjKvZv I c~e© evsjvi h‡kvi, Lyjbvq A‡bK¸‡jv mk¯¿ WvKvwZi NUbv N‡U| 1912 mv‡ji †k‡li w`‡K


w`wj-‡Z wec-ex ivmwenvix emyi cwiKíbvq jW© nvwW©s‡K nZ¨vi Rb¨ †evgv nvgjv Pvjv‡bv nq| nvwW©s †eu‡P hvb|

wKšÍy wec-ex ivmwenvix emy‡K aivi Rb¨ Bs‡iR miKvi GK j¶ UvKvi cyi¯‹vi †NvlYv K‡i|

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i my‡hv‡M evsjvi A‡bK wec-ex we‡`k †_‡K †Mvc‡b A¯¿msMÖ‡ni g‡Zv `ytmvnmx †PóvI K‡i‡Qb| Gu‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj Bs‡iRkw³i m‡½ jovB K‡i †`k ¯vaxb Kiv| Gu‡ì g‡a¨ wQ‡jb evNv hZxb(hZx› ªbv_ gy‡Lvca¨vq) Wv. h`y‡Mvcvj gy‡Lvcva¨vq, b‡i› ªbv_ fÆvPvh©cÖgyL| Guiv cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Bs‡iR kw³i cÖwZc¶ Rvg©vwb †_‡K A¯¿mvnv‡hï Avk¦vm cvb| Z‡e miKvi †Mvc‡b G Lei Rvb‡Z †c‡i †KŠk‡jevNv hZxbmn Zvi m½x‡ì †MÖdZv‡ii eë¯’v K‡i| †MÖdZv‡ii mgqcywj‡ki m‡½ e›`yK hy‡× wPËwcÖq bv‡gi, GK wec-ex kwn` nb| evNvhZxb wZb wec-exmn AvnZ Ae¯’vq e›`x nb| e›`x _vKvKv‡j Zuvi g„Zz¨nq| e›`x Aci `yB wec-exi duvwm nq, Avi GKRb‡K hve¾xeb Kviv`Ê†`qv nq|

g„Zz¨`Ê, hve¾xeb Kviv`Ê, wbg©g AZ¨vPviI wec-ex‡ì Zuv‡ì c_†_‡K mwi‡q w`‡Z cv‡iwb| Bs‡iR miKv‡ii Aax‡b PvKwiiZ †`kxqGes we‡`wk D”Pc`¯’ miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì nZ¨vi cwiKíbv Ae¨vnZ_v‡K| cywj‡ki m‡½ LÊhy×, †Pviv¸ßv nvgjv, †evgvevwR µgvMZPj‡Z _v‡K|

1916 wLªt 30 Rvbyqvwi fevbxcy‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq cywj‡ki †WcywU mycvi emš— P‡Ævca¨vq‡K| Gfv‡e nZ¨v, LÊhy‡×i msL¨v †e‡o †M‡j 1916-17 wLªt cÖwZi¶v AvB‡b miKvi eû †jvK‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i| 1922 mv‡jMvÜxwRi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnv‡ii m‡½ m‡½ †MÖdZvi I cywjwk wbh©vZb e„w× cvq| cvkvcvwk e„w× cvqwec-ex‡ì Kg©KvÊ| wec-exiv AZ¨vPvix cywjk m`m¨‡ì nZ¨vi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q ÔjvjevsjvÕ kxl©K cÖPvicÎ cÖKvkK‡i| 1924 wLªt †Mvcxbv_ mvnv bv‡g GKRb wec-ex KjKvZvi cywjk Kwgkbvi‡K nZ¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q fyj K‡iAci GKRb Bs‡iR‡K nZ¨v K‡i| GB nZ¨vKv‡Êi Rb¨ †Mvcxbv_‡K duvwm †Ìqv nq| Avwjcyi †Rv‡bi mycvie›`x wec-ex‡ì cwi`k©b Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖ‡gv` †PŠayix bv‡g GKRb wec-exi i‡Wi AvNv‡Z wZwb g„ZzëiY K‡ib|1924 wLªt A‡±vei gv‡m Bs‡iR miKvi †e½j AwW©b¨vÝ Rvwi K‡i| GB AwW©b¨v‡Ýi e‡j eû wec-ex Kviviy×n‡j wec-ex Kvh©µg A‡bKUv w¯ÍwgZ n‡q Av‡m|

gnvZ¥v MvÜx 1930 mv‡j ïiy K‡ib AvBb Agvb¨ Av‡›`vjb| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi m‡½ m‡½ evsjvq wec-ex Kg©KvÊAvevi e„w× cvq| D‡j-L¨, †m mgq wec-ex Av‡›`vjb evsjvq me‡P‡q †ewk kw³kvjx wQj Ges evOvwjiv Bs‡iRcÖkvmb‡K e¨wZe¨¯— †i‡L‡Q| evOvwj ZiyYiv g„Zz¨fq‡K Zz”Q K‡i evievi mk¯¿ A‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q|

Ggb GKRb `ytmvnmx wec-ex wQ‡jb PÆMÖv‡gi gv÷vi`v, huvi Avmj bvg m~h© †mb (1894-1934)| K‡jRRxe‡b wZwb wec-ex‡ì ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mb| mœvZK wWwMÖ jv‡fi ci wZwb DgvZviv D”P Bs‡iwR we`¨vj‡qi wk¶Kwn‡m‡e †hvM`vb K‡ib| Gi g‡a¨B wZwb gv÷vi`v bv‡g cwiwPZ n‡q D‡Vb| G mgq wZwb Aw¤^Kv PµeZ©x,

Qwe : m~h©‡mb

Qwe : cÖxwZjZv †mb


Abyiƒc †mb, b‡Mb †m‡bi mnvqZvq GKwU wec-ex msMVb M‡o †Zv‡jb| Zuvi msMVb Ges wZwb wb‡R G‡Ki ciGK mk¯¿ Kvh©µ‡gi m‡½ hy³ n‡q evievi †MÖdZvi n‡jI cÖgv‡Yi Afv‡e gyw³ †c‡q hvb| PÆMÖvg‡K weªwUkkvmbgy³ Kivi Rb¨ MVb K‡ib PÆMÖvg wec-ex evwnbx| c‡i GB AvZ¥NvZx evwnbxi bvg nq ÔwPUvMvO wicvewjKvbAvwg©Õ| GB evwnbx G‡Ki ci GK miKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv `Lj Ki‡Z _v‡K| †kl ch©š— miKvwi A¯¿vMvi jyÉbK‡i| Ô¯^vaxb wPUvMvO miKviÕ -Gi †NvlYv †Ìqv nq Ges GKB m‡½ weªwUk miKv‡ii weiy‡× hy× †NvlYv Kivnq| GB hy× wQj Amg kw³i hy×| m~h© †m‡bi wec-ex‡ì weiy‡× Bs‡iR miKvi wecyj evwnbx wb‡qvM K‡i|P~ovš— hy× msNwUZ nq Rvjvjvev` cvnv‡o| †Mvjveviy` dzwi‡q †M‡j wec-exiv wcQy nU‡Z eva¨ nq| †ek wKQyZiyY wec-ex GB LÊhy‡× Ges Ab¨vb¨ Awfhv‡b wbnZ nb| wec-exiv MÖv‡gi K…lK‡ì evwo‡Z evwo‡Z Avkªq †bb|1933 wLªt m~h© †mb †MÖdZvi nb| 1934 wLªt msw¶ß UªvBeybv‡ji wePv‡i Zv‡K duvwmi Av‡`k †Ìqv nq| Pigwbh©vZ‡bi ci 12 Rvbyqvwi Zv‡K duvwm †Ìqv Ges Zvi g„Z‡`n e‡½vcmvM‡i fvwm‡q †Ìqv nq|

m~h© †m‡bi wec-ex evwnbx‡Z bvix †hv×vI wQ‡jb| Zvi g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQ‡jb Kíbv `Ë I cÖxwZjZvIqv‡Ï`vi| AmvaviY †gavex QvÎx cÖxwZjZv 1900 wLªt B›UviwgwW‡qU cix¶vq cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib GeswWmwUskb wb‡q we.G cvm K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wZwb wec-ex Kg©Kv‡Êi m‡½ Rwo‡q c‡ob Ges m~h© †m‡bi `‡jim‡½ hy³ nb| Am¤¢e mvnmx bvix cÖxwZjZv‡K Zuvi †hvM¨Zvi Rb¨ PÆMÖvg ÔcvnvoZjx BD‡ivwcqvb K¬veÕAvµg‡Yi †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv nq| mdj Awfhvb †k‡l wZwb Zvi m½x wec-ex‡ì wbivc‡` ¯’vb Z¨vM Ki‡Z mnvqZvK‡ib| wKšÍy aiv covi Av‡M welcv‡b AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| cªxwZjZv evsjvi mg¯— wec-ex Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡mGK wKse`wš— n‡q Av‡Qb|

PÆMÖv‡gi wec-ex‡ì cvkvcvwk KjKvZvq hyMvš—i `jI h‡_ó mwµq wQj| 1930 wLªt Wvj‡nŠwm †¯‹vqv‡i Pvj©m†UMvU©‡K nZ¨vi cÖ‡Póv e¨_© nq| IB eQi wW‡m¤‡i GK Awfhv‡b wbnZ nb KjKvZv ivBUvm© wewìs‡q Kvivwefv‡Mi BÝ‡c±i †Rbv‡ij wm¤úmb| Gi Av‡M webq emyi nv‡Z wbnZ nb AZ¨vPvix cywjk Awdmvi †jvg¨v| GBwec-ex Awfhv‡bi m‡½ RwoZ webq I ev`j AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i Ges `x‡b‡ki duvwm nq| H eQiB evsjvi Mfb©iR¨vKmb‡K nZ¨vi cÖ‡Póv e¨_© nq| GB cÖ‡Póvi m‡½ RwoZ exbv `v‡mi hve¾xeb Kviv`Ê nq| 1931 †_‡K1933 wLªt ch©š— mg‡qi g‡a¨ †g‡`bxcy‡i cici wZbRb Bs‡iR g¨vwR‡÷ªU wec-ex‡ì nv‡Z wbnZ nq|

wec-ex‡ì e¨vcK ZrciZv 1930 mv‡ji g‡a¨ K‡g †M‡jI PÆMÖv‡gi wec-exiv Gi ciI G‡Ki ci GK AwfhvbPvwj‡q‡Q| 1934 wLªt 7 Rvbyqvwi PÆMÖv‡gi cëb gq`v‡b Bs‡iR‡ì wµ‡KU †Ljvi Av‡qvR‡b mk¯¿ AvµgYPvwj‡q wec-exiv wb‡R‡ì Aw¯—Z¡ Rvbvb w`‡Z m¶g nb| Hw`bI `yRb wec-ex wbnZ nb Ges `yRb aiv co‡jZv‡ì‡K c‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq|

mk¯¿ Av‡›`vjb e¨_©Zvi KviY

mk¯¿ wec-ex Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨_©Zvi †cQ‡b †hme KviY i‡q‡Q Zvi GKwU n‡”Q MYwew”QbœZv| GB Av‡›`vjbcwiPvwjZ n‡Zv ¸ß mwgwZ¸‡jvi Øviv| Gi m‡½ hy³ wQj wKQy msL¨K wkw¶Z m‡PZb hyeK| wbivcËvi Kvi‡Y

mg¯— wec-ex Kg©KvÊ †Mvc‡b cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| mvaviY RbM‡Yi Gi m¤ú‡K© aviYv wQjbv| mvaviY gvby‡liKv‡Q mk¯¿ AvµgY, †evgvevwR, nZ¨vKvÊ G meB wQj AvZ¼ Avi f‡qi KviY| d‡j mvaviY gvbyl wQj G‡ìKvQ †_‡K A‡bK `~‡i|


evsjvi e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq GB Av‡›`vjb †_‡K `~‡i wQj| wec-ex‡ì wn›`y ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôv‡bicÖwZ evaëvaKZv _vKvq A_©vr MxZv ¯úk©, Kvjxi m¤§y‡L ms¯‹…Z ag©xq †k-vK D”PviY K‡i kc_ MÖnY BZ¨vwìKvi‡Y gymwjg m¤cÖ`vq G Av‡›`vj‡b hy³ nIqv‡K evav e‡j g‡b K‡i|

¸ß msMVb¸‡jv‡K wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv i¶vi Rb¨ †QvU †QvU `‡j wef³ n‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡Zv| me `j mewel‡q Rvb‡Z cviZ bv| d‡j ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ m„wó nq| G Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq mevi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM i¶vK‡i †Kv‡bv Awfhvb mdj Kiv Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| mgš‡qi Afv‡e mvsMVwbK `yej©Zv †`Lv †`q| ZvQvov, ¸ßmwgwZ¸‡jv hvi hvi g‡Zv K‡i KvR KiZ| GK mwgwZi m‡½ Ab¨ mwgwZi †Kv‡bv †hvMv‡hvM wQj bv| d‡jmk¯¿ wec-‡e †Kv‡bv GKK †bZ…Z¡ bv _vKvq Av‡›`vjb P‡j mviv †`‡k wew”Qbœfv‡e| GB wew”QbœZv Av‡›`vj‡bie¨_©Zvi KviY n‡q ùvovq|

ZvQvov miKv‡ii K‡Vvi `gbbxwZ I Rbwew”QbœZvi Kvi‡Y wec-exiv wbivkªq Ges †KvYVvmv n‡q c‡o| wewfbœmsMVb I †bZv‡ì ga¨Kvi Av`‡k©i we‡iva-êwiZv †hgb mk¯¿ wec-e‡K `ye©j K‡iwQj, †Zgb Gu‡ì g‡a¨ Zxeªwe‡f‡ì Rb¥ w`‡qwQj| G Ae¯’vq evsjvi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© msMwVZ n‡j A‡bK wec-ex G‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i|

mk¯¿ wec-e mdj bv n‡jI wec-ex‡ì AvZ¥vûwZ, †`k‡cÖg, mvnm civaxb evsjv Z_v fviZevmx‡K ¯vaxbZvi c_†`wL‡qwQj| G Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨¶fv‡e mdj bv n‡jI wec-ex‡ì Av`k© cieZ©x Av‡›`vjbmg~‡n †cÖiYv hywM‡qwQj|

GKK KvR 1 : evsjvi mk¯¿ wecøex Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZv‡ì GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

2 : cÖwZjZv †Kvb mk¯¿ Awfhv‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b? Zuvi †kl cwiYwZ Kx n‡qwQj?

¯îvR I †e½j c¨v±1922 wLªt gnvZ¥v MvÜx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡j Ks‡MÖ‡mi A‡bK †bZv KvivMvi †_‡K gyw³ jvfK‡ib| G mgq gyw³cÖvß †bZv wPËiÄb `vm (wm.Avi. `vm) I gwZjvj †bniyi m‡½ Ks‡MÖ‡mi fwel¨rAv‡›`vj‡bi Kg©cš’v wb‡q gZwe‡iva †`Lv †`q| wm. Avi. `vm I Zvui mg_©Kiv wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcKcwil`¸‡jv‡Z †hvM`v‡bi c‡¶ wQ‡jb| KviY H mgq Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y AvBb AgvbÄv‡›`vj‡bi cwie‡k bv _vKvq Zuviv G ai‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| ZvQvov Zuv‡ì D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvBbmfvq †hvMw`‡q wbqgZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g 1919 wLªt ms¯‹vi AvBb APj K‡i †Ìqv| wKšÍy Ks‡MÖ‡mi †Mvqv m‡¤§j‡bZuv‡ì GB cÖ‡Póv e¨_© nq| GB Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1922 wLªóv‡ã Ks‡MÖ‡mi GKvs‡ki mg_©‡b wm.Avi. `v‡mi†bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ nq ¯ivR cvwU©| wm.Avi. `vm nb G `‡ji mfvcwZ| gwZjvj †bniy nb Ab¨Zg m¤úv`K|

Ks‡M‡mi Af¨šÍ‡i hviv ¯îvR jv‡fi Rb¨ ¯îvR cvwU©i mg_©K wQ‡jb, Zv‡ì‡K cwieZ©bcš’x Ges hviv ¯îvRcvwU©i wec‡¶ Ask †bq Zv‡ì ejv nq cwieZ©bwe‡ivax| GB `yB c‡¶i m‡½ ïay Av‡›`vj‡bi cš’v wba©vi‡Yiaib Qvov Avi †Kv‡bv wel‡q †Kv‡bv we‡iva wQj bv|

¯îvR `‡ji we‡ivaxiv Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi aviv eRvq †i‡L AvBb eqKU Kivi wm×v‡šÍ `„pcÖwZÁ _v‡K|Aci w`‡K ¯îvR `j MV‡bi cici evsjvi A‡bK wec-exÑ myfvlP›`ª emy, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xmn A‡bKhye‡bZv G‡Z †hvM`vb K‡ib|


¯îvR `‡ji Kg©m~wP :

GK. AvBbmfvq cÖ‡ek K‡i miKvwi Kg©Kv‡Êi we‡ivwaZv Kiv Ges 1919 wLªóv‡ã cÖYxZ ms¯‹vi AvBbAKvh©Ki K‡i †`qv;

`yB. miKvwi ev‡RU cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kiv Ges gwš¿mfvi cZb NUv‡bv;

wZb. wewfbœ cÖ¯Íve I wej Dc¯’vc‡bi ga¨ w`‡q RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv I Kg©KvÊ‡K †Rvi`vi Kiv Ges

Pvi. we‡`wk kvmb‡K Am¤¢e K‡i †Zvjv|

¯îvR `‡ji Kvh©vewj :1919 wLªóv‡ã fviZ kvmb AvBb ev g‡›U¸ †Pgm‡dvW© ms¯‹vi AvBb Abyhvqx, 1923 wLªóv‡ã wØZxqev‡iig‡Zv wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| ¯îvR `j Zv‡ì Kg©m~wP Abyhvqx wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i AvkvZxZ mvdj¨ AR©bK‡i| we‡kl K‡i evsjv I ga¨ cÖ‡`‡k ¯ivR `j G wbe©vP‡b †K›`ªxq AvBbmfvq msL¨vMwiô `j wn‡m‡e

AvZ¥cÖKvk K‡i| gymjgvb‡ì mg_©b jv‡fi Kvi‡Y AvBb mfvq ¯îvR `‡ji wfZ k³ nq Ges Kg©m~wP AbyhvqxmiKv‡ii wewfbœ c`‡¶‡c evav m„wó Kiv m¤¢e nq| evsjvq ¯îvR `‡ji Af~Zc~e© weR‡qi K…wZZ¡ wQj `‡jimfvcwZ wPËiÄb `v‡mi| Zuvi Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv, D`vibxwZ evsjvi msL¨vMwiô gymwjg RbM‡Yi Av¯’v

AR©‡b m¶g nq| gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi mg_©b Zuv‡K Ges Zuvi `j‡K kw³kvjx K‡i †Zv‡j|

†e½j c¨v± ev evsjv Pzw³ (wW‡m¤î, 1923 wLªt)Dcgnv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z wn›`y-gymwjg mgm¨v Mfxifv‡e Dcjwä Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb ¯ivR `‡ji †bZv

wPËiÄb `vm| d‡j evsjvq wn›`y-gymwjg mgm¨v `~i Kivi Rb¨ GB `~i`k©x, ev¯Íeev`x †bZv †h Pzw³ m¤úv`bK‡iwQ‡jb, BwZnv‡m Zv †e½j c¨v± ev evsjv Pzw³ bv‡g L¨vZ| GB mg‡q evsjvi BwZnv‡m cÖavb NUbvB wQj

†e½j c¨v±| wbtm‡›`‡n Zuvi GB cÖ‡Póv wn›`y-gymwjg H‡Kï c_ cÖk¯Í K‡iwQj|

wm.Avi. `vm dgy©jv bv‡g L¨vZ evsjv Pzw³ m¤úv`bv Ki‡Z †hme gymjgvb †bZv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jbZuv‡ì g‡a¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ n‡”Qb Avãyj Kwig, gywReyi ingvb, AvKig Lvb, gwbiy¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x| GQvovm¨vi Avãyi iwng, G‡K dRjyj nK, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x mg‡SvZv Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b mn‡hvwMZv I G‡Z¯^v¶i cÖ`vb K‡ib| Aciw`‡K evsjvi Ks‡MÖm †bZv myfvlP› ª emy Pzw³‡Z ¯v¶i K‡ib| Zuv‡ì mw¤§wjZ

D‡`¨v‡M †e½j c¨v± AvbyôvwbKfv‡e M„nxZ nq|

1923 wLªóv‡ã 16 wW‡m¤î ¯^v¶wiZ Pzw³‡Z gymjgvb‡ì wewfbœ myweav cÖ`vb Kivi kZ©B wQj g~j welq| †hgb:

GK. ¯vqËkvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j evsjvi cÖ‡Z¨K m¤cÖ`vq wbR wbR AwaKvi cv‡e| †jvKmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z G ¯^Zš¿

wbe©vPb cÖ_vq evsjv‡`k eë¯’vcK cwil‡` cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i eë¯’v n‡e|

`yB : ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvi msL¨vMwiô m¤cÖ`vq kZKiv 60wU Avmb cv‡e Ges

msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq kZKiv 40wU Avmb cv‡e|


wZb. miKvwi `ß‡i gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ kZKiv 55 fvM PvKwi msiw¶Z _vK‡e|

Pvi. †Kv‡bv m¤cÖ`v‡qi ag©xq wel‡q AvBb cvm Ki‡Z n‡j Avmbmfvq wbe©vwPZ D³ m¤cÖ`v‡qi wZb-PZz_©vsk

m`‡mï mg_©b _vK‡Z n‡e|

cuvP. gmwR‡ì mvg‡b Mvb-evRbvmn †Kv‡bv wgwQj Kiv hv‡e bv Ges Miy RevB Kivi e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bviƒc

n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡e bv|

GKK KvR : †e½j c¨v‡± Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbvi †h cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q Zvi aviv¸‡jv cici mvRvI|

†e½j c¨v‡±i Aemvbevsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ Ges mgv‡R wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ ¯’vc‡bi `wjj wQj †e½j c¨v±

ev evsjv Pzw³| GB Pzw³i Kvi‡YB gymjgv‡bi Av¯’v AR©b K‡i ¯îvR cvwU© wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwiôZv jv‡f m¶g

nq| Aciw`‡K †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x KjKvZvi †WcywU †gqi wbe©vwPZ nb Ges gymjgvbiv K‡c©v‡ik‡bPvKwi jv‡f m¶g nq| evsjv Z_v fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki wn›`y-gymjgvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wm.Avi`v‡mi GB c`‡¶c †hgb ev¯Íeag©x wQj, †Zgb wQj, cÖmskbxq| wKšÍy `yf©vM¨µ‡g wZwb †eu‡P _vK‡ZB wn›`ycwÎKv¸‡jv, i¶Ykxj wn›`y-mgvR, MvÜxwRi mg_©K Ks‡MÖm `j I ¯îvR `jwe‡ivax wn›`yiv Ô†e½j c¨v±Õ- GiZxeª we‡ivwaZv K‡i| Aciw`‡K, wn›`y gnvmfvi Ôïw×Õ I ÔmsMVbÕ bvgK Av‡›`vjb Ges gymjgvb‡ì ÔZvewjMÕI ÔZvbwRgÕ bvgK Av‡›`vjb m¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ webó K‡i| 1925 wLªt 16 Ryb wPËiÄb `v‡mi AKvjg„Zz¨‡Zwn›`y-gymwjg H‡Kï c_ wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ eÜ n‡q hvq| GQvov Ks‡MÖm Ges Ab¨vb¨ †bZ…e„›` Ô†e½j c¨v±-Giwel‡q D`vmxb _v‡K| c‡ii eQi A_©vr 1926 wLªt KjKvZv Ges c‡i XvKvq wn›`y-gymwjg `v½vi Kvi‡Y Dfqm¤cÖ`v‡qi ga¨Kvi m¤cÖxwZ bó n‡j GB Pzw³ ev¯Íevq‡bi mKj c_ iy× n‡q hvq|

GKK KvR : Kvi g„Zz¨‡Z wn›`y-gymwjg H‡Kï c_ wPiw`‡bi Rb¨ eÜ n‡q hvq| GB H‡Kï Rb¨ ZviKv‡Ri ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei cUf~wge¨v½j c¨v± AKvh©Ki n‡j wn›`y-gymwjg H‡Kï m¤¢vebv e¨vnZ nq| 1928 wLªt †bniy wi‡cv‡U©i gva¨‡g wn›`y-gymwjg mg‡SvZvi cÖ‡PóvI e¨_© nq msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ c„_K wbe©vP‡bi cÖ‡kœ| wRbœvn `yB m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨HK¨ ¯’vcb cÖ‡Póvq e¨_© n‡q 1929 wLªt DÌvcb K‡ib Zuvi weL¨vZ 14 `dv; Gi g‡a¨ gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi welqwU we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ jvf K‡i| Gme NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z mv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv cÖej n‡Z _v‡KGes `yB m¤cÖ`v‡qi ga¨Kvi `~iZ¡ µgk e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K| 1930 wLªt cÖKvwkZ mvBgb Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© meivR‰bwZK `j cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| 1930-1932 wLªt ch©šÍ jÛ‡b Avn‚Z cici wZbwU †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡K wewfbœm¤cÖ`v‡qi Avmb msi¶‡Yi `vwei wel‡q GKgZ n‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y mg‡SvZv QvovB cwimgvwß N‡U| Gmg‡q wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZ…e„›` GB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ weªwUk cÖavbgš¿xi Dci Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| weªwUkcÖavbgš¿x ivg‡R g¨vK‡Wvbvì mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Ômv¤cÖ`vwqK †iv‡q`v`Õ †NvlYv K‡ib| †mLv‡b wewfbœm¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ wKQy Avmb msi¶‡Yi eë¯’vmn c„_K wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM †Ìqv nq| Ômv¤cÖ`vwqK †iv‡q`v`Õ


wewfbœ m¤cÖ`vq I `‡ji g‡a¨ Zxeª weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| Z‡e gymjgvbiv cÖwZev` m‡Ë¡I mv¤cÖ`vwqK†iv‡qv`v` MÖn‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| Gici hy³ivóªxq miKvi c×wZ Ges cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb cÖeZ©‡bi êwkó¨msewjZ fviZ kvmb AvBb 1935 wLªt weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U M„nxZ nq| GB AvBb fviZe‡l©i kvmbZvwš¿K BwZnv‡mGK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `wjj n‡jI GB AvBb Abyhvqx hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| KviY wRbœvn GB AvB‡bcÖ¯ÍvweZ hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Aciw`‡K Ks‡MÖm mfvcwZ iv‡R› ªcÖmv` Gi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡ie‡jb, GB AvB‡b ¯vqËkvm‡bi ¯^vfvweK AMÖMwZi †Kv‡bv j¶Y †bB| Dfq `jB fvi‡Zi Rb¨ AwaKZikvmbZvwš¿K I ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹vi `vwe K‡i| Aciw`‡K wn›`y gnvmfv GB AvB‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡i| `j¸‡jviweiƒc cÖwZwµqv m‡Ë¡I 1937 wLªt GB AvB‡bi Aax‡b cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb eë¯’v Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|Aciw`‡K cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b †ewkifvM cÖ‡`‡k Ks‡MÖm msL¨vMwiô Avm‡b Rqjvf K‡i| G Ae¯’vq gymwjgmsL¨vMwiô cÖ‡`k¸‡jv‡Z gymwjg jx‡Mi m‡½ †Kv‡bv iKg Av‡jvPbv QvovB Ks‡MÖm gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i| ZvQvovKs‡MÖm mfvcwZ RInijvj †bniy wbe©vPb cieZ©xKv‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib †h fvi‡Z `ywU kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ j¶YxqÑGKwUmiKvi, AciwU Ks‡MÖm| Zuvi G ai‡bi gšÍe¨ gymwjg †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ Zxeª weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| wg: wRbœvnwhwb `xN© mgq a‡i wn›`y-gymwjg H‡Kï cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Ks‡MÖm mfvcwZi e³‡eï Kvi‡Y ivRbxwZiwfbœ c‡_ AMÖmi nb| 1938 wLªt wZwb wmÜz‡Z cÖv‡`wkK gymwjg jxM mfvq wn›`y I gymjgvb `ywU wfbœ RvwZ e‡jD‡j-L K‡ib| Gfv‡e jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei Av‡MB wn›`y-gymjgvb Avjv`v RvwZ; GB wPšÍv Kivi d‡j Zv‡ì RbÄvjv`v iv‡óªi wPšÍviI cÖKvk NU‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖKv‡ki ev¯Íe D`vniY n‡”Q 1940 wLªt jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve|

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve :jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei A‡bK Av‡MB 1930 wLªt Kwe Avj-vgv BKevj gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v iv‡óªi K_v D‡j-LK‡i‡Qb| 1933 wLªt †Kw¤ªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ †PŠayix ingZ Avjx fvi‡Zi DËi-cwðg AÂ‡ji msL¨vMwiôgymwjg GjvKv¸‡jv wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb bvgK GKwU iv‡óªi iƒc‡iLv A¼b K‡ib| 1937-38 wLªt ch©šÍ †gvnv¤§Àvjx wRbœvn gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ c„_K iv‡óªi K_v fv‡ebwb| wKšÍy 1937 wLªt wbe©vP‡bi wZ³ AwfÁZv Geswbe©vP‡bi c‡i weRqx Ks‡MÖm mfvcwZi e³‡e¨ wZwb eyS‡Z cv‡ib †h msL¨vjNy gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡q Avkv-AvKv•¶vwn›`y †bZ…e„‡›ì kvmbvax‡b ev¯Íe iƒc jvf Ki‡e bv| mvwe©K ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ, AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZv Gesgymjgvb‡ì ¯^v‡_©i K_v we‡ePbv K‡i 1939 wLªt wRbœvn Zuvi eû Av‡jvwPZ-mgv‡jvwPZ wØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡i †NvlYv†`b| 1940 wLªt jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve g~jZ Zvi GB †NvlYvi ev¯Íe iƒc †Ìqvi c_wb‡`©k K‡i|

1940 wLªt 23 gvP© gymwjg jx‡Mi jv‡nvi Awa‡ek‡b GB cÖ¯ÍvewUM„nxZ nq e‡j GwU BwZnv‡m jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve bv‡g L¨vZ|Dcgnv‡`‡ki gymjgvb‡ì ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m jv‡nvi cÖ¯ÍveAZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv| gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wQ‡jb GB Awa‡ek‡bimfvcwZ| G †K dRjyj nK 23 gv‡P©i Awa‡ek‡b Zuvi iwPZcÖ¯ÍvewU DÌvcb K‡ib| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡e ejv nq, †Kv‡bvkvmbZvwš¿K cwiKíbv G‡`‡k Kvh©Ki n‡e bv, hw` GwU jv‡nvicÖ¯Ív‡e DÌvwcZ g~jbxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ bv nq|

Qwe : †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK


jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖavb avivmg~n-

K. fvi‡Zi DËi-cwðg Ges c~e© f~-fv‡Mi gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô AÂj¸‡jv‡K wb‡q ¯vaxb ivóªmg~n MVb Ki‡Zn‡e|

L. Gme ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi mswk-ó A½ ivóª¸‡jv ¯vqËkvwmZ I mve©‡fŠg n‡e|

M. msL¨vjNy m¤cÖ`vq¸‡jvi mv‡_ civgk© K‡i Zv‡ì me AwaKvi Ges ¯^v_©i¶vi Rb¨ msweav‡b ch©vß eë¯’vivL‡Z n‡e|

N. cÖwZi¶v, ciivóª, †hvMv‡hvM BZ¨vw` wel‡q ¶gZv mswk-ó A½ ivR¨¸‡jvi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡e|

D‡j-wLZ cÖ¯Ív‡ei avivmg~‡ni †Kv_vI cvwK¯Ívb kãwUi D‡j-L †bB| wKšÍy ZrKvjxb wewfbœ cÎcwÎKvqGwU‡K cvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯Íve e‡j cÖPvi n‡Z _v‡K| d‡j, `ªyZ G cÖ¯Íve ÔcvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯ÍveÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZjvf Ki‡Z _v‡K|

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡e msL¨vMwiô gymwjg AÂj¸‡jv wb‡q ivóªmg~n MVb Kivi K_v ejv n‡qwQj| hvi d‡j evOvwjgymjgvb c~e©vsk wb‡q GKwU Ô¯vaxb evsjv ivóªÕ cÖwZôvi ¯^cœ †`‡LwQj| wKšÍy 1946 wLªt 9 GwcÖj w`wj-‡Z gymwjgjx‡Mi `jxq AvBbmfvi m`m¨‡ì GK Kb‡fbk‡b bxwZewnf~©Zfv‡e wRbœvn Ôjv‡nvi cÖ¯ÍveÕ ms‡kva‡bi bv‡gwfbœ GKwU cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| G‡Z gymwjg msL¨vMwiô AÂjmg~n wb‡q GKwU ivóª MV‡bi K_v ejv nq|myZivs, ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h 1940 wLªt jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË‡Z bq, 1946 wLªt GwcÖj gv‡m DÌvwcZ w`wj-cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË‡Z cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¥ nq|

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei ¸iyZ¡

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖwZ Ks‡MÖm †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZwµqv m„wó nq| cwÊZ RInijvj †bniy GB cÖ¯Ív‡ei Zxeªwb›`v K‡ib Ges gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨ ¯vaxb ¯Zš¿ Avevmf~wg Am¤¢e e‡j D‡j-L K‡ib| Z‡e HwZnvwmK mZ¨ GB†h jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei ci †_‡K gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq wbR¯^ Avjv`v iv‡óªi ¯^cœ †`L‡Z _v‡K| GB cÖ¯Ív‡eicwi‡cÖw¶‡Z fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK-kvmbZvwš¿K Av‡›`vj‡b GK bZzb avivi Rb¥ nq| wØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡i gva¨‡g†gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn gymjgvb‡ì Avjv`v RvwZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| †m Abyhvqx gymjgvb‡ì Rb¨wfbœ ivóª cÖwZôv ïay mg‡qi e¨vcvi n‡q ùvovq| Gici †_‡K gymwjg jxM Ges wRbœvni ivRbxwZ ¯Zš¿ ivóªMVb cÖwµqvi w`‡K avweZ n‡Z _v‡K; hvi †kl cwiYwZ wQj 1947 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡mi †`k wefvM| wØ-RvwZZ‡Ë¡i ev¯Íe cwiYwZ‡Z 14 AvM÷ cvwK¯Ívb Ges 15 AvM÷ fviZ bv‡g `ywU iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq|

wefvM-c~e© evsjvi ivRbxwZ (1937-1947)

1925 mv‡j wPËiÄb `v‡mi g„Zz¨ Ges 1926 mv‡j KjKvZvq `v½v wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î weiƒc cwiw¯’wZm„wó K‡i| G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z gIjvbv AvKig Luv I ZwgRDwÏb Lvb cÖgyL gymwjg †bZv Ks‡MÖm Z¨vM K‡ib|

1929 mv‡j cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi ci ÔwbwLj e½ cÖRv mwgwZÕ bv‡g GKwU `j MV‡bi wm×všÍM„nxZ nq| G mwgwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj evsjvi K…l‡Ki Ae¯’vi DbœwZ mvab Kiv| d‡j K…lK Av‡›`vjb IivRbxwZ‡Z bZzb aviv cÖewZ©Z nq| 1935 mv‡j gqgbwms‡n AbywôZ cÖRv mwgwZi m‡¤§j‡b G.†K. dRjyj nKwbwLj e½ cÖRv mwgwZi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb|


cieZ©x eQ‡i Gi bZzb bvgKiY nq ÔK…lK cÖRv cvwU©Õ| K…lK cÖRv cvwU© wQj m¤ú~Y©fv‡e c„_K Ges cÖ‡`k ch©v‡qMwVZ evsjvi ivR‰bwZK msMVb| 1937 mv‡j gv‡P© AbywôZ wbe©vP‡b Zxeª cÖwZØw›ØZv nq K…lK cÖRv cvwU© Igymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨| Z‡e †Kv‡bv `j GKKfv‡e miKvi MVb Kivi †hvM¨Zv AR©‡b e¨_© nq| d‡j gymwjg jxMdRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ miKvi MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve MÖnY K‡ib| dRjyj nK gyL¨gš¿x wbhy³ nb Ges wk¶vgwš¿i `vwqZ¡MÖnY K‡ib| G mw¤§wjZ gwš¿mfv wQj `ye©j| d‡j K…lK cÖRv cvwU© `ye©j n‡q c‡o|

wRbœvni mv‡_ dRjyj n‡Ki gZwe‡iv‡ai Kvi‡Y 1941 mv‡j dRjyj nK gymwjg jxM †_‡K c`Z¨vM K‡ib|dRjyj n‡Ki cÖwZ msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡ì mg_©b _vKvq H mv‡ji wW‡m¤i gv‡mB wZwb wØZxq gwš¿mfv MVbK‡ib| G bZzb gwš¿mfv wQj eû`‡ji mgv‡ek| Giƒc GKwU gwš¿mfv MV‡bi gva¨‡g dRjyj nK evsjviivRbxwZ‡Z GK bZzb avivi m~Pbv K‡ib| GB bZzb aviv wQj evsjvi wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZcÖwZôv K‡i ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv| dRjyj n‡Ki wØZxq gwš¿mfv 1941 mvj †_‡K 1943 mvj ch©šÍ¶gZvmxb wQj| 1943 mv‡j fqven `ywf©¶ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mg_©b bv †c‡q dRjyj nK c`Z¨vMKi‡Z eva¨ nb|

1943 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj †`ke¨vcx `ywf©‡¶i cUf~wg‡Z LvRv bvwRgywÏb gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| me©bvkv G `ywf©‡¶evsjvi 30 j¶vwaK †jvK g„ZzëiY K‡i e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| 1945 mv‡j bvwRgywÏb gwš¿mfvi cZb N‡U|

1946 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb I †bZ…Z¡‡K †K›`ª K‡i evsjvi gymwjg jxM `ywU Dc`‡j wef³ nq| †kl ch©šÍ†mvnivIqv`©x evsjvi gymwjg jx‡Mi †bZv wbe©vwPZ nb| wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM 114 Avm‡b Rqjvf K‡i| hvcÖKviv‡šÍi cvwK¯Ívb `vwei cÖwZ evsjvi gymjgvb‡ì my¯úó mg_©‡bi cÖwZdjb NUvq|

evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m G wbe©vPb I wbe©vP‡bi dj wQj AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y©| 1946 mv‡j 24 GwcÖj†mvnivIqv`©x GKwU gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| cÖK…Z c‡¶ †mvnivIqv`©x gwš¿mfvi mgqKvj wQj evsjv I fvi‡ZiivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi µvwšÍjMœ| weªwUk kvm‡bi Aemvb I †`k wefv‡Mi ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡k KjKvZvi `v½v I¯^vaxb ALÊ evsjv ivóª cÖwZôvi cÖ‡Póv I fviZ wefvM wQj G mg‡qi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbv|

ALÊ evsjvi D‡`¨vM1947 wLªt wn›`y-gymjgvb m¤úK© GK i³¶qx `v½vq iƒc †bq| GiKg Pig RwUj cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejvq e¨_©weªwUk miKvi fviZxq‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯—vš—‡ii B”Qv †NvlYv K‡i| wVK GB iKg cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evsjviZrKvjxb gyL¨gš¿x †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x hy³ evsjvi cÖ¯—ve DÌvcb K‡ib| G cÖ¯—v‡ei c‡¶ `„p Ae¯’vb†bb kirP›`ª emy| cÖ¯—vewU Dcgnv‡`‡ki BwZnvm ÔemyÕ-†mvnivIqv`©x cÖ¯—ve bv‡g L¨vZ|

1947 wLªt 27 GwcÖj w`wj-‡Z AbywôZ GK mvsevw`K m‡¤§j‡b knx`

†mvnivIqv`©x Zuvi e³‡e¨ ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ALÊ evsjv ivóª MV‡bi

welqwU DÌvcb K‡ib Ges Gi c‡¶ †Rviv‡jv hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib|

gymwjg jxM †bZv Aveyj nvwkg e„nËi evsjv iv‡óªi GKwU iƒc‡iLv

cÖYqb K‡ib| cieZ©xKv‡j kirP› ª emy Zuvi GK cÖ¯—v‡e ALÊ evsjv‡K

GKwU Ô†mvm¨vwj÷ wicvewjKÕ wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb|

Qwe : †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x


emy- †mvnivIqv`©x Pzw³

1947 wLªt 20 †g Zvwi‡L KjKvZvq Ks‡MÖm †bZv kirP›`ª emyi evmM„‡n ALÊ evsjvi c‡¶ GK mfv AbywôZnq| mfvq Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ALÊ evsjv iv‡óªi c‡¶ GK Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| e„nËi evsjviv‡óªi c‡¶ emy-†mvnivIqv`©x Pzw³wU ¯^v¶i K‡ib gymwjg jx‡Mi c‡¶ Aveyj nvwkg Ges Ks‡MÖ‡mi c‡¶kirP›`ª emy| mfvq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb gymwjg jx‡Mi †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x, Aveyj nvwkg, dRjyi ingvb,†gvnv¤§v` Avjx, G. Gg gvwjK cÖgyL †bZ…e„›`| Aciw`‡K wn›`y †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb kirP›`ª emy,wKiY ksKi ivq I mZïÄb eLkx| mfvq ¯v¶wiZ Pzw³wU msw¶ß AvKv‡i wb‡P D‡j--L Kiv n‡jv⎯

GK. evsjv n‡e ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg ivóª| fvi‡Zi evwK As‡ki m‡½ I iv‡óªi m¤úK© Kx n‡e⎯ Zv †m wb‡RBwVK Ki‡e|

`yB. wn›`y I gymjgv‡bi msL¨v Abycv‡Z AvmbmsL¨v eÈb K‡i cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z AvBb mfvqwbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v _vK‡e|

wZb. ¯^vaxb evsjv cÖ¯—ve M„nxZ n‡j evsjvi eZ©gvb gwš¿mfv †f‡O †`qv n‡e| cwie‡Z© Aš—e©Z©xKvjxb gwš¿mfvMVb Kiv n‡e| D³ gwš¿mfvq cÖavbgš¿xi c` Qvov evwK m`m¨c` wn›`y I gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ mgvbfv‡eeÈb Kiv n‡e|

Pvi. mvgwiK I cywjk evwnbxmn mKj PvKwi‡Z wn›`y I gymjgv‡bi msL¨v mgvb _vK‡e| Gme PvKwi‡Z ïayevOvwj‡ì wb‡qvM †`qv n‡e|

cuvP. msweavb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ 30 m`m¨wewkó MYcwil` _vK‡e| Gi g‡a¨ 16 Rb gymjgvb I 14 Rb wn›`ym`m¨ _vK‡eb|

ALÊ evsjv cÖ¯—v‡ei e¨_©Zv

ALÊ evsjv cÖ¯—ve wb‡q Ks‡MÖm-gymwjg jxM Dfq `‡ji †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ Zxeª cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡Kgymwjg jx‡Mi †Muvovcš’x i¶Ykxj †bZviv e„nËi ¯^vaxb evsjv iv‡óªi c‡¶ wQ‡jb| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q gnvZ¥v MvÜxI †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvniI GB cÖ¯—v‡ei cÖwZ †gŠb mg_©b wQj| wKšÍy cÖ¯—vewU cÖKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ Ks‡MÖm Igymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g mvwii †bZv‡ì Zxeª we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y welqwU RwUj n‡q hvq| d‡j Dfq †bZv ALÊevsjv ivóª cÖwZôvi wel‡q gZ e`‡j †d‡jb| gymwjg jx‡Mi i¶Ykxj †bZviv cÖ_g w`‡K Gi mg_©K n‡jIc‡i Zviv ALÊ evsjv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Ask Kivi `vwe Ki‡Z _v‡Kb| we‡kl K‡i LvRv bvwRgywÏb, AvKig LuvcÖgyL| AvKig Luv 16 †g w`wj--‡Z wRbœvni m‡½ GK êV‡Ki ci mvsevw`K‡ì Rvbvb †h ALÊ evsjv gymwjgjxM mg_©b K‡i bv| d‡j emy-†mvnivIqv`©x cÖ¯—ve gymwjg jx‡Mi mg_©b nvivq|

e„nËi ¯vaxb evsjv ivóª MV‡bi cÖ¯—ve A_©vr emy-†mvnivIqv`©x cÖ¯—ve cÖ_g †_‡KB Ks‡MÖ‡mi DuPz ch©v‡qi†bZv‡ì Zxeª we‡ivwaZvi gy‡LvgywL nq| Ks‡MÖm †bZv RInijvj †bniy I mi`vi ej--f fvB c¨v‡Ujmn eû †bZvGi we‡ivax wQ‡jb| Zuviv †Kv‡bvg‡ZB ¯vaxb fviZe‡l© KjKvZv‡K nvZQvov Kivi c¶cvwZ wQ‡jb bv| ZvQvov†c‡Uªvj I Ab¨vb¨ LwbR m¤ú‡` mg„× AvmvgI Zuv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb wQj| Aciw`‡K Ks‡MÖm gymjgvb msL¨vMwiôALÊ evsjvq wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡q wbivcËv wb‡qI kswKZ wQ‡jb| wn›`y gnvmfvi k¨vgvcÖmv` hy³ evsjvi Pig we‡ivaxwQ‡jb| d‡j hy³ evsjv cÖ¯—ve Ks‡MÖ‡mi mg_©b nvivq|


ZvQvov wewfbœ cÎcwÎKv hy³ evsjvi weiy‡× µgvMZ cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| cwðg evsjv‡Kw› ªK evOvwj AevOvwj,eëmvqx, ewYK, cuywRcwZ‡kªwY Gi weiy‡× `„p Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡i| GgbwK XvKvi wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi eyw×Rxex†kªwYI hy³ evsjvi wec‡¶ †mv”Pvi wQ‡jb| GB iKg cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Ks‡MÖ‡mi †K›`ªxq †bZ…Z¡ ¯vaxb evsjv cwiKíbvcÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv Ks‡MÖ‡mi Kvh©Kix KwgwUI msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U evsjv fv‡Mi c‡¶cÖ¯—ve MÖnY K‡i| Aciw`‡K Ryb gv‡mi 3 Zvwi‡L jW© gvD›Ue¨vUb fviZ wefw³i †NvlYvq evsjv I cvÄvefv‡Mi cwiKíbv K‡ib| Ryb gv‡mi 20 Zvwi‡L weavb mfvi msL¨vMwiô m`m¨ evsjv fv‡Mi c‡¶ ivq w`‡jevsjv wefvM Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| 1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡b cvÄve I evsjv fv‡Mi K_v ejv nq|1947 wLªt AvBb Abymv‡i fviZ fvM nq| 14 AvM÷ Rb¥ †bq cvwK¯—vb bv‡g GK K…wÎg gymwjg iv‡óªi; Avi15 AvM÷ Rb¥ †bq Av‡iKwU iv‡óªi, hvi bvg nq fviZ| c~e© evsjv cvwK¯—v‡bi As‡k cwiYZ nqÑcieZ©xKv‡j hv c~e© cvwK¯—vb bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Aciw`‡K cwðg evsjv hy³ nq fvi‡Zi m‡½| Gfv‡eBcÖ¯—vweZ ALÊ ¯^vaxb evsjv ivóª MV‡bi ¯^cœ e¨_© n‡q hvq|

GKK KvR : hy³ evsjvi we‡ivax‡ì we‡ivwaZvi KviY AbymÜvb Ki|

e„wUk kvmb Aemvb

fviZ I cvwK¯—v‡bi Af~¨`q

e„wUk kvmb Aemv‡bi c~e© K_v : 1942 wLªt wµcm wgkb cÖ¯—ve me gnj cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡j mgMÖ fviZe¨vcx ZxeªAm‡š—vl †`Lv †`q| ivRbxwZ‡ZI †b‡g Av‡m Pig nZvkv| Dcgnv‡`‡ki evB‡i G mgq c„w_exe¨vcx Pj‡QwØZxq wek¦hy‡×i aŸsmhÁ| Rvg©vwbi wgÎ ivóª Rvcv‡bi fviZ AvµgY Avk¼vq fviZxq‡ì g‡b AvZ‡¼im„wó nq| MvÜxwR fvi‡Z weªwUk miKv‡ii Dcw¯’wZ‡K GB Avµg‡Yi KviY wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| myZivs,weªwUk miKvi fviZ Qvo‡j Rvcv‡bi fviZ AvµgY cwiKíbvi cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i| GB wPš—v K‡i Gjvnvev‡ÀbywôZ m‡¤§j‡b Zuvi †cÖwiZ cÖ¯—v‡e wZwb Bs‡iR‡ì fviZ †Q‡o †h‡Z e‡jb| ïiy nq Ks‡MÖ‡mi fviZ QvoAv‡›`vjb| MvÜxwRi Wv‡K ÔfviZ QvoÕ Av‡›`vj‡b RbMY Suvwc‡q c‡o| mviv fviZe¨vcx Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q c‡oGes cÖej weªwUkwe‡ivax iƒc †bq| 1942 wLªt 8 AvM÷ †ev¤^vB‡q AbywôZ wbwLj fviZ Ks‡MÖm KwgwUiHwZnvwmK Awa‡e‡k gnvZ¥v MvÜx GK †NvlYvq e‡jb ÔAvwg Awej‡¤ ¯^vaxbZv PvB| GgbwK GB ivwÎi g‡a¨B,Dlvj‡Mœi Av‡MB hw` Zv m¤¢e nq|Õ wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb, Avgiv jovB K‡i ¯vaxbZv AR©b Kie| Avi G n‡eAvgv‡ì Rxe‡b †kl jovB|

wKš‘ Bs‡iR miKvi H mgq †Kv‡bvfv‡eB fviZxq‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv †Q‡o w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z wQj bv| eis miKvi GBAv‡›`vjb `gb Kivi `„pcÖwZÁv MÖnY K‡i| H w`bB gaïv‡Z Ks‡MÖ‡mi kxl©¯’vbxq †bZ…e„›` MvÜxwR, AveyjKvjvg AvRv`, RInijvj †bniymn A‡b‡K †MÖdZvi nb| miKvi Ks‡MÖm‡K †eAvBwb †NvlYv K‡i Ges GKmßv‡ni g‡a¨ cÖvq me †bZv KvivMv‡i e›`x nb|

†bZ…e‡›ì †MÖdZv‡ii Le‡i Awnsm Av‡›`vjb mswnm Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| †bZv‡ì gyw³i `vwe‡Z me©ÎniZvj, KjKviLvbv, ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R ag©NU cvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| D‡ËwRZ RbZv ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b †ijjvBb Dc‡o†djv, Pjš— †Uª‡b BU cvU‡Kj wb‡¶c, †ij †÷k‡b, miKvwi Ni-evwo‡Z Av¸b awi‡q †Ìqvi g‡Zv †ec‡ivqvn‡q D‡V| †bZ…Z¡nxb Av‡›`vjb RbM‡Yi ¯Ztù~Z© AskMÖn‡Y mviv fvi‡Z wbqš¿Ynxbfv‡e AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K|†Kv_vI †Kv_vI A¯’vqx miKvi, †Kv_vI ev RvZxq miKvi MVb Kiv nq| fqven NUbv N‡U ZgjyK _vbv `LjKivi mgq, gvZw½bx nvRiv bv‡g GK e„×v cywj‡ki ¸wj m‡Ë¡I RvZxq cZvKv `„pgywô‡Z a‡i †i‡L kwn` nb|


GB Av‡›`vj‡bi ci ci 1943 mv‡j m„ó K…wÎg `ywf©¶ gvbyl‡K w`‡knviv K‡i †Zv‡j| ZvQvov †`ke¨vcxgvivZ¥K gy`ªvùxwZ, `yb©xwZ, `ªe¨g~‡jï EaŸ©MwZ me wg‡j gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v wech©¯— n‡q c‡o| d‡jnZvk RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ weªwUkwe‡ivax g‡bvfve Zxeª n‡Z _v‡K|

GKK KvR : gnvZ¡v MvÜxi ÔfviZ QvoÕ Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY AbymÜvb Ki|

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National Army (INA)| GB †mbvevwnbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †bZvwR myfvlP› ª emy| GB evwnbx Mo‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ibAv‡iK evOvwj wec--ex ivmwenvix emy| Ks‡MÖ‡mi cÖv³b mfvcwZ diIqvW© e--‡Ki cÖwZôvZv myfvl emy Ks‡MÖ‡mAvcmKvgx ivRbxwZi wec‡¶ wQ‡jb| cÖ_g †_‡KB ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c×wZi cÖ‡kœ MvÜxwRi m‡½ gZv‰bK¨ wQj|wK‡kvi eqm †_‡K wec--ex g‡bvfvevcbœ myfvl emy wQ‡jb MvÜxi Awnsm bxwZi we‡ivax| 1937 wLªt MvÜxiAby‡gv`‡b Ks‡MÖ‡mi mfvcwZ n‡jI MvÜxB Avevi wØZxq `dvq Zuv‡K mfvcwZ c‡` g‡bvbqb †`bwb| wZwb myfvlemy‡K G c‡` wbe©vPb Ki‡Z wb‡la K‡ib| myfvl emy GB wb‡lavÁv AMÖvn¨ K‡ib Ges MvÜxi g‡bvbxZ cÖv_©x‡Knvwi‡q Avevi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| MvÜxi cÖwZ GB ai‡bi P¨v‡j‡Ä Rqx myfvl cieZ©x‡Z Ks‡MÖ‡mi ivRbxwZ‡ZMvÜxi mn‡hvwMZv †c‡Z e¨_© nb| nZvk n‡q myfvl emy Ks‡MÖm †Q‡o diIqvW© e-K `j MVb K‡ib| Zuvi ivRbxwZAvcmnxb c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| myfvl emyi ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ê fxZ Bs‡iR miKvi evievi Zuv‡K Kviviy×K‡i| †kl ch©š— Kvivgyw³ jvf K‡i 1941 wLªt mevi Aj‡¶ myfvl emy †`k Z¨vM K‡ib| ZLb wØZxq wek¦hy×Pj‡Q| wZwb cÖ_g Bs‡iR‡ì kÎy f~wg Rvg©vwb‡Z Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b fvi‡Zi ¯vaxbZvi Rb¨ Rvg©vb miKv‡iim‡½ †hvMv‡hvM Ges †mbvevwnbx MV‡bi †Póv K‡ib| wZwbB cÖ_g fviZxq ivRbxwZwe`, whwb we‡`wk kw³i mvnvh¨wb‡q jovB K‡i gvZ…f~wg ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ‡jb| cwiw¯’wZ AbyK~‡j bv _vKvq Wy‡evRvnv‡R K‡i GK `ytmvnwmKAwfhv‡bi gva¨‡g AvUjvw›UK I fviZ gnvmvMi cvwo w`‡q wZwb Rvcv‡b Av‡mb| †mLv‡b Ae¯’vbiZ wec--exivmwenvix emyi mn‡hvwMZvq M‡o †Zv‡jb Rvcv‡b e›`x fviZxq †mbv‡ì wb‡q AvRv` wn›`y †dŠR| 1943 wLªt wZwbGB evwnbxi †bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib Ges H eQiB fviZxq f~L‡Êi Av›`vgvb Øx‡c MVb K‡ib AvRv` wn›` miKvi ev¯^vaxb fviZ miKvi| 1945 wLªt ch©š— GB miKv‡ii †mbvevwnbx wewfbœ iYv½‡b Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡× wei‡Z¡i m‡½jovB K‡i| AvRv` wn›`y †dŠR Ges myfvl emy ZLb wQj Bs‡iR‡ì Kv‡Q AvZ¼| myfvl emyi Bs‡iR‡ì weiy‡×mk¯¿ msMÖvg fvi‡Z Bs‡iR miKv‡ii wfZ Kuvwc‡q †`q| GB `ytmvnmx evOvwj †bZvi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvRv` wn›` †dŠR1944 wLªt evg©v n‡q fviZ f~wg‡Z c`vc©Y K‡i| †Kvwngv-Bç‡ji iYv½‡b exiZ¡ I mvd‡jï m‡½ jovB K‡iAvRv` wn›`y †dŠR Gme AÂj `Lj K‡i †bq| `yf©vM¨µ‡g GB iYv½‡b Rvcvbx evwnbx Bs‡iR evwnbxi ZxeªAvµgY †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q wcQy nU‡j AvRv` wn›` †dŠR‡KI wcQy nU‡Z nq| 1945 wLªt Rvcv‡bi †i½ybZ¨vM, wgÎevwnbxi weR‡q AvRv` wn›` †dŠ‡Ri AMÖhvÎv e¨vnZ nq| e¨_© nq GK `ytmvnmx evOvwj †`k‡cÖwg‡KijovB K‡i gvZ…f~wgi ¯^vaxbZv D×v‡ii cÖ‡Póv| †bZvwR myfvl emy mdj n‡j wfbœfv‡e wjL‡Z n‡Zv fvi‡Zi¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm| ZLwb iwPZ n‡Zv evOvwji †`k‡cÖg Avi wei‡Z¡i Av‡iK †MŠi‡ei BwZnvm|

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1947 mv‡ji 14 AvM÷ fviZ Dcgnv‡`k wef³ n‡q cvwK¯—vb m„wó n‡jv| ZrKvjxb c~e© e½ cvwK¯—v‡biGKwU As‡k cwiYZ n‡jv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki g‡a¨ BwZnvm, HwZn¨, fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ †Kv‡bv wKQziB wgj†bB| cÖvq GK nvRvi gvBj eëav‡bi cwðg cvwK¯—vb I c~e© cvwK¯—vb (evsjv‡`k) `ywU f~LÊ‡K GK Kiv n‡jvïay a‡g©i wfwË‡Z| d‡j cvwK¯—vb bvgK GB bZzb iv‡óªi kvmK‡Mvôx cÖ_‡gB evOvwj‡K †kvlY Kivi †KŠkjwn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvi Ici AvNvZ nvbj| bZzb ivóª cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv Kx n‡e? G cÖkœ †`Lv w`‡qwQj 1947mv‡j cvwK¯—vb ivóª m„wói c~‡e©B| †m mgq gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖfvekvjx †bZv I eyw×Rxexiv cvwK¯—vb ivóª m„wón‡j D`y© n‡e cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlvÑ G g‡g© gZvgZ †`b| ZLbB W. gynv¤§` knx`yj-vnmn evsjvi eyw×Rxex,†jLKMY Gi cÖwZev` K‡i| cvwK¯—vb ivóª m„wó nIqvi ci ciB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi c`v_©weÁvb wefv‡MiAa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡k‡gi †bZ…‡Z¡ ZgÏyb gRwjk MwVZ nq| GwUB wQj fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g msMVb| GmsMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M 1947 mv‡ji 15 †m‡Þ¤i fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g cyw¯—Kv ÔcvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv evsjv bvD`y©Õ cÖKvwkZ nq| cyw¯ÍKvwU‡Z ivóªfvlv evsjv `vwei c‡¶ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|

ZgÏyb gRwj‡ki D‡`¨v‡M fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K ivR‰bwZK iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨ 47-Gi A‡±vei gv‡m MwVZ nq cÖ_gÔivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ, hvi AvnŸvqK g‡bvbxZ nb XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK b~iyj nK fyTv| ivóªfvlvmsMÖvg cwil‡ì cvkvcvwk cvwK¯—vb MYZvwš¿K hyejxM, c~e© e½ eyw×Rxex mgvR, mvsevw`K msN wewfbœ mfv-mwgwZ‡Z evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| Gme wKQz‡K D‡c¶ K‡i wW‡m¤î gv‡m KivwP‡Z AbywôZ wk¶vm‡¤§j‡b D`y©‡K wjs¸qv d«v¼v wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ †`qvi Rb¨ msweavb mfvi Kv‡Q mycvwik K‡i|

1948 mv‡ji cÖ_g †_‡KB wkw¶Z evOvwj mgvR evsjv fvlvi `vwe wb‡q †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V| G mgq ivóªfvlvmsMÖvg cwil‡ì GK mfvq wbgœ‡kªYx †_‡K D”Pgva¨wgK ch©š— wk¶vi gva¨g wn‡m‡e evsjv‡K MÖn‡Yi cÖ¯—ve†Ìqv nq| 23 †deªyqvwi 1948 cvwK¯—vb MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ek‡b Bs‡iwRi cvkvcvwk D`©y‡Z Kvh©µg ïiyn‡j c~e© evsjv Ks‡MÖm cvwU©i m`m¨ Kzwgj-vi ax‡i› ªbv_ `Ë Gi cÖwZev` K‡ib Ges evsjv‡KI Awa‡ek‡biAb¨Zg fvlv wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ Kivi `vwe Rvbvb| wKšÍy gymwjg jx‡Mi mKj m`m¨ G `vwe cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| GNUbvq c~e© evsjvi QvÎmgvR e¨vcKfv‡e cÖwZev` Ki‡Z _v‡K| 26 I 29 †deªyqvwi 1948 XvKvi mKj wk¶vcÖwZôv‡b ag©NU cvwjZ nq| 2 gvP© †`‡ki QvÎmgvR eyw×Rxex‡ì Dcw¯’wZ‡Z wØZxq ev‡ii gZ ÔivóªfvlvmsMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡i| Gevi AvnŸvqK g‡bvbxZ nb kvgmyj Avjg|

ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì bZzb KwgwUi AvnŸv‡b 11 gvP© ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì `vwe wQjevsjv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Ges c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi miKvwi fvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv| ag©N‡Ui c‡¶Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ †m-vMvbmn wgwQj Kivi mgq cywj‡ki jvwVPv‡R© A‡b‡K AvnZ nq| e½eÜz †kL gywReyiingvb, kvgmyj nK, Awj Avnv`, KvRx †Mvjvg gvneyemn A‡b‡KB †MÖdZvi nb| GB NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 13-15gvP© Avevi ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Gevi ïay XvKv bq, †`‡ki me©Î ag©NU cvwjZ nq| Zxeª Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L 15 gvP©gyL¨gš¿x LvRv bvwRgyÏxb Av‡›`vjbKvix‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvq e‡m GKwU Pzw³ ¯^v¶i K‡ib| G Pzw³‡Z†MÖdZviK…Z‡ì gyw³, Z`š— KwgwU MVb, wk¶vi gva¨g evsjv, evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi cÖ¯—ve AvBb cwil‡`DÌvcb cÖf„wZ Aš—f©y³ wQj|

1948 mv‡ji 19 gvP© cvwK¯—v‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn XvKvq Av‡mb| 21 gvP© igbviZrKvjxb †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb †mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) Ges 24 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgveZ©b Abyôv‡bwZwb e³e¨ †`b| `ywU e³‡e¨B wZwb evsjv fvlvi `vwe AMÖvn¨ K‡i D`y©‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv†`b| mgveZ©b e³‡eï mgq wZwb e‡j DV‡jb, ÔD`©y Ges GKgvÎ D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlvÕ| Dcw¯’ZQvÎiv Zxeª cÖwZev‡` Ôbv bvÕ aŸwb w`‡q I‡V| G mgq mviv c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bB fvlv Av‡›`vjb Qwo‡q c‡o| 1948mv‡ji 18 b‡f¤i cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb XvKvq G‡m e³…ZvKv‡j Avevi D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv†`b| QvÎiv Ôbv bvÕ e‡j cÖwZev` K‡i D‡V|

1948 mv‡j KivwP‡Z AbywôZ wbwLj cvwK¯—vb wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b evsjv fvlv Aviwe ni‡d †jLvi cÖ¯—ve †Ìqvnq| W. gyn¤§` knx`yj-vn Gi cÖwZev` K‡ib| Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi loh‡š¿i cÖ‡Póv wn‡m‡e evsjv fvlvms¯‹v‡ii bv‡g 1949 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Ôc~e© evsjv fvlv KwgwUÕ MVb Kiv nq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq Gi cÖwZev`Rvbvq| 1950 mv‡ji 11 gvP© Ave`yj gwZb‡K AvnŸvqK K‡i XvKv wek¦we`¨vq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZnq| 1950 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m MYcwil` KZ©„K MwVZ g~jbxwZ KwgwUi mycvwi‡k ejv nq, D`y©B cvwK¯—v‡biivóªfvlv n‡e| †`kRy‡o cÖwZev` mfv-mgv‡ek Pj‡Z _v‡K| 1951 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx


Lvb AvZZvqxi nv‡Z wbnZ n‡j cÖavbgš¿x nb LvRv bvwRgyÏxb| 1952 mv‡j XvKvq LvRv bvwRgyÏx‡bi GKDw³‡K †K› ª K‡i fvlv Av‡›`vjb bZzb gvÎv I me©vZ¥K iƒc jvf K‡i| Gfv‡e P~ovš— ch©v‡qi m~Pbv nq|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi P~ovš— ch©vq

bZzb cÖavbgš¿x LvRv bvwRgyÏxb 27 Rvbyqvwi cëb gq`v‡b †NvlYv †`b, cvwK¯—v‡bi ivóªfvlv n‡e D`y©| GicÖwZev‡` fvlv Av‡›`vjb bZzb K‡i ïiy n‡q hvq| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` 30 Rvbyqvwi mfv IQvÎ ag©N‡Ui AvnŸvb K‡i| 31 Rvbyqvwi AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM mfvcwZ gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbximfvcwZ‡Z¡ wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji me©`jxq mfvq Ôme©`jxq †K›`ªxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ nq| GiAvnŸvqK wQ‡jb KvRx †Mvjvg gvneye| G mfvq 21 †deªyqvwi †`ke¨vcx niZvj, Rbmfv I we‡¶vf wgwQj Kiviwm×vš— †bIqv nq| Gmgq nVvr K‡i c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gyL¨gš¿x b~iyj Avwgb XvKv kn‡i 144 aviv Rvwi K‡i meai‡bi mfv-mgv‡ek, we‡¶vf wgwQj wbwl× K‡ib| miKvwi G †NvlYv cvIqv gvÎB XvKvq D‡ËRbv Qwo‡qc‡o| QvÎiv wKQz‡ZB 144 aviv †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb|

20 †deªyqvwi mÜ¨vq AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi †K›`ªxq Kvh©vj‡q me©`jxq ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil‡ì êVK e‡m|Aveyj nvwk‡gi mfvcwZ‡Z¡ G mfvq 144 aviv Agvb¨ Kivi wm×v‡š— wØgZ †`Lv †`q| AwaKvsk m`m¨ cÖ_‡g144 aviv Agvb¨ Kivi c‡¶ wQ‡jb bv| wKšÍy Ave`yj gwZb, Iwj Avnv`, †Mvjvg gvneye cÖgyL †bZviv 144 avivAgvb¨ Kivi wm×v‡š— AUzU _v‡Kb| Ae‡k‡l 144 aviv fvOvi wm×vš— M„nxZ nq|

21 †deªyqvwi mKvj 11 Uvq XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi AvgZjvq (eZ©gv‡b XvKv †gwWK¨vj K‡j‡Ri PZ¡‡i) QvÎ‡ìmfv Rbmgy‡`ª cwiYZ nq| XvKv kn‡ii ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri nvRvi nvRvi QvÎ-QvÎx mgv‡e‡k †hvM †`q| KwZcq†bZv 144 aviv f½ bv Kivi Rb¨ QvÎ‡ì Aby‡iva K‡i| Z‡e QvÎ †bZ…e„›` wm×v‡š— AUj _v‡K| mfvq †QvU†QvU `‡j QvÎiv wgwQj K‡i 144 aviv fvOvi wm×vš— †bq| QvÎ-QvÎxiv Ôivóªfvlv evsjv PvBÕ †k-vMvb w`‡q wgwQjKi‡Z _vK‡j cywjk Zv‡ì Ici jvwVPvR© K‡i Ges Kuv`v‡b M¨vm eënvi K‡i|

QvÎ-QvÎxivI cywj‡ki Ici BU-cvU‡Kj wb‡¶c K‡i| we¶zä QvÎiv XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b mg‡eZn‡q MYcwil‡ì w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _vK‡j wgwQ‡j cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z Ave`ym mvjvg, AveyjeiKZ, iwdK DwÏb Avng`, Ave`yj ReŸvi NUbv¯’‡j kwn` nb| †m mgq MYcwil‡ì Awa‡ekb PjwQj|¸wji Lei †c‡q Ave`yi ikx` ZK©evMxkmn AvBb cwil‡ì K‡qKRb m`m¨ Awa‡ekb Z¨vM K‡i NUbv¯’‡jDcw¯’Z nb|

ee©‡ivwPZ nZ¨vKv‡Êi cÖwZev‡` ciw`b 22 †deªyqvwi

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wgwQj †ei K‡i| AveviI wgwQ‡ji Ici cywjk I

wgwjUvwi jvwV, ¸wj I †e‡qv‡bU eënvi K‡i| G‡Z

kwdDi ingvbmn AviI K‡qKRb kwn` nb|

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nq †mLv‡b QvÎiv mvivivZ †R‡M 23 †deªyqvwi‡Z

fvlv Av‡›`vjb I cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖevn 135

†K›`ªxq kwn` wgbvi

GKwU ¯§„wZ¯—¤¢ ev kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY K‡i| c‡i cywjk kwn` wgbviwU †f‡O †`q| 1963 mv‡j A¯’vqx kwn`wgbv‡ii ¯’‡j wkíx nvwg`yi ingv‡bi bKkv I cwiKíbvq kwn` wgbvi wbg©vY Kiv nq| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i

mgq cvK nvbv`vi evwnbx kwn` wgbviwU †f‡O w`‡j 1972 mv‡j †m bKkv Abyhvqx eZ©gvb kwn` wgbviwU wbg©vY

Kiv nq|

Zvic‡iI fvlv Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ wQj| cÖej Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L cvwK¯—v‡bi RvZxq cwil` evsjv‡KcvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q| RvZxq cwil‡` evsjv fvlv welqwU wb‡q weZ‡K©i GKch©v‡qGi m`m¨ Av‡`jDwÏb Avng‡ì †Ìqv ms‡kvabx cÖ¯—ve Abyhvqx D`y©i cvkvcvwk evsjv‡KI Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlvwn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ w`‡q wej cvm Kiv nq| 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e gh©v`v †Ìqv nq|

fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi Zvrch©

1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m GK Abb¨mvaviY NUbv| cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi êlg¨g~jKAvPi‡Yi weiy‡× GwU wQj evOvwj RvwZi cÖ_g cÖwZev` I we‡ ªvn, evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì cÖ_g †cÖiYv| 1947

mv‡j cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB evOvwj RvwZ cwðg cvwK¯—vwb miKv‡ii Ae‡njv, eÂbv, †kvl‡Yi RuvZvK‡jwcó nw”Qj| gvZ…fvlv evsjvi cÖwZ Aegvbbv evOvwji gb‡K cÖej bvov w`‡qwQj| Zviv eyS‡Z †c‡iwQjcvwK¯—vwb‡ì nv‡Z Zv‡ì fvlv, ms¯‹…wZ, A_©bxwZ wKQzB wbivc` bq| Gfv‡eB evOvwji gv‡S evOvwjRvZxqZvev‡ì exR ewcZ nq| hvi d‡j m¤¢e nq lv‡Ui `k‡Ki ¯vwaKvi Av`v‡qi RvZxqZvev`x ivR‰bwZK

Av‡›`vjb| hvi nvZ a‡i ¯vqËkvm‡bi `vwe †_‡K ¯vaxbZvi `vwe Ges ZviB d‡j exi evOvwj gyw³hy‡× Rqjvf

K‡i ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q NUvq|

kwn` wèm I Avš—R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wè‡mi ¸iyZ¡

1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ii eQi †_‡K cÖwZeQi 21 †deªyqvwi w`bwU evOvwji knx` wèm wn‡m‡e

D`&hvwcZ n‡q Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k m„wói ci †_‡K 21 †deªyqvwi ivZ 12Uv GK wgwb‡U ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿xmn

me©¯Í‡ii RbMY †K› ªxq kwn` wgbv‡i fvlv knx`‡ì cÖwZ cy®úvN©¨ wb‡e`b K‡ib| 21-Gi cÖfvZ‡dwi IcÖfvZ‡dwii Mvb evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi Awe‡”Q`¨ A‡½ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k ¯vaxb nIqvi ci GKz‡k †deªyqvwimiKvwi QzwUi w`b †NvwlZ nq| Gw`b knx` wè‡mi Zvrch© Zz‡j a‡i wewfbœ Abyôvb Av‡qvR‡bi ga¨ w`‡q

evOvwj †PZbv‡K jvjb Kivi cÖwµqv Ae¨vnZ ivLv nq|

1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªyqvwi evOvwj RvwZ i‡³i wewbg‡q gvZ…fvlvi gh©v`v i¶v K‡iwQj| we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m Abb¨

mvaviY NUbv wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì fvlv I kwn` wèm AvR Avš—R©vwZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| 1999

mv‡ji 17 b‡f¤î c¨vwi‡m BD‡b‡¯‹vi Awa‡ek‡b GKz‡k †deªyqvwi‡K ÔAvš—R©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèmÕ wn‡m‡e

†NvlvYv Kiv nq| 2000 mv‡ji 21 †deªyqvwi †_‡K GB wèm Avš—R©vwZK A½‡b h_vh_fv‡e cvwjZ n‡”Q|Gfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv Av‡›`vjb Avš—R©vwZK ghv©`vq f~wlZ nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi i‡q‡Q wfbœ wfbœfvlv I ms¯‹…wZ| GB ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi fvlv I ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ kª×v †cvl‡Y Ges msi¶‡Y wewfbœ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kivn‡q‡Q|


GKK KvR :

1| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ivR‰bwZK ¸iyZ¡ wPwýZ Ki|

2| kwn` wèm‡K AvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv wèm ejvi KviYmg~n wPwýZ Ki|

ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv

1947 mv‡j evsjvi we`¨gvb ivR‰bwZK fvev`k©

1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb m„wói mgq c~e© evsjvq cÖavbZ wZbwU ivR‰bwZK `j ev aviv we`¨gvb wQj| 1. ag©xqAv`k©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK avivi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix gymwjg jxM, 2. Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv I MYZvwš¿K avivi `j

RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, 3. wec-ex mvgëv`x avivi KwgDwb÷ cvwU©|

gymwjg jxM I Zvi AMYZvwš¿K Kg©KvÊ

1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb R‡b¥i ci wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi bZzb bvgKiY nq cvwK¯—vb gymwjg jxM| bZzbivóª cvwK¯—v‡bi kvmK `j wn‡m‡e gymwjg jx‡Mi hvÎv ïiy| ïiy †_‡KB D`y©fvlx cwðg cvwK¯—vwb †bZ…e‡M©ic‡KU `‡j cwiYZ nq gymwjg jxM| cvwK¯—vb m„wói Av‡›`vj‡b evOvwj †bZ…e„‡›ì cÖ‡Póv, D‡`¨vM IAvZ¥Z¨vM fy‡j wM‡q cwðg cvwK¯—vwb gymwjg jxM †bZviv evOvwji weiy‡× êlg¨g~jK bxwZ MÖnY K‡i, evOvwjicÖwZ Pvjvq `gbbxwZ| †k‡ievsjv G †K dRjyj nK, †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©, Aveyj nvwkg‡ì g‡Zv gymwjg

jx‡Mi Z¨vMx evOvwj †bZviv D‡cw¶Z nb| kvmK`j wn‡m‡e gymwjg jxM ïiy †_‡KB AMYZvwš¿K I

AmvsweavwbKfv‡e †`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| ax‡i ax‡i gymwjg jxM Rbwew”Qbœ n‡Z ïiy K‡i|

1947 cieZx© c~e© evsjvq ïiy †_‡KB gymwjg jxM Af¨š—ixY †Kv›`‡j Rwo‡q c‡o| wØgyLx avivq wef³ n‡q c‡oGmgq `jwU| GKwU aviv wQj †mvnivIqv`x-nvwkgcš’x, Ab¨wU wQj LvRv bvwRgyÏxb-AvKivg Luv cš’x| cÖ_g

avivwU wQj D`vi, MYZvwš¿K, ms¯‹vicš’x Ges wØZxq avivwU wQj i¶Ykxj cwðg cvwK¯—vwb‡ì AvÁven†`vmi| d‡j G AšÍt‡Kv›`j `jwU‡K mvsMVwbKfv‡e `ye©j K‡i †`q| GQvov cwðg cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡Mvôxms¯‹vicš’x avivi †bZv‡ì memgq †KvYVvmv, Ae`gb Kivi †Póv KiZ|

gymwjg jx‡Mi Pig åvš—bxwZi Kvi‡Y †`‡k gvivZ¥K msKU m„wó nq| gymwjg jxM miKvi c~e© evsjvi DbœwZiw`‡K mvgvb¨Zg `„wócvZ KiZ bv| c~e© evsjvi cÖwZ Zv‡ì êlg¨g~jK AvPiY µ‡gB cÖKU n‡Z _v‡K|A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ cÖwZwU †¶‡Î G êlg¨ wQj j¶Yxq| 1948 mvj †_‡K c~e© evsjvq gymwjg jx‡MiRbmg_©b AwZ `ªyZ Kg‡Z _v‡K|

bZzb bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j

cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB gymwjg jx‡Mi AMYZvwš¿K AvPiY, `gbbxwZ, c~e© I cwð‡gi g‡a¨ mxgvnxb êlg¨,evsjv fvlvi Aegvbbv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y gymwjg jx‡Mi A‡bK †bZv gg©vnZ nb| gymwjg jx‡Mi we‡ivax c¶iv

ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡b GwM‡q Av‡mb| Gmgq c~‡e©i Ks‡MÖm I KwgDwb÷ cvwU© QvovI wccjm wd«Wg jxM, MY


AvRv`x jxM, cvwK¯—vb MYZvwš¿K hyejxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, wLjvdZ-B-iveŸvbx cvwU©, K…lK-kªwgK cvwU© BZ¨vw`

msMVb M‡o D‡V| Z‡e me‡P‡q eo cUcwieZ©b wQj †Lv` gymwjg jx‡Mi g‡a¨ fvOb| evsjvi gymwjg jx‡Mi

ms¯‹vicš’x †bZviv gymwjg jxM Z¨vM K‡i M‡o †Zv‡jb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| G iKg GKwU †cÖ¶vc‡U c~e©cvwK¯Ívb Z_v evsjvq gymwjg jxMwe‡ivax GK ev GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK msMVb M‡o D‡V|

AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM †_‡K AvIqvgx jxM

`xN©w`b a‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi GK Ask hviv MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx, ms¯‹vicš’x wQj, Zv‡ì cÖwZ cwðg cvwK¯—vwbg``cyó cÖwZwµqvkxj Aci Ask bvbvfv‡e `gb, wbcxob Pvjv‡Z _v‡K| †`k kvm‡b Pig e¨_©Zvi cwiP‡q w`‡q

GB cÖwZwµqvkxj Ask RbMY †_‡K µ‡gB `~‡i m‡i †h‡Z _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi ewÂZ †bZv‡ì cÖwZRbmg_©b ev‡o| RvZxq †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ †mvnivIqv`x©, Aveyj nvwkg, gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx gymwjg

jx‡Mi cÖPwjZ bxwZi weiy‡× cÖwZev` Ki‡Z _v‡Kb Ges bZzb GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Dcjwä K‡ib| 1948 mv‡ji †g gv‡m XvKvq †mvnivIqv`©x GKwU we‡ivax `j MV‡bi Rb¨ Av‡jvPbvq e‡mb|

GiB avivevwnKZvq cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi gymwjg jxMwe‡ivax †bZ…e„‡›ì mv‡_I bZzb `j MVb wb‡q Av‡jvPbvPj‡Z _v‡K| bZzb `j MV‡bi ZrciZv I cÖ¯‘wZi ci 1949 mv‡ji 23-24 Ryb XvKvi †ivR Mv‡W©‡b Kgx©m‡¤§jb nq| 300 Rb kxl© ch©v‡qi cÖwZwbwa G‡Z Ask †bb| mfvq me©m¤§Zfv‡e Ôc~e© cvwK¯Ívb AvIqvgxgymwjg jxMÕ bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv nq| gIjvbv fvmvbx‡K mfvcwZ, kvgmyj

nK‡K m¤úv`K, e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K hyM¥ m¤úv`K K‡i 40 m`m¨wewkó KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| 24Ryb m`¨ MwVZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g Rbmfv AbywôZ nq XvKvi Avigvwb‡Uvjvq|

Rb¥jMœ †_‡KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM `jwU cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Ici we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q 42 `dv Kg©m~wPMÖnY K‡i| G mg‡q Zv‡ì cÖavb `vwei g‡a¨ wQj ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e evsjvi ¯^xK…wZ, GKR‡bi GK †fvU,

MYZš¿, GKwU msweavb cÖYqb, msm`xq c×wZi miKvi, AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvmb Ges c~e© I cwð‡gi g‡a¨ êlg¨`~ixKiY| evsjvi BwZnv‡m AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cÖ_g mdj we‡ivax `j| G `jwU MV‡bi gva¨‡g we‡ivaxivRbxwZ‡Z †h k~b¨Zv wQj Zv c~iY nq| gymwjg jxM I cwðg cvwK¯—vwb kvmK‡ì Kzkvm‡bi weiy‡× ewjôKÉ¯î wn‡m‡e AwP‡iB `jwU RbM‡Yi Av¯’v AR©‡b mg_© nq| `jwU cieZx© 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U

MVb I gymwjg jx‡Mi weiy‡× hy³d«‡›Ui wbi¼zk R‡q e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| Gici gymwjg jxM GKwU bvgme©¯`‡j cwiYZ nq|

Rb¥ †_‡KB AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM Am¤cÖ`vwqK, ag©wbi‡c¶ ivR‰bwZK †PZbvq wek¦vmx wQj| d‡j 1955 mv‡j

AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM †_‡K gymwjg kãwU ev` w`‡q ÔAvIqvgx jxMÕ bvg aviY K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ ag©vej¤^x‡ì

Rb¨ Gi Øvi Ly‡j †Ìqv nq| 1966 mv‡j ÔQq `dvÕ `vwe DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g AvIqvgx jxM cÖK…ZB AvIqvgx ev

RbM‡Yi `‡j cwiYZ nq| Gi ci c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ivR‰bwZK wbqš¿Y cy‡ivUvB AvIqvgx jx‡Mi nv‡Z P‡j

Av‡m| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b `jwUi msL¨vMwiô Avmb jvf RbM‡Yi e¨vcK Av¯’vi cwiPq †`q| AvIqvgx

jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡B 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡× Rq jvf K‡i evsjv‡`k ¯vaxbZv jvf K‡i|


hy³d«›U Ges cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb (1954)

1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb I hy³d«›U MVb wQj evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Aa¨vq| g~jZ G wbe©vPb wQjcwðg cvwK¯—vwb gymwjg jxM kvmK I Zvi †`vmi‡ì †kvl‡Yi weiy‡× GK Ôe¨vjU wec-eÕ| cvwK¯—vb m„wóiK‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jx‡Mi wewfbœ Dc`j, Af¨š—ixY †Kv›`j, e¨_© kvmb, AÂj‡f‡`êlg¨g~jK bxwZ cÖf„wZi Kvi‡Y bZzb bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Avek¨K K‡i †Zv‡j| we‡kl K‡i G mgq c~e©evsjvq gymwjg jxM kvm‡bi Pig e¨_©Zvi d‡j AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©, c~e© cvwK¯—vbKwgDwb÷ cvwU©, †bRvg-B-Bmjvgx, cvwK¯—vb RvZxq Ks‡MÖm cÖf„wZ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Rb¥ nq| c~e© †_‡KB1951 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯—vb cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil‡ì wbe©vPb AbywôZ nIqvi K_v _vK‡jI gymwjg jxM miKvicivR‡qi Avk¼vq bvbv Uvjevnvbv K‡i wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL evievi wcwQ‡q †`q| Ae‡k‡l miKvi c~e© evsjvqcÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL avh© K‡i 1955 mv‡ji 8 gvP©|

hy³d«›U MV‡bi cUfywg Ges 21 `dv Kg©m~wP

1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b c~e© evsjvi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gymwjg jxM wQj cyivZb I eo `j| GQvov c~e©evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK miKvi cwiPvjbv KiZ gymwjg jxM| d‡j 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b m`¨ cÖwZwôZ ivR‰bwZK

`j¸‡jv gymwjg jxM‡K civwRZ Kivi †KŠkj wn‡m‡e †RvUe× n‡q wbe©vPb Kivi cwiKíbv †bq| GiB

cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1953 mv‡ji 14 b‡f¤î gqgbwms‡n AbywôZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi KvDwÝ‡j Ôhy³d«›UÕ MV‡bi

wm×vš— nq| hy³d«›U g~jZ PviwU we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mgš‡q MwVZ nq| 1. gIjvbv fvmvbxi †bZ…Z¡vaxbAvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, †k‡ievsjv dRjyj n‡Ki K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©, gIjvbv AvZvnvi Avjxi †bRvg-B-Bmjvgx

cvwU© Ges nvRx `v‡b‡ki evgcš’x MYZš¿x `j| wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui cÖZxK wQj Ô†bŠKvÕ| AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi

wbe©vPbx Kg©m~wPi 42 `dvi cÖavb cÖavb `vwe wb‡q hy³d«‡›Ui 21 `dv wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi †NvlYv Kiv nq| c~e©evsjvi MYgvby‡li Avkv-AvKv•¶v‡K mvg‡b †i‡L iwPZ GB 21 `dv Kg©m~wPi gyL¨ iPwqZv wQ‡jb Aveyj gbmyiAvn‡g`| GB `dv¸‡jv ms‡¶‡c ewY©Z n‡jv:

1. evsjv‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv|

2. webv ¶wZc~i‡Y Rwg`vwi cÖ_v wejyß Kiv I f~wgnxb K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ DØ„Ë Rwg weZiY|

3. cvUwk‡íi RvZxqKiY Kiv|

4. K…wli DbœwZi Rb¨ mgevq K…wleë¯’v cÖeZ©b|

5. je‡Yi KviLvbv ¯’vcb|

6. †gvnv‡Ri-wkíx-KvwiMi †kªwYi Kg©ms¯’vb|

7. Lvj Lbb I †m‡Pi eë¯’v K‡i eb¨v I `ywf©‡¶i Aemvb Kiv|

8. wkí I Lv‡`¨ †`k‡K ¯vej¤^x Kiv|

9. A‰eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK wk¶v cÖeZ©b|


10. gvZ…fvlvi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb, miKvwi I †emiKvwi we`¨vj‡qi g‡a¨ †f`v‡f` `~i Kiv Ges mKjwe`¨vjq‡K miKvwi mvnvh¨ Kiv|

11. XvKv I ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq‡K ¯vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôv‡b cwiYZ Kiv|

12. kvmb e¨q n«vm Kiv| gš¿xi †eZb GK nvRv‡ii †ewk bv nIqv|

13. Nyl, `ybx©wZ I ¯^RbcÖxwZ eÜ Kivi Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY|

14. RbwbivcËv AvBb I AwW©b¨vÝ cÖf„wZ KvjvKvbyb i`|

15. wePvi wefvM‡K kvmb wefvM †_‡K c„_K Kiv|

16. gyL¨gš¿xi evmfeb Ôea©gvb nvDm‡K evsjv fvlv M‡elYvMv‡i cwiYZ Kiv|

17. 52Õ-Gi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi knx`‡ì ¯§i‡Y knx` wgbvi wbg©vY|

18. 21 †deªyqvwi‡K knx` wèm wn‡m‡e miKvwi QzwUi w`b †NvlYv|

19. 1940 -Gi jv‡nvi cÖ¯—ve Abyhvqx c~e© evsjv‡K c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb|

20. AvBb cwil‡ì †gqv` †Kv‡bvfv‡eB e„w× Kiv n‡e bv|

21. AvBb cwil‡ì Avmb k~b¨ n‡j wZb gv‡mi g‡a¨ Dc wbe©vPb w`‡q Zv c~iY Kiv|

wbe©vP‡bi djvdj

1954 mv‡ji 8 gv‡P©i wbe©vPb wQj c~e© evsjvq cÖ_g Aeva I me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g mvaviY wbe©vPb|wbe©vP‡b kZKiv 37.19 fvM †fvUvi †fvU †`q| 2 GwcÖj miKvwifv‡e wbe©vP‡bi djvdj cÖKvwkZ nq| †gvU

309wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ hy³d«›U 223wU Avmb jvf K‡i| ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM cvq gvÎ 9wU Avmb, cvwK¯ÍvbRvZxq Ks‡MÖm 24wU, Zdwmwj †dWv‡ikb 27wU, †Ljvd‡Z ieŸvbx 2wU, wLª÷vb 1wU, †eŠ× 1wU, Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©

4wU Avmb jvf K‡i|

wbe©vP‡bi Zvrch©

1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb wQj gymwjg jx‡Mi Ab¨vq, êlg¨g~jK, e¨_© kvm‡bi weiy‡× evOvwji HKë× cÖwZev`|evOvwj RvwZ G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g gymwjg jxM‡K eywS‡q †`q †h Zviv c~e© evsjvq gymwjg jxM‡K Avi Pvq bv|hy³d«‡›Ui †bZ…e„‡›ì RbwcÖqZv, we‡kl K‡i ZiyY †bZ…‡Z¡i RbwcÖqZv c~e© evsjvi fwel¨Z †bZ„Z¡ ˆZwii c_ myMgK‡i| KviY A‡bK ZiyY †bZvi Kv‡Q gymwjg jx‡Mi eo eo †bZ…‡Z¡i civRq N‡U| GQvov hy³d«‡›Ui g‡a¨

AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi m‡e©v”P Avmb jvf fwel¨‡Z Zv‡ì c~e© evsjvq ewjô †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZôvi Bw½Z enb K‡i|G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g c~e© evsjvi ivRbxwZ‡Z ag©wbi‡c¶ avivi m„wó nq| m‡e©vcwi G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g gymwjgjxM I AevOvwj †bZ…‡Z¡i cÖwZ evOvwji g‡b e¨vcK Abv¯’v Rb¥vq| Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡i cwðg cvwK¯—vwb I Zv‡ìG †`kxq †`vmi‡ì Øviv evOvwji cÖK…Z gyw³ m¤¢e bq| d‡j evOvwj RvZxqZvev`x Av`‡k©i wfwË‡Z c~e©evsjvevmx ¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡ì c~Y© mg_©b e¨³ K‡i|


wbe©vPb cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn

hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv MVb

†k‡ievsjv G.†K. dRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ hy³d«‡›Ui 14 m`m¨wewkó gwš¿mfv MVb Kiv nq| wZwb gyL¨gš¿x QvovIA_©, ivR¯^ I ¯ivóª wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ †bb| Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ Avey †nv‡mb miKvi wePvi, ¯^v¯’¨ I ¯’vbxqmiKvi, ˆmq` AvwRRyj nK wk¶v, e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb K…wl, mgevq I cj-x Dbœqb wefv‡Mi `vwqZ¡ jvfK‡ib|

hy³d«‡›Ui gwš¿mfv evwZj I c~e© evsjvq †K›`ªxq kvmb

hy³d«‡›Ui wbi¼zk Rq ïiy †_‡KB gymwjg jxM mybR‡i †`‡Lwb| Zviv hy³d«›U miKv‡ii weiy‡× lohš¿ Avi¤¢K‡i| G mgq †k‡i evsjv G, †K, dRjyj nK KjKvZv md‡i `yB evsjv wb‡q Av‡eMcÖeY e³e¨ w`‡q †K›`ªxqmiKv‡ii weivMfvRb nb| wbe©vPbx cÖwZkÖywZ Abyhvqx 21 †deªyqvwi‡K miKvix QzwU I ea©gvb nvDm‡K evsjvfvlvi M‡elYv cÖwZôvb †NvlYv w`‡j †K›`ªxq miKvi ¶zä n‡q I‡V| †K›`ªxq miKvi my‡hvM LyuR‡Z _v‡K†h‡Kv‡bv ARynv‡Z hy³d«›U gwš¿mfv evwZj Ki‡Z| GgZve¯’vq †g gv‡m †K› ªxq KvivMv‡ii mvg‡b Kviv KZ…©c¶I ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi i³¶qx msNl© Ges Av`gRx RyU wg‡j evOvwj I wenvix kªwgK‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK †Mvj‡hvMnq| d‡j †K› ªxq miKvi hy³d«›U gwš¿mfv‡K AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶v Ki‡Z e¨_© e‡j `vqx Ki‡Z _v‡K| GKB mgqÔwbDBqK© UvBgmÕ-G dRjyj n‡Ki GK mv¶vrKvi weK…Z K‡i cÖKvwkZ nq †h wZwb c~e© evsjvi ¯^vaxbZv Pvb|G‡Z gymwjg jxM miKvi Zuv‡K iv‡óªv‡`ªvnx e‡j †NvlYv †`q| Ae‡k‡l †K› ªxq gymwjg jxM miKvi 1935mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi 92 (K) aviv e‡j 1954 mv‡ji 30 †g hy³d«›U miKvi evwZj K‡i c~e© evsjvqMfb©‡ii kvmb Rvwi K‡i| G kvmb 1955 mv‡ji 2 Ryb ch©š— envj _v‡K| gvÎ 56 w`‡bi kvm‡bi cihy³d«›U gwš¿mfvi Aemvb nq| g~jZ gymjxg jxM I cvwK¯Ívb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii loh‡š¿ Ges hy³d«‡›Ui kwiK`‡ji g‡a¨ †Kv›`‡ji Kvi‡Y Nb Nb miKvi e`j n‡Z _v‡K| gvÎ Pvi eQ‡i mvZ gwš¿mfvi cZb nq| †Kw›`ªqmiKvi wZbevi Mfb©‡ii kvmb Rvwi K‡i| hy³d«‡›Ui g‡a¨ ¶gZvi Ø›Ø I †Kw› ªq miKv‡ii Pµv‡šÍi d‡jMYZvwš¿K eë¯’v M‡o DV‡Z cv‡iwb|

GKK KvR : 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi f~wgKv wPwýZ Ki|

1956 mv‡ji msweavb

msweavb GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb| msweav‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq| 1947 mv‡jcvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi Rb¥ †bIqvi ci †_‡KB wewfbœ ch©v‡q `ªyZ msweavb iPbvi `vwe D‡V| c~e© evsjv †_‡K G `vwewQj AviI †Rviv‡jv| c~e© evsjvi Rb`vweB wQj bZzb msweav‡bi gva¨‡g c~e© evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb †hbAwR©Z nq| wKšÍy cwðg cvwK¯—vwb ¶gZvmxb gymwjg jxM miKvi c~e© evsjv‡K Dcwb‡e‡k cwiYZ Ki‡Z PvBj|cÖ_g Ae¯’vq bZzb ivóª cvwK¯—vb 1947 mv‡ji fviZ ¯vaxbZv AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡Z _v‡K| 1946mv‡ji wbe©vwPZ MYcÖwZwbwa‡ì mgš^‡q cvwK¯—vb MYcwil` MVb Kiv nq| GB MYcwil‡ì `vwqZ¡ wQj †K› ªxqAvBbmfv wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv Ges bZzb msweavb cÖYqb Kiv| wKšÍy kvmK‡Mvôxi Awbnvq MYcwil‡ì KvR e¨nZn‡Z _v‡K| Ae‡k‡l 1949 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m msweavb iPbvi Rb¨ MYcwil` KZ…©K GKwU g~jbxwZ KwgwU MVb


Kiv nq| G g~jbxwZ KwgwU‡Z c~e© evsjvi cÖwZwbwawQj bMY¨| bvbv Kvj‡¶cY K‡i g~jbxwZ KwgwU 18 gvm c‡iZvi mycvwik I cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡i| G KwgwUi mycvwi‡k c~e© evsjvi RbMY‡K mew`K †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq|d‡j 1950 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m cÖwZ‡e`bwU cÖKvwkZ n‡j c~e© evsjvq e¨vcK cÖwZev` D‡V Ges Zviv KwgwUimycvwik‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i| Gici g~jbxwZ KwgwU 1952 mv‡j wØZxq Ges 1953 mv‡j Z…Zxq cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvkK‡i| wKšÍy msweavb cÖYq‡bi welqwU AgxgvswmZ i‡q hvq| Ae‡k‡l 1955 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m Mfb©i †Rbv‡ijcvwK¯—v‡bi msweavb cÖYq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bb| cwðg I c~e© As‡ki †bZviv GKwU mg‡SvZvq Avm‡Z m¶g nb|ZviB wfwË‡Z 1956 mv‡ji msweavb iwPZ nq| 1956 mv‡ji msweavb cÖYxZ nIqvi ci Pvjy wQj gvÎ `y eQi|1958 mv‡j AvBqye Lvb mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi Ki‡j msweavb ¯’wMZ Kiv nq Ges †mB m‡½ cvwK¯—v‡bmvsweavwbK kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:1. Kvi †bZ…‡Z¡ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g msMVb ÔZgÏyb gRwjkÕ MwVZ nq?

K. W. KvRx †gvZvnvi †nv‡mb L. Aa¨vcK Aveyj Kv‡kg

M. Rbve Aveyj gbmyi Avng` N. W. gyn¤§` knx`yj-vn&

2. 1948 mv‡j wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv ivóªfvlv msMÖvg cwil` MwVZ nq-

i. fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K ivR‰bwZK iƒc`v‡bi Rb¨

ii. cvwK¯Ívb MYcwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡b evsjv‡K AšÍfz©w³i Rb¨

iii. Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z


K. i L. ii

M. i I iii N. ii I iii

DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

†Uwjwfk‡b †jvKR Mv‡bi Abyôvb nw”Qj| wgw_jv †ek AvMÖn wb‡q AbyôvbwU †`LwQj| wKšÍy Zvi †QvU fvB wgVzb†KejB P¨v‡bj cwieZ©b K‡i Bs‡iwR KvUz©b †`L‡Z †Póv KiwQj| wgVz‡bi g‡Z Hme Mv‡bi †kÖvZv n‡”Q MÖv‡gi†jvK| Zvi †ev‡bi Gme MvbcÖxwZ †egvbvb jv‡M|


3. wgw_jv †Kvb& Av‡›`vj‡bi †PZbvq AbycÖvwYZ?

K. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb L. wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb

M. fvlv Av‡›`vjb N. ¯vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb

4. D³ †PZbvq AbycÖvwYZ n‡q wgw_jv n‡Z cv‡ib-

i. †`k‡cÖwgK

ii. RvZxqZvev`x

iii. cÖwZev`x


K. i L. i I ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. meyRbMi AÂ‡ji wbe©vP‡b ¶gZvmxb cÖfvekvjx `‡ji †bZv‡K †gvKv‡ejv I civwRZ Kivi Rb¨ †QvU †QvU`j¸‡jv GKZve× nq| Zviv RbM‡bi Avkv-AvKv•Lv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GK my`xN© wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi cÖKvkK‡i| RbMY D³ †Rv‡Ui Dci mvwe©K Av¯’v †i‡L Zv‡`i c~Y© mg_©b e¨³ K‡ib| Gi Aek¨¤¢vex djwn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡b †Rv‡Ui †bZ…e„›` wecyj †fv‡U Rqx nb Ges ¶gZvmxb `‡ji †bZv Pigfv‡e civwRZ nb|

K. AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g mfvcwZ †K wQ‡jb?

L. ÔAvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÕ M‡o †Zvjv nq †Kb?

M. meyRbMi AÂ‡ji †QvU `j¸‡jv ¯vaxbZvc~e© †Kvb wbe©vPb †_‡K wk¶v MÖnY K‡i GKZve× nq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ô¶gZvmxb I cÖfvekvjx n‡jB wbe©vP‡b Rqx nIqv hvq bvÕ cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Dw³wUi h_v_©Zvg~j¨vqb Ki|

2. cjvk Zvi eÜz †Wwf‡Wi Rb¥w`‡b †gvevBj †dv‡b †g‡m‡R Bs‡iwR A¶‡i ÔSHUVO JONMODINÕK_vwU wj‡L cvVvq| cvðvZ¨ fveavivq †e‡o IVv †WwfW Zvi eÜzi KvRwU‡K mg_©b K‡iwb| †m Bs‡iwR‡ZRb¥w`‡bi cÖPwjZ †g‡m‡R ÔHAPPY BIRTHDAYÕ Avkv K‡iwQj|

K. 1948 mv‡ji 24 gvP© XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b †K D`©y‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e†NvlYv †`b?

L. 1949 mv‡ji c~e©evsjv fvlv KwgwU †Kb MwVZ nq?

M. cjv‡ki gvbwmKZvq †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖfve j¶ Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki †Wwf‡Wi wPšÍv-†PZbv evsjv fvlv weKv‡ki AšÍivq? hyw³ `vI|


GKv`k Aa¨vq

mvgwiK kvmb I ¯vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969)cvwK¯—vb m„wói ci †_‡KB kvmbeë¯’vq GKai‡bi ˆ¯iZvwš¿K I AvgjvZvwš¿K cÖeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| G QvovGi mv‡_ hy³ nq †mbvevwnbxi cÖfve| cvwK¯—v‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z †mbvevwnbxi n¯—‡¶c µ‡gB evo‡Z _v‡K|†mbvevwnbx kvmb ¶gZv `Lj Kivi my‡hvM LyuR‡Z _v‡K| 1956 mv‡ji 23 gvP© †Rbv‡ij B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vcvwK¯—vb Bmjvwg cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U g‡bvbxZ nb| Zuvi mgqKv‡j mvgwiK evwnbx ivRbxwZ‡Z e¨vcKcÖfve ivLv ïiy K‡i| B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v bvbvfv‡e MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq euvav m„wó K‡ib| Zvi loh‡š¿ K‡qKevi†K›`ªxq gwš¿mfvi cZb nq| Gw`‡K c~e© evsjvq AvIqvgx jxM I K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©i Ø›Ø Pi‡g D‡V| GKch©v‡qc~e© evsjv AvBb cwil‡` we‡ivax `j K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©i Avµg‡Y †WcywU w¯úKvi kv‡n` Avjx gv_vq AvNvZ †c‡qwbnZ nb| Zuvi g„Zzï d‡j m„ó †Mvj‡hvM B¯‹v›`vi wgR©vi c‡¶ †mbv kvmb cÖwZôv Kivi my‡hvM ˆZwi K‡i†`q|


� •� cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZ‡Z mvgwiK evwnbxi n¯Í‡¶‡c m„ó cwiw¯’wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� 1965 mv‡ji fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy‡×i †cÖ¶vcU Ges Gi djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� ZrKvjxb c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi ga¨Kvi êlg¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b Qq `dvi ¸iyZ¡ we‡k-lY Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� 11 `dv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi †cÖw¶Z I djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� †`‡ki ¯^v_© I AwaKvi Av`v‡q m‡PZb ne|

1958 mv‡ji mvgwiK kvmb

1958 mv‡ji 7 A‡±vei †cÖwm‡W›U B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v gvwjK wd‡ivR Lv‡bi msm`xq miKvi DrLvZ K‡i †`‡kmvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡ib| wZwb †`‡ki msweavb evwZj K‡ib, †K› ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK AvBb cwil` †f‡O †`bGes gwš¿mfv eiLv¯— K‡ib| ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| cÖavb mvgwiK AvBb cÖkvmKwb‡qvM Kiv nq †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb‡K| †gRi †Rbv‡ij IgivI Lvb c~e© evsjvi mvgwiK cÖkvmKwbhy³ nb| Gi wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨ 27 A‡±vei †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v‡K AcmviY K‡i wb‡R‡K†cÖwm‡W›U wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib|

AvBqye Lv‡bi †gŠwjK MYZš¿

†Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb 1958 mv‡j ¶gZv Kzw¶MZ Kivi ci cvwK¯—v‡bi kvmb I ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi Avg~jcwieZ©b Kivi D‡`¨vM †bb| wZwb cÖPwjZ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ cwiZ¨vM K‡i GK A™¢yZ I bZzb wbe©vPb KvVv‡gv

cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zvui GB wbe©vP‡bi g~jwfwË wQj Ô†gŠwjK MYZš¿Õ| †gŠwjK MYZš¿ n‡”Q GKai‡bi mxwgZMYZš¿, hv‡Z †Kej wbw`©ómsL¨K †jv‡Ki †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi wQj| 1959 mv‡j †gŠwjK MYZš¿cÖeZ©‡bi Av‡`k Rvwi Kiv nq| cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq †gŠwjK MYZš¿ wQj GKwU Pvi ¯—iwewkó eë¯’v| wbgœ †_‡KD”P ch©š— ¯—i¸‡jv wQj: (1) BDwbqb cwil` (MÖv‡g) Ges UvDb I BDwbqb KwgwU (kn‡i), (2) _vbv cwil`(c~e© evsjvq), Znwkj cwil` (cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b), (3) †Rjv cwil`, (4) wefvMxq cwil`| GB cwil`¸‡jv‡Zwbe©vwPZ I g‡bvbxZ Dfq ai‡bi m`m¨ _vKZ|

†gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i AvIZvq cvwK¯—v‡bi Dfq As‡k 40000 K‡i †gvU 80000 wbe©vPbx BDwbU wb‡q †`‡kiwbe©vPKgÊjx MwVZ nq| wbe©vPKgÊjxi m`mïv †gŠwjK MYZš¿x ev wewW †g¤^vi wQj| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK MYZš¿xwbe©vPb Kiv Qvov †Kvb `vwqZ¡ wQj bv| wewW †g¤vi wQj cÖK…Z wbe©vPK| ZvivB †cÖwm‡W›U, RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkKcwil‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb| GB †gŠwjK MYZš¿x‡ì Av¯’v †fv‡U AvBqye Lvb 1960 mv‡j cieZx© cvuPeQ‡ii Rb¨ †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vwPZ nb| GQvov wZwb msweavb cÖYq‡bi ¶gZvI jvf K‡ib| 1962 mv‡ji 1 gvP©bZzb msweavb †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges 8 Ryb mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv nq|

GKK KvR : AvBqye Lv‡bi †gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i cÖK…wZ †Kgb wQj?

mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb

1962 mv‡ji 30 Rvbyqvwi †mvnivIqv`x©‡K †`kwe‡ivax loh‡š¿i Awf‡hv‡M †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| G Lei c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖKvwkZ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ QvÎiv miKviwe‡ivax cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i| 1 †deªyqvwi QvÎiv ag©NU Wv‡KGes wgwQj †ei K‡i| GKbvMv‡o 5 †deªyqvwi ch©š— ag©NU P‡j| Gfv‡eB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivaxAv‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| 7 †deªyqvwi miKvi Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq eÜ K‡i †`q| QvÎ‡ìIci cywj‡ki e¨vcK aicvKo I wbh©vZb †b‡g Av‡m| 1 gvP© AvBqye bZzb msweavb †NvlYv w`‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡biQvÎmgvR we‡¶vf-mgv‡ek I K¬vm eR©b K‡i| QvÎ‡ì msweavb we‡ivax G Av‡›`vj‡b eyw×Rxex, wk¶K,ivRbxwZwe`‡ì A‡b‡K mg_©b e¨³ K‡ib| AvBqye Lvb I c~e© evsjvi Mfb©i †gvbv‡qg Lvb QvÎ‡ì IciK‡Vvi `gb bxwZ Pvjvb|

1962 mv‡ji AvM÷ gv‡m kixd Kwgk‡bi wk¶vmsµvš— cÖwZ‡e`b cÖKvk †c‡j QvÎ Av‡›`vjb bZzb iƒc jvfK‡i| G cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mycvwi‡k QvÎ‡ì e¨vcK ¶wZMÖ¯— nIqvi Avk¼v †`Lv †`q| d‡j K‡Vvi Av‡›`vjb ïiynq| G Av›`vjb ÔevlwÆi wk¶v Av‡›`vjbÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| 15 AvM÷ †_‡K 10 †m‡Þ¤i cÖwZw`b we‡¶vf wgwQjAbywôZ nq| 17 †m‡Þ¤î niZvj cvjbKv‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z K‡qKRb wbnZ Ges K‡qK kZ AvnZ nq| GAv‡›`vj‡bi d‡j kixd Kwgk‡bi mycvwik ¯’wMZ nq| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡j QvÎiv AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡biAb¨Zg kw³‡Z cwiYZ nq|

1962 mv‡ji 8 Ryb mvgwiK AvBb ¯’wMZ Kiv n‡j `jxq ivRbxwZi AwaKvi wd‡i Av‡m| AvBqye Lvb wb‡RBKb‡fbkb gymwjg jxM bv‡g GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib| Gmgq †mvnivIqv`x© mKj ivR‰bwZK `‡jimgš^‡q AvBqyewe‡ivax †gvP©v MV‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| d‡j AvIqvgx jxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvg, b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©,KvDwÝj gymwjg jxM I b~iyj Avwg‡bi †bZ…Z¡vaxb gymwjg jxM wg‡j b¨vkbvj †W‡gv‡µwUK d«›U ev Gb.wW.Gd

mvgwiK kvmb I ¯vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969) 145

MwVZ nq| G d«‡›Ui D‡Ïk¨ wQj MYZš¿ cybiy×vi I 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b wd‡i hvIqv| Lye ZvovZvwo Gd«›U RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡i|

1963 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i †mvnivIqv`x© B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| 1964 mv‡ji ïiy‡ZB AvIqvgx jxM GbwWGd †_‡K†ewi‡q Av‡m| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mvaviY m¤úv`K g‡bvbxZ nb| Zvui †bZ…‡Z¡ AvIqvgxjx‡Mi bZzb hvÎv ïiy nq| Gi d‡j GbwWGd wbw®Œq n‡q c‡o| 1965 mv‡ji 2 Rvbyqvwi †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bAvBqye Lvbwe‡ivax GKK cÖv_x© †Ìqvi Rb¨ Avevi AvIqvgx jxM, b¨vc, KvDwÝj gymwjg jxM, †bRv‡g BmjvgcÖf„wZ `j wg‡j GKwU †RvU ev COP (Combined Opposition Party) MVb K‡i| gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni†evb dv‡Zgv wRbœvn‡K Kc-Gi c‡¶ †cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_x© Kiv nq| wbe©vP‡b †gŠwjK MYZš¿x‡ì c~e© †_‡KB AvBqyeLvb wb‡Ri AbyK~‡j wb‡q Av‡mb| RbMY dv‡Zgv wRbœvni c‡¶ e¨vcK Drmvn DÏxcbv cÖKvk K‡i| wKšÍywbe©vP‡b AvBqye Lvb Rqx nb| †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡bi ci RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb nq| †mLv‡bIAvBqye Lv‡bi Kb‡fbkb gymwjg jxM msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i|

1965 mv‡ji fviZ-cvwK¯—vb hy×

1947 mv‡j fviZ I cvwK¯—vb Rb¥ wb‡j Kvk¥xi‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zv‡ì gv‡S êwiZvi m~ÎcvZ nq| fviZ IcvwK¯—vb DfqB Kvk¥xi‡K Zv‡ì Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask e‡j g‡b KiZ| 1947 mv‡jB Zv‡ì gv‡S Kvk¥xi‡K wb‡qcÖ_g hy× ev‡a| wKšÍy RvwZms‡Ni n¯—‡¶‡c Zvi Aemvb nq| Kvk¥xi‡K wb‡q wØZxqev‡ii g‡Zv fviZ-cvwK¯—v‡bi g‡a¨ hy× euv‡a 1965 mv‡j| AvBqye Lv‡bi `xN©w`‡bi B”Qv wQj fviZ AvµgY K‡i Kvk¥xi `LjKiv| 1965 mv‡j Kvk¥xix †bZv †kL Ave`yj-vn‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv n‡j fvi‡Zi Kvk¥x‡i D‡ËRbv Qwo‡q c‡o|AvBqye G my‡hvM MÖnY K‡ib| cÖ_‡g mk¯¿ †Mwijv‡ì Kvk¥x‡i AbycÖ‡ek Kwi‡q †Mvj‡hvM m„wói †Póv K‡ib|Ae‡k‡l 6 AvM÷ cvwK¯—vb evwnbx fviZ AvµgY Ki‡j fviZ-cvwK¯—vb hy× ïiy nq| hy‡×i ïiy †_‡KBfviZxq evwnbx cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| Zviv cvwK¯—vwb evwnbx‡K AcmviY K‡i jv‡nv‡ii w`‡K GwM‡q hvq|cvwK¯—vwb‡ì Pig G `yw`©‡b evOvwj †mbviv Amxg mvn‡mi mv‡_ hy× K‡i jv‡nvi i¶v K‡i| cvwK¯—v‡bi†kvPbxq Ae¯’vi gy‡L cvðvZ¨ kw³ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi n¯—‡¶‡c 17 w`‡bi gv_vq hy× eÜ nq| 1966mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m †mvwf‡qZ cÖavbgš¿x †KvwmwM‡bi ga¨¯’Zvq ZvmL›` kn‡i fviZ I cvwK¯—v‡bi gv‡Shy× weiwZ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q fviZ-cvwK¯—vb hy‡×i Aemvb nq|

G hy‡×i d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivax †PZbv cÖej fv‡e RvMÖZ nq| KviY hy‡× GUv ¯úó n‡q hvq †h c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kv‡bv cÖwZi¶veë¯’v wQj bv| Aiw¶Z G AÂj †h‡Kv‡bv mgq fvi‡Zi Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡ZcviZ| GgbwK G mgq cÖkvmwbK w`K †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi mv‡_ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †hvM‡hvM G‡Kev‡iwew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| evOvwj †mbviv Rxeb evwR †i‡L jv‡nvi i¶v Ki‡jI AvBqye Lvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbivcËvwbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| GQvov, hy‡×i mgq †MvUv c„w_ex †_‡K wew”Qbœ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Lv`¨msKU †`Lv †`q,wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmc‡Îi `vg AZ¨waK †e‡o hvq| d‡j mvgwiK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î wbf©ikxjZvmn c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ye©jZv cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`q, hvi cÖwZdjb †`Lv hvq Qq `dv Av‡›`vj‡b|

c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ êlg¨

1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯—ve Abymv‡i cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| wKšÍy jv‡nvi cÖ¯—v‡ei g~jbxwZ Abyhvqx c~e©evsjv c„_K iv‡óªi gh©v`v cvqwb| `xN© 24 eQi c~e© evsjv‡K ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg Pvwj‡q †h‡Z


n‡q‡Q| Gmgq cwðg cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK, mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK, wk¶v I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Îc~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ êlg¨ I wbcxobg~jK bxwZ AbymiY K‡i| GiB cÖwZev‡` c~e© cvwK¯Ívb A_©vr c~e© evsjvq¯^vwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ N‡U|

ivR‰bwZK êlg¨

1947 mv‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB msL¨vMwiô c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K ivR‰bwZKfv‡e c½y K‡i cwðgcvwK¯—v‡bi gyLv‡c¶x ivLv nq| jv‡nvi cÖ¯—v‡e c~Y© cÖv‡`wkK ¯vqËkvm‡bi K_v ejv n‡jI cvwK¯—vwb kvmKivcÖ_g †_‡KB G wel‡q Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i| MYZš¿‡K D‡c¶v K‡i ˆ¯îZš¿, GKbvqKZš¿ I mvgwiKZ‡š¿i gva¨‡gZviv †`k kvmb Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i mgvR, ivRbxwZ,A_©bxwZ⎯ cÖwZwU †¶‡Î m‡e©v”P †kvlY Pvwj‡q cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi mg„w× NUvq| evOvwj ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„‡›ìDci `gb, wbcxob Pvwj‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek APj K‡i iv‡L| evievi e½eÜz †kL gywReyiingvbmn evsjvi RvZxq †bZv‡ì Ab¨vqfv‡e †R‡j e›`x K‡i iv‡L| msL¨vMwiô RbMY evOvwj nIqv m‡Ë¡IcvwK¯—v‡bi gwš¿mfvq evOvwj cÖwZwbwai msL¨v wQj LyeB Kg| MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv evavMÖ¯— Kivi Rb¨ cvwK¯—vwbkvmKiv RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vPb w`‡Z Abxnv cÖKvk K‡i| 1954 mv‡j hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vwPZmiKvi‡K Ab¨vqfv‡e D‡”Q` K‡i| cieZx© gwš¿mfv¸‡jv‡K evievi †f‡O w`‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmbKvh© APjK‡i iv‡L| Ae‡k‡l cvwK¯—vb miKvi 1958 mv‡j mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡i RbM‡Yi MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi †K‡o†bq|

cÖkvmwbK êlg¨

cvwK¯—v‡bi cÖkvmwbK †¶‡Î g~j PvwjKvkw³ wQj wmwfj mvwf©m Kg©KZv©MY| 1962 mv‡j cvwK¯—v‡bigš¿Yvjq¸‡jv‡Z kxl©¯’vbxq Kg©KZ©vi 954 R‡bi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQj gvÎ 119 Rb| 1956 mv‡j cvwK¯—v‡bi†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii 42000 Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ evOvwji msL¨v wQj gvÎ 2900| 1947 mv‡j KivwP‡Z ivRavbxnIqvq mKj miKvwi Awdm-Av`vj‡Z cwðg cvwK¯—vwbiv e¨vcK nv‡i PvKwi jvf K‡i| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bvcvwK¯Ívb †K› ªxq miKv‡ii cÖvq mKj D”Pc‡` cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì GK‡PwUqv AwaKvi wQj| miKv‡ii me`ß‡ii mì `ßi wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| †fŠ‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y evOvwji c‡¶ †mLv‡b wM‡q PvKwi jvfKiv m¤¢e wQj bv| 1956 mvj ch©š— evsjv fvlv‡K ivóªfvlvi gh©v`v bv †Ìqvq cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cix¶vqevOvwj QvÎ‡ì mvdj¨ mnR wQj bv| 1966 mv‡j c~e© I cwðg cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b †M‡R‡UW Kg©KZ©v wQjh_vµ‡g 1338 I 3708 Rb Ges bb-†M‡R‡UW Kg©KZ©v wQj h_vµ‡g 26310 I 82944 Rb| 1962 mv‡jd‡ib mvwf©‡m c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQj gvÎ 20.8%| we‡`‡k 69 Rb ivóª`~‡Zi g‡a¨ 60 RbB wQ‡jbcwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi|

mvgwiK êlg¨

c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici cwðg cvwK¯—vwb‡ì êlg¨g~jK kvm‡bi Av‡iKwU †¶Î wQj mvgwiK êlg¨| mvgwiKevwnbx‡Z evOvwj‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQj AwZ bMY¨| cÖ_g †_‡KB mvgwiK evwnbxi kxl© c` cvÄvweiv `Lj K‡i†i‡LwQj| Zviv evOvwj‡ì mvgwiK evwnbx †_‡K `~‡i ivLvi bxwZ †bq| mvgwiK evwnbxi wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î †h†KvUv c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq Zv‡Z 60% cvÄvwe, 35% cvVvb Ges gvÎ 5% cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Ask


I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ wba©viY Kiv nq| evOvwji `vwei gy‡L msL¨v wKQzUv evo‡jI Zv wQj bMY¨| 1955mv‡ji GK wnmv‡e †`Lv hvq, mvgvwiK evwnbxi †gvU 2211 Rb Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ evOvwj wQj gvÎ 82 Rb| 1966

mv‡j mvgwiK evwnbxi 17 Rb kxl© ch©v‡qi Kg©KZv©i g‡a¨ gvÎ 1 Rb wQj evOvwj| G mgq mvgwiK

Awdmvi‡ì g‡a¨ 5% wQj evOvwj| cvwK¯—v‡bi †gvU 5 j¶ Rb †mbvm`‡mï g‡a¨ evOvwj wQj gvÎ 20 nvRviRb A_©vr gvÎ 4%| mvgwiK ev‡R‡Ui †¶‡ÎI c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K MÖvn¨ Kiv n‡Zv bv| AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡j†gvU ev‡R‡Ui 60% mvgwiK ev‡RU wQj| hvi wmsnfvM `vqfvi enb Ki‡Z n‡Zv c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K, A_P c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZi¶vi cÖwZ Ae‡njv †`Lv‡bv n‡Zv|

A_©‰bwZK êlg¨

c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯—vb KZ©„K m‡e©v”P êl‡gï wkKvi nq A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î| Zv‡ì †kvl‡Yi gvÎv wQjfqven| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ívb KLbI A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z cv‡iwb| cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Zgy`ªveë¯’v I A_©‰bwZK †Kv‡bv wbqš¿Y wQj bv| †K‡›`ªi mivmwi wbqš¿‡Y c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj Avq cwðgcvwK¯—v‡b P‡j hvq| †K› ªxq e¨vsKmn mKj e¨vsK, exgv, evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡bi mì `ßi wQj cwðgcvwK¯—v‡b| d‡j mn‡RB mKj A_© cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b cvPvi n‡q †hZ| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq A_© eivÏwQj cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi Ici wbf©ikxj| DØ„Ë Avw_©K mÂq cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b Rgv _vKZ weavq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bKLbI g~jab M‡o I‡Vwb|

cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi mKj cwiKíbv cÖYxZ n‡Zv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mì `ßi cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| †mLv‡b c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZwbwa bv _vKvq cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi kvmKiv c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ KiZ|Rb¥jMœ †_‡K cvwK¯—v‡b wZbwU cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv M„nxZ nq| cÖ_gwU‡Z c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi RbëivÏK…Z e¨q wQj h_vµ‡g 113 †KvwU I 500 †KvwU iywc, wØZxqwU‡Z wQj eivÏ wQj 950 †KvwU iywc c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨, 1350 †KvwU iywc cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨| Z…ZxqwU‡Z c~e© I cwð‡gi Rb¨ eivÏ h_vµ‡g36% I 63%| ivRavbx Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z e¨q †ewkifvM wQj cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨| 1956 mv‡jKivwPi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq 570 †KvwU UvKv, hv wQj miKvwi †gvU e¨‡qi 56.4%| †m mgq c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi †gvU miKvwi e¨‡qi nvi wQj 5.10%| 1967 mvj ch©š— Bmjvgvev` wbg©v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq

300 †KvwU UvKv, Avi XvKvi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv nq 25 †KvwU UvKv| ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ eiv‡Ïi †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívbcvq gvÎ 26.6%| 1947-1970 ch©š— †gvU ißvwb Av‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ask wQj 54.7%| A_P ißvwb Avq†ewk Ki‡jI c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ Avg`vwb e¨q wQj Kg A_©vr gvÎ 31.1%| ißvwbi DØ„Ë A_© cwðgcvwK¯—v‡bi Avg`vwbi Rb¨ e¨q Kiv n‡Zv| wkí-KviLvbv cÖwZôvi †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi KuvPvgvj m¯—v n‡jIwkí-KviLvbv †ewkifvM M‡o D‡VwQj cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wKQz wkí M‡o DV‡jI †m¸‡jvi†ewkifv‡Mi gvwjK wQj cwðg cvwK¯—vwb| d‡j wkí †¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K wbf©ikxj _vK‡Z n‡Zv cwðgcvwK¯Ív‡bi Dci| c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ¯^Y© I †Kvb cwigvb UvKv-cqmv wb‡q cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †h‡Z †Kv‡bv euvavwQj bv| wKšÍy cwðg cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ¯^Y© I UvKv-cqmv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Avbvi Dci miKv‡ii wewawb‡la wQj|


wk¶v †¶‡Î êlg¨

wk¶v †¶‡ÎI evOvwjiv êl‡g¨ wkKvi n‡qwQj| cwðg cvwK¯—vwbiv evOvwj‡ì wbi¶i ivLvi †Póv Ae¨vnZiv‡L| c¶vš—‡i cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b wk¶v we¯—v‡i e¨vcK cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b wk¶viDbœq‡bi †Kvb †Póvq Zviv K‡iwb| GQvov evsjvi cwie‡Z© D`y©‡K wk¶vi gva¨g Kiv ev Aviwe fvlvq evsjv†jLvi loh‡š¿i gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wk¶veë¯’vq AvNvZ nvb‡Z †P‡qwQj| wk¶v Lv‡Z eiv‡Ïi †¶‡Î c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ Pig êlg¨ †`Lv‡bv nq| 1955 †_‡K 1967 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wk¶v Lv‡Z †gvU eiv‡Ïi g‡a¨ cwðgcvwK¯—v‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ wQj 2084 wgwjqb iywc Ges c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ wQj 797 wgwjqb iywc| cvwK¯—v‡bime©‡gvU 35wU e„wËi 30wU †c‡qwQj cwðg cvwK¯—vb Ges gvÎ 5wU eivÏ wQj c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨|

mvgvwRK êlg¨

iv¯—vNvU, ¯‹zj-K‡jR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, nvmcvZvj, WvKNi, †Uwj‡dvb, †UwjMÖvd, we`y¨r cÖf„wZ †¶‡ÎevOvwj‡ì Zzjbvq cwðg cvwK¯—vwbiv †ewk myweav †fvM KiZ| mgvRKj¨vY I †mevg~jK myweav †ewkifvM cwðgcvwK¯—vwbiv †cZ| d‡j mvwe©Kfv‡e cwðg cvwK¯—vwb‡ì RxebhvÎvi gvb A‡bK DbœZ wQj|

mvs¯‹…wZK êlg¨

`yB AÂ‡ji fvlv, mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ wQj m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Awaevmx wQj †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq56%| evsjv fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ wQj nvRvi eQ‡ii cyi‡bv| Aci w`‡K 45% RbmsL¨vi cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bwewfbœ fvlv, RvwZ I ms¯‹…wZ we`¨gvb wQj| D`y©fvlx wQj gvÎ 3.27%| A_P Zv m‡Ë¡I msL¨vMwiô evsjvfvlv I mymg„× evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ‡K gy‡Q †djvi Pµv‡š— wjß nq cwðg cvwK¯—vwb kvmKiv| cÖ_‡gB Zvivevsjv fvlv‡K D‡”Q` Kivi †Póv K‡i Ges evsjv fvlv‡K Aviwe e‡Y© †jLvi loh‡š¿ ïiy K‡i| evOvwjms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„× K‡i‡Q iex› ªbv‡_i m½xZ, bvUK, mvwnZ¨| evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ‡Z AvNvZ nvbvi Rb¨ iex› ªm½xZ I iPbvewj wbwl× Kivi †Póv K‡i| c‡njv êkvL cvjb‡K wn›`y cÖfve e‡j D‡j-L K‡i †mLv‡bIevav `v‡bi †Póv K‡i|

`jxq KvR : mvgwiK, A_©‰bwZK I wk¶v‡¶‡Î c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii êlg¨†jLwP‡Î cÖKvk Ki|

Qq `dv I evOvwj RvZxqZvev`

cvwK¯—vwb Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb I †kvlY †_‡K gyw³ Kivi Rb¨ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1966 mv‡j Qq `dvKg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| e½eÜzi D‡Ïk¨ wQj, Qq `dv `vwe Av`v‡qi gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K êl‡gï nvZ†_‡K i¶v Kiv| g~jZ fviZ-cvwK¯—vb hy× Aemv‡bi ci c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbivcËvi cÖwZ cwðg cvwK¯—vwbmiKv‡ii Pig Ae‡njv, cvkvcvwk ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK, mvgwiK, wk¶v cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ mxgvnxb êl‡gï weiy‡× e½eÜz †mv”Pvi nb| 1966 mv‡ji 5-6 †deªyqvwi jv‡nv‡iwe‡ivax`jxq †bZviv GKwU m‡¤§j‡bi AvnŸvb K‡ib| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi kxl© †bZv‡ì wb‡q e½eÜz jv‡nvi†cŠuQvb| m‡¤§j‡b e½eÜz HwZnvwmK ÔQq `dvÕ cÖ¯—ve †ck Ki‡j m‡¤§j‡bi †bZ…e„›` Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib|e½eÜz m‡¤§jb eR©b K‡ib Ges Qq `dv mvsevw`K‡ì mvg‡b cÖKvk K‡i XvKvq wd‡i Av‡mb| 21 †deªyqvwi


e½eÜzi bv‡g ÔAvgv‡ì euvPvi `vwe: Qq-`dv Kg©m~wPÕ kxl©K GKwU cyw¯—Kv cÖKvk Kiv nq| `dv¸‡jv wQjwbgœiƒc:

1. jv‡nvi cÖ¯—v‡ei wfwË‡Z msweavb iPbv K‡i cvwK¯—vb‡K GKwU †dWv‡ij ivóª wn‡m‡e MVb Ki‡Zn‡e| GwU msm`xq c×wZi hy³ivóª eë¯’v n‡e| cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡gwbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì wb‡q MwVZ †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK AvBbmfv n‡e mve©‡fŠg|

2. †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e cÖwZi¶v Iciivóª welq| Ab¨vb¨ welq _vK‡e cÖv‡`wkKmiKv‡ii nv‡Z|

3. K. †`‡ki `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ mn‡R wewbgq †hvM¨`ywU gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡e| gy`ªv †jb‡`‡bi wnmveivLvi Rb¨ `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ `yBwU ¯^Zš¿ †÷Ue¨vsK _vK‡e| gy`ªv I e¨vsK cwiPvjbvi ¶gZv_vK‡e cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z|

A_ev

L. `yB AÂ‡ji Rb¨ GKB gy`ªv _vK‡e, Z‡e msweav‡b Ggb eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z GK AÂj †_‡KAb¨ AÂ‡j gy`ªv I g~jab cvPvi n‡Z bv cv‡i| GKwU †dWv‡ij wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e Ges `ywUAvÂwjK wiRvf© e¨vsK _vK‡e|

4. mKj cÖKvi Ki I ïé avh© I Av`v‡qi ¶gZv _vK‡e cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z| Av`vqK…Z A‡_©iGKwU wbw`©ó Ask †dWv‡ij Znwe‡j Rgv n‡e| G Øviv †dWv‡ij miKvi e¨q wbe©vn Ki‡e|

5. ê‡`wkK gy ªv I ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi nv‡Z c~Y© wbqš¿Y _vK‡e| ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ Imvnv‡hï e¨vcv‡i cÖ‡`k¸‡jv hyw³hy³ nv‡i †dWv‡ij miKv‡ii Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ê‡`wkK gy ªvi Pvwn`vwgUv‡e|

6. AvÂwjK msnwZ I RvZxq wbivcËv i¶vi Rb¨ cÖ‡`k¸‡jv wbR¯ wgwjwkqv ev Avav mvgwiK evwnbxMVb I cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cvi‡e|

13 gvP©, 1966 AvIqvgx jx‡Mi IqvwK©s KwgwU‡Z Qq `dv M„nxZ nevi ci e½eÜz Qq `dvi c‡¶ RbgZ M‡o†Zvjvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’v‡b e³e¨ †`b| wZwb Qq `dv‡K ÔAvgv‡ì euvPvi `vweÕ AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| d‡j Qq `dvic‡¶ `ªyZ e¨vcK RbgZ M‡o D‡V| AvBqye miKvi Zv‡Z AvZw¼Z n‡q AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZv-Kgx©‡ì aicvKoïiy K‡i| AvBqye Lvb G mgq c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b G‡m wewfbœ Rbmfvq Qq `dv‡K ivóª‡`ªvnx I cvwK¯—v‡biALÊZvi cÖwZ ûgwK e‡j AvL¨v †`b| w`‡b w`‡b Qq `dvi RbwcÖqZv e„w× †c‡j AvBqye miKvi e½eÜz‡K†MÖdZv‡ii wb‡`©k †`b| e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZv‡ii cÖwZev‡` 1966 mv‡ji 7 Ryb †`ke¨vcx niZvj cvwjZ nq|niZv‡ji mgq wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z A‡bK †jvK cÖvY nvivq| G NUbvi cÖwZev‡` 8 Ryb cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`we‡ivax `j IqvKAvDU K‡i| 10 †g, 1966 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 3500 Rb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZv-Kgx©‡K †MÖdZvi Kivnq| 1968 mv‡j e½eÜz‡K HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvq Awfhy³ K‡i UªvBey¨bv‡j wePvi ïiy K‡i| wKšÍy Gi


wPÎ : XvKvi ivRc‡_ Qq`dvi c‡¶ wgwQj

weiy‡× 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi gy‡L e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K gyw³ w`‡Z miKvi eva¨ nq| 1970mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b Qq `dv Kg©m~wP wQj wbe©vP‡bi g~j B‡¯—nvi| G wbe©vP‡b Qq `dvi c‡¶ wbi¼zk weRqAwR©Z nq| Z_vwc Qq `dv Kg©m~wP ev¯—evqb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vievwnbxi nZ¨vh‡Ái ci gyw³hy× ïiy n‡j Qq `dv Kg©m~wPi Aemvb nq| AZtci `xN© bq gvm gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡gevsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|

Qq `dv Kg©m~wP wQj evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì P~ovš— cÖKvk| GwU wQj evOvwji Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖZxK| evOvwjigyw³i mb`| d‡j Gi cªwZ ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mKj RbM‡Yi ¯Ztù~Z© mg_©b wQj| Qq `dv Av‡›`vjbK‡Vvifv‡e `g‡bi d‡j evOvwj RvwZi g‡a¨ H‡Kï †PZbv `„pfv‡e RvMÖZ nq| evOvwj Zvi ¯vwaKvi Av`v‡qiRb¨ †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡V|

HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (ivóª ebvg †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Ab¨vb¨), 1968cvwK¯—vb iv‡óªi R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ cwðg cvwK¯—vwb‡ì êlg¨ µ‡gB evowQj| e½eÜz†kL gywReyi ingv‡bi Rbgvby‡li mv‡_ AwaK m¤ú„³Zv Zvu‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb‡bZvq cwiYZ K‡iwQj| ZuviivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÊ iy× Kivi Rb¨ cwðg cvwK¯—vb miKvi evievi Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i †R‡j cvwV‡q‡Q|ZviciI e½eÜz‡K G f~LÊ‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi cÖ‡Póv †_‡K wieZ ivLv hvqwb| wewfbœ mgq e½eÜzi mv‡_ bvbv†ckvi, we‡kl K‡i mvgwiK evwnbxi ZiyY evOvwj m`m¨‡ì †hvMv‡hvM nq| GKch©v‡q wZwb mk¯¿ wec-‡ei w`‡KAvK…ó nb| 1962 mv‡j cvwK¯—vb †bŠevwnbxi †jd‡Ub¨v›U KgvÛvi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb GK`j †mbvm`m¨ wb‡qe½eÜzi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡ib| Zuv‡ì mv‡_ e½eÜzi mk¯¿ Av‡›`vjb wb‡q gZwewbgq nq| 1963 mv‡j e½eÜz†Mvc‡b wÎcyiv Mgb K‡ib| †mLv‡b wÎcyivi ivRavbx AvMiZjvq ZrKvjxb Ks‡MÖm †bZv I cieZx©Kv‡j wÎcyivigyL¨gš¿x kPx›`ªjvj wms‡ni mv‡_ Zuvi êVK nq| †mLv‡b wZwb kPx› ªjv‡ji gva¨‡g fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x RInijvj†b‡niy‡K evZ©v cvwV‡q mk¯¿ Av‡›`vj‡b mn‡hvwMZv Kvgbv K‡ib| D‡j-L¨, 1966 mv‡j e½eÜzi Qq `dvKg©m~wP c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb Rbgvby‡li `vwe‡Z cwiYZ nq|Gw`‡K mvgvwiK evwnbx‡Z we`¨gvb êl‡gï Kvi‡Y K‡qKRb evOvwj Awdmvi I †mbvm`m¨ †Mvc‡b mk¯¿wec-‡ei Rb¨ msMwVZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| wKšÍy cvwK¯—vb miKv‡ii †Mv‡q›`v ms¯’vi Kv‡Q welqwU cÖKvk n‡q c‡o|mviv cvwK¯—v‡b †ò nvRvi evOvwj‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq| G loh‡š¿i Rb¨ e½eÜz‡K cÖavb Avmvwg wn‡m‡eAwfhy³ Kiv nq| ZLb e½eÜz †R‡j e›`x wQ‡jb| G gvgjvwU `v‡qi Kiv nq 1968 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m|Awfhy³‡ì weiy‡× ivóªc‡¶i Awf‡hvM wQj e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ fvi‡Zi wÎcyiv iv‡Rï ivRavbx AvMiZjv‡ZfviZxq miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì †Mvcb êVK nq| †mLv‡b fvi‡Zi mnvqZvq mk¯¿ Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g c~e©cvwK¯—vb‡K ¯^vaxb Kivi cwiKíbv Kiv nq| G Rb¨ gvgjvwUi bvg nq ÔAvMiZjv gvgjvÕ| miKvwi bw_‡Zgvgjvi bvg n‡jv Ôivóª ebvg †kL gywReyi ingvb Ges Ab¨vb¨Õ|

1966 mv‡ji 9 †g †R‡j e›`x e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K gyw³ w`‡q mvgwiK AvB‡b †Rj‡MU †_‡K Avevi†MÖdZvi K‡i XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U wb‡q hvIqv nq| G gvgjvq 35 Rb Awfhy³ wQ‡jb| e½eÜz †kL gywReyiingv‡bi mv‡_ Ab¨ 34 Rb Awfhy³ wQ‡jb †j. KgvÛvi †gvqv‡¾g †nv‡mb, ÷zqvW© gywReyi ingvb, Gj.Gm.myjZvb DwÏb Avn‡¤§`, b~i †gvnv¤§`, Avn‡g` dRjyi ingvb wmGmwc, d¬vBU mv‡R©›U gwdRyj-vn, G.we.Gg. Ave`ymmvgv`, nvwej`vi `wjj DwÏb nvIjv`vi, iyûj KzÏym wmGmwc, d¬vBU mv‡R©›U dRjyj nK, f~cwZ f~lY †PŠayix(gvwbK †PŠayix), weavb K…ò †mb, my‡e`vi Ave`yi iv¾vK, nvwej`vi gywReyi ingvb, d¬vBU mv‡R©›U Ave`yi iv¾vK,mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK, G.we.Gg. Lyikx`, Lvb kvgmyi ingvb wmGmwc, wimvj`vi G.†K.Gg. kvmmyj nK, nvwej`viAvwRRyj nK, gvndzRyj evix, mv‡R©›U mvgmyj nK, †gRi Wv. kvgmyj Avjg, K¨v‡Þb †gv. Ave`yj †gvZv‡je,


K¨v‡Þb kIKZ Avjx, K¨v‡Þb L›`Kvi bvRgyj û`v, K¨v‡Þb G.Gm.Gg. byiy¾vgvb, d¬vBU mv‡R©›U Ave`yj

Rwjj, gvneye DwÏb †PŠayix, †jd‡Ub¨v›U Gg.Gg.Gg. ingvb, my‡e`vi G.†K.Gg. ZvRyj Bmjvg, †gv. Avjx

†iRv, K¨v‡Þb Wv. Lyikx` DwÏb Avn‡¤§` I †jd‡Ub¨v›U Ave`yi iDd|

AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePviKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ we‡kl UªvBey¨bvj MVb Kiv nq| 1968 mv‡ji 19 Ryb †ejv

GMv‡ivUvq Kzwg©‡Uvjv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›Ui GKwU we‡kl K‡¶ gvgjvi ïbvwb ïiy nq| mv¶xi msL¨v wQj miKvi c‡¶

11 Rb ivRmv¶xmn †gvU 227 Rb| cÖL¨vZ AvBbRxex Ave`ym mvjvg Lv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ Awfhy³‡ì AvBbRxex‡ì

wb‡q GKwU wW‡dÝ wUg MVb Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K hy³iv‡R¨ cÖevmx evOvwjiv weª‡U‡bi cÖL¨vZ AvBbRxex m¨vi

Ugvm DBwjqvg Ggwc‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi AvBbRxex wn‡m‡e †cÖiY K‡i| cvwK¯—vb miKv‡iic‡¶ cÖavb †KuŠmywj wQ‡jb mv‡eK ciivóªgš¿x gbRyi Kv‡ì I A¨vW‡fv‡KU †Rbv‡ij wU. GBP. Lvb|

UªvBey¨bv‡ji cÖavb wePvicwZ wQ‡jb Gm G ingvb| Aci `yB wePvicwZ wQ‡jb Gg Avi Lvb I gyKmygyj nvwKg|

29 RyjvB 1968 gvgjvi ïbvwb cybivq ïiy nq| m¨vi Ugvm DBwjqvg 5 AvM÷ e½eÜzi c‡¶ we‡kl

UªvBey¨bv‡ji êaZv P¨v‡jÄ K‡i nvB‡Kv‡U© wiU Av‡e`b `vwLj K‡ib|

wePviKvh© Pjvi mgq cvwK¯—v‡bi Dfq As‡k AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb `vbv euva‡Z _v‡K| c~e© cvwK¯—v‡be½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³ I AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnv‡ii `vwe †Rvi`vi nq| ax‡i ax‡i c~e© cvwK¯—v‡biMY-we‡¶vf 1969 mv‡j G‡m MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒcvš—wiZ nq| AvIqvgx jxM, b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©mn K‡qKwU

ivR‰bwZK `j wb‡q †W‡gv‡µwUK A¨vKkb KwgwU (DAC) MVb Kiv nq| GiB g‡a¨ 1969 mv‡ji 15 †deªyqvwi

AvMiZjv gvgjvi Ab¨Zg Awfhy³ mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| Zuvi g„Zzï Lei cÖKvk n‡q

co‡j 16 †deªyqvwi 1969 XvKvevmx cÖPÊ †µv‡a M‡R© D‡V| Zuvi g„Z‡`n wb‡q RbZv ivRc_ cÖ`w¶Y K‡i|

69ÕGi MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b mviv c~e© cvwK¯—vb DËvj n‡q D‡V| cwiw¯’wZ kvš— Ki‡Z †cÖwm‡W›U AvBqye Lvb 19

†deªyqvwi 1969 ivIqvjwcwÊ‡Z GKwU †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡Ki AvnŸvb K‡ib| †mLv‡b gIjvbv fvmvbx I e½eÜz †kLgywReyi ingvb êV‡K †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ Avgwš¿Z wQ‡jb| AvBqye miKvi e½eÜzi †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ Zuv‡K c¨vi‡j

gyw³`v‡bi cÖ¯—ve †`q| wKšÍy gIjvbv fvmvbxmn c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi RbMY miKvwi cÖ¯—ve cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i `vwe K‡icy‡iv AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi| Ae‡k‡l AvBqye miKvi c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bwZ¯xKvi K‡iAvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bq| e½eÜzmn gvgjvi mKj Awfhy³ 22 †deªyqvwi 1969 gyw³ jvf K‡ib|

e½eÜzi gyw³ Dcj‡¶ 23 †deªyqvwi 1969 †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b GKwU msea©bvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| †mB wekvj

Rbmfvq †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K Ôe½eÜzÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ Kiv nq|

AvMiZjv gvgjvi ¸iyZ¡ :

evOvwj‡ì g‡a¨ RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ùyi‡Y GB gvgjv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| †h D‡Ï‡k¨ AvBqyemiKvi AvMiZjv gvgjv `v‡qi K‡iwQj Zv Av‡`Š mdj nqwb, eis GwU AvBqye miKv‡ii Rb¨ ey‡givs n‡q †`Lv

†`q| G mg‡q ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡ gRjyg Rb‡bZv gvIjvbv fvmvbx GwM‡q Av‡mb Ges evOvwj ¯v‡_©i gyLcvÎ I

AvZ¥wbqš¿b AwaKvi cÖwZôvi cÖ‡kœ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Awemsevw`Z †bZv wnmv‡e ¯xK…Z nq|


11 `dv Av‡›`vjb

1968-69 mv‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivax MY-Av‡›`vjb P~ovš— ch©v‡q DcbxZ nq| G e¨vcK MY-Av‡›`vj‡bAvIqvgx †bZ…e„›` Kviviy× n‡j Av‡›`vj‡bi MwZ wKQzUv w¯—wgZ n‡q c‡o| G Ae¯’vq QvÎiv Av‡›`vj‡bi†bZ…Z¡ MÖnY K‡i, hv MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒc †bq| 1969 mv‡ji 5 Rvbyqvwi WvKmy (XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq †K›`ªxq QvÎ-msm`) Kvh©vj‡q QvÎjxM I QvÎ BDwbqb (gwZqv I †gbb MÖyc) Ges WvKmyi †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M WvKmyi ZrKvjxbmnmfvcwZ †Zvdv‡qj Avn‡g‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb Ki nq|

G QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` 11 `dv `vwe wb‡q MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi WvK †`q| G Kg©m~wP AwP‡iB ïay QvÎ‡ì bq, eisAvcvgi RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡b Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó K‡i| 11 `dv `vwei g‡a¨ e½eÜzi Qq `dv Aš—f©y³ wQj| GiAb¨vb¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ `vwei g‡a¨ wQj, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq KzL¨vZ AwW©b¨vÝ evwZjmn wk¶vi my‡hvM-myweav e„w×,evK-¯^vaxbZv, e¨w³-¯vaxbZv I msev`c‡Îi ¯^vaxbZv, e„nr wk‡íi RvZxqKiY, kªwgK‡ì b¨vh¨ gRywi cÖ`vb, †UªWBDwbqb MVb, eb¨v wbqš¿Y I Rj m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi, Riywi AvBb, wbivcËv AvBb I Ab¨vb¨ wbh©vZbg~jKAvBb cÖZ¨vnvi, wbi‡c¶ ciivóªbxwZ MÖnY, Awej‡¤ †MÖdZviK…Z †bZv-Kgx©‡ì gyw³|

1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìvb

1968 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m QvÎ Am‡š—vl‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h Av‡›`vjb `vbv evu‡a Zv GKmgq QvÎmgv‡Ri g‡a¨mxgve× bv †_‡K Qwo‡q c‡o kni I MÖv‡gi kªwgK-K…lK I mvaviY gvby‡li gv‡S| cvwK¯—v‡bi †cÖwm‡W›UAvBqye Lv‡bi ˆ¯ikvm‡bi weiy‡× M‡o D‡V GK `ye©vi Av‡›`vjb, hv 1969 mv‡j MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒc †bq| AvBqyeLv‡bi cZb‡K †K› ª K‡i cvwK¯—v‡bi `yB As‡ki gvbyl cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv GKmv‡_ Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g Ges AvBqyeLv‡bi cZ‡bi gva¨‡g Av‡›`vj‡bi mgvwß N‡U| cvwK¯—vb R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ RvwZMZwbcxob, eÂbv I êl‡gï weiy‡× fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiy K‡i 1960-Gi `k‡Ki wewfbœ RvZxqZvev`xAv‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| EbmË‡ii MY-Afy¨Ìvb m„wó‡Z †m¸‡jv cÖZ¨¶ cÖfve †i‡LwQj| EbmË‡ii MY-Afy¨ÌvbwQj cvwK¯—vb cÖwZôvi cieZx©Kv‡ji me‡P‡q eo Av‡›`vjb|

1968 mv‡ji b‡f¤i gv‡mi QvÎ Am‡š—vl gIjvbv fvmvbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ MY-Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| 6 wW‡m¤îÔRyjyg cÖwZ‡iva wèmÕ cvj‡bi Rb¨ b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©, c~e© cvwK¯—vb kªwgK †dWv‡ikb I c~e© cvwK¯—vbK…lK mwgwZ †hŠ_ Kg©m~wP wnmv‡e cëb gq`v‡b GKwU Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i| Rbmfvi ci GKwU weivUwgwQj Mfb©i nvDm †NivI K‡i| †mLv‡b wgwQjKvix‡ì mv‡_ cywj‡ki e¨vcK msNl© n‡j gIjvbv fvmvbx XvKvkn‡i niZvj AvnŸvb K‡ib| 8 wW‡m¤i cÖavb we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi Wv‡K †MvUv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b niZvj cvwjZ nq|10 wW‡m¤î AvIqvgx jxM Ôwbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva wèmÕ cvjb K‡i| 29 wW‡m¤î †NivI Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv nq|1969 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqwi c~e© cvwK¯—vb QvÎ BDwbqb (gwZqv I †gbb MÖyc), c~e© cvwK¯—vb QvÎjxM I WvKmyi†bZ…e„›ìv wg‡j Ôme©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡ib| QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` e½eÜzi Qq `dvi mv‡_ wgwj‡qAviI K‡qKwU `vwe wb‡q 11 `dv `vwe †ck K‡i| AwP‡iB 11 `dv `vwe‡K Avcvgi evOvwj mg_©b cÖ`vb K‡i|EbmË‡ii DËvj mg‡q QvÎ msMÖv‡gi GB 11 `dv `vwe wQj LyeB mg‡qvc‡hvMx| d‡j ªyZ G Kg©m~wP‡K †K›`ªK‡i we‡ivax `j¸‡jvi HK¨ cÖwZwôZ nq| 8 Rvbyqvwi cvwK¯—v‡bi 8wU ivR‰bwZK `j wg‡j ÔMYZvwš¿K msMÖvgcwil`Õ (WvK) bvgK †gvP©v MVb K‡i Ges 8 `dv `vwe †ck K‡i|

mvgwiK kvmb I ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjb (1958 - 1969) 153

Gici †_‡K ÔWvKÕ I QvÎ msMÖvg cwil‡ì †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡b e¨vcK MY-Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| WvK-Gi AvnŸv‡b 14Rvbyqvwi mgMÖ cvwK¯—v‡bi niZvj cvwjZ nq| 18 Rvbyqvwi cywjwkwbh©vZ‡bi cÖwZev‡` QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` ag©NU cvjb K‡i| ag©NUPjvKvjxb cywj‡ki mv‡_ QvÎ‡ì e¨vcK msNl© nq| 20 Rvbyqvwiwbh©vZ‡bi cÖwZev‡` QvÎiv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b niZvj cvjb K‡i|niZvj cvjbKv‡j XvKv †gwW‡Kj K‡j‡Ri mvg‡b QvÎ‡bZvAvmv`y¾vgvb cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb| Avmv‡ì nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡`22, 23 I 24 Zvwi‡L e¨vcK Kg©m~wP †NvwlZ nq| 24 Zvwi‡L mviv†`‡k niZvj PjvKv‡j me©¯—‡ii gvby‡li e¨vcK Xj bv‡g|me©¯—‡ii gvby‡li AskMÖn‡Y Av‡›`vjb †hb MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒc †bq|AveviI cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z beg †kªYxi QvÎ wK‡kvi gwZDi wbnZ nq Ges AmsL¨ gvbyl AvnZ nq| Gici w¶ßRbZv miKvwi cwÎKv ˆ`wbK cvwK¯—vb I gwb©s wbDR Awd‡m Av¸b jvwM‡q †`q| XvKv miKv‡ii wbq‡š¿i evB‡iP‡j hvq| 24 Rvbyqvwii ci †_‡K jvMvZvi Av‡›`vjb I niZv‡j eûmsL¨K gvbyl cywjk I †mbvevwnbxi ¸wj‡ZwbnZ I AvnZ nq|

15 †deªyqvwi XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvi Ab¨Zg Awfhy³ mv‡R©›U Rûiyj nK‡K b„ksmfv‡e¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv nq| Rûiyj n‡Ki nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡` 16 †deªyqvwi Av‡›`vjb `vevb‡ji g‡Zv Qwo‡q c‡o|RbZv AvMiZjv gvgjvi wePvicwZi evmfe‡b Av¸b awi‡q †`q| we‡K‡j GK Rbmfvq gIjvbv fvmvbx †NvlYv†`b, Ô`ygv‡mi g‡a¨ 11 `dv ev¯—evqb I ivRe›`x‡ì gyw³ w`‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j divwm wec-‡ei g‡Zv †Rj†f‡O gywRe‡K gy³ K‡i Avbe|Õ Ae¯’v †eMwZK †`‡L miKvi XvKvq KviwdD Rvwi K‡i| 18 †deªyqvwi†mbvevwnbx ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vj‡qi cÖ±i W. kvgmy‡¾vnv‡K †e‡qv‡bU PvR© K‡i nZ¨v K‡i|

18 †deªyqvwii ci †_‡K Av‡›`vjb AviI †eMevb n‡j †`‡ki cwiw¯’wZi e¨vcK AebwZ N‡U| Ae‡k‡l AvBqyeLvb we‡ivax `‡ji †bZv‡ì wb‡q †Mvj‡Uwej êVK AvnŸvb Ki‡j †bZviv Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| AvBqye LvbeyS‡Z cv‡ib, AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi I Awfhy³‡ì gyw³ bv w`‡j cwiw¯’wZ wbq‡š¿i evB‡i P‡j hv‡e| MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi Pv‡c wZwb 21 †deªyqvwi †NvlYv †`b, cieZx© †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b wZwb Avi cÖv_x© n‡eb bv|

HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³i ci EbmË‡ii MY-Av‡›`vjb bZzb iƒcjvf K‡i| 23 †deªyqvwii msea©bv mfvq e½eÜz 11 `dv `vwei cÖwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡ib Ges Qq `dv I 11 `dev¯—evq‡b ewjô cÖwZkÖywZ †`b| 26 †deyqvwi AvBqye Lv‡bi mv‡_ †Mvj‡Uwej êV‡K Qq `dv I 11 `dvi cÖ‡kœAUj _v‡Kb| Gw`‡K cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bI AvBqyewe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡i| †Mvj‡UwejêV‡Ki Av‡jvPbv evievi e¨_© n‡Z _v‡K| cy‡iv †`‡k AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’i AebwZ N‡U| gvP© gv‡m†mbvevwnbxi Mywj‡Z 90 Rb wbnZ nq| Ae‡k‡l 10 gv‡P©i êV‡K AvBqye Lvb msm`xq c×wZ cÖeZ©b IcÖvßeq‡¯‹i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z wbe©vP‡bi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| 22 gvP© AvBqye Lvb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i†gvbv‡qg Lvb‡K AcmviY K‡ib| Zv‡ZI MY-Av‡›`vjb kvš— bv n‡q AviI `ye©vi iƒc †bq| 25 gvP© AvBqye Lvb†mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi wbKU ¶gZv n¯—vš—i K‡ib| Gfv‡e c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBqyewe‡ivaxMYAfy¨Ìvb mdjZv AR©b K‡i| EbmË‡ii MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b MÖvg I kn‡ii K…lK I kªwgK‡ì gv‡S †kªYx †PZbviD‡b¥l N‡U| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ¯vaxb ivóª MV‡bi AvKv•¶v e„w× cvq| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`cwic~Y©Zv jvf K‡i, hv‡Z ejxqvb n‡q ¯vaxbZv msMÖv‡g evOvwj Svuwc‡q c‡o|


wPÎ : cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ kwn` QvÎ‡bZv Avmv`


1. †K cvwK¯Ívb Bmjvgx cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ_g †cÖwm‡W›U g‡bvbxZ nb?

K. gyn¤§` Avjx wRbœvn L. B¯‹v›`vi wgR©v

M. AvBqye Lvb N. gvwjK wd‡ivR Lvb

2. AvBqye we‡ivax QvÎ Av‡›`vj‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY-

i. †`kwe‡ivax loh‡š¿i Awf‡hv‡M †mvnivIqv`x©‡K †cÖßvi

ii. QvÎ‡ì Dci cywjwk wbh©vZb

iii. AvBqye Lvb KZ…©K bZzb msweavb †NvlYv


K. i L. i I ii


DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :AMÖYx K¬v‡ei mfvcwZi GK‡ivLv g‡bvfve I Amn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kvh©µ‡g Am‡šÍvl cÖKvk K‡ib K¬v‡ei mvaviYm`m¨MY| gviyd mv‡n‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ m`m¨MY Zuv‡ì `vwe-`vIqv mfvcwZi wbKU †ck K‡ib| mfvcwZ I Zuvic‡¶i †jvKRb welqwU‡K A‡hŠw³K g‡b K‡i cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡ib| b¨vh¨Zv cÖwZôvi j‡¶¨ gviyd mv‡ne I ZviAbymvix m`më„›` †mv”Pvi nb|

3. gviyd mv‡n‡ei M„nxZ c`‡¶c †Kvb& HwZnvwmK NUbvi cÖwZdjb j¶ Kiv hvq?

K. Qq `dv `vwe DÌvcb L. b¨vkbvj †W‡gv‡µwUK d«›U MVb

M. AvBqye we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb N. †W‡gv‡µwUK A¨vKkb KwgwU MVb

4. D³ HwZnvwmK NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡ZB-

i. AvBqye miKvi AvZw¼Z n‡q c‡o

ii. e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq

iii. evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi c‡_ avweZ nq





m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:

1.

K. 1965 mv‡j Kv‡K COP Gi c‡¶ †cÖwm‡W›U cÖv_x© Kiv nq|

L. †gŠwjK MYZ‡š¿i KvVv‡gv Kxiƒc wQj?

M. DÏxc‡K D‡j-wLZ Q‡K cvwK¯Ívwb Avg‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZ †Kvb& ai‡bi êlg¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv n‡q‡Q?e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg wK g‡b Ki D³ êlg¨B evOvwji ¯vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi GKgvÎ KviY? †Zvgvi DË‡ii mc‡¶hyw³ `vI|

2. iwdK GKwU PjwPÎ †`LwQj| Qwe‡Z GKwU AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi msMÖv‡gi NUbv †`Lvw”Qj| H AÂ‡jiRbM‡Yi mvnm, eyw× I m¤ú` _vKv m‡Ë¡I miKv‡ii GK‡c‡k bxwZi Kvi‡Y msm‡` Zv‡ì †Kvb cÖwZwbwa†bB| Zviv PvKzwi, wk¶v I A_©bxwZ wewfbœ †¶‡Î ewÂZ| Zv‡ì eÂbv I †kvl‡Yi nvZ †_‡K i¶vi Rb¨GwM‡q Av‡mb GK Av‡cvlnxb †bZv| wZwb RYM‡Yi mv_©i¶vi j‡¶¨ eëmv-evwYR¨, e¨vsK, cwiPvjbvi¶gZv cÖwZi¶v I Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©, me©Rbxb †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g †Kw› ªq I AvÂwjK AvBb mfvMVb, ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi ¶gZvÑ BZ¨vw` D³ AÂ‡ji nv‡Z †Ìqvi `vwe Rvbvb|

K. Kvi ga¨¯’Zvq ZvmL›` kn‡i fviZ cvwK¯Ívb hy×-weiwZ mv¶wiZ nq|

L. gwZDi nZ¨vi †cÖ¶vcU Kx wQj?

M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z †bZvi `vwebvgvq e½eÜzi †Kvb Kg©m~wPi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q- e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Zzwg Kx g‡b Ki D³ `vwebvgv evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi †¶Î cÖ¯‘Z K‡iwQj? hyw³ `vI|


welq c~e© cvwK¯Ívb cwðg cvwK¯Ívbgš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©KZ©v 119 Rb 954 Rb†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kg©KZ©v 2900 Rb 42000 Rb†M‡R‡UW Kg©KZ©v 1338 Rb 3708 Rbbb †M‡R‡UW Kg©KZ©v 26310 Rb 82944 Rb

Øv`k Aa¨vq

mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy×evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi BwZnv‡m 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb AZ¨š— ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cvwK¯—v‡bi mvgwiK kvmKhLb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbmn c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi †bZ…e„‡›ì Dci G‡Ki ci GK wbcxobg~jK AvPiY K‡iZLbB G‡`‡ki RbMY Zv‡ì weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| hvi cwiYwZ wQj 1969 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìvb| GAfy¨Ìv‡b 25 gvP© AvBqye Lvb c`Z¨vM Ki‡j Zuvi DËim~ix †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwK¯—v‡b MYZš¿ wdwi‡qAvbvi Avk¦vm †`b| wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z mvgwiK miKvi ¶gZv n¯—vš—iKi‡e| hvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1970 mv‡j wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| D³ wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wecyj weRq AR©bKi‡jI cvwK¯—v‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯—vš—i Ki‡Z Mwogwm K‡i| GKch©v‡qZviv ¶gZv a‡i ivL‡Z wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤b K‡i Ges †kl ch©v‡q G‡`‡ki wbixn gvby‡li Dci AvµgYK‡i| hvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wb‡`©‡k c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi gvbyl gyw³ msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o|djkÖywZ‡Z 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤i evsjv‡`k kÎyi `Ljgy³ nq|


� •� 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi cÖfve we‡k-lY Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvq A¯’vqx miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� gyw³‡hv×v‡ì f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� ¯^vaxbZv I wek¦ gvbwP‡Î evsjv‡`kÑ welqwU we‡k-lY Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� RvZxq cZvKv ˆZwi Ges Gi eënvi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ wba©vi‡Yi BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� gyw³hy‡×i wewfbœ ¯§„wZ¯Í‡¤¢i ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� gyw³hy‡×i ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× ne;

� •� RvZxq cZvKvi gh©v`v i¶vq m‡PZb ne;

� •� gyw³hy‡×i ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢ msi¶‡Y AvMÖnx ne;

� •� evsjv‡`k Afy¨`‡qi NUbvi avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L †cv÷vi A¼b Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� ¯^vaxbZv wè‡m Qwe A¼b K‡i cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cvie|

1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vPb Ges cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn

Bqvwnqv Lvb ¶gZvq G‡m 1970 mv‡ji 26 gvP© GK †eZvi fvl‡Y cieZ©x wbe©vPb I wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ìnv‡Z ¶gZv †Q‡o †`qvi cÖwZkÖywZ †`b| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1970 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K me©cÖKvi wewawb‡lacÖZ¨vnvi K‡i cybivq ivR‰bwZK ZrciZvi AbygwZ †`qv nq| cvkvcvwk 5 A‡±vei RvZxq cwil` I 22 A‡±vei

cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL †NvlYv Kiv n‡jI †kl ch©š— Zv wcwQ‡q 7 wW‡m¤i Ges 17 wW‡m¤iAbywôZ nq| Z‡e 12 b‡f¤î c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi wKQz AÂ‡j fqven N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm nIqvq H me AÂ‡j1971 mv‡ji 17 Rvbyqvwi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|

AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`k

Bqvwnqv Lvb 1970 mv‡ji 28 gvP© RvwZi D‡Ï‡k GK fvl‡Y wbe©vPb-msµvš— AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`kKvVv‡gvi g~j aviv¸‡jv †NvlYv K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb g~jZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨msL¨v KZ n‡e,†fvU`v‡bi cÖwµqv Kx n‡e, KZ w`‡bi ga¨ wbe©vwPZ cwil` msweavb iPbv Ki‡e Ges cvwK¯—v‡bi `yBAs‡kig‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl wKQz w`K Zz‡j a‡ib| Zuvi †NvlYvi we‡kl w`K¸‡jv wQj:

1. cwðg cvwK¯—v‡b GK BDwbU †f‡O w`‡q mv‡eK cÖ‡`k¸‡jv cybtcÖwZôv Kiv n‡e| G¸‡jv 1 RyjvB 1970mv‡j cÖwZwôZ n‡e|

2. 13 Rb gwnjv cÖwZwbwa wb‡q 313 Avm‡bi RvZxq cwil` n‡e, Avi 621 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q n‡e cuvPwUcÖv‡`wkK cwil`|

RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì Avmb eÈb

3. wbe©vP‡b GK e¨w³ GK †fvU bxwZ MÖnY Kiv nq| cvwK¯—v‡bi `yÕAs‡ki AvBb I A_©bxwZwelqK `vwqZ¡ I¶gZv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaiv wba©viY Ki‡eb|

4. †fvUvi ZvwjKv 1970 mv‡ji Ry‡bi g‡a¨ ˆZwi n‡e|

5. msweavb iPbvi Rb¨ cwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb †_‡K 120 w`‡bi mgq avh© K‡i †`b| G mg‡qi g‡a¨ KvRmgvav Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡j cwil` †f‡½ bZzb wbe©vP‡bi K_v D‡j-L K‡ib| GKB m‡½ ejv nq, msweavbiPbv Ges msweavb‡K mZ¨vwqZKiY ch©š— mvgwiK kvmb envj _vK‡e| wbe©vP‡bi wb‡`©kbvewji cvkvcvwkmsweav‡bi wfwË m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©kbv †`qv n‡q‡Q| AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`‡ki 20 bs avivq msweav‡bi g~jQqwU bxwZ †eu‡a †`qv nq| h_v:

K. †dWv‡ij c×wZi miKvi;

L. Bmjvwg Av`k© n‡e iv‡óªi wfwË;

M. cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì †fv‡U cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡b RbmsL¨vi Abycv‡Z cÖwZwbwaiv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb;


RvZxq cwil` cÖv‡`wkK cwilÀÂjmvaviY gwnjv †gvU mvaviY gwnjv †gvU

c~e© cvwK¯Ívb 162 7 169 300 10 310cvÄve 82 3 85 180 6 186wmÜy 27 1 28 60 2 62DËi-cwðg mxgvšÍ 18 1 19 40 2 42†ejywP¯Ívb 4 1 5 20 1 21†K›`ª kvwmK DcRvwZ GjvKv 7 - 7 - - -†gvU 300 13 313 600 21 621

N. †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e;

O. wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wewfbœ GjvKvi ga¨Kvi A_©‰bwZK I Ab¨vb¨ êlg¨ `~i Ki‡Z n‡e;

P. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`‡k g~jZ mve©‡fŠg cvj©v‡g‡›Ui e`‡j GKwU `ye©j cvj©v‡g‡›Ui iƒc‡iLv†`qv nq| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Gi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| Zviv G Av‡`‡ki AMYZvwš¿Kavivmg~n ev` †`qvi `vwe Rvbvq|

wbe©vPb eë¯’vcbv

1969 mv‡ji 2 RyjvB Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx cvwK¯—v‡bi mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i wePviK wePvicwZ AvãymmvËv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU wbe©vPb Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq| G wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi cÖv_wgK KvR wQj GKwU me©Rbxb†fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv| G ZvwjKvi g‡a¨ c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi †fvUv‡ii msL¨v wQj 3,12,14,935 Rb Gescwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi 2,52,06,263 Rb| G †fvUvi ZvwjKvq ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôx Awaevmx‡ì Aš—f©y³ Kiv nq|

wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnYKvix ivR‰bwZK `j

1970 mv‡j wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxMcš’x `j¸‡jv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi m‡½ †RvUe× n‡q wbe©vPb Ki‡Z B”Qv cÖKvkKi‡jI `jxq †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb GKKfv‡e wbe©vP‡bi K_v †NvlYv K‡ib| d‡j 1970 mv‡jiwbe©vP‡b ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv c„_K c„_Kfv‡e cÖv_©x g‡bvbxZ K‡i| †gvU 781 Rb cÖv_©x wbe©vP‡b Ask †bb|RvZxq cwil‡` AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wQj 162 Rb cÖv_©x Ges Zv‡ì wbe©vPbx cÖZxK wQj †bŠKv| wbe©vP‡bAskMÖnYKvix Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wQj wbwLj cvwK¯—vb †K›`ªxq RwgqvZzj D‡jgv I †bRv‡gBmjvgx (45), Bmjvgx MYZš¿x `j (5), RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx cvwK¯—vb (69), cvwK¯—vb †W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU©(81), cvwK¯—vb gymwjg jxM (Kb‡fbkb- 93), cvwK¯—vb gymwjg jxM (KvDwÝj- 50), cvwK¯—vb gymwjgjxM (KvBqyg- 65) cÖf„wZ|

wbe©vP‡bi djvdj

1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM RvZxq cwil‡` 162wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 160wU Avmb jvf K‡i| msiw¶Zgwnjv Avmb mn AvIqvgx jxM †gvU 167wU Avmb jvf K‡i RvZxq cwil‡` GKK msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i|Avevi c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì 310wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM †gvU 298wU Avmb †c‡q wbi¼zkmsL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| †m mgq RvZxq cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì GgGbG Ges cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ìGgwcG ejv n‡Zv| †fv‡Ui djvdj g~j¨vq‡b †`Lv hvq,†gvU cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM c~e©cvwK¯—v‡b RvZxq cwil‡` 75.10% Ges cÖv‡`wkKcwil‡` 70.48% †fvU cvq| wbe©vP‡bi Ggb djvdjc~e© cvwK¯—vb‡K GKwU c„_K AÂj Ges evOvwjRvwZ‡K GKwU ¯Zš¿ RvwZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i|

RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zkmsL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Kivq G `‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡ miKviMwVZ nIqv wQj b¨vqm½Z| wKšÍy cvwK¯—v‡bi mvgwiK

mË‡ii wbe©vPb Ges gyw³hy× 159

wPÎ : 70 Gi wbe©vP‡bi mvd‡j¨ mnKg©x cwi‡ewóZ e½eÜy

kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯—vš—‡i Mwogwm Avi¤¢ K‡i| wZwb 3 gvP© AbywôZe¨ RvZxqcwil‡ì Awa‡ekb RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Ævi cÖ‡ivPbvq 1 gvP© ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib| G †NvlYvi m‡½ m‡½ c~e©cvwK¯—v‡bi QvÎ, kªwgK, miKvwi-†emiKvwi Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix Z_v mvaviY gvbyl we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| wewfbœ¯’v‡b RbZv cvwK¯—vwb †mbv‡ì AvµgY K‡i| msN‡l© eû‡jvK wbnZ I AvnZ nq| Hw`b QvÎjx‡Mi †bZvivÔ¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡ib| G msMV‡bi D‡`¨v‡M 2 gvP© †`ke¨vcx ag©NU AvnŸvb Kiv nq|Gw`bB XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q Av‡qvwRZ GK QvÎ mgv‡e‡k evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| 3 gvP© QvÎjxMcëb gq`v‡b we‡¶vf mgv‡ek K‡i| †mLv‡b cÖavb AwZw_i fvlY †`b e½eÜz| mgv‡e‡k QvÎjxM 5 `dvcÖ¯—ve MÖnY K‡i hv ¯vaxbZvi Bk‡Znvi bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv nq| G‡Z ¯vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k †NvlYv Kiv nq|GQvov 4 I 6 gvP© ch©š— cÖwZw`b Aa©‡ejv niZvj cvj‡bi †NvlYv †`qv nq|

QvÎ‡ì G Bk‡Znv‡ii cÖwZ mg_©b Rvwb‡q kªwgK, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix Z_v Avcvgi RbmvaviY mwµqfv‡e niZvjcvjb K‡i| XvKv †eZvi I †Uwjwfkb wkíxiv Abyôvb eR©b K‡i| QvÎ-wk¶K, AvBbRxexMY Zv‡ì Kg©¯’jZ¨vM K‡i Av‡›`vj‡b GKvZ¥Zv †NvlYv K‡ib| G wZb w`‡bi niZv‡j XvKvmn mgMÖ †`‡ki Av‡›`vjb Zz‡½D‡V| wewfbœ ¯’v‡b msN‡l© cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z eû †jvK AvnZ I wbnZ nq| Bqvwnqv Lvb G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z fxZ-mš¿¯— n‡q AMZ¨v 6 gvP© †eZvi fvl‡Y XvKvq 25 gvP© cybivq RvZxq cwil‡ì Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb K‡ib| Z‡eZvi †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki we¶zä gvbyl‡K Avk¦¯— Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| evOvwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyiingvbI †m †NvlYvq Av¯’v ivL‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi c¶ †_‡K 7 gvP© †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax e„nËi Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjvi j‡¶¨ Rbmfvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq|

wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡

evOvwj RvZxqZvev` I ¯vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡qi †cQ‡b 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK|1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ci GwUB wQj me‡P‡q †ewk Aeva I wbi‡c¶ wbe©vPb| 1947 mv‡ji ci †_‡K evOvwjRvwZ fvlv, mvwnZ¨, ms¯‹…wZ me©‡¶‡Î †h ¯vZš¿¨ `vwe K‡i AvmwQj, 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b evOvwji †m¯^vZš¿ëv‡ì weRq N‡U| GQvov c~e©vÂ‡ji RbMY ¯vqËkvm‡bi †h `vwe K‡i AvmwQ,j Zv cwðgvÂ‡ji miKviA‰ea e‡j †NvlYv K‡i| G wbe©vP‡bi djvd‡j Qq `dvwfwËK ¯vqËkvm‡bi `vwei êaZv cÖgvwYZ nq| m‡e©vcwiBqvwnqv Lv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx wbe©vwPZ miKv‡ii nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯—vš—‡ii mgq Avm‡j wZwb Zv bv K‡i wbixnevOvwji Dci †mbvevwnbx‡K †jwj‡q †`b| ïiy nq evsjvi gvby‡li gyw³i mk¯¿ msMÖvg, hvi cwiYwZ‡Z 1971mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î c„w_exi ey‡K evsjv‡`k bv‡g GKwU ¯vaxb ivóª Rb¥ †bq|

GKK KvR : ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡q 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© †Kb?

e½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i fvlY

1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z cvwK¯—v‡bi mvgwiK miKvi ¶gZv n¯—vš—i bv Kivq,cvwK¯—v‡bi ivR‰bwZK A½‡b GK Aw¯’iZvi m„wó nq| mviv †`‡ke¨vcx bvbviKg D‡ØM, D‡ËRbvi g‡aë½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i fvlY wQj RvwZi Rb¨ my¯úó w`K wb‡`©kbv| c~e© †NvlYv Abyhvqx 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP©†im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bi mgv‡e‡k j¶ j¶ RbZvi Xj bv‡g| e½eÜz G mgv‡e‡k †h fvlY †`b Zv we‡k¦i BwZnv‡m

L¨vZ n‡q Av‡Q| Zuvi e³‡eï g~j welq wQj 4wU| h_v:


1. Pjgvb mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi;

2. ˆmb¨‡ì e¨viv‡K wdwi‡q †bqv ;

3. MYnZ¨vi Z`š— Kiv Ges;

4. wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZvn¯—vš—i Kiv|

Gi evB‡i AviI †ek wKQz `vwe e½eÜzi

fvl‡Y DÌvcb Kiv nq| wZwb evsjv‡`‡ki

mKj Awdm-Av`vjZ I wk¶vcÖwZôvb

Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ eÜ †NvlYv K‡ib| G

mgv‡e‡k mvgwiK miKv‡ii Kov bRi wQj|

e½eÜz ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Ki‡j e¨vcK

aŸsmhÁ Pvjv‡bv n‡e| ZvB †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y cÖZ¨¶fv‡e †NvlYv bv w`‡q c‡iv¶fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi

†NvlYv †`qv nq| †NvlYvq wZwb e‡jb, ÔAvgvi Aby‡iva, cÖ‡Z¨K gnj-vq, BDwbq‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ msMÖvg

KwgwU M‡o Zzjyb| nv‡Z hv Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q cÖ¯‘Z _vKzb| g‡b ivL‡eb, i³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ Av‡iv †`‡ev, G

†`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvo‡ev Bbkvj-vn&| Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯vaxbZvi

msMÖvg|Õ wZwb gyw³ msMÖv‡gi Rb¨ mKj‡K cÖ¯‘Z nIqvi Av‡`kI †`b Ges †`k‡K kµgy³ Ki‡Z m‡e©v”P Z¨vM¯^xKv‡ii AvnŸvb Rvbvb| Zuvi G fvlY ¯vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K› ª †_‡K ÔeRªKÉÕ bv‡g cÖPvwiZ nq, hv evOvwj‡K

¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|

e½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi ciw`b †_‡K mviv †`‡k e¨vcK Av‡›`vjb ïiy n‡q hvq| Zuvi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i †`‡ki

¯‹zj-K‡jR, Awdm-Av`vjZ, Kj-KviLvbv me eÜ n‡q hvq| we¶zä RbZv cvwK¯Ívbevwnbxi m`m¨‡ì wewfbœ¯’v‡b cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z _v‡K| LvRbv-U¨v· Av`vq eÜ n‡q hvq| Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Bqvwnqv Lvb wU°v Lvb‡K

c~e© cvwK¯—v‡bi Mfb©i wb‡qvM K‡ib| 10 gvP© miKvi GK mvgwiK Av‡`k Rvwi K‡i mKj Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡KKg©¯’‡j †hvM †`qvi wb‡`©k †`b| wKšÍy Gi ciI c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi me©¯Í‡ii RbMY Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZiv‡L| 13 gvP© miKvi cybivq mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡i| 14 gvP© cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi †bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡ÆvGKwU Aev¯—e cÖ¯—v‡ei gva¨‡g c~e© I cwðg cvwK¯—v‡bi msL¨vMwiô `‡ji nv‡Z ¶gZv †Q‡o †`qvi dg©yjv†`b| Z‡e e½eÜz Gme K_vq ¸iyZ¡ bv w`‡q H w`bB 35 `dvwfwËK `vwebvgv Rvwi K‡ib| †mLv‡b Av‡›`vjb

Pvwj‡q hvIqvi Rb¨ RbmvaviY‡K wewfbœ w`K wb‡`©kbv †`qv nq|

e½eÜzi Av‡`k Rvwii ci †_‡K ïay †mbvevwnbx Qvov me©Î AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq| Ae¯’vi

MfxiZv Dcjwä K‡i Bqvwnqv Lvb 15 gvP© XvKv md‡i Av‡mb| GLv‡b wZwb e½eÜzi mv‡_ ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v

wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi cÖ¯—ve †`b| e½eÜz Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ ivwR n‡jI Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ibwb| 16gvP© †_‡K Bqvwnqv-gywRe Av‡jvPbv ïiy nq| Gici 22 gvP© nVvr RyjwdKvi Avjx fy‡Æv XvKv Av‡mb Ges

Av‡jvPbvq Ask †bb| Gig‡a¨ 19 gvP© cvwK¯—vwb ˆmbïv Rq‡ècy‡i wbixn gvby‡li Ici nvgjv Pvjv‡j Gi


wPÎ : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi HwZnvwmK 7 gv‡P©i fvlY

cÖfve gywRe-Bqvwnqv Av‡jvPbv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| g~jZ Gmgq Av‡jvPbv e¨_© n‡q hvq| 23 gvP© cvwK¯—v‡bicÖRvZš¿ wè‡m G‡`‡ki N‡i N‡i cvwK¯—v‡bi cZvKvi e`‡j ¯vaxb evsjvi cZvKv D‡Ëvjb Kiv nq| 24 gvP©AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…e„›` msKU mgvav‡bi †kl †Póv K‡ib| wKšÍy Av‡jvPbv Amgvß †i‡L 25 gvP© Bqvwnqv Lvb

†Mvc‡b XvKv Z¨vM K‡ib| Zvi Av‡M wZwb mvgwiK evwnbx‡K wbi¯¿ evOvwji Ici AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi wb‡`©k w`‡qhvb| d‡j 25 gvP© gaïv‡Z evOvwji Ici †b‡g Av‡m Pig AvNvZ| †mw`b iv‡Z cvwK¯—vwb †mbviv eûevOvwj‡K wbwe©Pv‡i nZ¨v K‡i|

gyw³hy× Ges 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv

7 gv‡P©i e½eÜzi †NvwlZ Kg©m~wP Ges AvnŸv‡bicÖwZ mKj ¯Í‡ii RbMY HKë× nq| c~e©evsjvi mKj Awdm, Av`vjZ, wk¶vcÖwZôvb,

KjKviLvbv eÜ n‡q hvq| Bqvwnqv Lvb c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ae¯’v †eMwZK †`‡L e½eÜz †kLgywReyi ingv‡bi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z XvKvq

Av‡mb| G mgq fz‡ÆvI XvKvq Av‡mb|

Aciw`‡K Bqvwnqv †Mvc‡b Av‡jvPbvi bv‡g

Kvj‡¶cY, cwðg cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K ˆmb¨,

†Mvjveviy` G‡b c~e© evsjvq mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnYK‡i| 17 gvP© wU°v Lvb, ivI digvb Avjx

ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ ev evOvwji Ici b„ksm

nZ¨vKvÊ cwiPvjbvi bxjbKkv ˆZwi K‡i| 25

gvP© iv‡Z c„w_exi BwZnv‡m ee©iZg MYnZ¨v,

Acv‡ikb cywjk K¨v¤ú, wcjLvbv wewWAvi K¨v¤ú, XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© RvqMvq AvµgY PvjvqGes b„ksm MYnZ¨v msNwUZ K‡i, hv BwZnv‡m 25 gv‡P©i KvjivZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx 1971-Gi 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡iB (25 gvP© ivZ 12 Uvi ci) e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i XvKv †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bwb‡q hvq|

25 gv‡P©i MYnZ¨v

1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© gaïv‡Z evOvwj Z_v c„w_exi BwZnv‡m GKwU Kj¼RbK Aa¨v‡qi m~Pbv nq| †m mgqcvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbi¯¿, wbixn, ¯^vaxbZvKvgx mvaviY RbM‡Yi Dci nvgjv K‡i Geswbe©vPv‡i nZ¨vhÁ Pvjvq| cvwK¯Ívb Zv‡ì G Awfhv‡bi bvg †`q ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ| 25 gvP© G AwfhvbcwiPvjbv Ki‡jI g~jZ gv‡P©i cÖ_g †_‡KB Zviv Gi cwiKíbv K‡i| GKw`‡K 16 gvP© †_‡K e½eÜzi mv‡_mg‡SvZv êVK ïiy nq Avi Ab¨w`‡K †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb, †g. †R. Lvw`g †nv‡mb Ges ivI digvb Avjx

Acv‡ikb mvP©jvBU P~ovšÍ K‡ib| 19 gvP© †_‡K c~e© evsjvq B÷ †e½j †iwR‡g‡›Ui evOvwj ˆmb¨‡ìwbi¯¿xKiY ïiy nq| G Kvi‡Y Rq‡ècy‡i msNl© ev‡a| 20 gvP© miKvi A¯¿ Rgv †`qvi wb‡`©k Rvwi K‡i| H


wPÎ : 1971 mv‡ji 25 gv‡P©i MYnZ¨v

w`b †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb Zvi mvgwiK Dc‡`óv nvwg` Lvb, †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb, †Rbv‡ij cxiRv`v, †Rbv‡ij

Igi cÖgyL‡K wb‡q XvKv K¨v›Ub‡g‡›U mvgwiK cÖ¯‘wZ‡K c~Y©v½ iƒc †`b| G mgq cÖwZw`b 6wU †_‡K 17wU ch©šÍwc.AvB.G d¬vBU †evwqs 707 wegvb ˆmb¨ I im` wb‡q XvKv Av‡m Ges AmsL¨ ˆmb¨ I A¯¿k¯¿ †evSvB n‡qAvmv RvnvR PÆMÖvg e›`‡i A‡c¶v K‡i| 24 gvP© PÆMÖvg e›`‡i Gg.wf †mvqvZ †_‡K A¯¿ I im` Lvjvm ïiynq| me cÖ¯‘wZ †k‡l 25 gvP© MYnZ¨vi Rb¨ †e‡Q †bqv nq| †gRi †Rbv‡ij ivI digvb Avjx‡K XvKv kn‡iig~j `vwqZ¡ †`qv nq|

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi nj¸‡jv‡Z AvµgY ïiy nq Mfxi iv‡Z| Rûiyj nK nj, RMbœv_ nj, †iv‡Kqv n‡j Pvjvq

nZ¨v I cvkweK wbh©vZb| 25 gvP© iv‡Z GKBfv‡e MYnZ¨v P‡jwQj cyi‡bv XvKvq, KPz‡¶Z, †ZRMuvI, Bw›ìv

†ivW, wgicyi, †gvnv¤§`cyi, XvKv wegvbe›`‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i, iv‡qi evRvi, MYKUzjx, avbgwÊ, KjvevMvb,

KuvVvjevMvb cÖf„wZ ¯’v‡b| GKBfv‡e †`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ RvqMvq MYnZ¨v ïiy K‡i|

25 gvP© iv‡Z XvKvq MYnZ¨v ïiy n‡j e½eÜz evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib Ges Zv Iq¨vi‡jm‡hv‡M

cvwV‡q †`b| e½eÜzi †NvlYvevYx †kvbvgvÎB PÆMÖvgmn †`‡ki wewfbœ †Rjvq cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zvjv nq| ïiy nq

cvwK¯Ívwb †mbv‡ì m‡½ evOvwj cywjk, Avbmvi I mvaviY gvby‡li GK Amg jovB hv evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡mgnvb gyw³hy× bv‡g cwiwPZ|

¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv

†MÖdZvi nIqvi c~e©gyn‚‡Z© 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡i (25 gvP© ivZ 12 Uvi ci) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbevsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b| GRb¨B 26 gvP© Avgv‡ì gnvb ¯vaxbZv wèm| †NvlYvwU wQj Bs‡iwR‡Z,

hv‡Z wek¦evmx †NvlYvwU eyS‡Z cv‡ib| ¯vaxbZv †NvlYvi evsjv Abyev`:

ÔBnvB nqZ Avgvi †kl evZ©v, AvR nB‡Z evsjv‡`k ¯vaxb| Avwg evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K

AvnŸvb RvbvB‡ZwQ †h, †h †hLv‡b Av‡Q, hvnvi hv wKQz Av‡Q, ZvB wb‡q iy‡L ùvovI, me©kw³

w`‡q nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K cÖwZ‡iva K‡iv| cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi †kl ˆmb¨wU‡K evsjvigvwU nB‡Z weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch©šÍ Ges P~ovšÍ weRq AR©b bv Kiv ch©šÍ jovB Pvwj‡q hvI

(evsjv‡`k †M‡RU, msweav‡bi cÂ`k ms‡kvabx, 3 RyjvB 2011)|Õ

¯^vaxbZvi G †NvlYv evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ¯’v‡b Z`vbxšÍb BwcAvi Gi UªvÝwgUvi, †UwjMÖvg I †UwjwcÖ›Uv‡ii gva¨‡g

cÖPvi Kiv nq| e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv 26 gvP© `ycy‡i PÆMÖv‡gi AvIqvgx jxM †bZv Gg. G. nvbœvb PÆMÖv‡gi

†eZvi †K›`ª †_‡K GKevi Ges mÜ¨vq KvjyiNvU †eZvi †K› ª †_‡K wØZxqevi cÖPvi K‡ib| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi

ingv‡bi ¯vaxbZv †NvlYv Ges Gi cÖwZ evOvwj mvgwiK, AvavmvgwiK I †emvgwiK evwnbxi mg_©b I AskMÖn‡Yi

Le‡i ¯^vaxbZvKvgx RbMY D¾xweZ nq|

`jxq KvR

1| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi welqe¯Íy ˆZwi K‡iv|

2| evOvwjiv †Kb ¯^vaxbZv hy× ïiy K‡i, Zv eY©bv K‡iv|


evsjv‡`k miKvi (gywRebMi miKvi) MVb

1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP© cvwK¯Ívb mvgwiK evwnbx MYnZ¨v ïiyn‡j cÖv_wgKfv‡e c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ I mvsMVwbK ZrciZv QvovBc~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvbyl Zv‡ì weiy‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j|gyw³hy× myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ 10 GwcÖj MwVZ nq

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g A¯’vqx miKvi| G miKvi kc_ MÖnY K‡i

17 GwcÖj †g‡nicyi †Rjvi ê`¨bv_ Zjvq| kc_ Abyôv‡b

wecyjmsL¨K †`wk-we‡`wk mvsevw`K I MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³

Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb| miKv‡ii cÖavb wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi

ingvb| Zuvi bvg Abymv‡i ê`¨bv_Zjvi bvgKiY Kiv nq

gywRebMi Ges A¯’vqx miKviI cwiwPZ nq gywRebMi miKvi bv‡g| G miKvi MV‡bi gvÎ `yB NÈv ci

cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi wegvb gywRebM‡i †evgvel©Y K‡i Ges †g‡nicyi `Lj K‡i †bq| d‡j gywRebMi miKv‡iimì `ßi KjKvZvi 8 bs w_‡qUvi †iv‡W ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|

gywRebMi miKvi

evsjv‡`‡ki A¯’vqx miKv‡ii 12wU gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM wQj| Gme wefv‡Mi gva¨‡gB hy×Kv‡j mvgwiK I

†emvgwiK hveZxq cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|

Aeiy× evsjv‡`k

26 gvP© †_‡K 16 wW‡m¤î evsjv‡`k Ry‡o cvwK¯Ívb mvgwiK evwnbx wbh©vZb, MYnZ¨v Avi aesmjxjvq †g‡ZD‡VwQj| ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ bv‡g XvKvq †h MYnZ¨vi ïiy K‡i, Gi cÖavb j¶ wQj XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn

G‡`‡ki QvÎmgvR, wkw¶Z ga¨weË †kªwY hviv Amv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx Avi msL¨vjNy wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq|

KviY cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx wek¦vm KiZ, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi †cQ‡b wn›`y‡ì nvZ i‡q‡Q, AviG‡ì BÜb †hvMvq fviZ|


ivóªcwZ : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvbDcivóªcwZ : ˆmq` bRi“j Bmjvg (e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z A¯’vqx

ivóªcwZ Ges c`vwaKvie‡j mk¯¿ evwnbx I gyw³evwnbxime©vwabvq‡Ki `vwqZ¡ MÖnY)

cÖavbgš ¿x : ZvRDÏxb AvngÀ_©gš¿x : Gg. gbmyi Avjx¯îvóª, ÎvY I cybe©vmb, K…wlgš¿x : G.GBP.Gg Kvgi y¾vgvbciivóª, AvBbgš¿x I msm`welqK : L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`cÖavb †mbvcwZ : K‡b©j (Ae.) Gg.G.wR ImgvbxwPd Ae ÷vd : †j. K‡b©j (Ae.) Ave`yi ie†WcywU wPd Ae ÷vd : MÖc K¨v‡Þb G.†K L›`Kviy

wPÎ : evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii (gywRebMi miKvi)kc_MÖnY

hwÌ 25 gvP© ÔwR‡iv AvIqv‡iÕ cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi Awfhvb ïiy Kivi K_v, Z_vwc ivZ mv‡o GMviUvi w`‡K†mbvevwnbx K¨v›Ub‡g›U †_‡K †ewi‡q hvq c~e© wba©vwiZ MšÍ‡e¨| XvKvmn mviv †`‡k `Lj`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxe¨vcK Awfhvb ïiy K‡i| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Rûiyj nK nj, mwjgyj-vn gymwjg nj, RMbœv_ nj Ges eûwk¶‡Ki AvevwmK fe‡b AvµgY K‡i Ges A‡bK‡K nZ¨v K‡i| ivRvievM cywjk jvBb, wcjLvbvi BwcAvi †nW

†KvqvU©vimn ivRavbx XvKvi wewfbœ GjvKvq U¨vsK, Kvgvb, †gwkbMvb w`‡q nvgjv K‡i| ïiy nq BwZnv‡mi

wbK…óZg MYnZ¨vi| e½eÜzi 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Y DØy× n‡q mvaviY RbZv XvKvi ivRc‡_ e¨vwi‡KW †Ìqvi †Póv

K‡i| Amxg mvnm wb‡q BwcAvi I cywjk evwnbx cÖwZ‡iva M‡o †Zv‡j| wKšÍy AvaywbK A‡¯¿ mw¾Z cvwK¯Ívwbevwnbx Abvqv‡m †f‡O †d‡j GB cÖwZ‡iva|

cyi‡bv XvKvi bIqvecyi, ZuvwZ evRvi, kvLvix evRvi GjvKvq emevmKvix wn›`y Rb‡Mvôxi Ici cvwK¯Ívb†mbvevwnbxi †¶vf †h †ewk wQj Zv GLvbvKvi wbôzi MYnZ¨v, wbh©vZb Avi aesmhÁ †_‡K †evSv hvq| cwðg

cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi `„wó‡Z wn›`ygvÎB AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mg_©K Ges wn›`yiv n‡”Q ÔcweÎÕ cvwK¯Ív‡biALÊZvi cÖwZ ûgwK¯îƒc| Avi G‡ì †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q fvi‡Zi AvbyK~j¨ I mg_©b| Ggwb AÜwek¦vm †_‡KMYnZ¨v Avi bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wfZi w`‡q cvKevwnbxi Zxeª wn›`y we‡Øl, Av‡µvk Avi fqsKi N„Yvi cÖKvk N‡U|

AvKw¯§K Avµg‡Y wbixn, Amnvq bMievmx AvZ¥i¶vi †Kv‡bv my‡hvMB cvqwb|

miKviwe‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y cvKevwnbxi †ivlvb‡j c‡o XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq| Aa¨vcK W. †Mvwe›` P› ª †è,

W. gybxiy¾vgvbmn kZ kZ QvÎ nZ¨v Kiv nq| ¸wjwe× Ae¯’vq W. †R¨vwZg©q ¸n VvKziZv `yÕw`b ci XvKv

†gwWK¨vj K‡j‡R gviv hvb| cyi‡bv XvKvq we‡kl K‡i kvLvixevRvi, ZuvwZ evRv‡ii wn›`y Aay¨wlZ GjvKvi

Ae¯’v wQj fqven| XvKvevmx `yt¯‡cœI fve‡Z cv‡iwb Zv‡ì Rb¨ Kx ee©i, b„ksm, ˆckvwPK AvµgY A‡c¶v

Ki‡Q| XvKv kni cwiYZ nq g„Zz¨cyix‡Z| Pviw`‡K †Kej AvZ©bv`, Amnvq gvby‡li nvnvKvi|

†Kej ivRavbx XvKv kni bq, evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ MÖvg ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡Q hvq cvKevwnbx| gyw³hy‡×i bq gv‡m

`Lj`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx I Zv‡ì G‡`kxq †`vmiiv 30 jvL evOvwj‡K nZ¨v K‡iwQj| AvovB jv‡Li AwaKgv-†evb cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì cvkweK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡qwQj| cwiKwíZfv‡e G‡`k‡K †gavk~b¨ Kivi Rb¨

cvKevwnbx e‡iY¨ mvwnwZ¨K, wkíx, Kwe, wk¶K, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K wbgg©fv‡e nZ¨v K‡i|

wbh©vZb, nZ¨v, AwMœms‡hvM, jyÉb BZ¨vw` Aciva K‡g© cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q ivRvKvi,Avjeì, Avjkvgm I kvwšÍ KwgwU| cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK RvšÍvi mn‡hvMx G‡`kxq e¨w³eM© GKK_vq

¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax kw³ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| cÖavbZ Rvgv‡Z Bmjvgx, gymwjg jxM, †bRv‡g Bmjvgx, c~e© cvwK¯ÍvbKvDwÝj gymwjg jxM cÖf„wZ `‡ji mg_©Kiv gyw³hy‡×i mwµq we‡ivwaZv K‡i| GB `j¸‡jv gvbeZvwe‡ivax

Aciv‡aI AskMÖnY I mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q|

¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax‡ì AcZrciZv

ivRvKvi (†iRvKvi) evwnbx M‡o Zz‡jwQj cvwK¯Ívb miKvi| 1971 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m †j: †Rbv‡ij wU°v LvbÔc~e© cvwK¯Ívb ivRvKvi AwW©b¨vÝÕ Rvwi K‡ib| ïiy‡Z Avbmvi, gyRvwn`‡ì wb‡q GB evwnbx MwVZ nq| c‡icvwK¯Ívbcš’x A‡b‡K GB evwnbx‡Z †hvM †`q| GB evwnbx MV‡b †Rbv‡ij wbqvRxi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv wQj|


ivRvKvi‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi †gqv` wQj GK mßvn| ivRvKvi‡ì †Uªwbs w`‡Zv cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx| `Lj`vievwnbxi †`vmi wn‡m‡e Zviv gyw³‡hv×v‡ì weiy‡× hy× K‡i‡Q| ivRvKvi evwnbx QvovI Avjeì bv‡g AviIGKwU fq¼i evwnbx wQj| Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxi QvÎ msMVb Bmjvgx QvÎm‡•Ni m`m¨‡ì wb‡q Avj-eìevwnbx M‡o †Zvjv nq| Ab¨vb¨ Bmjvgx QvÎmsMV‡bi †bZv-Kg©x‡ì wb‡q Avj-kvgm evwnbx MwVZ nq| evOvwjeyw×Rxex nZ¨vi cÖavb `vwqZ¡ wQj Avj-eì evwnbxi Ici| ZvB GB evwnbx wQj AZ¨šÍ wbôzi I wnsmª cÖK…wZi|Avj-eì evwnbxi cÖavb wQ‡jb eZ©gvb RvgvqvZ Bmjvgxi Avgxi gwZDi ingvb wbRvgx| gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZvqcÖ_g †h msMV‡bi Rb¥ nq Zv n‡jv ÔkvwšÍ KwgwUÕ| ivRavbx XvKvmn mviv †`‡k kvwšÍ KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| c~e©cvwK¯Ív‡bi Mfb©i †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lv‡bi c„ô‡cvlKZvq Ges RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx, KvDwÝj gymwjg jxM, RvgvqvZIjvgv‡q Bmjvg, gymwjg jxM cÖf„wZ `‡ji Drmvn I AskMÖn‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q kvwšÍ KwgwU we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb I MYnZ¨vq GB msMVb `Lj`vi evwnbxi wek¦¯Í mnPi wQj| KvDwÝj gymwjg jx‡MimfvcwZ LvRv L‡qiywÏb‡K AvnŸvqK K‡i ÔXvKv bvMwiK kvwšÍ KwgwUÕ MwVZ nq| GB KwgwU‡Z Rvgvqv‡ZBmjvgxi †bZv †Mvjvg Avhg, †gŠjfx dwi` Avn¤§`, GGmGg †mvjvqgvb cÖgyL wQ‡jb|

cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx Ô†cvov gvwU bxwZÕ Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki me m¤ú`-cÖwZôvb aŸsm K‡i w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q| †hKvi‡Y wk¶vcÖwZôvb, †`vKvb-cvU, Ni-evwo, nvmcvZvj, gmwR`, gw›ì †Kv‡bv wKQyB Zv‡ì nvZ †_‡K †invBcvq wb| Zv‡ì j¶¨ wQj GB f~L‡Êi gvbyl‡ì nZ¨v K‡i †Kej f~wgi `Lj †bIqv| cvK evwnbx‡K G mg¯ÍgvbeZvwe‡ivax AcK‡g© mnvqZv K‡i‡Q G‡`kxq wKQy `vjvj Pµ|

GKK KvR : cvwK¯Ívbevwnbxi †`vmi wQj Kviv? Zviv cvwK¯Ívbevwnbxi mv‡_ msMwVZ n‡q MYnZ¨v Iwbh©vZ‡b Kx f~wgKv †i‡LwQj Zv D‡j-L Ki|

gywRebMi miKv‡ii Aax‡b cÖkvmb I hy× :

1970-71 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b weRqx RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡ì m`m¨ Øviv gywRebMi miKvi MVb Kiv nq|gyw³hy× cwiPvjbv Ges evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ wek¦ RbgZ m„wó Kiv wQj G miKv‡ii cÖavb D‡Ïk¨|

evOvwj Kg©KZ©v‡ì wb‡q miKvi cÖkvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G‡Z †gvU 12wU gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM wQj|G¸‡jv n‡”Q cÖwZi¶v, ciivóª, A_©-wkí I evwYR¨ gš¿Yvjq, gwš¿cwil` mwPevjq, mvaviY cÖkvmb, ¯v¯’¨ IKj¨vY wefvM, ÎvY I cybe©vmb wefvM, cÖ‡KŠkj wefvM, cwiKíbv Kwgkb, hye I Af¨_©bv wkwe‡ii wbqš¿Y †evW©BZ¨vw`| gywRebMi miKvi we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki ¸iyZ¡c~Y© kn‡i (KjKvZv, w`wjø, jÛb, IqvwksUb, wbDBqK©,÷K‡nvg) evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii wgkb ¯’vcb K‡i| Gme wgkb evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii c‡¶ cÖPviYv I mg_©bAv`v‡qi †Póv K‡i| miKvi wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †PŠayix‡K we‡kl `~Z wb‡qvM †`q| wZwb gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ wek¦†bZ…Z¡ I Rbg‡Zi mg_©b Av`v‡qi Rb¨ KvR K‡ib| 10 GwcÖj gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nIqvi ci gyw³hy×cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mvgwiK, †emvgwiK RbMY‡K wb‡q GKwU gyw³‡hv×v evwnbx M‡o †Zvjvi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq|10 GwcÖj miKvi 4wU mvgwiK †Rv‡b evsjv‡`k‡K fvM K‡i 4 Rb †m±i KgvÛvi wbhy³ K‡i| 11 GwcÖj Zvcybwb©a©vwiZ K‡i 11wU †m±‡i wef³ Kiv nq| G Qvov †ek wKQz mve-†m±i Ges wZbwU weª‡MW †dvm© MwVZ nq|Gme evwnbx‡Z cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡Z Kg©iZ evOvwj †mbv Kg©KZ©v, †mbvm`m¨, cywjk, BwcAvi, †bŠ Iwegvbevwnbxi m`m¨MY †hvM`vb K‡ib| cÖwZwU †m±‡iB wbqwgZ †mbv, †Mwijv I mvaviY †hv×v wQj| Givgyw³‡hv×v ev gyw³‡dŠR bv‡g cwiwPZ wQj| Gme evwnbx‡Z †`‡ki QvÎ, hyeK, bvix, K…lK, ivR‰bwZK `‡ji


Kgx© -mg_©K, kªwgKmn wewfbœ †ckvi gvbyl Ask wb‡qwQj| wewfbœ cÖwk¶Y K¨v‡¤c cÖwk¶Y †k‡l †hv×vMY †`‡kiAf¨šÍ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK QvDwb ev Av¯Ívbvq nvgjv Pvjvq| gyw³hy‡× miKv‡ii Aaxb wewfbœevwnbx QvovI †ek K‡qKwU evwnbx †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e M‡o D‡VwQj| G me msMVb ¯’vbxqfv‡ecvwK¯Ívwb evwnbx Ges ivRvKvi evwnbxi weiy‡× hy‡× ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †i‡LwQj| †hgb: Uv½vB‡j Kv‡`wiqvevwnbxi K_v ¯§iYxq n‡q Av‡Q| 1971 mv‡j gyw³‡hv×vMY gywRebMi miKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ †`k‡K cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì`Ljgy³ Kivi Rb¨ iY‡¶‡Î hy× K‡i‡Qb, A‡b‡KB †`‡ki R‡b¨ cÖvY w`‡q‡Qb, A‡b‡K AvnZ n‡q‡Qb|

`jxq KvR : gywRebMi A¯’vqx miKv‡ii Kvh©µg wPwýZ K‡iv|

gyw³hy× I wewfbœ msMVb`xN©w`‡bi ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi dmj gnvb gyw³hy×| ¯vfvweK Kvi‡YB gyw³hy×‡K †K› ª K‡iivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ bvbv gZ‡f` j¶ Kiv hvq| evg ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi eo Ask gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶_vK‡jI GKwU Ask weiy‡× wQj| Ab¨ w`‡K cvwK¯Ívwb Av`‡k© wek¦vmx Bmjvwg ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv †Kejgyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Q ZvB bq, Zviv cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx‡K AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb I MYnZ¨vq mn‡hvwMZvK‡i‡Q Ges cÖZ¨¶ AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix ivR‰bwZK `j n‡jv AvIqvgx jxM| e½eÜz‡KivóªcwZ I ZvRDÏxb‡K cÖavbgš¿x K‡i MwVZ cÖ_g evsjv‡`k miKvi h‡_ó †hvM¨Zv, `¶Zv I `~i`„wói m‡½gyw³hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤î gv‡mi cÖ_g mßv‡n mggbv evg ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n wb‡qAvIqvgx jxM GKwU Dc‡`óv cwil` MVb K‡i| GB KwgwU‡Z AšÍfy©³ n‡qwQ‡jb gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvbfvmvbx (b¨vc-fvmvbx), gwY wms (evsjv‡`‡ki KwgDwb÷ cvwU©), g‡bviÄb ai (evsjv‡`k b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm),

Aa¨vcK gyRvddi Avn‡g` (b¨vc-gyRvddi) Ges AvIqvgx jxM †_‡K cÖavbgš¿x ZvRDÏxb Avng` Iciivóªgš¿x L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`| Z‡e wcwKs cš’x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ †gvnv¤§` †Zvqvnvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb c~e©cvwK¯Ívb KwgDwb÷ cvwU© Ges c~e© evsjvi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© (gwZb-AvjvDÏxb) gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZv K‡i|

cvKevwnbx I Zv‡ì G‡`kxq †`vmi‡ì AZ¨vPvi, wbh©vZb, nZ¨v G‡`‡ki RbMY‡K AviI †ewk HKë×K‡i‡Q| ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e QvÎ, K…lK, kªwgK, bvix, wk¶K, Kwe, mvsevw`K, wPwKrmK, wkíxmn wewfbœ †ckvigvbyl gyw³i msMÖv‡g kvwgj nq|


wPÎ : gyw³hy‡×i mgq gywRebM‡i cÖevmx evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Dc‡`óv KwgwUi êVK

QvÎ

gyw³‡hv×v‡ì g‡a¨ msL¨vq me‡P‡q †ewk wQj QvÎ| †`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi weiy‡× cÖv_wgK cÖwZ‡ivaM‡o †Zvjvq AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i QvÎiv| K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ‡ì cvkvcvwk ¯‹zjco–qv wK‡kviI gyw³hy‡×AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| Zviv hy‡×i cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ mxgvšÍ cvwo w`‡q fvi‡Z hvq| gyyw³hy× cwiPvjbvKvix evsjv‡`kmiKvi QvÎ-hyeK‡ì Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y I A‡¯¿i ms¯’vb K‡i| AwaKvsk †¶‡Î gvÎ wZb mßv‡ni cÖwk¶Y Avi nvjKvA¯¿ wb‡q Amxg mvnm, g‡bvej Avi †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× n‡q kÎy‡ì Ici Suvwc‡q c‡o‡Q gyw³‡mbvi `j|

K…lK

gyw³hy‡× K…lK‡ì Ae`vb wQj AZ¨šÍ †MŠiegq| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi Rb¨ †h‡Kv‡bv Z¨vM ¯xKv‡i cÖ¯‘Z wQ‡jbZviv| kÎyi weiy‡× cwiPvwjZ cÖwZwU Avµg‡Y Zviv wQ‡jb wb‡ew`ZcÖvY| e¨w³MZ jvf-¶wZi wnmve Zuv‡ìKv‡Q ¸iyZ¡ cvqwb| GKUvB j¶¨Ñ†h‡Kv‡bv g~‡j¨ ¯^vaxbZv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|

bvix

gyw³hy‡× bvix‡ì f~wgKv wQj †MŠi‡ev¾¡j| 1971 mv‡ji gv‡P©i cÖ_g †_‡KB †`‡ki cÖwZwU AÂ‡j †h msMÖvgcwil` MwVZ nq, Zv‡Z bvix‡ì we‡kl K‡i QvÎx‡ì AskMÖnY wQj ¯^Ztù‚Z©| †`k‡K ¯^vaxb Ki‡Z cyiy‡li

cvkvcvwk bvixiI ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb wQj| hy‡×i bqgv‡m K‡qK j¶ gv-†evb cvK evwnbxi AZ¨vPv‡iiwkKvi nq| Zuv‡ì e½eÜz Kb¨vi b¨vq ggZvqm‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb Ôexiv½bvÕ e‡j| Gi evB‡iweivUmsL¨K bvix gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Avkªq w`‡q, Lveviw`‡q, Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡q A¯¿ jywK‡q †i‡L, †mevw`‡q, bvbvfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i‡Qb| Ggb Kx cÖZ¨¶hy‡× bvixi AskMÖn‡Yi `„óvšÍI Kg bq| gyw³hy‡×exi‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc `yÕRb bvix Ôexi cÖZxKÕ †LZveAR©b K‡ib| GKRb Zvivgb wewe, Ab¨Rb Wv³viwmZviv †eMg| mviv †`‡k AviI A‡bK bvix gyw³‡hv×vwewfbœ iYv½‡b cvwK¯Ívbevwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Qb|

MYgva¨g

evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× MYgva¨‡gi f~wgKv Acwimxg| msev`cÎ I ¯^vaxbevsjv †eZvi †K› ª G e¨vcv‡i AMÖYxf~wgKv cvjb K‡i| 26 gvP© PÆMÖvg †eZv‡ii wkíx I ms¯‹…wZKgx©iv ¯^vaxbevsjv †eZvi †K› ª Pvjy K‡ib| c‡iGwU gywRebMi miKv‡ii ZË¡veav‡b cwiPvwjZ nq| ¯vaxbevsjv †eZvi †K›`ª msev`, †`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb,gyw³‡hv×v‡ì exiZ¡Mv_v iYv½‡bi bvbv NUbv BZ¨vw` †`k I RvwZi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i mvaviY gvbyl‡K hy‡×AskMÖn‡Yi j‡¶¨ AbycÖvwYZ K‡i; gyw³‡hv×v‡ì mvnm hywM‡q weR‡qi c_ myMg K‡i| GQvov gywRebMimiKv‡ii cÖPvi †m‡ji ZË¡veav‡b cÖKvwkZ cwÎKv gyw³hy‡× wewkó f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|


wPÎ : ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g bvixiv

cÖevmx evOvwj

cÖevmx evOvwjiv gyw³hy‡× bvbvfv‡e mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib| wewfbœ †`‡k Zviv gyw³hy‡×i Rb¨ A_© msMÖnK‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ mg_©b Av`v‡q cvj©v‡g›U m`m¨‡ì wbKU Qy‡U wM‡q‡Qb, wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vqcÖwZwbwa`j †cÖiY K‡i‡Qb, cvwK¯Ívb‡K A¯¿ †Mvjveviy` mieivn bv Ki‡Z miKv‡ii wbKU Av‡e`b K‡i‡Qb|G‡¶‡Î weª‡U‡bi cÖevmx evOvwj‡ì f~wgKv we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL¨| gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ RbgZ MV‡b Zviv KvRK‡i‡Qb|

wkíx-mvwnwZ¨K-eyw×Rxex

gyw³hy‡×i g~j wbqvgK kw³ wQj RbMY| Z_vwc hy‡× gvbyl‡K DØy× Kivi †¶‡Î wkíx-mvwnwZ¨K- eyw×Rxex,wewfbœ ms¯‹…wZ Kgx©i Ae`vb wQj LyeB cÖksmbxq| GgbKx wb‡Ri I cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Rxe‡bi SzuwK wb‡qIbvbvfv‡e gyw³‡hv×v‡ì AbycÖvwYZ K‡i‡Qb| cÎcwÎKvq †jLv, ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K‡›`ª Lei cvV,†`kvZ¥‡evaK Mvb, gyw³hy×wfwËK Mvb, KweZv cvV, bvUK, Kw_Kv, Gg Avi AvKZvi gyKz‡ji AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖqÔPigcÎÕ Abyôvb Ges ÔRj-v‡ì ìeviÕ BZ¨vw` gyw³hy×‡K GMw‡q wb‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| Gme iY‡¶‡Îgyw³‡hv×v‡ì gvbwmK I ˆbwZK ej a‡i ivL‡Z mnvqZv K‡i‡Q, mvnm RywM‡q‡Q, RbMY‡K kÎyi weiy‡×`y`©gbxq K‡i‡Q| myiKvi AvjZvd gvngy`, mvsevw`K wmivRyÏxb †nv‡mb, †mwjbv cvifxb, wPwKrmK Wv. dR‡jivweŸ, XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶K wMqvm DwÏb Avng`mn Ggwb AMwYZ ¸YxRb‡K nZ¨v K‡i‡QcvwK¯Ívbevwnbx| Zuv‡ì Ag~j¨ Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q G‡`k kµgy³ n‡q‡Q|

RbmvaviY

mvaviY RbM‡Yi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv I ¯vaxbZvi cÖwZ HKvwšÍK AvKv•¶vi d‡jB gvÎ bq gv‡mi hy‡× evOvwji¯^vaxbZv AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi gywó‡gq wKQy msL¨K †`vmi e¨ZxZ mevB †Kv‡bv bv†Kv‡bvfv‡e gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i| mvaviY gvbyl gyw³‡hv×v‡ì Avkªq w`‡q‡Q, kÎyi Ae¯’vb I PjvP‡jiZ_¨ w`‡q‡Q, Lvevi I Ilya mieivn K‡i‡Q, †mev w`‡q‡Q I LeivLei mieivn K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×mvaviY RbM‡Yi cvkvcvwk ¶z`ª b„‡Mvôxi RbMYI G‡Z AskMÖnY K‡i| A‡b‡K gyw³hy‡× kwn` nb| Avgv‡ìgyw³hy‡×i wÎk jvL kwn‡ì g‡a¨ mvaviY gvby‡li msL¨v wQj AwaK| G‡ì i‡³i wewbg‡q Avgv‡ì GB ¯^vaxbgvbwPÎ, jvj-meyR cZvKv|

¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b ivR‰bwZK e¨w³‡Z¡i Ae`vb

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b ivR‰bwZK e¨w³‡Z¡i Ae`vb Acwimxg| wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ…eM©evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv AR©‡b A‡bK Z¨vM¯^xKvi K‡i‡Qb| bvbv AZ¨vPvi-wbcxob mn¨ K‡i‡Qb| ivRbxwZwe`MY¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ RxebevwR †i‡L ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvwj‡q †M‡Qb|

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi g~j †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| Zuvi mviv Rxe‡bi Kg©KvÊ,Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg wb‡`©wkZ n‡q‡Q evOvwji RvZxq gyw³i j‡¶¨| GB j¶¨ wb‡q wZwb 1948 mv‡j QvÎjxM Ges1949 mv‡j AvIqvgx jxM cÖwZôvq D‡`¨vMx nb| Õ48 I Õ52-i fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b wZwb ewjô f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|


wZwb wQ‡jb fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖ_g Kvive›`x‡ì g‡aÄb¨Zg| Kx msm`, Kx ivRc_, evsjv fvlv Ims¯‹…wZi c‡¶ Zuvi KÉ wQj me©`v †mv”Pvi| 1954mv‡ji hy³d«›U wbe©vPb, 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b evsjvfvlv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ`vb, 1958 mv‡j†Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lv‡bi mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivaxAv‡›`vjb, 1966 mv‡j ÔAvgv‡ì euvPvi `vwe Qq `dvÕKg©m~Px †ck I Qq `dvwfwËK Av‡›`vjb, Õ69 Gi MY-Afy¨Ìvb, 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡bAvIqvgx jx‡Mi bwRiwenxb weRq, 1971 mv‡ji Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ¯vaxbZvi †NvlYv I ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bGK”QÎ f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib RvwZi wcZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb|

cvwK¯Ív‡bi PweŸk eQ‡ii g‡a¨ 12 eQi wZwb KvivMv‡i KvwU‡q‡Qb| 25 gvP© wbi¯¿ evOvwj‡ì IcicvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx mk¯¿ Avµg‡Y Suvwc‡q co‡j 26 gvP© 1971 cÖ_g cÖn‡i (25 gvP© ivZ 12Uvici)wZwb mivmwi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv K‡ib| msMÖv‡gi c_ a‡i 1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y wZwbgyw³hy‡×i WvK w`‡q‡Qb| Zuvi bv‡gB Avgv‡ì gyw³hy× cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb wQ‡jb gyw³hy‡×i me©vwabvqK IgywRebMi miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ| Zuvi ewjô I Av‡cvmnxb †bZ…‡Z¡ Avgiv ¯^vaxbZv †c‡qwQ| e½eÜz †kL gywReyiingvb n‡jb ¯^vaxbZvi gnvbvqK I ¯vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ|

ZvRDÏxb Avng`

gyw³hy‡×i mgq ZvRDÏxb Avng` AvIqvgx jx‡Mi mvaviY m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|

wZwb wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wek¦¯Í I Nwbô mnPi| gyw³hy×

cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ gywRebMi miKv‡ii (10 GwcÖj, 1971) cÖavbgš¿xi

`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib GB gnvb †bZv| 1971 mv‡ji 11 GwcÖj wZwb †eZvi

fvl‡Y gywRebMi miKvi MV‡bi K_v cÖPvi K‡ib| e½eÜzi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z

gyw³hy×

cwiPvjbvq wZwb mdjfv‡e †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib| gyw³hy× cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ Dc‡`óv KwgwUi wZwb AvnŸvqKwQ‡jb| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i BwZnv‡mi m‡½ Zuvi bvg A½v½xfv‡e hy³|

ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg

ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg wQ‡jb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Ab¨Zg kxl© †bZv| wZwbgyw³hy× PjvKvjxb gywRebMi miKv‡ii DcivóªcwZ wQ‡jb| e½eÜziAbycw¯’wZ‡Z ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg fvicÖvß ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjbK‡ib| 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy×‡K †eMevb I mdj Kivi Rb¨ wZwbmK‡ji cÖwZ AvnŸvb Rvbvb| ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg gyw³hy‡×i GKRbAb¨Zg msMVK I cwiPvjK wQ‡jb|

Qwe : e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb

Qwe :ZvRDÏxb Avng`

Qwe : ˆmq` bRiyj Bmjvg


K¨v‡Þb Gg. gbmyi Avjx

K¨v‡Þb Gg. gbmyi Avjx AvIqvgx jx‡Mi GKRb kxl© †bZv Gese½eÜzi LyeB Nwbô wQ‡jb| wZwb gyw³hy‡×i mgq gywRebMi miKv‡iiA_©gš¿x wQ‡jb| gyw³hy×Kvjxb Lv`¨, e¯¿, A¯¿ cÖwk¶‡Yi A‡_©ims¯’vb cÖf…wZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ Zuvi Ici b¨¯Í wQj| wZwb mdjfv‡e G`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

G.GBP. Gg. Kvgiy¾vgvb

G.GBP.Gg. Kvgiy¾vgvb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi AviGKRb kxl© †bZv|gyw³hy‡×i mgq wZwb miKv‡ii ¯ivóª, ÎvY I cybe©vmbgš¿x wQ‡jb| †mmg‡q wZwb fvi‡Z Avkªq †bqv j¶ j¶ kiYv_x©i Rb¨ ÎvY msMÖn,ÎvYwkwe‡i ÎvY weZiY Ges cieZx© mg‡q kiYv_x©‡ì cybe©vmb BZ¨vw`¸iyZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ AZ¨šÍ mdjZvi m‡½ cvjb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡kigyw³hy× Ges ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b Zuvi Ae`vb Acwimxg|

Ab¨vb¨ †bZ…e„›`

Ab¨vb¨ †bZ…e„‡›ì g‡a¨ ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡b gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxif~wgKv wQj D‡j-L‡hvM¨| wZwb HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv (1968-69)†_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi gyw³i e¨vcv‡i M‡o IVv Av‡›`vjb IÕ69-Gi MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| gyw³hy‡×i mgq fvi‡ZAe¯’vb K‡i wewfbœ †`‡ki cÖwZ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mg_©b `vb I cv‡kùvov‡bvi AvnŸvb Rvbvb| GQvov Aa¨vcK †gvRvddvi Avn‡g` (b¨vc-†gvRvddvi) I KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i Kg‡iW gwb wmsn gyw³hy‡× ¸iyZ¡c~Y©f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| gyw³hy× mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ MwVZ ÔDc‡`óvKwgwU‡ZÕ G wZb †bZv m`m¨ wQ‡jb|

gyw³hy‡× wek¦RbgZ I wewfbœ †`‡ki f~wgKv

1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi bviKxq ZvÊe wek¦ we‡eK‡K bvov †`q|cvwK¯Ívbevwnbx I ¯^vaxbZvwe‡ivax G‡`kxq †`vmi‡ì Øviv msNwUZ jyUZivR, AwMœms‡hvM, al©Y, nZ¨vh‡Áiweiy‡× wek¦ we‡eK RvMÖZ nq| wewfbœ †`k wb›`v I cÖwZev` Rvbvq Ges gyw³hy‡×i cÖwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡i| 25gv‡P©i KvjivZ Ges cieZx© mg‡qi bviKxq nZ¨vhÁ m¤ú‡K© wek¦RbgZ †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V| †MvUv we‡k¦i RbMYcÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶fv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv hy×‡K mg_©b Rvbvq|

fvi‡Zi f~wgKv : evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv hy‡× mivmwi mg_©b Rvbvq cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª fviZ| 1971 mv‡ji 25gv‡P©i Kvjiv‡Zi exfrm nZ¨vKvÊ I cieZx© bÕgvm a‡i cvwK¯Ívwb `Lj`vi evwnbx †h bviKxq MYnZ¨v, jyÉb I

Qwe : K¨v‡Þb Gg. gbmyi Avjx

Qwe : G.GBP. Gg. Kvgiy¾vgvb

Qwe : gIjvbv Ave`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx


aŸsmhÁ Pvjvq fviZ Zv wek¦evmxi wbKU mv_©Kfv‡e Zz‡j a‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi BwZnv‡mi m‡½

fvi‡Zi ArKvjxb cÖavbgwš¿ Bw›ìvMvÜxi bvg IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ| wZwbB cÖ_g evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy×‡K

AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i cwiwPwZ K‡i †Zv‡jb Zuvi wbijm Kg© ZrciZvi †fZi w`‡q|

fvi‡Zi RbMY I miKvi cÖvq GK †KvwU kiYv_x©‡K Avkªq, Lv`¨, e¯¿, wPwKrmv, gyw³‡hv×v‡ì A¯¿k¯¿ GescÖwk¶Y w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i †kl ch©v‡q 1971 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤i cvwK¯Ívb fvi‡Z wegvbnvgjv Pvjvq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi Avµg‡Yi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`k Ges fviZ miKvi gyw³evwnbx I fviZxq†mbvevwnbxi mgš^‡q Ô†hŠ_ KgvÛÕ MVb K‡i| fviZ 6 wW‡m¤i ¯^vaxb ivóª wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k‡K cÖ_g ¯xK…wZ

cÖ`vb K‡i| fvi‡Zi eû ˆmb¨ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× cÖvY nvivq|

†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb I mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi f~wgKv : evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi ci me©vwaK Ae`vb iv‡LAaybv wejyß †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb (eZ©gvb ivwkqv)| cvwK¯Ívb evwnbx KZ©…K evsjv‡`‡k MYnZ¨v, AwMœms‡hvM,bvix-wbh©vZb eÜ Kivi Rb¨ †mvwf‡qZ ivóªcÖavb cvwK¯Ív‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb| wZwbBqvwnqv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii RbÏ e‡jb| †mvwf‡qZ cÎcwÎKv,cÖPvigva¨g¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡k cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi wbh©vZ‡bi Kvwnbx I gyw³hy‡×i AMÖMwZ cÖPvi K‡i wek¦ RbgZ

m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| RvwZms‡N gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡¶ hy×e‡Üi cÖ¯Íve †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbÔ†f‡UvÕ (we‡ivwaZv Kiv) cÖ`vb K‡i evwZj K‡i †`q| wKDev, hy‡Mvk-vwfqv, †cvj¨vÛ, nv‡½wi, eyj‡Mwiqv,

†P‡Kv‡k-vfvwKqv, c~e©-Rvg©vwb cÖf„wZ ZrKvjxb mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖvg‡K mg_©b Rvbvq|

†MÖU weª‡U‡bi f~wgKv : 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ci †_‡K ïiy K‡i 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡×i w`b¸‡jv‡Z weª‡U‡bicÖPvi gva¨g we‡kl K‡i wewewm Ges jÛb †_‡K cÖKvwkZ cÎ-cwÎKv evOvwj‡ì Dci cvwK¯Ívb nvbv`vi evwnbxiwbg©g wbh©vZb, cÖwZ‡iva, evOvwj‡ì msMÖvg, fvi‡Z Avkªq †bIqv kiYv_x©‡ì KiyY Ae¯’v, cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxiMYnZ¨v Ges gyw³hy‡×i AMÖMwZ m¤ú‡K© wek¦ RbgZ‡K RvMÖZ K‡i †Zv‡j| weªwUk miKviI Avgv‡ì gyw³hy‡×ie¨vcv‡i LyeB mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| D‡j-L¨, jÛb wQj ewnwe©‡k¦ gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ cÖPv‡ii cÖavb‡K› ª| ZvQvovjÛ‡b Rb¥MÖnYKvix weL¨vZ msMxZwkíx RR© n¨vwimb gyw³hy‡×i mg_©‡b wek¦RbgZ m„wó I `vbmnvqZv Kvh©µg

cwiPvjbvi j‡¶¨ hy³iv‡óªi wbDBqK© kn‡i 40,000 †jv‡Ki mgvM‡g evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× gvbeZvwe‡ivax

Kg©KvÊwfwËK Mvb cwi‡ekb K‡ib| weª‡Ub QvovI A‡÷ªwjqv, cwðg Rvg©vwb, d«vÝ, BZvwj, Rvcvb I KvbvWvi

cÖPvigva¨g¸‡jv cvwK¯Ívbnvbv`vi evwnbxi weiy‡× wek¦RbgZ m„wó‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|| BivK evsjv‡`‡kigyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ mg_©b Rvbvq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi RbMY, cÖPvigva¨g, Ks‡MÖ‡mi A‡bK m`m¨ G †`‡ki

gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ †mv”Pvi wQj| Z‡e we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv †`k evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i wec‡¶ Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQj|

RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv : wek¦kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶v Kiv RvwZms‡Ni g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨| evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vwPZMYcÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv bv w`‡q mvgwiK kvmK Bqvwnqv Lvb hLb evOvwj wba‡b Zrci, ZLb RvwZmsN

ej‡Z †M‡j bxie `k©‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| bviKxq nZ¨vhÁ, †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi weiy‡× RvwZmsN†Kv‡bv Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| cÖK…Zc‡¶ Ô†f‡UvÕ ¶gZvm¤úbœ cuvPwU e„nr kw³ai iv‡óªi evB‡iRvwZms‡Ni wbR¯^ D‡`¨v‡M †Kvb eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi ¶gZvI wQj mxwgZ|


Qwe : cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi AvZ¥mgc©Y

¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q :

gyw³hy‡×i ïiy †_‡KB fviZ Avgv‡ì bvbvfv‡e mnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q| we‡klfv‡e 1971 mv‡ji 21 b‡f¤igyw³evwnbx I fviZxq evwnbx wg‡j Ô†hŠ_ KgvÛÕ MVb wQjAZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡ NUbv| cvwK¯Ívb 3 wW‡m¤î fviZ AvµgY Ki‡jhy‡×i ZxeªZv e„w× cvq| 6-16 wW‡m¤i gyw³evwnbxi m‡½fvi‡Zi †mbv, †bŠ, wegvbevwnbxI cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi weiy‡×hy‡× †hvM †`q|

†hŠ_ evwnbxi mycwiKwíZ cÖej Avµg‡Y AvbyôvwbK AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi c~‡e©B nvbv`vi cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi ˆbwZKcivRq N‡U| Ae‡k‡l 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤i we‡Kj PviUv GKzk wgwb‡U XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b(†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) cvwK¯Ív‡bi B÷vb© Kgv‡Ûi AwabvqK †jt †Rbv‡ij Avgxi Ave`yj-vn Lvb wbqvRx cÖvq 93nvRvi ˆmb¨mn evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi †hŠ_ evwnbxi c~e©vÂjxq cÖavb †j: †Rbv‡ij RMwRr wms A‡ivivi Kv‡QwbtkZ© AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡ib| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib MÖyc K¨v‡Þb G.†K. L›`Kvi| wÎk j¶ knx`,K‡qK j¶ gv-†ev‡bi mxgvnxb Kó, wbcxob Avi Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q GB gnvb ¯vaxbZv AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î m‡MŠi‡e ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Q ¯vaxb, mve©‡fŠg ivóªÑ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k|

¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Af~¨`q

wek¦ BwZnv‡m evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× LyeB Zvrch©c~Y© NUbv| evsjv‡`k n‡”Q Z…Zxq we‡k¦i g‡a¨ cÖ_g †`k, †h †`kmk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| 1947 mvj †_‡KB cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx Øviv c~e© evsjviRbMY me©cÖKvi AZ¨vPvi, †kvlY, êlg¨, RvwZ wbcxo‡bi wkKvi n‡q‡Q| wKšÍy G f~L‡Êi msMÖvgx gvbylAb¨v‡qi weiy‡× iy‡L ùvovq| 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤i weRq AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Gi cwimgvwß N‡U| 1971mv‡ji 7 gvP© HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cÖavb †bZv e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb¯^vaxbZvi †h WvK †`b Ges 26 gvP© AvbyôvwbKfv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi †h †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡ib, 16 wW‡m¤î Zv ev¯Í‡ec~Y©Zv cvq| gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY gvbyl gyw³‡hv×v‡ì me©cÖKvi mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| d‡jgyw³hy× n‡q ùvovq evOvwji kw³kvjx RvZxqZvev`x †PZbvi ewntcÖKvk| gyw³hy× G AÂ‡ji evOvwj Ges Gf~L‡Ê emevmKvix Ab¨vb¨ b„‡Mvôxi RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ bZzb †h †`k‡cÖ‡gi Rb¥ †`q, Zv †_‡K AbycÖvwYZ n‡q hy×†k‡l RbMY weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©Vb Ges mg„× evsjv‡`k cÖwZôvq AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evOvwjinvRvi eQ‡ii ¯cœc~iY n‡jv| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× we‡k¦i wbcxwoZ, ¯vaxbZvKvgx RbMY‡K AbycÖvwYZ K‡i|


evsjv‡`k bv‡gi BwZnvmAvgiv Rvwb, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki bvg evsjv‡`k| Z‡e msweavb Abyhvqx bvg n‡jv MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k| GBbv‡giI GKUv BwZnvm Av‡Q| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv, †`‡ki bv‡gi m‡½ f~L‡Êi mxgvbvi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Avi bvbv mg‡q Gi mxgvbvi e`j n‡q‡Q|

cÖvPxbKv‡j Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k bvbv Rbc‡` wef³ wQj| Zv GB MÖ‡š’i ïiyi w`‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|gnvfviZ Ges wMÖK HwZnvwmK U‡jwgi †jLvq ÔevsjvÕ bv‡gi D‡j-L cvIqv hvq| Zvi A‡bK c‡i 1342 mv‡jkvgmDÏxb Bwjqvm kvn me©cÖ_g evsjvi wZbwU cÖavb †K›`ª jL‡bŠwZ ev j¶YveZx (†MŠo), mvZMuvI (ivp) I†mvbviMuvI (e½)-†K GKÎ K‡i ¯vaxb evsjv cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| Gi ¯^vaxbZv 200 eQi ¯’vqx n‡qwQj|Bwjqvm kv‡ni Dcvwa wQj Ôkvn-B-ev½vjvÕ, Ôkvn-B-ev½vwjqvbÕ, ÔmyjZvb-B-ev½vjvÕ| Avi ZLb †_‡K mgMÖevsjv AÂj Ôev½vjvnÕ bv‡g cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| ivRavbx n‡jv †mvbviMuvI| gyNj Avg‡j mgªvU AvKe‡ii mgq†_‡K evsjvi cwiPq nq Ômyevn evsjvÕ bv‡g| Z‡e BD‡ivcxqiv we‡klfv‡e cZz©wMRiv Ô†e½vjvÕ bv‡g AwfwnZK‡i‡Qb GB AÂj‡K| Z‡e Bs‡iRiv ej‡Zb Ô†e½jÕ|

Bs‡iR B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi kvmbvg‡j evsjv bv‡g c„_K cÖ‡`k Kiv nq| evsjvi Aax‡b wQj wenvi, Dwol¨vGes †QvUbvMcyi| cieZ©x‡Z 1905 mv‡j eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi Avmvg wb‡q Ôc~e©e½ I AvmvgÕ bv‡gbZzb cÖ‡`k MVb Kiv nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L 6 eQi c‡i e½f½ evwZj K‡i Bs‡iR miKvi| 1947 mv‡jBs‡iR kvm‡bi Aemvb n‡j cwðg e½ fvi‡Z Avi c~e© e½ cvwK¯Ív‡bi AšÍfy©³ nq| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡jI1956 mvj Aewa AvR‡Ki evsjv‡`k Ôc~e© e½Õ bv‡gB cwiwPZ wQj| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi c~e© e½ cwieZ©b K‡ic~e© cvwK¯Ívb bvgKiY Ki‡j e½eÜz Gi we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| e½eÜz e‡jb, evsjv bv‡gi `xN© BwZnvm HwZnÄv‡Q| ZvB evsjvi bvg cwieZ©‡bi c~‡e© MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g GB AÂ‡ji gvby‡li gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|1971 mv‡j i³¶qx gnvb gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q we‡k¦i gvbwP‡Î m‡MŠi‡e cÖwZwôZ nq evsjv‡`k|

RvZxq cZvKvi BwZnvm

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv Avgv‡ì AnsKvi Avi†MŠi‡ei cÖZxK| A‡bK i³ Avi Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q jvj-mey‡Ri GB cZvKv G‡`‡ki RbMY AR©b K‡i‡Q|RvZxq cZvKvi meyR AvqZ‡¶Î evsjv‡`‡ki meyRcÖK…wZi cÖZxK, Avi e„‡Ëi jvj is gyw³hy‡× RxebDrmM©Kvix knx`‡ì i‡³i cÖZxK|

wKšÍy 1971 mv‡j gyw³hy‡×i mgq eëüZ cZvKvq jvj e„‡Ë evsjv‡`‡ki gvbwPÎ Aw¼Z wQj| gvbwPÎ LwPZcZvKvi gva¨‡g mviv wek¦‡K Rvwb‡q †Ìqv n‡qwQj †h †Kvb f~L‡Ê ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k ivóª cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e|gvbwPÎ LwPZ GB cZvKv Avgv‡ì msMwVZ, GKwÎZ I HKë× K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g RvZxq cZvKvwWRvBb K‡i‡Qb wkebvivqY `vm| wZwb wQ‡jb ZrKvjxb Kzwgj-v QvÎjx‡Mi †m‡µUvwi| †m mg‡qi cÖfvekvjxQvÎ‡bZv‡ì wb‡q MwVZ Ô¯^vaxb evsjv wec-ex cwil`Õ wkebvivqY `vm‡K cZvKv ˆZwii `vwqZ¡ †`q| 1970mv‡ji 6 Ryb Mfxi iv‡Z AZ¨šÍ †Mvcbfv‡e XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Rûiyj nK n‡ji 118 b¤î K‡¶ cZvKvˆZwii KvR m¤úbœ K‡ib wkebvivqY `vm|

wPÎ : gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvZxq cZvKv


1971 mv‡ji AwMœSiv gv‡P© hLb DËvj mviv †`k, †m mgq XvKvwek¦we`¨vj‡qi Kjv fe‡bi cwðg w`‡Ki †M‡U wkebvivqY `v‡miwWRvBbK…Z evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv 2 gvP©, 1971 cÖ_gev‡iig‡Zv D‡Ëvjb K‡ib QvÎ‡bZv Av.m.g. Avãyi ie| G †hbevsjv‡`‡ki AvbyôvwbK ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi c~‡e©B cvwK¯Ívb ivóª‡KcÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi kvwgj| e½eÜzi Wv‡K B‡Zvg‡a¨ mviv †`‡k ïiy n‡q‡QAmn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb| 23 gvP© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖRvZš¿ wè‡m N‡U †MjAfvebxq NUbv| XvKvmn †`‡ki wewfbœ kn‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi cZvKv†cvov‡bv n‡jv| eû evwo-N‡i Dov‡bv n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖZ¨vL¨vZ cZvKv Avi wd‡iAvm‡Z cv‡i wb| wÎk j¶ knx` Rxeb w`‡q‡Qb evsjv‡`‡ki cZvKvi gh©v`v i¶vi Rb¨| ¯vaxbZvi ci e½eÜz1972 mv‡j cUzqv Kvgiyj nvmvb‡K `vwqZ¡ †`b RvZxq cZvKvi wWRvBb P~ovšÍ Kivi| cUzqv Kvgiyj nvmv‡binv‡ZB Avgv‡ì RvZxq cZvKv eZ©gvb iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q|

RvZxq cZvKv GKwU RvwZi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖZxK| RvZxq cZvKvi m¤§v‡bi m‡½ iv‡óªi m¤§vb-gh©v`vA½vw½fv‡e hy³| evsjv‡`‡ki GKRb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e GB cZvKvi m¤§vb i¶v Kiv Avgv‡ì cweÎ KZ©e¨|

GKK KvR : ÔRvZxq cZvKv evsjv‡`‡ki mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖZxKÕ-Gi †cQ‡bi hyw³hy‡jv wPwýZ Ki|

RvZxq msMx‡Zi BwZnvm

ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwmÕÑmsMxZwU Avgv‡ì RvZxqmsMxZ| 1905 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi evsjv‡K wef³ K‡i c~e©e½ I Avmvgbv‡g GKwU bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wó K‡i| Gi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z 1906 mv‡j iex› ªbv_VvKzi G msMxZ iPbv K‡ib| wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g `yB `k‡K ¯^‡`kxAv‡›`vj‡bi mgq GwU AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq wQj| e½f½ (1905) we‡ivaxivRbxwZwe`, ¯^‡`kx Kg©x I wec-exiv evOvwj RbMY‡K †`k‡cÖ‡g DØy× Kivigva¨g wn‡m‡e MvbwU cÖPvi K‡i| wKšÍy wek kZ‡Ki we‡ki `k‡K AvÂwjKRvZxqev` w¯ÍwgZ n‡q co‡j G MvbwUi cÖPjb K‡g hvq| 1971 mv‡jigyw³hy‡×i mgq MvbwUi cybiy¾xeb N‡U| MvbwU 1971 mv‡ji 3 RvbyqvwiXvKvq GK wekvj Rbmfvq Ges c‡i 3 gvP© QvÎjxM I kªwgK jxM Av‡qvwRZRbmfvq cybivq MvIqv nq| XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b (eZ©gvb†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨vb) e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi HwZnvwmK mvZB gv‡P©i fvl‡Yi cÖv°v‡j MvbwU MvIqv nq|gywRebM‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cÖevmx miKvi GB MvbwU‡K evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ †`q Gesgyw³hy× PjvKv‡j MvbwU ¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K› ª †_‡K wbqwgZ cwi‡ewkZ nq| ¯^vaxbZvi ci mvsweavwbKfv‡e(Aby‡”Q` 4.1) ÔAvgvi †mvbvi evsjvÕ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZiƒ‡c †NvwlZ nq| Mv‡bi cÖ_g 10jvBb KÉ msMxZ Ges cÖ_g 4 jvBb hš¿ msMxZ wn‡m‡e cwi‡ek‡bi weavb ivLv nq|


wPÎ : eZ©gvb RvZxq cZvKv

wPÎ : iex› ªbv_ VvKzi

evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ :

Avgvi †mvbvi evsjv, Avwg †Zvgvq fv‡jvevwm|

wPiw`b †Zvgvi AvKvk, †Zvgvi evZvm, Avgvi cÖv‡Y evRvq euvwk\

I gv, dv¸‡b †Zvi Av‡gi e‡b NÖv‡Y cvMj K‡i,

gwi nvq, nvq †i⎯

I gv, ANÖv‡b †Zvi fiv †¶‡Z Avwg Kx †`‡LwQ gayi nvwm\

Kx †kvfv, Kx Qvqv †Mv, Kx †mœn, Kx gvqv †Mv⎯

Kx AvuPj weQv‡qQ e‡Ui g~‡j, b`xi K~‡j K~‡j|

gv, †Zvi gy‡Li evYx Avgvi Kv‡b jv‡M myavi g‡Zv,

gwi nvq, nvq †iÑ

gv, †Zvi e`bLvwb gwjb n‡j, I gv, Avwg bqb R‡j fvwm\

RvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ek‡bi AvbyôvwbKZv

K. ¯^vaxbZv wèm, weRq wèm I knx` wè‡mi g‡Zv we‡kl w`b¸‡jv‡Z m¤ú~Y© RvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ewkZn‡e|

L. ivóªcwZ/cÖavbgš¿x †hme Abyôv‡b cÖavb AwZw_ wn‡m‡e Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb, †mme Abyôv‡b Zuv‡ì AvMg‡bi IcÖ¯’v‡bi mgq m¤ú~Y© RvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

M. †Kv‡bv we‡`wk ivóªcÖav‡bi m¤§v‡b MvW© Ae Abvi cÖ`vbKv‡j ivóªcwZ‡K Awfev`b cÖ`v‡bi mgq c~Y© RvZxqmsMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e| G ai‡bi Abyôv‡b cÖ_‡g AwZw_ †`‡ki RvZxq msMxZ Ges c‡i evsjv‡`‡kiRvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e| wKšÍy AwZw_ miKvi cÖavb n‡j †Kej cÖ_g Pvi jvBb cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

N. evsjv‡`‡k we‡`wk `~Zvevm¸‡jvi miKvwi Abyôv‡b †Kej cÖ_g Pvi jvBb cwi‡ewkZ n‡e| Abyôv‡b cÖ_‡gevsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ Ges c‡i mswk-ó †`‡ki RvZxq m½xZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

O. ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x I K~U‰bwZK wgkb Av‡qvwRZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj Abyôvb, we‡kl Abyôvb I RbmfvqAby‡gvw`Z wewa Abyhvqx RvZxq msMxZ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e|

RvZxq ¯§„wZ¯Í¤¢

RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa

gyw³hy‡× j¶ j¶ bvg bv-Rvbv knx`‡ì Agi ¯§„wZiD‡Ï‡k¨ wbwg©Z RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa| GwU XvKv kni †_‡K 35wK:wg: DËi-cwð‡g mvfv‡i Aew¯’Z| ¯’cwZ gCbyj†nv‡m‡bi bKkv Abyhvqx RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa wbg©vY Kiv nq|mvZwU †Rvov wÎfyRvKvi †`qv‡ji gva¨‡g †QvU †_‡K eo n‡qav‡c av‡c †mŠawU 150 dzU D”PZvq †cuŠ‡Q‡Q| mgMÖ ¯§„wZ‡mŠa Qwe : RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa


cÖv½‡Yi †mŠ›`h© I Mv¤¢xh© e„w×i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wewfbœ Dcv`vb eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯§„wZ¯Í‡¤¢i g~j†e`x‡Z †h‡Z n‡j †ek `xN© DuPz-wbPz c_, †cf‡g›U I GKwU K…wÎg †j‡Ki Dci wbwg©Z †mZz cvi n‡Z nq| GBmewKQy&B Avm‡j Avgv‡ì `xN© ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡gi cÖZxK| cv‡kB i‡q‡Q MYKei,huv‡ì Ag~j¨ Rxe‡bi wewbg‡q G‡`k kÎygy³ n‡q‡Q| g~j ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡a mvZ †Rvov †`qvj, g~jZ evOvwji †MŠiegqmsMÖv‡gi cÖZxK| GB ivR‰bwZK NUbv¸‡jv n‡jv 1952, 1954, 1956, 1962, 1966, 1969 Ges 1971|ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv, GB mvZwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mv‡ji g‡a¨B Avgv‡ì gyw³ msMÖv‡gi BwZnvm wbwnZ| 1952 fvlvAv‡›`vjb †_‡K 1971 Gi gnvb gyw³hy× ch©šÍ NUbvi d‡jB civaxbZvi k„sLj †f‡O evOvwj ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bm¶g n‡q‡Q| Avi RvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠa evievi Avgv‡ì †mB gnvb knx`‡ì K_vB g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| 1972 mv‡jRvZxq ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai wbg©vYKvR ïiy nq| 1982 mv‡j wZbwU ch©v‡q Zv m¤úbœ nq| evOvwji AnsKvi, †MŠie Avigh©v`vi cÖZxK GB ¯§„wZ‡mŠa|

Aciv‡Rq evsjv

evOvwji cÖwZev`x g‡bvfve I gyw³‡hv×v‡ì jovKz †PZbvig~Z© cÖZxK Aciv‡Rq evsjv| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi KjvfebPZ¡‡i 6 dzU DuPz †ewì Ici wbwg©Z| g~j fv¯‹‡h©i D”PZv 12dzU, cÖ¯’ 8 dzU I e¨vm 6 dzU| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwUMYZvwš¿K Av‡›`vjb-msMÖv‡g QvÎmgv‡Ri ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vbi‡q‡Q| evnvbœi fvlv Av‡›`vjb †_‡K GKvË‡ii gyw³hy×ÑcÖwZwU msMÖv‡g QvÎ‡ì †MŠiegq Z¨vM‡K ¯§iYxq Kivi RbÄciv‡Rq evsjv wbg©vY Kiv nq| gyw³‡hv×v fv¯‹i ˆmqÀve`yj-vn Lvwj` GwU wbg©vY K‡ib| 1973-1979 mvjch©šÍ GB fv¯‹v‡h©i wbg©vYKvR P‡j| GB fv¯‹‡h© Amgmvnmx wZbRb ZiyY gyw³‡hv×vi Aeqe Ac~e© `¶ZvqdzwU‡q †Zvjv n‡q‡Q| `yBRb ZiyY ivB‡dj nv‡Z kÎyi †gvKv‡ejvq `„pcÖwZÁ Avi Jl‡ai e¨vM Kuv‡a ZiyYxgyw³‡hv×v‡ì †mevq wb‡ew`ZcÖvY| Aciv‡Rq evsjv evsjv‡`‡ki QvÎmgv‡Ri †cÖiYvi Drm n‡q _vK‡e|

gywRebMi ¯§„wZ‡mŠa

gnvb gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡Kvix gywRebMi miKv‡ii ¯§„wZi cÖwZm¤§vb Rvwb‡q Kzwóqv †Rjvi †g‡nicy‡i GB ¯§„wZ‡mŠa wbg©vYKiv nq| ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡a 24wU c„_K wÎfyRvK…wZi †`qvj e„ËvKv‡iavivevwnKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q me©‡kl D”PZvq w¯’i n‡q‡Q| 24wUwÎfyRvK…wZi †`qvj n‡jv 24 eQ‡ii cvwK¯Ívwb Jcwb‡ewkK†kvl‡Yi cÖZxK| 1947 mvj †_‡K G‡`‡ki RbMY Zv‡ìb¨vh¨ AwaKvi Av`v‡q µ‡g msMwVZ n‡q‡Q| GKch©v‡q `„pg‡bvej Avi msKí wb‡q gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q †`k‡K ¯^vaxbK‡i‡Q| KviY GLv‡bB kc_ wb‡qwQj ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡kicÖ_g miKvi| ¯’cwZ n‡jb Zvbfxi Kwig|

Qwe : Aciv‡Rq evsjv

Qwe : gywRebMi ¯§„wZ‡mŠa


eyw×Rxex ¯§„wZ‡mŠa

evOvwj RvwZ‡K †gavk~b¨ Kivi loh‡š¿i Ask wn‡m‡egyw³hy‡×i mgq AMwYZ eyw×Rxex‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| cvwK¯Ívb†mbvevwnbx‡K gvbeZvwe‡ivax GB ee©i Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i‡QivRvKvi I Avjeì evwnbx| cvK evwnbx P~ovšÍ civR‡qi`yÕw`b c~‡e© 14 wW‡m¤î AmsL¨ eyw×Rxex‡ì nZ¨v K‡i|Zuv‡ì ¯§„wZ‡K Agi K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ XvKvi wgicy‡i kwnèyw×Rxwe ¯§„wZ‡mŠa wbg©vY Kiv nq| Gi ¯’cwZ wQ‡jb †gv¯ÍdvAvjx KzÏym| 1972 mv‡j GB ¯§„wZ‡mŠ‡ai wbg©vYKvR †kl nq|

wkLv wPišÍb

gyw³hy‡× AvZ¥`vbKvix exi knx`‡ì Agi ¯§„wZ wPi RvMiyKivLvi Rb¨ HwZnvwmK †mvnivIqv`x© D`¨v‡b 1997 mv‡ji 26gvP© wkLv wPišÍb ¯’vwcZ nq|

1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© e½eÜz Zuvi HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y GB ¯’vb†_‡KB Ôgyw³i msMÖvg I ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡giÕ WvK w`‡qwQ‡jb|¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv, bq gv‡mi i³¶qx hy‡×i ci 16wW‡m¤î cvwK¯Ívb `Lj`vi evwnbx AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡iwQj GB†mvnivIqv`©x D`¨v‡b| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi iRZRqšÍxDcj‡¶ †mvnivIqv`x© D`¨v‡b wkLv wPišÍb ¯’vcb Kiv nq|

iv‡qievRvi ea¨f~wg

gyw³hy‡×i mgq nvbv`vi cvwK¯Ívb evwnbx I Zv‡ì G‡`kxq†`vmiiv j¶ j¶ gvbyl nZ¨v K‡i‡Q| mviv †`‡kB Qwo‡qAv‡Q AMwYZ ea¨f~wg I MYKei| 1971 mv‡j iv‡qievRviGjvKvwU wQj †ek wbwiwewj| RbemwZ Lye GKUv †Pv‡L coZbv| Kvjykvn cyKzicvo †_‡K †Mvj gmwR` ch©šÍ ˆ`N©¨ cÖvq wZbwK‡jvwgUvi n‡e| gvP© gvm †_‡KB iv‡qievRvi ea¨f~wg‡ZcwiYZ nq| GLv‡b gvbyl‡K ïay nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv bq,AMwYZ jvk G‡b †djv n‡q‡Q GB ea¨f~wg‡Z| gyw³hy‡×i bqgvm GLvbKvi BU‡Lvjvi iv¯Ív w`‡q †jvKRb nuvUvPjvi mvnmKiZ bv| 1971 mv‡ji 18 wW‡m¤î iv‡qievRvi ea¨f~wgi mÜvb cvIqv hvq| †mw`b GB ea¨f~wgi wewfbœ MZ©†_‡K cÖPzi MwjZ I weK…Z jvk D×vi Kiv nq| GLv‡b †`‡ki †kªô mšÍvb‡ì wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q|Gu‡ì g‡a¨ Aa¨vcK, mvsevw`K, mvwnwZ¨K, wPwKrm‡Ki jvkB AwaK wQj| eyw×Rxex‡ì nZ¨vKv‡Ê Avjeì IivRvKviiv cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| iv‡qievRv‡i D×viK…Z jv‡ki AwaKvsk GZUvB weK…Z n‡q c‡o †h cwiPqRvbv m¤¢e nqwb| Z‡e †h K‡qKR‡bi cwiPq Rvbv m¤¢e n‡q‡Q, Zuviv n‡jb- Aa¨vcK gybxi †PŠayix, mvsevw`K†mwjbv cvifxb, Wv: dR‡j ivweŸ cÖgyL|

Qwe : iv‡qievRvi ea¨f~wg


Qwe : wkLv wPišÍb

Qwe : eyw×Rxwe ¯§„wZ‡mŠa

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:

1. 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM KZwU Avmb †c‡qwQj?

K. 167 L. 198

M. 267 N. 298

2. Ô¯^vaxb evsjv QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MwVZ n‡qwQj-

i. wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Mwogwm Kivq

ii. RvZxq cwil‡ì AvûZ Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ Kivq

iii. wek¦we`¨vj‡q QvÎ‡ì fwZ© wd e„w× Kivq




DÏxcKwU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :ÔKÕ iv‡óªi kvmK‡kªwYi weiy‡× RbM‡Yi †hŠw³K gyw³msMÖv‡g ÔLÕ ivóª ÔKÕ iv‡óªi AZ¨vPvwiZ I Avkªqnxbgvbyl‡K Avkªq, Lv`¨, e¯¿ I wPwKrmv w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges Zv‡ì `ytL `y`©kvi K_vI we‡k¦i Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i|

3. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq †Kvb iv‡óªi f~wgKv DÏxc‡Ki ÔLÕ iv‡óªi f~wgKvi g‡Zv wQj?

K. Pxb L. fviZ

M. †bcvj N. gvqvbgvi

4. D³ iv‡óªi M„nxZ Kg©Kv‡Êi d‡j-

i. ¯^vaxbZv jvf Z¡ivwš^Z nq

ii. gvbevwaKvi iw¶Z nq

iii. ewn:we©‡k¦ evsjv‡`‡ki wbh©vZ‡bi wPÎ cÖKvwkZ nq





m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K we‡k¦i cw_K…r Aeªvnvg wj¼b MYZ‡š¿i BwZnv‡m GKwU ¯§iYxh bvg| `qv, mijZv,Dcw¯’Z eyw×, evwM¥Zv I wgwó e¨envi Zuv‡K we‡k¦i Av`k© Pwi‡Î cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Q| ivRbxwZ †¶‡Î wZwbAbb¨ cÖwZfvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L wM‡q‡Qb| GBfv‡e GKRb †gnbZx gvbyl wb‡Ri cÖwZfvq Av‡gwiKvi †cÖwm‡W›Uc` jv‡f mg_© n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb ¯^v_©vÜ gvby‡li cvkweKZvi nvZ †_‡K gvbyl‡K gyw³ w`‡qwQ‡jb| c„w_exiMYZš¿ I gyw³Kvgx gvby‡li Rb¨ Zvi HwZnvwmK fvlY 'Government of the people, by the people

and for the people' AvRI Zuv‡K Agi K‡i †i‡L‡Q|

K. gywRebMi miKv‡ii cÖavbgwš¿i bvg Kx wQj?

L. ÔAcv‡ikb mvP© jvBUÕ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Aveªvnvg wj¼‡bi PwiÎ I Kg©Kv‡Ê Kvi cÖwZ”Qwe j¶¨ Kiv hvqÑÑe¨vL¨v Ki|

N. D³ †bZvi ewjô I Av‡cvlnxb †bZ…‡Z¡ Avgiv ¯vaxbZv †c‡qwQÑÑg~j¨vqb Ki|


Î‡qv`k Aa¨vqe½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975)

26 gvP© evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv wèm| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1971-Gi GB w`‡b evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZv†NvlYv K‡ib| ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYvi ci cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx 1971-Gi 26 gvP© cÖ_g cÖn‡iB (25 gvP© ivZ 12Uvi ci) e½eÜz‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i XvKv †_‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wb‡q hvq| gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm wZwb KvivMv‡ie›`x wQ‡jb| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Zuvi weiy‡× ivóª‡`ªvnxZvi Awf‡hv‡M mvgwiK Av`vj‡Z wePviKvR ïiy K‡i|cÖnm‡bi wePv‡i Zuvi weiy‡× duvwmi ivq †`qv nq| 1971-Gi 16 wW‡m¤i P~ovšÍ weRq AR©‡bi c‡iI e½eÜzcvwK¯Ív‡bi KvivMv‡i e›`x wQ‡jb| wZwb †eu‡P Av‡Qb wK-bv ZvI †`‡ki gvbyl RvbZ bv| e½eÜzi Rb¨ D‡ØM,DrKÉvq wbgw¾Z wQj mviv †`‡ki gvbyl| Aaxi A‡c¶v, K‡e Avm‡eb gnvb †bZv Ae‡k‡l 1972-Gi 10Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz †`‡k wd‡i G‡jb| GB Aa¨v‡q e½eÜzi kvmbKv‡ji ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbvewj m¤ú‡K© AvgivAv‡jvPbv Kie|

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv -

� •� hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡ki cybM©Vb Kvh©µg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� msweavb cÖYq‡bi cUf‚wg e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� e½eÜzi kvmbKv‡ji D‡j-L‡hvM¨ NUbvcÖevn eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� RvwZi wcZvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj ne;

� •� †`‡ki msweav‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj ne|

e½eÜzi †`‡k †div (¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b)

1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi †`‡k †divi Av‡M cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K mivmwi e½eÜz‡K jÛb wb‡q hvIqv nqcvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi we‡kl wegv‡b| AZtci weªwUk ivRKxq K‡gU wegv‡b w`wj-n‡q wZwb XvKvq Av‡mb| XvKvqgnvb †bZv‡K Rvbv‡bv nq Af~Zc~e© Awfb›`b| fv‡jvevmvq wm³ n‡jb e½eÜz| wb‡R Kuv`‡jb, RbZv‡KIKuv`v‡jb| Awemsevw`Z †bZvi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi Av‡eMgq Awfb›`b wQj ¯Ztù~Z©| cyivZb wegvbe›ì †_‡Kigbv †im‡Kvm© gq`vb ch©šÍ j¶ j¶ RbZv Dcw¯’Z nq wcÖq †bZv‡K GK bRi †`Lvi Rb¨|

†im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b e½eÜz Zuvi e³…Zvq m`¨ ¯^vaxb iv‡óªiAvïKiYxq I bxwZwba©viYx wel‡q w`Kwb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡ib|hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©Vb, bexb ivóª wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i Ab¨vbïv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ Ges evsjv‡`k iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© wZwb¯úó e³e¨ †`b| wZwb e‡jb, Ôevsjv‡`k GKwU Av`k© ivóªn‡e| Avi Zvi wfwË we‡kl †Kv‡bv ag©xqwfwËK n‡e bv|iv‡óªi wfwË n‡e MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿, evOvwj RvZxqZvev` Iag©wbi‡c¶Zv|Õ

wPÎ : 1972-Gi 10 Rvbyqvwi e½eÜzi ¯^‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b

msm`xq c×wZi miKvieë¯’v

gyw³hy‡×i m~Pbvj‡Mœ MwVZ evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ wQ‡jb e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb| wKšÍy evsjv‡`‡kimiKvieë¯’vi aib Kx n‡e, GB m¤ú‡K© †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nqwb| ¯‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ciw`bB 1972mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi e½eÜy gwš¿mfvq `xN© Av‡jvPbvi ci ÔA¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`kÕ Rvwii gva¨‡g †`‡kmsm`xq c×wZi miKvieë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| 12 Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb cÖavb wePvicwZ Aveymv`vZ †gvnv¤§` mv‡q‡gi wbKU ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e kc_ MÖnY K‡i mv‡_ mv‡_B c`Z¨vM K‡i cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡MÖnY K‡ib| GKB w`‡b ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †PŠayix|

GB eë¯’v msm`xq MYZ‡š¿i cÖwZ Zuvi Mfxi Av¯’vi cwiPq enb K‡i| 1972 mv‡ji 12 Rvbyqvwi †_‡K 1975mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`k miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| GB miKvi gvÎ wZb eQi mvZ gvm wZbw`b `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi my‡hvM cvq| GB ¯^íZg mg‡q wZwb cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbxi aŸsmhÁ †_‡K †`k‡K M‡o†Zvjv Ges AvšÍR©vwZK ¯^xK…wZ Av`v‡qi gva¨‡g ewnwe©‡k¦ m¤§vbRbK fveg~wZ© wbg©v‡Y Abb¨ mvaviY Ae`vb iv‡Lb|

hy‡×i ci Kxfv‡e †`k M‡o †Zvjv n‡jv

¯^vaxbZv-cieZ©x evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’v wQj fqven| Av¶wiK A‡_© k~b¨ nv‡Z hvÎv ïiy K‡i e½eÜz miKvi|cvwK¯Ívb evwnbxi Ô†cvovgvwUÕ bxwZi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k f~LÊ GK weaŸ¯Í Rbc‡` cwiYZ nq| cÖkvmb, †fŠZAeKvVv‡gv mewKQyB wQj wech©¯Í| AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î fviZ I fyUvb e¨ZxZ †Kv‡bv ivóª evsjv‡`k‡K ¯xK…wZ†`qwb| mvgwMÖKfv‡e cwiw¯’wZ wQj AZ¨šÍ nZvkvRbK| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb ivóª wn‡m‡e Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivL‡Zcvi‡e wK bv †m wel‡q mskq †`Lv †`q|

bq gv‡mi gyw³hy‡× cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx I Zv‡ì G‡`kxq †`vmi ivRvKvi, Avjeì, Avjkvgm MYnZ¨v, bvixwbh©vZ‡bi cvkvcvwk m¤ú` web‡ói GK aŸsmjxjvq †g‡Z D‡VwQj| mviv †`‡k cÖvq 43 j¶ emZevwo, 3 nvRviAwdm feb, 18 nvRvi cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq, 6 nvRvi nvB¯‹zj I gv`ªvmv, 9 kZ K‡jR feb I 19 nvRvi MÖvgxYnvU-evRvi R¡vwj‡q †`q|

cwiKwíZfv‡eB cvwK¯Ívwbevwnbx †hvMv‡hvMeë¯’vI aŸsm K‡i †`q| 274wU †QvU-eo moK †mZz I 300wU †ij†mZz aŸsmcÖvß nq| †ijI‡q BwÄb, ewM I †ij jvB‡biI e¨vcK ¶wZmvab K‡i| gvBb cyu‡Z ivLvi Kvi‡Y†bŠe›ì¸‡jv eënvi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| P~ovšÍ civR‡qi c~‡e© cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx e¨vsKmg~‡n iw¶Z KvM‡Ri†bvU¸‡jv R¡vwj‡q †`q| Mw”QZ ¯^Y© jyU K‡i wb‡q hvq| d‡j e¨vsK¸‡jv Znwejk~b¨ n‡q c‡o|

cybe©vmb I cybM©V‡bi KwVb `vwqZ¡ wb‡q KvR ïiy K‡i miKvi| cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv †f‡O covq †iWµm †mvmvBwUGes ÎvY I cybe©vmb KwgwUi gva¨‡g †Rjv †_‡K MÖvg ch©vq ch©šÍ ÎvYmvgMÖx weZiY Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡jiïiy‡Z cybe©vmb Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ miKvwi wn‡m‡e gvwmKwfwËK GK Pvwn`vcÎ ˆZwi Kiv nq| G‡Z cÖwZ gv‡mLv‡`ï cÖ‡qvRb wQj `yB j¶ †_‡K AvovB j¶ Ub, wm‡g‡›Ui Pvwn`v GK j¶ Ub, †XDwUb jvM‡e cÂvk nvRviUb, Kv‡Vi cÖ‡qvRb cÂvk nvRvi Ub Ges Ilyamn Ab¨vb¨ wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖxi Pvwn`v wQj `yB j¶ Ub|e½eÜz †kL gywRe miKvicÖavb wn‡m‡e 14 Rvbyqvwi, 1972 cÖ_g msev` m‡¤§j‡b miKv‡ii Riywi Kg©cwiKíbvDc¯’vc‡bi cvkvcvwk we‡k¦i mKj ivóª, ¯^vaxbZvwcÖq gvbyl I AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K D`vi mvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡biAvnŸvb Rvbvb|


`jxq KvR : gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívwb nvbv`vi evwnbx KZ…©K G‡`‡k Kx Kx ¶wZmvab n‡qwQj Zvi DciGKwU msw¶ß cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki|

Dbœqb, cybM©Vb I cybe©vmb Kvh©µg

K…wli Dbœqb

¯^vaxbZvi ci ci evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 85 fvM RbM‡Yi RxweKv wQj K…wli Ici wbf©jkxj| RvZxq Av‡qiA‡a©‡KiI †ewk AvmZ K…wlLvZ †_‡K| ZvB e½eÜz K…wleë¯’vi Dbœq‡b we‡kl g‡bv‡hvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb,

K) 25 weNv ch©šÍ Rwgi LvRbv gIKzdmn c~‡e©i mg¯Í e‡Kqv LvRbv gIKzd K‡i †`b|

L) GKwU cwievi me©vwaK 100 weNv ch©šÍ Rwgi gvwjKvbv wba©viY K‡ib|

M) evBk jv‡Li AwaK K…lK cwievi cybe©vmb Kiv nq|

m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zv m‡Ë¡I e½eÜz gvbem¤ú‡ì Dbœq‡b wk¶vi Ici ¸iyZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡MÖn‡Yi gvÎ Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ wZwb ¯vaxb †`‡ki Dc‡hvMx wk¶veë¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib|GB j‡¶¨ wewkó weÁvbx W. gynv¤§` KzìZ-B-Ly`vi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1972 mv‡ji 26 RyjvB wk¶v Kwgkb MVb K‡ib|

wk¶vi Dbœqbwk¶v †¶‡Î e½eÜz Riywi wfwË‡Z wKQy c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb 900 K‡jR feb I 400 nvB¯‹zjcybwbg©vY K‡ib| cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv mKj cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq‡K miKvixKiY K‡ib| Gi d‡j Gme ¯‹z‡j Kg©iZ1 j¶ 65 nvRvi wk¶K‡Ki PvKwiI miKvwi Kiv nq| gyw³hy‡×i mgq wk¶K‡ì cvIbv 9 gv‡mi e‡Kqv†eZb cwi‡kva K‡ib| miKvwi wek¦we`¨vjqmg~‡n ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡` 1973 mv‡jiwek¦we`¨vjq AvBb cvm K‡ib|

moK, †ij I wegvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dbœqbgyw³hy‡×i mgq aŸsmcÖvß mKj weªR-†mZz Riywi wfwË‡Z cybwb©g©vY ïiy nq| 1974 mv‡ji g‡a¨ †`‡ki†hvMv‡hvMeë¯’v GKUv m‡šÍvlRbK Ae¯’vq DbœxZ nq| XvKv-AvwiPv mo‡Ki eo eo moK †mZz¸‡jvmn 97wU bZzbmoK †mZz wbg©vY Kiv nq| nvwW©Ä weªRmn aŸsmcÖvß Ab¨vb¨ †ij †mZz¸‡jvI Pvjy nq| hgybv b`xi Ici †mZzwbg©v‡Yi cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq| 1974 mv‡ji 4 b‡f¤i hgybv †mZzi cÖv_wgK m¤¢ve¨Zv cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|

wegvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡ÎI h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ †Ìqv nq| Af¨šÍixY I AvšÍR©vwZK⎯ Dfq iy‡U wegvb Pvjy, †ZRMuvIwegvbe›ì eënvi Dc‡hvMx Kivi KvR `ªyZ m¤úbœ nq| 1972 mv‡ji 7 gv‡P©i g‡a¨ XvKvi m‡½ PÆMÖvg, wm‡jU,h‡kvi I Kzwgj-vi wegvb †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©Ki nq| XvKv-jÛb iy‡U 1973 mv‡ji 18 Ryb cÖ_g d¬vBU Pvjy nq|

cÖ_g cuvPmvjv cwiKíbvbexb ivóª wn‡m‡e `xN©‡gqvw` Dbœqb cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ 1972 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m miKvi cwiKíbvKwgkb MVb K‡i| hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©Vb, `vwi ª n«vm, cÖe„w×i nvi 3% †_‡K 5.5%-G DbœxZ Kivi Rbëë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq| Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b Ges µgvš^‡q ê‡`wkK mvnv‡hï Ici wbf©ikxjZv n«vmKivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq| G Qvov mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j¶¨ wb‡q cÖ_g cuvPmvjv cwiKíbv (1973-1978) 1973 mv‡ji 1 RyjvB †_‡K Kvh©Ki nq|

e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi kvmbKvj (1972-1975) 183

KvR : hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©V‡b Kx Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

msweavb cÖYqb 1972

cUf~wg

msweavb GKwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P `wjj| GB `wjj wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GKwUwjwLZ `wjj| `xN© msMÖvg, Z¨vM Avi i‡³i wewbg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY GB msweavb jvf K‡i| D‡j-L Kiv†h‡Z cv‡i, fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb 1947 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i| `yB eQ‡i fviZ msweavb cÖYq‡b mdj n‡jIcvwK¯Ív‡bi mgq †j‡M‡Q bq eQi, ZvI Zv Kvh©Ki nqwb| Acic‡¶ gvÎ bq gv‡m mw`”Qv, AvšÍwiKZv AviRbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †Ìqv cÖwZkÖywZi cÖwZ mr †_‡K msw¶ßZg mg‡q we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg †kªô msweavb cÖYxZ n‡q‡Qe½eÜzi miKv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡|

evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi 1972 mv‡ji 23 gvP© ÔMYcwil` Av‡`kÕ Rvwi K‡i| 1970mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb †_‡K wbe©vwPZ RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil` m`m¨‡ì wb‡q MYcwil`MVb Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ msweavb cÖYqbB wQj MYcwil‡ì GKgvÎ KvR| ZvB MYcwil‡ì AvBbmfvwn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †Kv‡bv my‡hvM wQj bv| GB Av‡`kwU 1971 mv‡ji 26 gvP© †_‡K Kvh©Ki Kiv nq|

GB Av‡`k Rvwii ga¨ w`‡q msweavb cÖYq‡bi AvbyôvwbK KvR ïiy nq| AvIqvgx jxM cvj©v‡g›Uvwi cvwU©e½eÜz‡K MYcwil‡ì `jxq †bZv wbe©vPb K‡i| MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m 1972 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj|webv cÖwZØw›ØZvq MYcwil‡ì cÖ_g w¯úKvi wbe©vwPZ nb kvn Ave`yj nvwg` Ges †WcywU w¯úKvi c‡` wbe©vwPZ nb†gvnv¤§` Dj-vn| `ªyZZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ msweav‡bi Lmov cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU KwgwU MVb Kiv nq| W. Kvgvj†nv‡mb GB KwgwUi AvnŸvq‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| KwgwUi m`m¨msL¨v wQj 34| Lmov msweavb 1972-Gi11 A‡±ve‡ii g‡a¨ KwgwU P~ovšÍfv‡e cÖYqb †kl K‡i| 18 A‡±vei †_‡K msweavb wej m¤ú‡K© MYcwil`mvaviY Av‡jvPbv ïiy nq| `xN© mgq a‡i Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi ci 1972 Gi 4 b‡f¤î msweavb wej MYcwil‡`cvm nq| 1972-Gi 16 wW‡m¤î cÖ_g weRq wè‡m msweavb Kvh©Ki nq| MYcwil‡` msweav‡bi Dci e³eïvL‡Z wM‡q e½eÜz e‡jb, ÔGB msweavb knx‡ì i‡³ wjwLZ, G msweavb mgMÖ RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi g~Z©cÖZxK n‡q †eu‡P _vK‡e|Õ GLv‡b D‡j-L¨ cvwK¯Ív‡b msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡Z mgq †j‡MwQj cÖvq bq eQi (1947mvj †_‡K 1956), fvi‡Zi mgq †j‡MwQj cÖvq wZb eQi (1947 †_‡K 1949)| wKšÍy e½eÜzi miKvi gvÎ`k gv‡m evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU msweavb Dcnvi w`‡Z m¶g nq|

msweav‡bi êwkó¨

1972-Gi msweavb wQj GKwU wjwLZ `wjj| evsjv I Bs‡iwR Dfq fvlvq msweavb iwPZ nq| Z‡e evsjv‡K g~jfvlv wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| GB msweav‡b GKwU cÖ¯Ívebv, 11wU fvM, 153wU Aby‡”Q` Ges 4wU Zdwmj wQj|

msweav‡bi cÖ_g fv‡M cÖRvZ‡š¿i êwkó¨mg~n, wØZxq fv‡M ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZmg~n, Z…Zxq fv‡M †gŠwjKAwaKvimg~n, PZz_© fv‡M wbe©vnx wefvM, cÂg fv‡M RvZxq msm`, lô fv‡M wePvi wefvM, mßg fv‡M wbe©vPb,Aóg fv‡M gnvwnmve wbix¶Y I wbqš¿K, beg fv‡M Kg© Kwgkb, `kg fv‡M msweavb ms‡kvab I GKv`k fv‡Mwewea welqvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|


1. m‡e©v”P AvBb : MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb| ZvB msweav‡bi m‡½mvgÄm¨nxb †Kv‡bv AvBb cÖYqb Kiv hv‡e bv| msweav‡b †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj ¶gZvigvwjK RbMY| †Kej msweav‡bi Aax‡b †_‡K RbM‡Yi c‡¶ †m ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e|

2. ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ : msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebvq PviwU Av`k©‡K MÖnY Kiv nq ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZwn‡m‡e| G cÖm‡½ msweav‡b D‡j-L Kiv nqÑ Ô... †h mKj gnvb Av`k© Avgv‡ì exi RbMY‡K RvZxqgyw³msMÖv‡g AvZ¥wb‡qvM I exi kwn`w`M‡K cÖv‡YvrmM© Kwi‡Z DØy× KwiqvwQj RvZxqev`, MYZš¿,mgvRZš¿ I ag©wbi‡c¶Zv⎯ †mB mKj Av`k© GB msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ nB‡e|Õ

K. RvZxqZvev` : cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡ji ag©wfwËK RvZxqZvev` gyw³hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q evwZj n‡q hvq| Giwecix‡Z fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ‡K †K› ª K‡i evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡ì Rb¥| Amv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv n‡jv evOvwjRvZxqZvev‡ì wfwË|

L. mgvRZš¿ : e½eÜz Zuvi ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b me mgq mvaviY gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK gyw³i K_v e‡j‡Qb| `ytLxgvby‡li gy‡L nvwm †dvUv‡bvi Rb¨ msMÖvg K‡i‡Qb| gyw³‡hv×v‡ì GKUv eo Ask wQj wbgœweË cwiev‡iimšÍvb| ¯^vaxbZvi ci †`‡ki gvby‡li ¯^cœ wQj mvgvwRK-A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Y ivóªcÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †b‡e| ZvB msweav‡b mgvRZš¿‡K ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq| g~jZgvby‡li Ici gvby‡li †kvlYnxb mgvR MV‡bi Rb¨ mgvRZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK eë¯’v Pvjy KivB wQj Gij¶¨|

M. MYZš¿ : cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e GB AÂ‡ji RbMY 1947 †_‡KB †Kv‡bv MYZvwš¿K AwaKvicvqwb| msweav‡bi D‡j-L Kiv nq, evsjv‡`k ivóªwU n‡e GKwU MYZvwš¿K cÖRvZš¿¿| iv‡óª cÖwZwUbvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv _vK‡e| wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g cÖkvmbcwiPvwjZ n‡e|

N. ag©wbi‡c¶Zv : msweav‡b ag©wbi‡c¶Zvi A_© wQj mv¤cÖ`vwqKZv cwinvi Kiv| †Kv‡bv ag©‡K ivR‰bwZKgh©v`v `vb bv Kiv| ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ ag©‡K eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| ivóª †Kv‡bv ag©‡K c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vbKi‡e bv| cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki ag©xq AwaKvi I AvPvi-Abyôvb cvj‡bi ¯vaxbZvi wbðqZv †`‡e ivóª|

3. †gŠwjK AwaKvi : bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ wKQy AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv _vKv Riywi| hv‡Z K‡i e¨w³¯^vaxbZvq †KD n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| ZvB msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvimg~n‡K Aj•Nbxq I cweÎ e‡j†NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

4. GK‡Kw› ªK miKvi : GB msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbeë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡k†Kv‡bv cÖ‡`k ev A½ivR¨ †bB| †K› ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b mviv †`‡ki cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ nq|

5. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi : msweav‡b gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvieë¯’v MÖnY Kiv nq| GB eë¯’vqgwš¿cwil`‡K msm‡ì wbKU `vqx _vK‡Z nq| ivóªcwZ kvmbZvwš¿K cÖavb| Z‡e iv‡óªi mKj wbe©vnx¶gZv cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfvi Ici b¨¯Í wQj| ivóªcwZ bvggvÎ cÖavb|

6. GK K¶wewkó AvBb cwil` : msweav‡b GK K¶wewkó AvBb cwil‡ì eë¯’v Kiv nq| mivmwiwbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g 300 Rb m`m¨ I msiw¶Z gwnjv Avm‡b 15 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q AvBb cwil` MwVZ n‡e|AvBb cwil` RvZxq msm` e‡j AwfwnZ n‡e|

7. `y®úwieZ©bxq : GB msweavb ms‡kva‡bi GK we‡kl c×wZ Aej¤b Kiv nq hv mvaviY AvBb cÖYqb c×wZi


g‡Zv mnR bq| msweavb ms‡kva‡bi †¶‡Î RvZxq msm‡ì †gvU m`m¨msL¨vi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk m`‡mï †fvUcÖ‡qvRb n‡e| msweavb ms‡kvabx wej ivóªcwZi m¤§wZi Rb¨ †ck Kiv n‡e| 7 w`‡bi g‡a¨ ivóªcwZ we‡jm¤§wZ †`‡eb| 7 w`b AwZµvšÍ n‡j m¤§wZ w`‡q‡Qb e‡j a‡i †bqv n‡e|

8. ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM : msweav‡b GKwU ¯vaxb wbi‡c¶ wePvi wefvM cÖwZôvi D‡j-L Av‡Q| wbe©vnx wefvM†_‡K wePvi wefvM‡K c„_‡Ki gva¨‡g wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯vaxbZv wbwðZ Ki‡e ivóª| msweav‡bi weavbvewjAbyhvqx cÖavb wePvicwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ ¯vaxbfv‡e wePviKvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb|

9. mv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZ wbwl× : msweav‡bi g~jbxwZi m‡½ wgj †i‡L ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ wbwl× Kiv nq|a‡g©i bv‡g †KD hv‡Z we‡f` ˆZwi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|

e½eÜz miKv‡ii Rb¨ me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© mvdj¨ n‡jv ¯^íZg mg‡qi g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU msweavbcÖYqb Kiv| we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki Zzjbvq DbœZgv‡bi Ges mywjwLZ `wjj GB msweavb| m`¨ ¯vaxb †`‡kiRbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•¶vi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q msweav‡bi weavbvewji g‡a¨| bexb iv‡óªi c_Pjvi †¶‡Îg~jbxwZmg~n Av‡jvKewZ©Kv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q|

GKK KvR : 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi cÖavb êwkó¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki|

ê‡`wkK m¤úK©Z…Zxq we‡k¦i m`¨ ¯vaxb GKwU ivóª wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ I Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z ciivóªbxwZi f~wgKvwQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| e½eÜzi 10 Rvbyqvwi 1972 †`‡k wd‡i Avmvi c~‡e© fviZ I fyUvb Qvov Avi †Kv‡bviv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ cvqwb evsjv‡`k| cvwK¯Ívb I Zvi wgÎ‡ì evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax cÖPviYvq we‡k¦i AwaKvsk ivóªZLbI weåvšÍ| Ab¨w`‡K hy×weaŸ¯Í †`k cybM©V‡b AvšÍR©vwZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv jvf Riywi n‡qc‡o| e½eÜz Zuvi `xN© ivR‰bwZK AwfÁZv I †gav w`‡q Dcjwä K‡i‡Qb †h evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ‡Z `ywUwelq‡K ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

cÖ_gZ : ¯^xK…wZ Av`v‡qi gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÊ‡j evsjv‡`‡ki MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv e„w× Kiv|

wØZxqZ : †`k cybM©V‡b we‡`wk mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv wbwðZ Kiv|

bexb ivóªwUi ciivóªbxwZ wba©vi‡Ki f~wgKvq wQ‡jb ¯qs e½eÜz| wZwb me mgq ¯vaxb I †RvUwbi‡c¶ciivóªbxwZi K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb ciivóªbxwZi w`K-wb‡`k©bv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÔAvgiv evsjv‡`k‡K `w¶YGwkqvi myBRvij¨vÊ wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z PvB|Õ 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b ciivóªbxwZi iƒc‡iLvq e½eÜzi wPšÍv-fvebvi cÖwZdjb j¶ Kiv hvq| ciivóªbxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv, kvwšÍc~Y© mnve¯’vb Ges mevi m‡½ eÜzZ¡, KviIm‡½ kÎyZv bq| mvgªvRëv`, Dcwb‡ekev` I eY©ev‡ì weiy‡× we‡k¦i wbcxwoZ RbM‡Yi c‡¶ _vK‡eevsjv‡`k|

evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ ¯xK…wZ Av`v‡qi KvRwU Lye GKUv mnRmva¨ wQj bv| KviY, cvwK¯Ív‡bi êix cÖPviYvq gymwjgwek¦mn Pxb evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© †bwZevPK g‡bvfve †cvlY KiZ| e½eÜzi mdj †bZ…‡Z¡ 1974 mv‡ji g‡a¨Bevsjv‡`k we‡k¦i AwaKvsk ivóª I RvwZmsNmn cÖvq mKj AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi ¯xK…wZ jvf K‡i| mvaviYcwil‡ì me©m¤§Z wm×všÍ Abyhvqx 17 †m‡Þ¤î, 1974 RvwZms‡Ni 136Zg m`m¨ wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k †hvM`vb


K‡i| e½eÜz 1974 mv‡ji 25 †m‡Þ¤î RvwZms‡Ni mvaviYcwil‡ì 29Zg Awa‡ek‡b cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv Avgv‡ì gvZ…fvlvevsjvq fvlY †`b| d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q evsjv fvlv jvf K‡ibZzb gh©v`v| e½eÜzi kvmbKv‡j ¸iyZ¡c~Y© `ywU ivóª AvbyôvwbK¯^xK…wZ †`qwb| †`k `yÕwU n‡jv Pxb I †mŠw` Avie| `y‡Uv †`‡kim‡½B m¤úK© ¯^vfvweK Ki‡Z e½eÜz AvšÍwiK D‡`¨vM MÖnYK‡iwQ‡jb| Pxb ax‡i ax‡i evsjv‡`k wel‡q BwZevPK `„wófw½†cvlY Ki‡Z ïiy K‡i| ¯xK…wZ bv w`‡jI Pxb evwYwR¨K Pzw³K‡i Ges eb¨vZ©‡ì Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k mvnvh¨ †cÖiY K‡i|Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡`k Bmjvwg m‡¤§jb ms¯’vi m`m¨c` jv‡fi ga¨ w`‡q weivU msL¨K gymwjg †`‡ki mg_©bAR©b K‡i| hwÌ †mŠw` Avie ¯^xK…wZ †`qwb| Z_vwc K~U‰bwZK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j †mŠw` Aviemn ga¨cÖv‡Pï†`k¸‡jvi Kv‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki fveg~wZ© †ek D¾¡j n‡q I‡V| myZivs, NUbvcÖev‡ni we‡ePbvq ejv hvq, Pxb I†mŠw` Avi‡ei ¯xK…wZ †Kej mg‡qi e¨vcvi wQj gvÎ|

e½eÜz miKvi we‡k¦i mKj iv‡óªi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq ¯v_©‡K mevi Dc‡i ¯’vbw`‡q‡Qb| gyw³hy‡× bvbvfv‡e mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv Kivq fviZ, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbmn Ab¨vb¨ mgvRZvwš¿K†`k¸‡jvi m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍwiK eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© M‡o I‡V| ¯vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡qivLvi msMÖv‡g fviZ miKvi wegvb, RvnvR †_‡K ïiy K‡i Lv`¨km¨, †c‡Uªvwjqvg I wbZ¨cÖ‡qvRbxq mvgMÖx mvnvhÏ Aby`vb wn‡m‡e cÖ`vb K‡i| 1972 Gi Ryb gvm ch©šÍ cÖvß we‡`wk mvnv‡hï kZKiv 67.01 fvM cÖ`vb K‡ifviZ| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv, fviZxq mvnvh¨ Qvov evsjv‡`k‡K eo ai‡bi gvbweK wech©q †_‡K euvPv‡bv m¤¢en‡Zv bv| Z…Zxq we‡k¦i we‡`wk mvnvh¨ MÖnYKvix GKwU ivóª nIqv m‡Ë¡I fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki cybM©V‡b wecyjcwigvY mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|

wKšÍy evsjv‡`‡ki Pvwn`v wQj AviI e¨vcK| fvi‡Zi mv‡aï g‡a¨ GB Pvwn`v c~iY m¤¢e wQj bv| AwaKA_©‰bwZK mvnv‡hï Rb¨ miKvi †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbmn c~e© BD‡iv‡ci †`k¸‡jvi Ici wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv Zv‡ì mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki cv‡k ùvov‡Z cv‡iwb| cieZ©x‡Z evsjv‡`k‡KA_©‰bwZK mvnv‡hï Rb¨ cyuwRev`x I gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi Ici AwaK wbf©i Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| gyw³hy‡×i we‡ivwaZvKivq e½eÜz miKvi cÖ_g w`‡K gvwK©b mvnvh¨ MÖn‡Y A¯xK…wZ Rvbvq| e½eÜz miKvi †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© cyuwRev`x Igymwjg we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi m‡½ mym¤úK© ¯’vc‡b Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvi ciI e½eÜzikvmbvg‡j evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i 130wU iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ AR©b K‡i| G Qvov RvwZmsN, KgbI‡qj_ I Bmjvwgm‡¤§jb ms¯’vi m`m¨c`mn 14wU AvšÍR©vwZK msMV‡bi m`m¨c` jvf K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vPb, 1973

¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq 1973 mv‡ji 7 gvP©| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kvh©Ki nIqvici MYcwil` †f‡O †`qv nq| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ¯^í mg‡qi g‡a¨ e½eÜzi miKvi mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnYK‡i MYZ‡š¿i c‡_ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk weRq AR©b K‡i| RvZxq msm‡ìmsiw¶Z gwnjv Avmbmn 315wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 306, RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `j (Rvm`) 2wU,evsjv‡`k RvZxq jxM 1wU Ges ¯^Zš¿ m`mïv 6wU Avm‡b Rqjvf K‡ib| e½eÜzi e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv Ges


Qwe : RvwZms‡N evsjv fvlvq e½eÜzi fvlY

gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix `j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi RbwcÖqZv Ges gyw³hy‡× †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix `j AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbxdjvdj ¯vfvweK e‡jB RbMY MÖnY K‡i| e½eÜzi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1973-Gi 16 gvP© bZzb gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq|

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi c×wZi cÖeZ©b1975-Gi 25 Rvbyqvwi †`‡k ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi c×wZi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| ivóªcwZ mKj ¶gZvi AwaKvixn‡q c‡ob| GB eë¯’vq gwš¿cwil` I RvZxq msm‡ì †Kv‡bv ¶gZv wQj bv| msweav‡bi PZz_© ms‡kvabxigva¨‡g miKvi c×wZi cwieZ©b Avbv nq| GB ms‡kvabx Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U 5 eQ‡iiRb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| wZwb B”Qvbyhvqx DcivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x, gš¿x Ges Ab¨vb¨ miKvwi wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvMI eiLv¯Í Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| GQvov evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ RvZxqwfwËK GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi KZ…©Z¡IivóªcwZ‡K cÖ`vb Kiv nq| RvZxq ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi ci Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j evwZj I †eAvBwb †NvlYvKiv n‡e| 1975-Gi 24 †deªyqvwi ivóªcwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j †f‡O w`‡qÔevsjv‡`k K…lK kªwgK AvIqvgx jxMÕ (evKkvj) bv‡g GKwU RvZxq ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib| GB `‡ji†Pqvig¨vb n‡jb e½eÜz Ges mvaviY m¤úv`K n‡jb Gg. gbmyi Avjx|

PZz_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g miKvieë¯’vi cwieZ©b bvbv weZ‡K©i Rb¥ †`q| GB eë¯’vi wec‡¶ ejv nq, Gid‡j RvZxq msm‡ì ¶gZv Le© nq, ivóªcwZ‡K Amxg ¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq Ges GKK ivR‰bwZK `j MVbK‡i m¤ú~Y© AMYZvwš¿K eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| e½eÜz bZzb miKvi c×wZi mxgve×Zvi wel‡q m¤ú~Y©m‡PZb wQ‡jb| wZwb mvgwqKfv‡e GB eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK I AvBbk„•Ljvi Riywicwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejvq msweav‡bi PZz_© ms‡kvabx Awbevh© n‡q c‡o| AvšÍR©vwZK ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZI PZz_©ms‡kvabx MÖn‡Y AbycÖvwYZ K‡iwQj| D‡j-L¨, we‡k¦i mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡Z GKK ivR‰bwZK `j eë¯’vibwRi i‡q‡Q| wKšÍy evsjv‡`‡k bZzb miKvieë¯’v cy‡ivcywi KvR Kivi c~‡e©B 1975 Gi 15 AvM÷ b„ksmnZ¨vKvÊ msNwUZ nq| myZivs GB eë¯’vi fv‡jv-g›` w`K m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv ev AwfÁZv AR©b m¤¢e nqwb|

15 AvM‡÷i wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ15 AvM÷, 1975 evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnv‡m Kj¼gq GKwU w`b| NvZKiv GB w`b RvwZi wcZv I cuvP cwiev‡iim`m¨‡ì wbgg© I b„ksmfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i| wkï iv‡mj‡KI euvP‡Z †`qwb NvZ‡Ki ey‡jU| ee©i nZ¨vh‡Á †g‡ZDVv Lywbiv wQj †mbvevwnbxi wec_Mvgx wKQy m`m¨| c`©vi AšÍiv‡j wQj mvgwiK, †emvgwiK lohš¿Kvixiv| 15AvM÷ wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Êi ZvivB wQj myweav‡fvMx| †`wk-we‡`wk A‡bK ïfvKv•¶x e½eÜz‡K mveavbK‡iwQ‡jb| ivóªcwZi Ggb Aiw¶Z evwo‡Z emevm †gv‡UB wbivc` bq| e¨w³MZ wbivcËv wb‡q wZwb KL‡bvkw¼Z wQ‡jb bv| AwePj Av¯’vq ej‡Zb, ÔAvgv‡K †Kv‡bv evOvwj gvi‡e bv|Õ

15 AvM÷, †mw`b †fv‡ii Av‡jv ZLbI fv‡jvfv‡e dz‡U I‡Vwb| Avo‡gvov †f‡O †R‡M DV‡Q XvKv| RvwZiwcZv mcwiev‡i Nywg‡q Av‡Qb avbgwÛi 32 bs mo‡Ki 677 bs evwo‡Z| NvZ‡Ki `j U¨vsK, Kvgvb,†gwkbMvbmn AZ¨vaywbK gviYv¯¿ wb‡q iv¯Ívq †b‡g Av‡m| Uv‡M©U e½eÜz, Zuvi cwievi Ges AvZ¥xq-cwiRb‡KnZ¨v Kiv| AvbygvwbK mv‡o 5Uvi w`‡K e½eÜzi evmfe‡b AvµgY ïiy nq| †gRi gwnDwÏb, †gRi û`v, †gRicvkv, †gRi b~‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ NvZKiv e½eÜzi evwo †NivI K‡i †d‡j|

†Rvi K‡i Lywbi `j e½eÜzi evwo‡Z cÖ‡ek Kij| ZLb †fv‡ii Av‡jv A‡bKUv cwi®‹vi| †Mvjv¸wji k‡ãAvZw¼Z avbgwÛi Awaevmxiv| bxj bKkv Abyhvqx LywbPµ Suvwc‡q coj RvwZi wcZvi cwiev‡ii Ici|


wPrKvi, nÆ‡Mvj Avi ¸wji k‡ã Nyg fv‡O e½eÜz cwiev‡ii| G‡K G‡K nZ¨v K‡i cÖwZwU m`m¨‡K| wkïiv‡mjI †invB cvqwb| GKRb NvZK †kL iv‡mj‡K N‡i DciZjv †_‡K wb‡P wb‡q Av‡m| f‡q KvZi, wenejn‡q c‡o 8 eQ‡ii wkï iv‡mj| gv‡qi Kv‡Q hvevi Rb¨ Kuv`‡Z ïiy K‡i| wbôzi NvZK iv‡mj‡K Dc‡i wb‡q¸wj K‡i nZ¨v K‡i| †÷bMvb †_‡K e½eÜzi eyK j¶¨ K‡i ¸wj K‡i NvZ‡Ki `j| Zuvi ey‡K 18wU ¸wjiAvNvZ cvIqv hvq| nZ¨v Kiv nq e½eÜzi mnawg©Yx †eMg dwRjvZz‡bœmv gywRe, cyÎ †kL Kvgvj, †kL Rvgvj,wkïcyÎ †kL iv‡mj| cyÎea~ myjZvbv Kvgvj I †ivRx Rvgvj, m‡nv`i †kL bv‡mi, K…lK‡bZv Ave`yi ie†miwbqvevZ, hye‡bZv †kL dRjyj nK gwb I Zuvi AšÍtmË¡v ¯¿x AviRy gwb, †eex †miwbqvevZ, myKvšÍ evey,Avwid, Avãyj bCg Lvb wi›Uzmn cwiev‡ii 18 Rb m`m¨‡K| e½eÜzi `yB Kb¨v †kL nvwmbv I †kL †invbv†`‡ki evB‡i _vKvq cÖv‡Y †eu‡P hvb|

gvÎ mv‡o wZb eQ‡ii kvmbvg‡j e½eÜz ¯^vaxb ivóª wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡ki AMÖhvÎvi wfwË wbg©v‡Y K…wZ‡Z¡icwiPq †`b| ZviciI evsjv‡`‡ki iƒcKvi, G‡`‡ki me gvby‡li AwZ wcÖq †bZv‡K Gfv‡e Rxeb w`‡Z n‡jv|Ggwb KiyY, wbg©g, ü`qwe`viK nZ¨vi bwRi wek¦ BwZnv‡m †bB ej‡j P‡j| e½eÜzi nZ¨vi loh‡š¿ †`wk-we‡`wk Pµ Ges mvgwiK I ivR‰bwZK e¨w³eM© RwoZ wQ‡jb| Lywb P‡µi †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb L›`Kvi †gvkZvKAvng`| e½eÜzi gg©vwšÍK nZ¨vKv‡Êi Kvi‡Y we‡k¦i †Pv‡L Avgiv K…ZNœ RvwZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡qwQ| ¶gZv`LjKvixiv evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm †_‡K e½eÜz I Zuvi KxwZ© gy‡Q †djvi †Póv K‡i| Zv‡`i †Póv mdj nqwb|KviY evsjv‡`k †_‡K e½eÜz‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki BwZnvm iPbv m¤¢e bq| Kwe Abœ`vk¼i ivq KÕwUcOwZi ga¨ w`‡q †m K_vB e‡j‡Qb,

ÔhZKvj i‡e cÙv hgybv

†MŠix †gNbv engvb,

ZZKvj i‡e KxwZ© †Zvgvi

†kL gywReyi ingvb|Õ

GKK KvR : e½eÜzi wbg©g nZ¨vKvÊ evOvwj RvwZi Rb¨ wbK…óZg Kjw¼Z Aa¨vqÑD×„wZi h_v_©ZvwbiƒcY Ki|

L›`Kvi †gvkZv‡Ki ivóª¶gZv `Lj

e½eÜz wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Êi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z Pig ˆbivR¨Ki Ae¯’v m„wó nq| LywbP‡µimnvqZvq ivóª¶gZv `Lj K‡ib L›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng`| A‰ea ¶gZv‡K ¯’vqx Kivi Rb¨ wZwb cÖ_g ¯^vaxb†`‡k mvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡ib|



1. e½eÜz 1971 mv‡ji KZ Zvwi‡L †MÖdZvi nb?

K. 25 gvP© L. 26 gvP©

M. 27 gvP© N. 28 gvP©

2. e½eÜz cÖavbgš¿xi `vwqZ¡ †Kb cvjb K‡ib?

K. msm`xq MYZ‡š¿ wek¦vmx wQ‡jb e‡j L. †`k cyYM©V‡bi Rb¨

M. ivRvKvi‡ì kvw¯Í †`qvi Rb¨ N. ¯vaxb ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z

wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :ÔKÕ iv‡óªi i‡gk, Ave`yj-v, wjÛv †Mv‡gR I Agj eoyqv mevB Zv‡ì c~Rv, C`, eo w`b I †eŠ× cywY©gv BZ¨vwÀbyôvb ¯^vaxbfv‡e aygavg K‡i cvjb K‡i| ivóª KvD‡K †Kv‡bv we‡kl c„ô‡cvlKZv †`q bv|

3. ÔKÕ iv‡óª 1972 Gi msweav‡bi †Kvb êwkó¨wU cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q?

K. MYZš¿ L. ag©wbi‡cZv

M. RvZxqZvev` N. mgvRZš¿

4. êwkó¨ gvbyl‡K †`q

K. ag©xq ¯vaxbZv L. A_©‰bwZK ¯vaxbZv

M. mvgvwRK ¯vaxbZv N. mvs¯‹…wZK ¯vaxbZv

m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. iv‡m‡ji eÜz ievU© evsjv‡`‡k G‡m gy»| G‡`‡ki meyR cÖK…wZ Zvi Lye cQ›`| Z‡e iev‡U©i Lye Kó†j‡M‡Q eo eo `vjv‡bi cv‡k †bvsiv ew¯Í †`‡L| Zv‡ì †`‡k gvby‡li Lv`¨, e¯¿, wk¶v, evm¯’vbBZ¨vwì Pvwn`v c~i‡Y ivóª cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †bq| Zv‡ì msweav‡bi g~j j¶ †kvlYnxb mgvR MVb|iv‡mj e‡j, Avgv‡ì msweav‡b gvbevwaKvi I ¯vaxbZvi wbðqZv Av‡Q Ges wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡gmiKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g RvZxq msm` MwVZ nq| iv‡óªi mKj wbe©vnx gZvcÖavbgš¿xi nv‡Z| Z‡e ivóªcwZ m‡e©v”P m¤§v‡bi AwaKvix

K. e½eÜz K‡e ¯‡`k cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib ?

L. e½eÜz †Kb msm`xq c×wZi miKvi eë¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib?

M. ievU© Gi †`‡k 72 Gi msweav‡bi †Kvb êwkó¨wU j¶ Kiv hvq e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. Ôiv‡m‡ji K_vq 72 Gi msweav‡bi AvswkK êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡QÕ- g~j¨vqb Ki|


PZz`k© Aa¨vq

mvgwiK kvmb I cieZ©x NUbvcÖevn (1975- 1990)†Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK : BwZnv‡mi Kj¼RbK Aa¨vq

15 AvM‡÷i wbg©g nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci c~e© cwiKíbv Abyhvqx †Lv›`Kvi †gvkZvK Avng` ivóª¶gZv `Lj K‡i †bb|cÖvq wZb gv‡mi g‡Zv ¶gZvq wQ‡jb †gvkZvK| `xN©w`b e½eÜzi m‡½ ivRbxwZ K‡i‡Qb| e½eÜzi Av¯’v Iwek¦mfvRb‡ì Ab¨Zg wQ‡jb †gvkZvK| wZwbB e½eÜzi mv‡_ RNb¨ wek¦vmNvZKZv Ki‡jb| wZwbB G‡`‡kiBwZnv‡m Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb Kjw¼Z Aa¨vq|


� •� mvgwiK kvm‡bi m~ÎcvZ Ges cieZ©x ivR‰bwZK NUbvcÖev‡ni eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� †cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi ingv‡bi kvmb Avg‡ji D‡j-L‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� 1982 mv‡ji mvgwiK kvmb Ges ZrcieZ©x NUbvcÖev‡ni m„ó cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� Gikv` miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹v‡ii ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� 1990 mv‡ji MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi cUf~wg Ges djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

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Avey Zv‡n‡ii wePvi7 b‡f¤i †mbvwe‡ ªvn I ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Awf‡hv‡M 1975 mv‡ji 24 b‡f¤i K‡b©j (Ae:) Avey Zv‡ni‡K†MÖdZvi Kiv nq| GKB m‡½ RvZxq mgvRZvwš¿K `‡ji (Rvm`) wecyjmsL¨K †bZv-Kg©x †MÖdZvi ïiy nq|KviY IB mg‡q Zv‡ni ev ivR‰bwZK `j wn‡m‡e Rvm`B †Kej wRqvi ¶gZv‡K P¨v‡jÄ Ki‡Z cviZ| e¨vcKwbivcËvi g‡a¨ XvKv †K› ªxq KvivMv‡i Zv‡n‡ii wePvi ïiy nq 1976 mv‡ji 21 Ryb| we‡kl mvgwiK UªvBey¨bv‡j†Mvcb wePviKvR †kl nq 1976 mv‡ji 17 RyjvB| GB UªvBey¨bv‡ji †Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb cvwK¯Ívb †diZ †mbvKg©KZ©v K‡b©j BDmyd nvq`vi| UªvBey¨bvj Zv‡ni‡K g„Zz¨`Êv‡`k cÖ`vb K‡i| cÖnm‡bi wePv‡ii ivq AbyhvqxZv‡n‡ii duvwm Kvh©Ki nq 1976 mv‡ji 21 RyjvB| wePvi PjvKvjxb cÖvqB UªvBey¨bv‡ji †Pqvig¨vb K‡b©j BDmyd


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wRqv h_v_© Dcjwä K‡iwQ‡jb †h †mbvevwnbx‡Z k„sLjv cÖwZôvB Zuvi cÖavb `vwqZ¡| KviY †mbvevwnbxB wQj Zuvi¶gZvi Drm| Zuvi ¶gZv MÖn‡Yi †Kv‡bv AvBbMZ êaZv wQj bv| wZwb wb‡Ri ¯v‡_©, ¶gZvq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨†mbvevwnbx‡K bvbv ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡i Zzó Kivi †Póv K‡ib| wmcvwn‡ì gvbm¤§Z †cvkvK,Lvevi, A¯¿ I mvRmiÄv‡gi eë¯’v Kiv nq| Awdmvi‡ìI gvb-gh©v`v e„w× Kiv nq| e½eÜz miKv‡iiZzjbvq wRqv eû¸‡Y mvgwiK e¨q e„w× K‡ib| 1974-75 mv‡j cÖwZi¶v ev‡RU wQj 75 †KvwU UvKv| wRqv ZvcÖvq wZb¸Y e„w× K‡i Ki‡jb 206 †KvwU 20 jvL UvKv| 1976-77 mv‡j AviI e„w× K‡i 219 †KvwU 40 jvLUvKv Kiv nq|

msweavb ms‡kvabwePvicwZ mv‡q‡gi KvR †_‡K ejc~e©K ivóªcwZi c` `L‡ji wZb w`‡bi gv_vq 23 GwcÖj, 1977 mvgwiKdigvb Rvwi K‡i gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvq cÖYxZ evnvË‡ii msweav‡bi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡ib|

K. evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì cwiPq wQj evOvwj wn‡m‡e| wRqv G‡`‡ki bvMwiK‡ì bZzb cwiPq w`‡jbevsjv‡`wk|

L. msweav‡bi ïiy‡Z cÖ¯Ívebvi c~‡e© Ôwemwgj-vwni ingvwbi iwngÕ GB kã¸‡jv hy³ nq|

M. ivóªxq g~jbxwZ Ôag©wbi‡c¶ZvÕ wejyß K‡i ejv n‡jv, Ôme©kw³gvb Avj-vni Dci c~Y© Av¯’v I wek¦vmB n‡ehveZxq Kvh©vewji wfwË|Õ

N. g~jbxwZ ÔmgvRZš¿Õ-Gi e¨vL¨v †Ìqv n‡jv ÔA_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mywePviÕ wn‡m‡e|

O. ê‡`wkK m¤úK© wel‡q ejv n‡jv, Ôivóª Bmjvwg msnwZi wfwË‡Z gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ åvZ…Z¡ m¤úK©msnZ, msi¶Y Ges †Rv`vi Ki‡Z m‡Pó n‡eb|Õ

P. Ôgyw³ msMÖv‡giÕ cwie‡Z© Ô¯^vaxbZv hy×Õ eënv‡ii wm×všÍ nq|

wRqvi msweavb ms‡kva‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj gyw³hy× ev AvIqvgx jxMwe‡ivax `j I e¨w³i mg_©b jvf Kiv|


mvgwMÖKfv‡e evsjv‡`k ivóª I RbM‡Yi cwiP‡qi Ici ag©xq Qvc cÖKU K‡i †Zvjv| gyw³hy‡×i †PZbviwecix‡Z cvwK¯Ívwb †PZbv‡K wdwi‡q G‡b wRqv Zuvi ¶gZv‡K ¯’vqx Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb|

N‡ivqv ivRbxwZ Pvjy

mvgwiK miKvi ivR‰bwZK Am‡šÍvl n«v‡mi Rb¨ 1976 mv‡ji 28 RyjvB ÔivR‰bwZK `jwewaÕ Rvwi K‡i|we‡kl wKQy k‡Z© ivR‰bwZK `j MVb I ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvjv‡bvi AbygwZ †Ìqv nq| AvBb AbyhvqxmvgwiK miKv‡ii Aby‡gv`b Qvov †Kv‡bv `j ivRbxwZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv ivR‰bwZK `j‡KAbygwZ cÖ`v‡b wRqv wej‡¤î bxwZ MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| 57wU ivR‰bwZK `j Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ Av‡e`bcÎ `vwLjKi‡j 23wU‡K N‡ivqv ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvjv‡bvi AbygwZ †Ìqv nq|

MY‡fvU :

Z…Zxq we‡k¦i A‡bK †`‡kB mvgwiK kvmKiv A‰ea ¶gZv `L‡ji ci MY‡fv‡Ui Av‡qvRb K‡i| D‡Ïk¨ ¶gZv`Lj‡K GKcÖKvi êaZv cÖ`vb Kiv| wePvicwZ mv‡q‡gi KvQ †_‡K ¶gZv `L‡ji c‡ii w`b 1977 mv‡ji 22GwcÖj RvwZi D‡Ï‡k †Ìqv fvl‡Y †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb 30 †g MY‡fvU Av‡qvR‡bi †NvlYv †`b|hv nu¨v/bv †fvU bv‡gI cwiwPZ| 30 †g 1977 AbywôZ MY‡fv‡U †Rbv‡ij wRqv Ges Zuvi bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi cÖwZRbM‡Yi e¨vcK mg_©b †`Lv‡bvi †Póv Kiv nq| wbe©vP‡b ev‡bvqvUfv‡e kZKiv 88.5 †fvU`vZv †fvU cÖ`vbK‡i‡Qb e‡j miKvwi weÁwß‡Z D‡j-L Kiv nq|

ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb, 1978

mvgwiK kvm‡bi Aax‡b RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U ¯vaxbZvi ci cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb Av‡qvRb Kivnq| 1978 mv‡ji 3 Ryb wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL wba©viY Kiv nq| wbe©vP‡b cÖavb cÖwZØ›Øx wQ‡jb `yÕRb : †Rbv‡ijwRqv I †Rbv‡ij Imgvbx| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wbe©vPb‡K †K› ª K‡i `yÕwU †RvU M‡o I‡V| RvZxqZvev`x d«‡›Ui cÖv_x©wQ‡jb wRqv, Ab¨w`‡K MYZvwš¿K HK¨ †Rv‡Ui cÖv_©x wQ‡jb Imgvbx| ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx,gymwjg jxM, Bmjvgx †W‡gv‡µwUK jxM, mvgëv`x `j (†Zvqvnv), c~e© evsjvi KwgDwb÷ cvwU© wRqv‡K cÖZ¨¶mg_©b Rvbvq| Imgvbxi c‡¶ wQj AvIqvgx jxM, KwgDwb÷ cvwU©, RbZv cvwU©, b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©(†gvRvddi), MY AvRv`x jxMmn AviI wKQy `j|

bvbv iKg cÖwZK~jZv m‡Ë¡I AvIqvgx jxM GB wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| wRqvi m‡½ Amg cÖwZØw›ØZvq Imgvbx †h†c‡i DV‡eb bv G wb‡q †Kv‡bv m‡›`n wQj bv| wRqv I Zuvi mg_©K‡ì Kv‡Q eo P¨v‡jÄ wQj wbe©vPb‡K †`‡k-we‡`‡k Kxfv‡e MÖnY‡hvM¨ Kiv hvq| wRqv KviPzwci gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui kZKiv 76.63 fvM †fvU †c‡qivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| Imgvbx‡K †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj gvÎ 21.70 fvM †fvU| GB wbe©vP‡bi c‡iI mvgwiK kvmb_vKvq RbMY MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi wd‡i cvqwb|

bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MVb

¶gZv `L‡ji ci Ab¨vb¨ mvgwiK kvmK‡ì b¨vq †Rbv‡ij wRqvI ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi wPšÍv K‡i‡Qb|AvIqvgx jxMwe‡ivax wkwe‡ii ivR‰bwZK mg_©b wb‡q wRqvi hvÎv ïiy| gyw³hy‡×i mgq cvwK¯Ívbcš’x Rvgvqv‡ZBmjvgx, †bRv‡g Bmjvgx, gymwjg jxMmn ag©xq `j¸‡jvi evsjv‡`kwe‡ivax f~wgKvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vaxbZvi ci


ag©wfwËK ivRbxwZ wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq| wRqv `vjvj AvBb evwZj Ges ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bimvsweavwbK AšÍivq `~i K‡i ¯vaxbZv we‡ivax‡ì ivRbxwZ Kivi my‡hvM K‡i †`b| wRqv 1978 mv‡ji 1†m‡Þ¤î evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j, (weGbwc) bv‡g GKwU bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib| wZwb wb‡RB GB`‡ji †Pqvig¨v‡bi `vwqZ¡ wb‡jb| ¯vaxbZvwe‡ivax, evgcš’x, Wvbcš’x wewfbœ `j I e¨w³ weGbwc‡Z †hvM †`q|

g~jZ wewfbœ my‡hvM-myweavi Avkvq wRqvi Av‡kcv‡k A‡bK ivRbxwZwe` wfo K‡iwQ‡jb| wRqv Zuv‡ì‡K c`-c`we w`‡q bvbvfv‡e cyi¯‹…Z K‡i‡Qb| wRqvi Avg‡j Dc‡`óv/gš¿xi GKUv eo Ask AvBqye I Bqvwnqvi Nwbômn‡hvMx wQ‡jb| Avevi A‡b‡K ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax f~wgKvq wQ‡jb| wRqv ¯vaxbZvwe‡ivax kvn AvwRR‡KcÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM K‡ib|

RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb 1979

ivóªcwZ †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingv‡bi †NvlYv Abyhvqx 1978 mv‡ji 18 †deªyqvwi RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZnq| wRqvi †bZ…Z¡vaxb weGbwc 207wU Avmb jvf K‡i| evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM (gv‡jK) 39wU Avmb †c‡qwe‡ivax `‡ji `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| we‡ivax `‡ji †bZv-Kg©©xiv wbe©vPbx cÖPviYvq bvbv iKg evav-ûgwKi gy‡Lc‡o| cÖK…Zc‡¶ mvgwiK miKv‡ii Aax‡b wbe©vPb Kwgkb ¯vaxbfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i wb|

cÂg ms‡kvabx AvBb 1979

1979 mv‡ji 5 GwcÖj evsjv‡`k msweavb cÂg ms‡kvabx AvBb RvZxq msm‡` M„nxZ nq| GB ms‡kvabx‡Z1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM÷ e½eÜz I Zuvi cwievieM©‡K nZ¨vi ci †_‡K 1979 mv‡ji 9 GwcÖj ch©šÍAmvsweavwbK miKvi¸‡jv †h mg¯Í mvgwiK AvBbmn wewfbœ Av‡`k, Aa¨v‡`k, cÖweavb Rvwi K‡i, ZvimewKQyB‡KB AvBbMZ êaZv †Ìqv nq cÂg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g| 1979 mv‡ji 9 GwcÖj wRqv mvgwiK AvBbcÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib|

Bb‡WgwbwU AvBb

Bb‡WgwbwUi AvwfavwbK A_© ùvovq KvD‡K wbivc` Kiv ev wbivcËv weavb Kiv| mvgwiK miKvi Kv‡ì‡KwbivcËv w`‡Z †P‡q‡Q? hviv RvwZi wcZv I Zuvi cwievieM©, RvZxq Pvi †bZv‡K nZ¨v K‡i A‰eafv‡e A‡¯¿i†Rv‡i ¶gZv `Lj K‡iwQj? evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv Av`vj‡Z GB me Acivaxi weiy‡× AvBbMZ eë¯’v †bIqvhv‡e bvÑ GB g‡g© Bb‡WgwbwU ev wbivcËv weavb Kiv n‡qwQj| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv| nZ¨vKv‡Êi wePvi Kivhv‡e bv g‡g© mvsweavwbK wbðqZv †Ìqvq we‡k¦i Kv‡Q evsjv‡`k‡K †nq Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU gvbeZvwe‡ivaxAvBb| †Rbv‡ij wRqv Gi cÖeZ©K| cieZ©x‡Z †kL nvwmbvi miKvi 1996 mv‡ji 12 b‡f¤i RvZxq msm‡`Bb‡WgwbwU AvBb evwZj K‡ib|

Dbœqb Kg©m~wP

me mvgwiK miKviB c~e©eZ©x miKv‡ii weiy‡× bvbv Awf‡hvM †Zv‡j wb‡Ri ¶gZv `L‡ji êaZv †Ìqvi †PóvK‡i| wRqv Ges Zuvi Abymvixiv mvd‡jï m‡½ cÖPvi-cÖPviYv Pvjvb †h e½eÜzi Avg‡j †`‡ki †Kv‡bv Dbœqbnqwb; G †`‡ki DbœwZ, myL-mg„w× mewKQyB K‡i‡Qb wRqv| wZwb 1977 mv‡ji 30 GwcÖj 19 `dv bxwZ IKg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib|


wRqvi Kg©m~wP‡Z m‡e©v”P AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z K…wl Dbœqbmn Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv, bvixi gh©v`v, mK‡ji Rb¨wPwKrmv, kªwgK‡ì DbœwZ, `yb©xwZgy³ mgvR, ag©, eY©, †MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvimn †ek wKQy

RbwcÖq Kg©m~wP wQj| Zuvi mg‡q AviI wKQz miKvwi wKQy Dbœqb Kg©m~wP e¨vcK cÖPvi jvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ LvjLbb, MÖvg miKvi, hye mgevq †K› ª, MYwk¶v D‡j-L‡hvM¨|

Lvj Lbb

wRqvi Avg‡j me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q Lvj Lbb Kg©m~wP ev Lvj KvUv wec-e| 1979 mv‡ji 1 wW‡m¤îh‡kv‡ii Djkx h`ybv_cy‡i Lvj KvUv Kg©m~wPi m~Pbv nq| Z‡e Lvj Lbb Kg©m~wP K…wli Dbœq‡b my`yicÖmvix cÖfve†dj‡Z e¨_© nq|

MÖvg miKvi

cÖwZwU MÖv‡g _vK‡e GKwU MÖvg miKvi| ¯’vbxq mgm¨v, AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ ch©v‡jvPbv, MYwk¶vmn MÖv‡giDbœq‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e MÖvg miKvi| 1980 mv‡ji 30 GwcÖj mvfv‡ii wRiv‡ev‡Z cÖ_g MÖvg miKvi cÖwZôv Kiv

nq| mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© MÖvg miKvi ¯vaxbfv‡e MÖv‡gi Dbœq‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| KviY MÖvg miKv‡ii †Kv‡bv

Avw_©K ¶gZv wQj bv|

MYwk¶v

MYwk¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wb‡q †Kv‡bv weZ©K †bB| 57 j¶ wk¶v_©x‡K cVb-cvV‡bi Dc‡hvMx Kivi j¶¨ wb‡q

wRqvi miKvi 1980 mv‡ji 21 †deªyqvwi MYwk¶v Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i| h_vh_ cwiKíbv I mgš^‡qi Afv‡eMYwk¶v Kvh©µg m¤ú~Y© mdj n‡Z cv‡iwb|

wRqv wkíLv‡Zi Dbœq‡b †emiKvwi LvZ‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ib| A‡bK mgq iv‡óªi gvwjKvbvaxb wkí bvggvÎ g~‡jë¨w³gvwjKvbvq †Q‡o †`b| ZviciI we‡`wk wewb‡qvM Lye GKUv e„w× cvqwb| wRqvi Avg‡j MZvbyMwZKfv‡e

RvZxq Avq, ivR¯^ Avq I gv_vwcQy Avq wKQyUv evo‡jI mgv‡R abx-`wi‡ ªi eëavb e„w× cvq eû¸‡Y|

c¶všÍ‡i wRqvi Avg‡j we‡`wk mvnvh¨ I Avg`vwbwbf©i A_©bxwZ c„ô‡cvlKZv jvf K‡i| †h Kvi‡Y Ki duvwK,

Kv‡jv UvKv, Kwgkb G‡R›U, we‡`‡k A_© cvPvi NUbv evo‡Z _v‡K| bvbv iKg Avw_©K my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡i

wRqv kn‡i I MÖv‡g GK bZzb ga¨weË †kªwY M‡o †Zv‡jb| GB be¨ awbK †Mvôx wQj wRqvi mvgwiK kvm‡bi

myweav‡fvMx| eëmv I wk‡íi bv‡g e¨vsK †_‡K wekvj As‡Ki UvKvi F‡Yi A‡_© A‡b‡K †KvwUcwZ e‡b hvq

ivZvivwZ| GKmgq GB †KvwUcwZivB FY‡Ljvwc‡Z cwiYZ nq| `yb©xwZ Ges ¶gZvi Aceënv‡ii Rb¨ RvZxq

m¤ú‡ì weivU Ask bó n‡q‡Q| mxgvnxb mvgwiK e¨q e„w× RvZxq Dbœqb‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i‡Q| 1975-76mv‡ji Zzjbvq 1976-77 mv‡j Lv`¨ Drcv`b n«vm cvq cÖvq 8 jvL Ub| 1979 mv‡j †`‡k f~wgnxb K…l‡KimsL¨v e„w× †c‡q 51 fv‡M ùvovq| R¡vjvwb, we`y¨rmn †ik‡bi Pv‡ji `vg e„w× cvIqvq mvaviY gvby‡li

Rxebhvcb †ek KwVb n‡q c‡o| mvgwiK kvm‡bi Aax‡b †`‡ki mvaviY RbM‡Yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi †Zgb

†Kv‡bv DbœwZ nqwb|


ê‡`wkK m¤úK©

Af¨šÍixY bxwZi m‡½ wgj †i‡LB †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij wRqv ciivóªbxwZ cÖYqb K‡ib| wZwb gymwjg †`kmg~‡nim‡½ m¤úK© Dbœq‡b †Rvi †Ìqvi welqwU msweav‡b AšÍfy©³ K‡ib| ciivóªbxwZ cwieZ©‡bi †hŠw³KZv wn‡m‡eevsjv‡`k iv‡óªi gymwjg cwiPq‡K eo K‡i †Zvjv nq| †h Kvi‡Y †Rbv‡ij wRqv ïiy †_‡KB iyk-fviZwe‡ivaxAe¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib|

fvi‡Zi m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© †ek kxZj, êix I wZ³ n‡q c‡o| cvi¯úwiK m‡›`n, Awek¦vm AviAv¯’vnxbZvi Kvi‡Y `yÕ†`‡ki m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ nq| we‡klfv‡e dviv°v euva I mxgv‡šÍ msNl© evsjv‡`‡kiivRbxwZ‡K DËß K‡i †Zv‡j| dviv°v euva wb‡q †`‡k-we‡`‡k fviZwe‡ivax cÖPviYv e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡i|†Rbv‡ij wRqv RvwZmsNmn wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vq dviv°v euv‡ai welq DÌvcb K‡ib| fvi‡Z Bw›ìvMvÜxi miKv‡ii cwieZ©‡bi ci †gveviRx †`kvB ¶gZvq G‡j wRqvi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb nq|

wRqvi mg‡q evsjv‡`k-Pxb m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó DbœwZ nq| hwÌ cÖwµqvwU ïiy n‡qwQj e½eÜzi Avg‡jB| 1975mv‡ji †g gv‡m Px‡bi m‡½ evwYR¨ Pzw³I m¤úvw`Z nq| †gvkZvK ¶gZvq _vKvKvjxb 31 AvM÷, 1975 Pxbevsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i| wRqvi Pxb md‡ii ga¨ w`‡q `yÕ‡`‡ki m¤úK© AviI eÜzZ¡c~Y© n‡q D‡V|

cvwK¯Ív‡bi m‡½ m¤úK© Dbœq‡b wRqv we‡kl D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| ivóª`~Z wewbg‡qi ga¨ w`‡q 1976 mv‡jiRvbyqvwi gv‡m `yÕ†`‡ki g‡a¨ K~U‰bwZK m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq| e½eÜzi Avg‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kv‡Q `vweK…Zm¤ú‡ì wnm¨v I AevOvwj cvwK¯Ívwb bvMwiK‡ì †diZ †bevi welq AgxgvswmZ †_‡K hvq| wRqvi AwZgvÎvqcvwK¯ÍvbcÖxwZi Kvi‡Y ¯í mg‡q `y †`‡ki g‡a¨ †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, wegvb I †bŠ †hvMv‡hvM, evwYR¨ Pzw³ ID”Pch©v‡qi ï‡f”Qv mdi m¤úbœ nq| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi I evsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvwe‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvevievi cvwK¯Ív‡bi m‡½ Kb‡dWv‡ik‡bi `vwe †Zv‡j| Zviv RvZxq msMxZ, RvZxq cZvKv cwieZb©mn Bmjvwgkvmbeë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi c‡¶ cÖPviYv Pvjvq| wKšÍy msL¨vMwiô ¯^vaxbZv wcÖq evOvwji `„p g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y†Rbv‡ij wRqv G mKj wel‡q AMÖmi nbwb|

wRqv †mŠw` Aviemn ga¨cÖvP¨, `~icÖvP¨ Ges cwðgv †`k¸‡jvi m‡½ m¤úK© Dbœq‡b †Póv K‡ib| `w¶Y Gwkqvi†`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i Rb¨ wRqv 1980 mv‡j mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’vi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| hwÌevsjv‡`‡ki ¯vaxbZvi ci ci e½eÜz cÖ_g AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv †dviv‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v e‡jb| †klch©šÍ 1985 mv‡j mvK© MV‡bi ga¨ w`‡q evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ¯Íve `w¶Y Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi Kv‡Q ¯^xK…wZ cvq|

wRqv nZ¨vKvÊ

cÖvq mv‡o cuvP eQi evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª¶gZv wRqvDi ingvb‡K †K› ª K‡i AvewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| †`‡kj ivRbxwZ‡ZmvgwiK kvm‡bi weiy‡× Am‡šÍvl _vK‡jI eo †Kv‡bv Av‡›`vjb Zuv‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nqwb| `gb-cxob AvifqfxwZi Kvi‡Y we‡ivax `j Zuvi weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb M‡o Zzj‡Z cv‡iwb| ZvB ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb wb‡q wRqvifvebvi wKQy wQj bv| Z‡e mvgwiK evwnbxi g‡a¨ wRqv‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖvq m‡Z‡ivwU Afy¨Ìvb nq|cÖwZevi wZwb we‡`ªvnx Awdmvi‡ì weiy‡× K‡Vvi kvw¯Íg~jK eë¯’v wb‡q‡Qb| Afy¨Ìv‡bi m‡½ hy³ kZ kZ†mbvm`‡m¨‡K g„Zz¨`Ê Ges PvKwiPz¨Z Kiv nq| ZviciI †mbvevwnbxi †fZi †_‡KB Zuvi Rxe‡bi Ici AvµgY


G‡m‡Q| ivRavbx †_‡KB cÖvq 170 gvBj `~‡i e›ì bMix PÆMÖv‡g 1981 mv‡ji 30 †g mvwK©U nvD‡m GKAfy¨Ìv‡b Zuv‡K nZ¨v K‡i KwZcq †mbvm`m¨|

wePvicwZ mvËv‡ii miKvi

†cÖwm‡W± †Rbv‡ij wRqvi nZ¨vKv‡Êi ci msweavb Abyhvqx DcivóªcwZ wePvicwZ Ave`ym mvËvi fvicÖvßivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡ib| kc_ MÖnY Abyôv‡b †mbvcÖavb GBP Gg Gikv` Dcw¯’Z †_‡K 78 eQi eq¯‹mvËv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡ib| msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZi c` k~b¨ n‡j 180 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wbe©vP‡bieë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e| 1981 mv‡ji 21 †m‡Þ¤i ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi ZvwiL avh© Kiv nq|

evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡b wePvicwZ mvËvi‡K g‡bvbqY †`q| wKšÍy msweavb AbyhvqxDcivóªcwZi jvfRbK c‡` _vKvq wbe©vP‡b ùvov‡Z cvi‡eb bv| msm‡` weGbwci msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i 6ôms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv DcivóªcwZi KvR jvfRbK bq| myZivs mvËv‡ii wbe©vPb Kivi Avi AvBwbevav _vKj bv| †mbvcÖavb †Rbv‡ij Gikv` AwZgvÎvq AvbyMZ¨ †`Lv‡Z wM‡q †NvlYv w`‡jb †h †mbvevwnbxwbe©vP‡b wePvicwZ mvËv‡ii c‡¶ _vK‡e| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖv_©x wQ‡jb W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb| weGbwccÖv_x© mvËvi miKvwi my‡hvM-myweavmn wbe©vPbx cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv K‡i| we‡ivax `j wbe©vP‡b KviPzwciIAwf‡hvM †Zv‡j| †gvU †fvUv‡ii kZKiv 55.47 fvM †fvU `vb K‡ib| wePvicwZ mvËvi cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui kZKiv65.80 fvM †fvU jvf K‡i ivóªcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb| Zuvi wbKUZg cÖwZØ›`x W. Kvgvj †nv‡mb †c‡q‡Qb kZKiv26.35 fvM †fvU|

wbe©vwPZ n‡q mvËvi 28 b‡f¤î 1981 weqvwj-k m`‡mï wekvj gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| wKšÍy wRqvi g„Zzï ciweGbwci g‡a¨ `jxq †Kv›`j Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i| Gi m‡½ A_©‰bwZK msKU Ges AvBb-k„sLjvi AebwZiKvi‡Y mvËv‡ii Rb¨ cÖkvmb Pvjv‡bv KwVb n‡q c‡o| mxgvnxb `yb©xwZi Kvi‡Y mvËvi gvÎ mv‡o wZb gv‡migwš¿mfv evwZj K‡ib| Gme K‡iI mvËvi †kl i¶v Ki‡Z e¨_© nb| †mbvcÖavb Gikv` ejc~e©K wbe©vwPZivóªcwZ mvËvi‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z K‡ib| A‰eafv‡e ¶gZv `Lj K‡i †Rbv‡ij Gikv` 1982 mv‡ji 24 gvP© †_‡KmvgwiK AvBb Rvwi K‡i e‡jb Ô†`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ A¶zYœ ivLvi j‡¶¨ Ges mvgwiK, cÖkvmwbK IA_©‰bwZK msKU n‡Z RbmvaviY‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ mk¯¿ evwnbx‡K †`‡ki kvmbfvi MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|ÕA‰ea ¶gZv `LjKvixiv Ggwb bvbv ARynv‡Z ivóª¶gZv `Lj K‡i wb‡R‡ì D”PvKv•¶v PwiZv_© K‡i| ¸iyZ¡c~Y©welq n‡jv Gikv` 1982-1990 ch©šÍ kvmbKv‡j RbmvaviY‡K msKUgy³ Kivi cwie‡Z© wZwb bZzb bZzbmsKU m„wó K‡i‡Qb|

mvgwiK Afy¨Ìvb : †Rbv‡ij Gikv‡ì miKvi

†j: †Rbv‡ij û‡mBb gyn¤§` Gikv` 1982 mv‡j ¶gZv `Lj K‡i 1990 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡`k kvmb K‡ib|1983 mvj ch©šÍ wZwb wQ‡jb cÖavb mvgwiK AvBb cÖkvmK Avi 1983 mv‡ji 11 wW‡m¤i †_‡K 1990 mv‡ji 6wW‡m¤î ch©šÍ wQ‡jb ivóªcwZ| Gikv` Aí mg‡qi Rb¨ wePvicwZ Avnmvb DwÏb †PŠayix‡K (27 gvP©, 1982†_‡K 10 wW‡m¤i, 1983) ivóªcwZ c‡` AwawôZ iv‡Lb| myweavRbK mg‡q Zuv‡KI AcmviY Ki‡Z wØavK‡ibwb| GKB mv‡_ Gikv` RvZxq msm` evwZj K‡ib|


cÖkvmwbK ms¯‹viGikv` ¶gZvq G‡m †emvgwiK cÖkvm‡bi Ici wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vM †bb| wZwb 1982 mv‡ji 28 GwcÖjcÖkvmwbK cybM©Vb KwgwU MVb K‡ib| GB KwgwUi mycvwi‡ki wfwË‡Z wZwb cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z wKQy cwieZ©bK‡ib|

K. Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v : _vbv cÖkvmb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq ms¯‹vi K‡i Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| Dc‡Rjvqwbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwai Aax‡b miKvwi Avgjv‡ì gva¨‡g cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ n‡e| 1982 mv‡j 7 b‡f¤i45wU _vbv‡K Dc‡Rjv Kivi ga¨ w`‡q GB eë¯’vi hvÎv ïiy| ch©vqµ‡g 460wU _vbv Dc‡Rjvq cwiYZnq| 1983 mv‡j 14 gvP© _vbvi cwie‡Z© Dc‡Rjv bvgKiY Kiv nq|

L. gnKzgv‡K †Rjv †NvlYv : cÖkvm‡bi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi Rb¨ gnKzgv‡K †Rjvq DbœxZ Kivi wm×všÍ †bIqv nq|GB cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z evsjv‡`k‡K †gvU 64wU †Rjvq fvM Kiv nq|

M. wePvieë¯’vi ms¯‹vi : wePvieë¯’vq wKQy ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c`‡¶c †bIqv nq| Dc‡Rjvq c„_K g¨vwR‡÷ªU Igy‡Ýd Av`vjZ cÖwZôv Kiv nq| GQvov iscyi, h‡kvi ewikvj, Kzwgj-v, PÆMÖvg Ges wm‡j‡U nvB‡Kv‡U©i¯’vqx †eÂ cÖwZôv Kiv nq| wKšÍy mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i iv‡qi Kvi‡Y XvKvi evB‡ii †eÂ¸‡jv evwZj Kiv nq|

Gikv` wk¶v, K…wl, f~wg, JlabxwZ cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î wKQy c`‡¶c wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKšÍy bxwZ¸‡jvi Rbwe‡ivax aviviKvi‡Y mvgwMÖKfv‡e mvaviY gvby‡li mg_©b cvqwb| KviY cÖK…Z mydj RbMY cvqwb| Gikv` cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ¯Í‡i mvgwiK evwnbxi Kg©KZ©v‡ì e¨vcKfv‡e wb‡qvM w`‡Z ïiy K‡ib| D‡Ïk¨ miKvwi AvjgvZ‡š¿i IcimvgwiK wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Kiv|

Dbœqb Kg©KvÊGikv` bvbvfv‡e wb‡R‡K GKRb Rbìw` †bZv wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb| mfv-mgv‡ek I miKvwicÖPvigva¨‡g ejv n‡q‡Q Gikv‡ì Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi j¶¨ MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôxi fv‡Mï cwieZ©b| 1983 mv‡ji 17gvP© wZwb RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨v‡Y 18 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib| RvZxq msnwZ †_‡K ïiy K‡i Abœ, e¯¿,evm¯’vb, Kg©ms¯’vbmn ciivóªbxwZ ch©šÍ mewKQyB Gi AšÍfy©³ wQj|

miKvwi †Uwjwfkb, †iwWI, msev`c‡Î Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Êi e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡jI mvgwMÖKfv‡e Zuvi Avg‡j†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v †gv‡UB m‡šÍvlRbK wQj bv| cÖK…Z Dbœqb bv nIqvi cÖavb KviY `yb©xwZ Avi mxgvnxbjyUcvU| Gikv‡ì mg‡q ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ wbf©iZv nZvkvRbKfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| 1980-81 mv‡j Dbœqbev‡R‡Ui 65 kZvsk wQj we‡`wk mvnvh¨wbf©i, 1988-89 mv‡j e„w× †c‡q ùvovq 126.3 kZvsk| FY‡Ljvwcms¯‹…wZ‡Z mvgwiK-†emvgwiK Avgjv I `jQyU ivRbxwZweìv jvfevb n‡q‡Qb| Lv`¨ Drcv`b, wRwWwc, MocÖe„w× me wQj wbgœMvgx| Z‡e mvgwiK Lv‡Z e¨q e„w× †c‡q‡Q| KviY wb‡Ri ¶gZvi wfZ kw³kvjx Kivi Rbë¨vcKfv‡e mvgwiK evwnbxi my‡hvM-myweav e„w× K‡iwQ‡jb|

ê‡`wkK m¤úK©

ê‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î †Rbv‡ij Gikv` bZzb wKQy K‡ibwb| wZwb †Rbv‡ij wRqvi c_B AbymiY K‡ib|fvi‡Zi wecix‡Z Px‡bi m‡½ mym¤úK© AviI `„p Kivi D‡`¨vM †bb| we‡klfv‡e mvgwiK evwnbxi cÖwk¶Y,A¯¿k‡¯¿i Rb¨ Px‡bi Ici wbf©ikxjZv e„w× cvq|


cvwK¯Ívb, †mŠw` Avie, BivKmn gymwjg we‡k¦i m‡½ †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| Z‡e wZwb AwZgvÎvqgvwK©bcš’x wQ‡jb| gvwK©b miKvi‡K mšÍyó Kivi Rb¨ XvKv †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ K~UbxwZK‡K ewn®‹vi K‡ib|fvi‡Zi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î Gikv` D‡ËRbv cwinv‡ii †Póv K‡ib| wZwb fvi‡Zi m‡½ we`¨gvb mgm¨vimgvav‡b †Kv‡bv D‡`¨vM †bbwb|

ê‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î Gikv‡ì GKwU eo mvdj¨ n‡jv mvK© MVb| `w¶Y Gwkqvi mvZwU cÖwZ‡ekx ivóªGKwÎZ n‡q cÖwZôv K‡i `w¶Y Gkxq AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (mvK©)| GB ms¯’vi cÖ_g kxl© m‡¤§jb1985 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i XvKvq AbywôZ nq|

MY‡fvU

mvgwiK kvmK‡ì MZvbyMwZK cÖ_v Abyhvqx GikvÌ ejc~e©K ¶gZv `Lj‡K êaZv †Ìqvi Rb¨ MY‡fv‡UiAv‡qvRb K‡ib| Gikv` ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi we‡ivwaZvi Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZ I RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb Ki‡Z e¨_©nb| Ae‡k‡l 1985 mv‡ji 21 gvP© MY‡fvU AbywôZ nq| ¯vfvweK Kvi‡YB mvaviY RbMY GB wbe©vP‡b †Kv‡bvAvMÖn †`Lvq wb| ZviciI †Rbv‡ij Gikv` cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui kZKiv 94.14 fvM †fvU jvf K‡ib| mvgwiK I†emvgwiK Avgjv‡ì KvimvwRi Kvi‡Y Zuvi c‡¶ wecyj †fvU cvIqv m¤¢e nq|

ivR‰bwZK `j MVb

¶gZv `Lj‡K cvKv‡cv³ Kivi Rb¨ Gikv` GKwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| 1984 mv‡jiRyjvB gv‡m ÔRb`jÕ bv‡g GKwU bZzb ivR‰bwZK `j MVb K‡ib| GB `‡ji A½msMVb wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡VbZzb evsjv QvÎmgvR, bZzb evsjv hye msnwZ, bZzb evsjv kªwgK †dWv‡ikb BZ¨vw`| myweavev`x, `jQyU wewfbœ†bZvKg©x wb‡q Rb`j MwVZ nq| Gici wZwb 1985 mv‡ji 16 AvM÷ cÖwZôv K‡ib RvZxq d«›U|Rbmg_©bnxb wKQy ivR‰bwZK `j I †bZv d«‡›U †hvM †`b| Ae‡k‡l 1986 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi †Rbv‡ijGikv‡ì ivR‰bwZK `j ÔRvZxq cvwU©Õi hvÎv ïiy nq|

wbe©vPb

1986 mv‡ji 7 †g Z…Zxq RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| G‡Z Gikv‡ì RvZxq cvwU©, AvIqvgx jx‡Mi†bZ…‡Z¡ 8 `jxq †RvU Ges Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxmn †gvU 28wU `j AskMÖnY K‡i| weGbwci †bZ…Z¡vaxb 7 `jxq†RvU wbe©vPb eR©b K‡i| wbe©vP‡b RvZxq cvwU© †gvU 300 Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 153wU Avmb †c‡q Rqjvf K‡i|AvIqvgx jxM GKKfv‡e 76wU Avmb jvf K‡i wØZxq e„nËg `j wn‡m‡e RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax`jxq AvmbMÖnY K‡i| wbe©vP‡bi ci AvIqvgx jxMmn Ab¨vb¨ `j Gikv‡ì weiy‡× wgwWqv Kz¨Õi gva¨‡g weRq wQwb‡q†bqvi Awf‡hvM DÌvcb K‡i| ch©‡e¶KMYI G Awf‡hv‡Mi h_v_©Zv‡K mg_©b K‡ib| 1986 mv‡ji 15A‡±vei ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| cÖavb we‡ivax `j¸‡jv wbe©vPb eqKU K‡i| cÖnmbg~jK G wbe©vP‡bGikv`‡K ivóªcwZ †NvlYv Kiv nq|

ivóªag© Bmjvg

†Rbv‡ij Gikv` msweav‡bi 8g ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© e‡j †NvlYv K‡ib| GB ms‡kvabxigva¨‡g wZwb Bmjvgcš’x `j¸‡jvi mg_©b jv‡fi †Póv K‡ib| g~jZ ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ Gikv` GB ms‡kvabxAv‡bb| ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv Bmjvg‡K ivóªag© Kiv wQj gnvb gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi cwicš’x|


ˆ¯îvPviwe‡ivax Av‡›`vjb

¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`‡ki kvmK‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q †ewk QvÎ-RbZvi cÖwZ‡iva, Av‡›`vjb, msMÖvg, niZvj †gvKv‡ejv

K‡i‡Qb †Rbv‡ij Gikv`| 1982 †_‡K 1990 ch©šÍ Gikv`-we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b QvÎiv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|G †¶‡Î XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎiv mvgwiK kvm‡bi weiy‡× †h‡Kv‡bv Kg©m~wP‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡Lb| †h Kvi‡YGikv` wewfbœ mg‡q XvKv wek¦we`¨vjqmn Ab¨vb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ eÜ †NvlYv K‡ib|

Gikv`we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wewfbœ †RvU M‡o †Zv‡j| AvIqvgx jxM cÖavb †kL nvwmbvi †bZ…‡Z¡

8 `jxq †RvU I iv‡k` Lvb †gb‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ evg msMV‡bi 5 `jxq †RvU M‡o D‡V (hv cieZ©x‡Z 15 `jxq

†Rv‡U iƒcvšÍwiZ nq)| Ab¨w`‡K weGbwc †bÎx †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 7 `jxq †RvU M‡o D‡V|

Av‡›`vjb `g‡b †Rbv‡ij Gikv` `gb, cxob, AZ¨vPvi I nZ¨vi c_ †e‡Q †bb| QvÎ-RbZvi wgwQ‡j cywj‡ki

UªvK Zz‡j †Ìqv, mivmwi ¸wj Kivi NUbvI Kg nqwb| 1983 mv‡ji 15 †deªyqvwi cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z Rvdi,

Rqbvj, †gvRv‡¤§j wbnZ nb; eû †bZvKg©x AvUK nq| QvÎ Av‡›`vjb `g‡b Gikv‡ì bZzb evsjv QvÎmgvR

mš¿v‡mi c_ Aej¤^b K‡i| 1985 mv‡ji 13 †deªyqvwi Gikv‡ì QvÎ msMV‡bi nv‡Z XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ

ivDdzb emywbqv wbnZ nb| Gikv`we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb‡K †eMevb Kivi Rb¨ 22wU QvÎ msMVb wg‡j MwVZ nq

me©`jxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`|

1987 mv‡j gvSvgvwS mg‡q cÖavb ivR‰bwZK`j¸‡jv Dcjwä K‡i †h Gikv‡ì weiy‡× Awfbœ Kg©m~wP QvovAv‡›`vjb mdj n‡e bv| D‡j-L¨, 1986 mv‡j AbywôZ RvZxq msm` wbe©vPb Ges ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi ci †_‡KB

Gikv` miKv‡ii weiy‡× mKj ivR‰bwZK `j, mvaviY RbMY Ges bvMwiK mgvR we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o|

Gikv‡ì c`Z¨vM I GKwU A_©en wbe©vP‡bi `vwe‡Z we‡ivax `j `ye©vi MY-Av‡›`vjb ïiy K‡i| 1987 mv‡j

msm` †_‡K GK‡hv‡M we‡ivax `j c`ZvM Ki‡j wW‡m¤‡i RvZxq msm` †f‡O †Ìqv nq| 1988 mv‡ji 3 gvP©

PZz_© RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| AvIqvgx jxM, weGbwcmn †`‡ki cÖavb `j¸‡jv wbe©vPb eR©b

K‡i| †fvUviwenxb, `jwenxb G wbe©vP‡b RvZxq cvwU© 251wU Avmb †c‡q weRqx nq| miKvi AbyMZ Av.m.g.

i‡ei †bZ…Z¡vaxb mw¤§wjZ we‡ivax †RvU (Kc) cvq 19wU Avmb| evwK Avm‡bi 3wU Rvm` (wmivR), 2wU wd«Wg

cvwU© Ges 25wU ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_x©iv cvb|

beŸB‡qi MY-Afy¨Ìvb I Gikv‡ì cZb

`xN© bq eQ‡ii cÖvq cy‡iv mgqUvB RbMY †Rbv‡ij Gikv‡ì weiy‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡i‡Q| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡

15 `jxq †RvU, weGbwci †bZ…‡Z¡ 7 `jxq †RvU, kªwgK Kg©Pvix HK¨ cwil` (¯‹c), AvBbRxex mgš^q cwil`,

mw¤§wjZ mvs¯‹…wZK †RvU, K…lK msMVbmn Gikv`we‡ivax †PZbv †`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj ch©šÍ †cuŠ‡Q hvq| niZvj-

Ae‡iv‡a cÖkvm‡b GKcÖKvi ¯’weiZv †`Lv †`q| Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q 1987 mv‡ji 10 b‡f¤î ey‡K I wc‡V

ÔMYZš¿ gyw³ cvK, ˆ¯îvPvi wbcvZ hvKÕ †jLvmn XvKvi wRwcI-Gi wbKU wR‡iv c‡q‡›U cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z b~i

†nv‡mb wbnZ nb| G‡Z RbMY AviI ¶zä n‡q I‡V|

1987 mv‡ji 12 b‡f¤i †kL nvwmbv I Lv‡j`v wRqv‡K †MÖdZvi K‡i Ges 27 b‡f¤i Gikv` miKvi †`‡kRiywi Ae¯’vi †NvlYv †`b| 1988 mv‡ji 24 Rvbyqvwi PÆMÖv‡g †kL nvwmbvi GK mgv‡e‡k wbwe©Pv‡i RbZvi


Dci ¸wj Pvjvq, A‡íi Rb¨ †kL nvwmbv i¶v cvb| Gi weiy‡× mgMÖ †`k cÖwZev`gyLi n‡q I‡V| 1990 mv‡ji10 A‡±vei we‡ivax †RvU I `j¸‡jvi mwPevjq †NivI Kg©m~wP ivR‰bwZK A½b‡K DËß K‡i †Zv‡j| Gw`bwgwQ‡j ¸wj el©‡Y 5 Rb wbnZ Ges wZb kZvwaK AvnZ nq| avivevwnK Av‡›`vj‡bi c_ a‡i 1990 mv‡ji 27b‡f¤î XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wUGmwmi cv‡k cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z Wv: kvgmyj Avjg Lvb wgjb wbnZ n‡jGikv`we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b iƒc aviY K‡i| 27 b‡f¤i miKvi Riywi Ae¯’v I KviwdD Rvwi K‡i|27 b‡f¤î mvsevw`Kiv msev`cÎ eÜ K‡i †`b| XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-wk¶KMY wgwQj †ei K‡i KviwdDI Riywi AvBb Agvb¨ K‡ib| ivRc_ P‡j hvq RbZvi `L‡j| XvKv cwiYZ nq wgwQ‡ji kn‡i| GgZve¯’vqwe‡ivax ivR‰bwZK 3 †Rv‡Ui iƒc‡iLv Abyhvqx nvB‡Kv‡U©i cÖavb wePvicwZ kvnveyÏxb Avng`‡K cÖavb K‡iAšÍe©Z©xKvjxb miKvi MVb Kiv nq| 1990 mv‡ji 6 wW‡m¤i Zuvi Kv‡Q Gikv` ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡i eva¨ nb|QvÎ-RbZvi GB MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi ga¨ w`‡q Gikv‡ì cZ‡bi d‡j `xN© ˆ¯ikvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|


1. †K ÔBb‡WgwbwU Aa¨v‡`k, 1975Õ Rvwi K‡ib?

K. †Lv›`vKvi †gvkZvK Avng` L. †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingvb

M. weª‡MwWqvi Lv‡j` †gvkviid N. wePvicwZ mv‡qg

2. ¶gZv mymsnZKi‡Y †Rbv‡ij wRqvDi ingv‡bi we‡kl †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ wQj-

i. mvgwiK ev‡RU e„w× Kiv

ii. Af¨šÍixY ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi m~Pbv Kiv

iii. ÔmvK©Õ MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv


K. i L. i I ii


wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI :

AMYZvwš¿K miKvi ivóª¶gZvq G‡m Zvi mgfvevcbœ e¨w³ KZ…©K msNwUZ MYnZ¨v, AmvsweavwbK ¶gZv `LjBZ¨vw` A‰ea Kv‡Ri wbivcËv I êaZv †`q| Ges GKB mv‡_ Zv‡ì Aciv‡ai wePv‡ii c_ iy× K‡i msm‡`GKwU AvBbI cvk K‡i|


3. DwÏc‡Ki Kg©KvÊ evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †Kvb ms‡kvabxi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© ?

K. cÖ_g L. wØZxq

M. PZz_© N. cÂg

4. GB ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡gÑ

i. AvB‡bi kvmb iy× nq

ii. ewnwe©‡k¦ †`‡ki fveg~wZ©¶ zYœ nq

iii. mvgvwRK Rxeb evavMÖ¯Í nq


K. i L. i I ii


m„Rbkxj cÖkœ:1. GKwU PjwP‡Î mvgwiK kvmbwe‡ivax GK MY-Afy¨Ìv‡b gvby‡li †Rvqvi †`‡L Gwjb wew®§Z n‡qwQj|mvgwiK kvm‡bi wbcxo‡b gvbyl wQj wbh©vwZZ I Aeiy×| d‡j wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j, mvaviY RbMY,K…lK, kªwgK, AvBbRxwe, Wv³vi, mvs¯‹…wZK †RvU we‡¶v‡f †d‡U c‡o| Zv‡ì gy‡L wQj MYZ‡š¿i gyw³i†¯-vMvb| cywj‡ki euvav-¸wj †Kvb wKQyB Zv‡ì‡K `gv‡Z cviwQj bv| DcišÍ Gme euvav -wecwË RbMY‡KAviI w¶ß K‡i †Zv‡j, Pvwiw`‡K ïay wgwQj Avi wgwQj|

K. Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v Kvi mgq cÖewZ©Z nq ?

L. ÔBb‡WgwbwU AvBbÕ ej‡Z Kx eySvq ?

M. DÏxc‡K ¯vaxbZv cieZ©x †Kvb Afy¨Ìv‡bi êwkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡QÑ e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. ÔGB Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g G‡`‡k MYZš¿ gyw³ cvqÕÑ g~j¨vqb Ki|


cÂ`k Aa¨vq

wek¦mf¨ZvAvw`g hy‡Mi gvbyl K…wlKvR RvbZ bv| e‡b e‡b Ny‡i Ny‡i djg~j msMÖn KiZ| GB wQj Zv‡ì Lv`¨| Gicigvbyl cv_i †f‡O N‡m N‡m aviv‡jv A¯¿ ˆZwi Ki‡Z †k‡L| †m mgq cv_iB wQj Zv‡ì GKgvÎ nvwZqvi| †mKvi‡Y G hyM‡K cv_‡ii hyM ejv n‡Zv| cv_i hy‡Mi cÖ_g ch©vq‡K ejv n‡Zv cyi‡bv cv_‡ii hyM ev cy‡ivcjxq

hyM| G hy‡M gvbyl cv_‡ii A¯¿ w`‡q `je×fv‡e cï wkKvi KiZ| Giv Av¸‡bi eënviI RvbZ|

cyi‡bv cv_‡ii hyM †kl nq gvbyl hLb K…wlKvR †k‡L, GKB m‡½ †kl nq Zv‡ì hvhvei Rxeb| G hyM‡K ejv

nq bZzb cv_‡ii hyM ev b‡evcjxq hyM| K…wli cÖ‡qvR‡b Ghy‡M gvbyl b`xi Zx‡i emevm ïiy K‡i|

Ni-evwo wbg©vY Ki‡Z †k‡L| Gfv‡eB gvbemf¨Zvi ïiy| GB Aa¨v‡q Kxfv‡e gvbyl av‡c av‡c mf¨Zv‡K GwM‡q

wb‡q †M‡Q ZviB mZ¨ Kvwnbx, hv‡K Avgiv ewj BwZnvmÑ †m wel‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

GB Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv Ñ

� •� cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zvi µgweKv‡ki aviv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� bxj b‡ì Ae`vb D‡j-Lc~e©K cÖvPxb wgk‡ii ivóª I mgv‡Ri eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� wek¦ mf¨Zv weKv‡k cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zvi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vbmg~n g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� wmÜz mf¨Zvi Avwe®‹v‡ii Kvwnbx I †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z cvie;

� •� wmÜz mf¨Zvi ivR‰bwZK, Av_©-mvgvwRK I ag©xq Ae¯’v eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� mf¨Zvi weKv‡k wmÜz mf¨Zvi bMi cwiKíbv, wkíKjv I fv¯‹‡h©i eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb I mgqKv‡ji eY©bvc~e©K wMÖK mf¨Zvi D™¢‡ei cUf~wg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� mvgwiK bMiiv‡óªi aviYv cÖ`vbc~e©K MYZvwš¿K bMiivóª m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� wek¦mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z wMÖK mf¨Zvi wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, ag©, `k©b I weÁv‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb I mgqKvj D‡j-Lc~e©K cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� †ivg bMix I †ivgvb kvm‡bi wewfbœ avc m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� wk¶v, mvwnZ¨ I wjLb c×wZi weKv‡k cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zvi Ae`vb we‡k-lY Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� mf¨Zvi weKv‡k cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zvi ¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I weÁv‡bi Ae`vb eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� wek¦ mf¨Zvq cÖvPxb †ivgvb mf¨Zvi ag©, `k©b I AvB‡bi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvie;

� •� wek¦ mf¨Zv m¤ú‡K© Ávb jv‡fi gva¨‡g cÖvPxb BwZnvm I HwZ‡nï cÖwZ kª×vkxj ne|

wgkixq mf¨Zv

cUf~wg : Avwd«Kv gnv‡`‡ki DËi-c~e© As‡k eZ©gv‡b †h †`kwUi bvgBwRÞ, †mB †`‡kiB cÖvPxb bvgwgki| wLª: c~e© 4000 A‡ã wgk‡icÖ_g mvgv‡Rï D™¢e N‡U| hviGKwU wQj DËi wgki (wbgœ wgki)AciwU wQj `w¶Y wgki (D”Pwgki)| wLª:c~e© 5000 †_‡K 3200Aã ch©šÍ bxj b‡ì AeevwnKvqGKwU iv‡óªi D™¢e nq| †mmgqUv‡K cÖvPxb wgk‡ii BwZnv‡mcÖvK-ivReskxq hyM e‡j| G mgq †_‡K wgki cÖvPxb mf¨Zvq wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z ïiy K‡i|

Gici wLª:c~e© 3200 Aã †_‡K cÖ_g ivRes‡ki kvmb Avgj ïiy nq| H mgq †_‡K wgk‡ii HwZnvwmK hy‡Mim~Pbv nq| GKB mg‡q wbgœ I D”P wgki‡K GKwÎZ K‡i bvigvi ev †g‡bm nb GKvav‡i wgk‡ii cÖ_g bicwZGes cy‡ivwnZ| wZwb cÖ_g dvivI-Gi gh©v`vI jvf K‡ib| Gici †_‡K dvivI‡ì Aax‡b wgki cÖvPxbwek¦mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZ‡Z G‡Ki ci GK D‡j-‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g nq|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb: wZbwU gnv‡`k Øviv wN‡i _vKv wgk‡ii †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| †`kwU Gwkqv,Avwd«Kv I BD‡ivc gnv‡`k Øviv cwi‡ewóZ f~ga¨mvM‡ii DcK~‡j Aew¯’Z| Gi DË‡i f~ga¨mvMi, c~‡e© †jvwnZmvMi, cwð‡g mvnviv giyf~wg, `w¶‡Y my`vb I Ab¨vb¨ Avwd«Kvi †`k| Gi †gvU AvqZb cÖvq Pvi j¶ eM©gvBj|

mgqKvj : wgkixq mf¨Zv 2500 eQ‡iiI †ewk mgqKvj a‡i ¯’vqx n‡qwQj| cÖvPxb wgk‡ii wbiew”Qbœ I `xN©BwZnv‡mi m~Pbv nq wLª:c~e© 5000 A‡ã| we‡kl K‡i b‡evcjxq hy‡M|

Z‡e wgkixq mf¨Zvi †MvovcËb nq †g‡b‡mi †bZ…‡Z¡, hv cÖvq wZb nvRvi eQi a‡i ¯^gwngvq D¾¡j wQj| wLª:c~e©`kg kZ‡K wjweqvi GK ee©i RvwZ dvivI‡ì wmsnvmb `Lj K‡i †bq| 670-662 wLª: c~e©v‡ã A¨vwmixqvwgk‡i AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| 525 wLª: c~e©v‡ã cvim¨ wgki `Lj K‡i wb‡j cÖvPxb wgk‡ii mf¨Zvi m~h©A¯ÍwgZ nq|

ivóª I mgvR : cÖvK-ivReskxq hy‡M wgki KZ¸‡jv †QvU †QvU bMi iv‡óª wef³ wQj| G¸‡jv‡K Ô†bvgÕ ejv n‡Zv|wgk‡ii cÖ_g ivRv ev dvivI (†g‡bm ev bvigvi) mgMÖ wgki‡K wLª: c~: 3200 A‡ã HKë× K‡i GKwU ivóª M‡o†Zv‡jb| hvi ivRavbx wQj `w¶Y wgk‡ii †gwç‡m| ZLb †_‡K wgk‡i HKë× ivóª I ivRes‡ki D™¢e| wgkixqÔ†ci-IÕ kã †_‡K dvivI k‡ãi Rb¥| dvivIiv wQj AZ¨šÍ ¶gZvkvjx| Zviv wb‡R‡ì‡K m~h© †èZvi eskai g‡bKi‡Zb| dvivI c`wU wQj eskvbyµwgK| A_©vr dvivI‡qi †Q‡j n‡Zv DËivwaKvi m~‡Î dvivI|

GKK KvR : wgkixq mf¨Zvi DÌvb-cZ‡bi GKwU avivevwnK PvU© ˆZwi Ki|

gvbwPÎ : cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zv

wek¦mf¨Zv 207

mvs‡KwZK wPýwgkixq mf¨Zv†g‡m c‡Uwbqv mf¨Zv

†ckvi Dci wfwË K‡i wgk‡ii mgv‡Ri gvbyl‡K K‡qKwU †kªwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- ivRcwievi, cy‡ivwnZ,AwfRvZ, wjwcKvi, eëmvqx, wkíx Ges K…lK I f~wg`vm †kªwY|

wgk‡ii A_©bxwZ g~jZ wQj K…wlwbf©i| Drcvw`Z dm‡ji ga¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ wQj Mg, he, Zzjv, †cuqvR, wcPBZ¨vw`| eëmv-evwY‡RÏ wgki wQj AMÖMvgx| wgk‡i Drcvw`Z Mg, wj‡jb Kvco I gvwUi cvÎ wµU Øxc,wdwbwkqv, wdwjw¯Íb I wmwiqvq ißvwb n‡Zv| wewfbœ †`k †_‡K wgkixqiv ¯Y©, †iŠc¨, nvwZi ùvZ, KvV BZ¨vwÀvg`vwb KiZ|

bxj b` : wgk‡ii bxj b‡ì DrcwË Avwd«Kvi †jK wf‡±vwiqv †_‡K| †mLvb †_‡K b`wU bvbv †`k n‡q wgk‡iiga¨ w`‡q f~-ga¨mvM‡i G‡m c‡o‡Q| BwZnv‡mi RbK †n‡iv‡WvUvm h_v_©B e‡j‡QbÑ wgki bxj b‡ì `vb| bxjb` bv _vK‡j wgki giyf~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡Zv| cÖvPxbKv‡j cÖwZeQi bxj b‡` eb¨v n‡Zv| eb¨vi ci cvwb m‡i†M‡j `yB Zx‡i cwjgvwU c‡o Rwg De©i n‡q †hZ| R‡g _vKv cwjgvwU‡Z Rb¥v‡Zv bvbv ai‡bi dmj|

mf¨Zvq wgkixq‡ì Ae`vb : cÖvPxb mf¨Zvq wgkixq‡ì Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB| Zv‡ì ag©xq wPšÍv,wkí, fv¯‹h©, wjLb c×wZ KvM‡Ri Avwe®‹vi Ávb weÁvbPP©v-mewKQyB Zv‡ì Ae`v‡b mg„×| wgkixq‡ìêwkó¨ n‡”Q †h Zv‡ì Rxe‡b Ggb †Kv‡bv w`K †bB hv ag©xq wPšÍv I wek¦vm Øviv cÖfvweZ bv|

wgkixq‡ì ag©wek¦vm : m¤¢eZ cÖvPxb wgkixq‡ì g‡Zv Ab¨ †Kv‡bv RvwZ Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î GZUv ag©xqwbqg-Kvbyb Abykvmb Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj bv| †m Kvi‡Y gvbemf¨Zvi A‡bK a¨vbaviYv, ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi Rb¥ cÖvPxb wgk‡i| Zviv Roe¯‘i c~Rv KiZ, g~wZ© c~Rv KiZ, Avevi RxeRšÍyi c~RvI KiZ| wewfbœmg‡q Zv‡ì ag©wek¦v‡mi cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| wgkixq‡ì aviYv wQj, m~h©‡èZv Ô†iÕ ev ÔAvgb †iÕ Ges cÖvK…wZKkw³, km¨ bxjb‡ì †èZv ÔIwmwimÕ wgwjZfv‡e mgMÖ c„w_ex cwiPvwjZ K‡ib| Z‡e Zv‡ì Rxe‡b m~h©‡èZvÔ†iÕÑ Gi ¸iyZ¡ wQj A‡bK †ewk|

GKK KvR : wgk‡ii A_©Kix ißvwb‡hvM¨ dmj I wk‡íi Avg`vwbK…Z c‡Yï QK ˆZwi Ki|

wgkixqiv g‡b KiZ g„Z e¨w³ Avevi GKw`b †eu‡P DV‡e| †m

Kvi‡Y †`n‡K ZvRv ivLvi Rb¨ Zviv gwg K‡i ivLZ| GB wPšÍv

†_‡K gwg‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zviv wcivwgW ˆZwi K‡iwQj| dvivIiv

Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †`k kvmb Ki‡Zb| Zuviv wQ‡jb cÖavb

cy‡ivwnZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ cy‡ivwnZ‡ìI Zuviv wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb|

wkí : wgkixq‡ì wPÎKjv we‡klfv‡e êwPÎ¨c~Y© I HwZnvwmKw`K †_‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv wPÎwkíI M‡o D‡VwQjag©xq wek¦vm †_‡K| Zviv mgvwa Avi gw›`‡ii †`qvj mvRv‡Z wM‡q wPÎwk‡íi m~Pbv K‡i| Zv‡ì wcÖq is wQjmv`v-Kv‡jv| mgvwa, wcivwgW, gw›ì, cÖvmv`, cÖ‡gv` Kvbb, mvaviY Ni-evwoi †`qv‡j wgkixq wPÎwkíxivAmvaviY Qwe Gu‡K‡Qb| Gme Qwei g‡a¨ wgk‡i ivR‰bwZK, ag©xq, mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK Rxe‡bi Kvwnbx dz‡UD‡V‡Q|

Qwe : wcivwgW


Kviy wk‡íI cÖvPxb wgkixq wkíxiv AmvaviY `¶Zv AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb| AvmevecÎ, g„rcvÎ, †mvbv, iycv, g~jëvbcv_‡i LwPZ ˆZRmcÎ, Aj¼vi, gwgi gy‡Lvk, ˆ`bw›`b eënvh© wRwbmcÎ, nvwZi ùvZ I avZzi `ªe¨vw` wgkixqKviy wk‡íi AmvaviY `¶Zvi cÖgvb enb K‡i|

GKK KvR : wgkixq wkíxiv †hme ¯’vcbvi †`qv‡j Qwe Gu‡K‡Q Zvi GKwU PvU© ˆZwi Ki|

fv¯‹h© : cÖvPxb wek¦mf¨Zvq wgkixq‡ì g‡Zv fv¯‹h© wk‡íAmvaviY cÖwZfvi Qvc Avi †KD ivL‡Z m¶g nqwb|e¨vcKZv, êwPÎ¨ Ges ag©xq fveavivq cÖfvweZ wekvjAvKv‡ii cv_‡ii g~wZ©¸‡jv fv¯‹h© wk‡í Zv‡ì †kªô‡Z¡i cÖgvYenb K‡i| cÖwZwU fv¯‹h© gvbyl A_ev RxeRšÍyi meB ag©xqfveaviv, AvPvi Abyôvb, gZ`k©v Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj| cÖwZwUwkíB wQj Avm‡j ag©xq wkíKjv| me©‡kªô fv¯‹h© n‡”Q wMRviAZzjbxq wùsK&m| wùsK&m n‡”Q Ggb GKwU g~wZ©, hvi†`nUv wms‡ni g‡Zv wKšÍy gyL gvby‡li| wgk‡ii me‡P‡q eowcivwgWwU n‡”Q dvivI Lydzi wcivwgW| gw›ì¸‡jv‡Z wgkixqfv¯‹h© ¯’vc‡Zï Ac~e© wb`k©b cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

wjLbc×wZ I KvMR Avwe®‹vi : wgkixq mf¨Zvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ wQj wjwc ev A¶i Avwe®‹vi| bMimf¨Zv weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ wgkixq wjLbc×wZi D™¢e N‡U| cuvP nvRvi eQi c~‡e© Zviv me©cÖ_g 24wUe¨Äbe‡Y©i eY©gvjv Avwe®‹vi K‡i| cÖ_g w`‡K Qwe Gu‡K Zviv g‡bi fve cÖKvk KiZ| GB wjLb c×wZi bvgwQj wPÎwjwc|

GB wPÎwjwc‡K ejv nq Ônvqv‡iwM-wdKÕ ev cweÎ A¶i|wgkixqiv bvj LvMov RvZxq Mv‡Qi LÊ †_‡K Zviv KvMRevbv‡Z †k‡L| †mB KvM‡Ri Dci Zviv wjLZ| wMÖKiv GBKvM‡Ri bvg †`q c¨vwcivm| †h kã †_‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z †ccvik‡ãi DrcwË| GLv‡b D‡j-L¨, †b‡cvwjqvb †evbvcv‡U©i wgkiR‡qi mgq GKwU cv_i Avwe®K…Z nq, hv i‡mUv †÷vb bv‡gcwiwPZ| hv‡Z wMÖK Ges Ônvqv‡iwM-wdKÕ fvlvq A‡bK †jLvwQj, hv †_‡K cÖvPxb wgk‡ii A‡bK Z_¨ Rvbv hvq|

weÁvb : wgkixq mf¨Zv wQj K…wlwbf©i| †m Kvi‡Y bxj b‡ì c-veb, be¨Zv, cvwbcÖev‡ni gvc †RvqvifvUv BZ¨vw`QvovI Rwgi gvc Zv‡ì Kv‡Q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq wQj| Gm‡ei m‡½ †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ I A¼ kv‡¯¿i wQj Mfxi†hvMv‡hvM| d‡j G `ywU we`¨v Zviv AvqË K‡i wQj cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`| Zviv AsK kv‡¯¿i `ywU kvLv R¨vwgwZGes cvwUMwY‡ZiI cÖPjb K‡i| wgkixq mf¨Zvi gvbyl †hvM, we‡qvM I fv‡Mi eënvi RvbZ| wLª:c~e© 4200A‡ã Zviv c„w_ex‡Z cÖ_g †mŠi cwÄKv Avwe®‹vi K‡i| 365 w`‡b eQi G wnmv‡ei Avwe®‹viKI Zviv| cÖvPxbwgk‡ii Awaevmxiv mgq wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ m~h© Nwo, QvqvNwo, RjNwo Avwe®‹vi K‡i|

Qwe : wùsK&m

Qwe wjLb c×wZ

wek¦mf¨Zv 209

a‡g©i Kvi‡Y wgkixqiv weÁvbPP©vq AvMÖnx wQj| Zviv ci‡jv‡K wek¦vm KiZ Ges dvivIiv cieZ©x R‡b¥I ivRvn‡eb GB wek¦vm Zv‡ì wQj| ZvB Zviv dvivI‡ì †`n ZvRv ivLvi c×wZ Avwe®‹vi K‡ib| G Kvi‡YB gwgˆZwi ïiy nq| wgkixq weÁvbxiv ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z g„Z‡`n cPb †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z m¶g nq|

wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿I cÖvPxb wgkixqiv we‡kl AMÖMwZ jvf K‡iwQj| Zviv †PvL, ùvZ, †c‡Ui †ivM wbY©q Ki‡ZRvbZ| A‡¯¿vcPv‡ii gva¨‡g wPwKrmv Kivi we`¨vI Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj| Zviv nvo †Rvov jvMv‡bv, ürwc‡Êi MwZGes bvwoi ¯ú›`b wbY©q Ki‡Z cviZ|

wgkixqiv `k©b, mvwnZ¨PP©vI KiZ| Zv‡ì iPbvq `ytL nZvkvi †Kv‡bv cÖKvk wQj bv| Zviv Avkvev`x wQj|Zv‡ì †jLvq me mgqB Avb‡›ì cÖKvk †`Lv †M‡Q|

GKK KvR : wgkixq K…wleë¯’vi m‡½ †R¨vwZlkv¯¿ Ges A¼ kv‡¯¿i Kx m¤úK©?

wmÜz mf¨ZvcUf~wg : wmÜzb‡ì AeevwnKv AÂ‡j M‡o D‡VwQj e‡j GB mf¨Zvi bvg ivLv nq wmÜz mf¨Zv| wmÜy mf¨Zvims¯‹…wZ‡K A‡bK mg‡q niàv ms¯‹…wZ ev niàv mf¨Zv ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB mf¨Zvi Avwe®‹vi KvwnbxPgKcÖ`| eZ©gv‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi wmÜz cÖ‡`‡ki jviKvbv †Rjvq g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv kn‡i DuPz DuPz gvwUi wXwe wQj|

¯’vbxq †jv‡Kiv ejZ gov gvby‡li wXwe (g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivK_vwU gv‡bI ZvB)| evOvwj cÖZœZË¡we` ivLvj`vme‡›`¨vca¨v‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ cyivZË¡ wefv‡Mi †jv‡Kiv H¯’v‡b †eŠ× ¯‘‡ci aesmve‡kl Av‡Q †f‡e gvwULuyo‡Z _v‡K| AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e †ewi‡q Av‡m Zvgª-†eªvÄhy‡Mi wb`k©b| GKB mg‡q 1922-23 wLªóv‡ã`qvivg mvnvbxi cÖ‡Póvq cvÄv‡ei cwðg w`‡Kg‡›Uv‡Mvgvix †Rjvi niàv bvgK ¯’v‡bI cÖPxbmf¨Zvi wb`k©b Avwe®K…Z nq| Rb gvk©v‡ji †bZ„‡Z¡cyivZË¡ wefvM AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q Av‡iv eû wb`k©bAvwe®‹vi K‡ib| g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv I niàvq Dfq AÂjGKB mf¨Zvi D‡b¥l¯’j Ges wmÜz mf¨ZvDcgnv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb : Dcgnv‡`‡ki cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zvi bvg wmÜz mf¨Zv n‡jI Gi we¯—…wZ wQj wekvj GjvKvRy‡o| g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv I niàv‡Z GB mf¨Zvi wb`k©b me‡P‡q †ewk Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q| Zv m‡Ë¡I H mf¨Zv ïaywmÜz b`xi AeevwnKv ev H `ywU kn‡ii g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj bv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvÄve, wm×z cÖ‡`k, fvi‡ZicvÄve, ivR¯’vb, ¸Riv‡Ui wewfbœ As‡k GB mf¨Zvi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q| HwZnvwmKiv g‡b K‡ib †h cvÄve†_‡K Avie mvMi ch©šÍ we¯ÍxY© †fŠ‡MvwjK GjvKv Ry‡o wmÜz mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj|

GKK KvR : fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb †Kvb AÂ‡j wmÜz mf¨Zvi wb`©kb cvIqv †M‡Q? AÂj¸‡jviAvjv`v Avjv`v ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|


gvbwPÎ : wmÜz mf¨Zv

wbÜy mf¨Zv¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖZœAÂj

mgqKvj : wmÜz mf¨Zvi mgqKvj m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmK‡ì g‡a¨ wewfbœ gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| cwÊZM‡Yi g‡Z,wLªóc~e© 3500 Aã †_‡K wLªóc~e© 1500 Aã ch©šÍ G mf¨Zvi DÌvb-cZ‡bi Kvj| HwZnvwmKiv g‡b K‡ib,Avh© RvwZi Avµg‡Yi d‡j wLª:c~e© 1500 A_ev 1400 A‡ã wmÜz mf¨Zvi Aemvb N‡U| Z‡e wmÜz mf¨ZvaŸs‡mi m¤ú‡K©I wfbœ gZI i‡q‡Q| gwU©gvi ûBjvi g‡b K‡ib, GB mf¨Zvi mgqKvj n‡”Q wLªóc~e© 2500†_‡K wLªó c~e© 1500 Aã ch©šÍ|

ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v : wmÜz mf¨Zvi RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK Rxeb I kvmbcÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© wKQyB Rvbvhvq bv| g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv niàvi bMi web¨vm cÖvq GKB iKg wQj| G¸‡jvi aŸsmve‡kl †`‡L wbwðZfv‡e †evSvhvq †h c~e© cwiKíbv Abyhvqx DuPz wf‡Zi Dci kni¸‡jv wbg©vY Kiv n‡qwQj| kni¸‡jvi GK cv‡k DuPz wfwËiDci GKwU K‡i bMi`yM© wbg©vY Kiv n‡Zv| Pviw`K _vKZ cÖvPxi Øviv myiw¶Z| bM‡ii kvmbKZ©viv bMi `y‡M©emevm Ki‡Zb| cÖkvmwbK evwoNiI `y‡M©i g‡a¨ wQj| bM‡ii wQj cÖ‡ekØvi| `yM© ev weivU AÆvwjKv †`‡L g‡bnq GKB ai‡bi †K›`ªxf~Z kvmbeë¯’v hyM hyM a‡i bMi `ywU‡Z cÖPwjZ wQj| GB cÖkvmb RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvwbqš¿Y KiZ|

wmÜz mf¨Zvi hy‡M gvbyl mgvRe× cwi‡e‡k emevm KiZ| †mLv‡b GKK cwievi c×wZ Pvjy wQj| wmÜzmf¨Zvi hy‡M mgv‡R †kªYxwefvM wQj| me †jvK mgvb my‡hvM-myweav †cZ bv| mgvR abx I `wi`ª `yB †kªwY‡Zwef³ wQj| K…l‡Kiv MÖv‡g emevm KiZ| kn‡i abx Ges kªwgK‡ì Rb¨ Avjv`v-Avjv`v evm¯’v‡bi wb`k©bcvIqv †M‡Q|

†cvkvK-cwi”Q‡ì Rb¨ Zviv g~jZ myZv I ckg eënvi KiZ| wmÜz mf¨Zvi mgvReë¯’v wQj gvZ…Zvwš¿K|gwnjviv LyeB †kŠwLb wQj| Zv‡ì wcÖq AjsKv‡ii g‡a¨ wQj nvi, evjv, AvswU, `yj, weQv, evRyeÜ Pzwo, evjv,cv‡qi gj BZ¨vw`| Zviv bKkv Kiv `xN© †cvkvK ciZ| mgv‡Ri cyiylivI AjsKvi eënvi KiZ|

A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v : wmÜz mf¨Zvi A_©bxwZ wQj g~jZ K…wl Ges Drcbœ dm‡ji Dci wbf©ikxj| ZvQvovA_©bxwZi Avi GKwU eo w`K wQj cïcvjb| K…wl I cïcvj‡bi cvkvcvwk g„rcvÎ wbg©vY avZzwkí, eqbwkí,AjsKvi wbg©vY, cv_‡ii KvR BZ¨vw`‡ZI Zviv h‡_ó DbœwZ jvf K‡iwQj| GB DbœZgv‡bi wkí cY¨ weµ‡qiD‡Ï‡k¨ wmÜz mf¨Zvi ewYKiv we‡`‡ki m‡½ evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i PjZ| ewYK‡ì mv‡_AvdMvwb¯Ívb, †ejywP¯Ívb, ga¨ Gwkqv, cvim¨, †g‡mvc‡Uwgqv, `w¶Y fviZ, ivRcyZbv, ¸RivU cÖf„wZ †`‡kim‡½ evwYwR¨K †hvMv‡hvM wQj|

agx©q Ae¯’v : wmÜz mf¨Zvq †Kv‡bv gw›ì ev g‡Vi wPý cvIqv hvqwb| †h Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì ag©wek¦vm m¤ú‡K©my¯úó aviYv Kiv m¤¢e bq| Z‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †h ag©wek¦vm wQj, †m wel‡q m‡›`n †bB| gw›ì Dcvmbv M„‡niAw¯—Z¡ bv _vK‡jI ¯’v‡b ¯’v‡b AmsL¨ †cvovgvwUi bvixg~wZ© cvIqv †M‡Q| aviYv Kiv nq, Zviv H ai‡bi†èxg~wZ©i c~Rv KiZ| wmÜzevmx‡ì g‡a¨ gvZ…c~Rv Lye RbwcÖq wQj| ZvQvov Zviv †è-†èx g‡b K‡i e„¶,cv_i, mvc Ges cïcvwLi DcvmbvI KiZ| wmÜzevmxiv ci‡jv‡K wek¦vm KiZ| †h Kvi‡Y g„‡Zi Ke‡i Zvieënvi Kiv wRwbmcÎ I AjsKvi †i‡L w`Z|

GKK KvR :1| wmÜz mf¨Zvi gwnjv‡ì wcÖq AjsKv‡ii GKwU ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

2| wmÜz mf¨Zvi wewfbœ wk‡íi mg„w×i m‡½ eëmv-evwY‡Rï mg„w×i Kx m¤úK©?

wek¦mf¨Zv 211

wmÜz mf¨Zvi Ae`vb : c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg mf¨Zv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡”Q wmÜz mf¨Zv| wb‡gœ GB mf¨ZviAe`vb Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv |

bMi cwiKíbv : wmÜz mf¨Zvi GjvKvq †hme kni Avwe®K…Z n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ niàv I g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv me‡P‡qeo kni| Nievwo meB †cvov gvwUi ev †iv‡` †cvov‡bv BU w`‡q ˆZwi| kni¸‡jvi evwoN‡ii bKkv †_‡K mn‡RB

†evSv hvq †h wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmxiv DbœZ ai‡bi bvMwiK mf¨Zvq Af¨¯Í wQj| niàv I g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivi bMicwiKíbv GKB iKg wQj| bMixi †fZi w`‡q P‡j †M‡Q cvKv iv¯Ív| iv¯Ív¸‡jv wQj †mvRv| cÖ‡Z¨KwU evwo‡Z†Lvjv RvqMv, K~c I mœvbvMvi wQj| Rj wb®‹vk‡bi R‡b¨ †QvU †QvU b`©gv mshy³ Kiv n‡Zv g~j b`©gv evcqtcÖYvwji mv‡_ iv¯ÍvNvU cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ ivLv n‡Zv| c‡_i av‡i wQj mvwie× j¨v¤ú‡cv÷|

cwigvc c×wZ : wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmxiv ª‡eï IRb cwigvc c×wZi D™¢veK wQj| Zv‡ì GB cwigvcc×wZi Avwe®‹vi mf¨Zvi Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb e‡j we‡ewPZ| Zviv wewfbœ `ªe¨ IR‡bi Rb¨ bvbv gv‡ci wfbœwfbœ AvK…wZi evULviv eënvi KiZ| `vM KvUv †¯‹j w`‡q ˆ`N©¨ gvcvi c×wZI Zv‡ì Rvbv wQj|

wkí : wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmx‡ì wkí m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡gB g„rwk‡íi K_v ej‡Z nq| ZvivKzgv‡ii PvKvi eënvi RvbZ Ges Zvi mvnv‡h¨ my›ì gvwUi cvÎ evbv‡Z cviZ| cvÎ¸‡jvi Mv‡q A‡bK mgqmy›ì my›ì bKkv AuvKv _vKZ| ZuvwZiv eqbwk‡í cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| avZzi mvnv‡h¨ AvmevecÎ, A¯¿ GesAjsKvi ˆZwii Kiv n‡Zv| Zviv Zvgv I wU‡bi wgkª‡Y †eªvÄ ˆZwi Ki‡Z wk‡LwQj| KvwiMiiv iycv, Zvgv, †eªvÄcÖf„wZi ˆZRmcÎ ˆZwi KiZ| ZvQvov †mvbv, iycv, Zvgv Bj±ªvg I †eªvÄ BZ¨vw` avZzi AjsKvi ˆZwi‡Z Zvivcvi`k©x wQj| AjsKv‡ii g‡a¨ AvswU, evjv, bvKdzj, Mjvi nvi, Kv‡bi `yj, evRye›` BZ¨vw` wQj D‡j-L‡hvM¨|wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmxiv †jvnvi eënvi RvbZ bv| avZz Qvov `vwg cv_‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AjsKvi wbg©vY wk‡íiIweKvk N‡U| nvwZi ùvZmn Ab¨vb¨ n¯Íwk‡íiI `¶ KvwiMi wQj|

`jxq KvR : wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmxiv †h †h wk‡í cvi`k©x wQj Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki|

¯’vcZ¨ I fv¯‹h© : wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmxiv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© GesPgrKvi ¯’vcZ¨ ˆkjxi wb`k©b †i‡L †M‡Q| †mLv‡b `yB K¶

†_‡K cuwPk K‡¶i evwoi mÜvbI cvIqv †M‡Q| Avevi †Kv_vI

`yB wZb Zjv N‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ Avwe¯‹…Z n‡q‡Q| g‡n‡Äv`v‡ivi¯’vc‡Zï D‡j-L‡hvM¨ D`vniY n‡jv Ôe„nr wgjbvqZbÕ †h

wgjbvqZbwUi 80 dzU RvqMv Ry‡o ˆZwi n‡qwQj| ZvQvov

weivU GK cÖvmv‡ì mÜvb cvIqv †M‡Q| niàv‡Z weivU

AvKv‡ii km¨vMviI cvIqv †M‡Q| †g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z GKwUÔe„nr mœvbvMviÕ-Gi wb`k©b cvIqv †M‡Q hvi gvSLv‡b wekvj †PŠev”PvwU wQj muvZvi KvUvi Dc‡hvMx|

fv¯‹h©wk‡íI wmÜz mf¨Zvi Awaevmx‡ì `¶Zv wQj| cv_‡i †Lvw`Z fv¯‹‡h©i msL¨v Kg n‡jI †m¸‡jvi ˆkwíKI KvwiMwi `¶Zv wQj D‡j-L Kivi g‡Zv| G hy‡M †gvU 13wU fv¯‹h© g~wZ© cvIqv †M‡Q| Pzbvcv_‡i ˆZwi GKwU

Qwe : e„nr mœvbvMvi


g~wZ©i gv_v cvIqv †M‡Q| g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z cvIqv †M‡Q b„ZïZv GKwUbvix g~wZ©| GQvov gvwUi ˆZwi †QvU †QvU gvbyl Avi cïg~wZ©I cvIqv†M‡Q| niàv g‡n‡Äv`v‡iv‡Z cÖvß D‡j--L‡hvM¨ wkíKg© n‡jv wewfbœai‡bi cÖvq 2500 wmj| ag©xq I eëmv-evwY‡Rï cÖ‡qvR‡b G¸‡jveëüZ n‡Zv|

KvR : QK c~iY KiÑ

wmÜz mf¨Zvi ¯’vcZ¨ cÖvwß¯’vb

wMªK mf¨ZvcUf~wg : wMÖ‡mi gnvKwe †nvgv‡ii ÔBwjqWÕ I ÔIwWwmÕ gnvKve¨ `ywU‡Z ewY©Z PgKcÖ` Kvwnbx g‡a¨ jywK‡q _vKvmZ¨‡K Luy‡R †ei Kivi A`g¨ B”Qv DrmvwnZ K‡i †Zv‡j cÖZœZË¡we`‡ì | Dwbk kZ‡Ki †k‡l †nvgv‡ii KvwnbxAvi KweZvqB Zv mxgve× _v‡K bv, †ewi‡q Av‡m Gi wfZ‡ii mZ¨ BwZnvm| CwRqvb mvM‡ii Øxccy‡Ä GesGwkqv gvBb‡ii cwðg DcK~‡j Avwe®‹…Z nq GK DbœZZi cÖvPxb bMi mf¨Zv| mÜvb †g‡j gnvKv‡eï UªqbMixmn GKkZ bMixi aŸsm ¯—‚‡ci| hv‡K ejv nq CwRqvb mf¨Zv ev cÖvK K¬vwmK¨vj wMÖK mf¨Zv|

wµU Øxc, wMÖm DcØx‡ci g~j f~LÊ, Gwkqv gvBb‡ii cwðg DcK~‡j Ges CwRqvb mvM‡ii ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Øxc wb‡qM‡o D‡V GB mf¨Zv| GB mf¨Zvi Awaevmxiv wQj mg„×kvjx GK ms¯‹…wZ-HwZ‡nï AwaKvix| GB mf¨Zv‡K`ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| h_v-

GK. wgwbqb mf¨Zv; wµU Øx‡c †h mf¨Zvi D™¢e| Gi ¯’vqxKvj aiv n‡q‡Q wLªóc~e© 3000 †_‡K wLªóc~e©1400 Aã ch©š—|

`yB : wØZxqwU n‡”Q gvBwmwbq ev GwPqvb mf¨Zv; wMÖ‡mi g~j f~L‡Û `w¶Y AÂ‡j Aew¯’Z gvBwmwb bM‡ii bvgAbymv‡i Gi bvgKiY nq| GB mf¨Zvi ¯’vwqZ¡ wQj wLªóc~e© 1600 †_‡K wLªóc~e© 1100 Aã ch©š—| aviYv Kivnq eb¨v A_ev we‡`wk Avµg‡Yi d‡j GB mf¨Zvi Aemvb N‡U|

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb I mgqKvj: wMÖm †`kwU AvwWªqvwUK mvMi, f~ga¨mvMi I CwRqvb mvMi Øviv cwi‡ewóZ|wMÖK mf¨Zvi m‡½ `yBwU ms¯‹…wZi bvg RwoZ| GKwU Ô†n‡jwbKÕ AciwU Ô†n‡jwbw÷KÕ| wMÖK DcØx‡ci cÖavbkni G‡_Ý‡K †K› ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q Ô†n‡jwbK ms¯‹…wZÕ| Aciw`‡K wMÖK exi Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡ wgk‡iiAv‡jRvw›`ªqv‡K †K› ª K‡i wMÖK I AwMÖK ms¯‹…wZi wgkª‡Y Rb¥ nq bZzb GK ms¯‹…wZi| BwZnv‡m G ms¯‹…wZÔ†n‡jwbw÷K ms¯‹…wZÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ|

mvgwiK bMi ivóª ¯úvU©v : cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m †h AmsL¨ bMiivóª M‡o D‡VwQj Zvi GKwU wQj ¯úvU©v| G bMi iv‡óªiAe¯’vb wQj `w¶Y wMÖ‡mi †c‡jvc‡bmvm bvgK AÂ‡j| Ab¨vb¨ bMi ivóª †_‡K ¯úvUv© wQj Avjv`v| ¯úvU©vb‡ìcÖK…wZ we‡k-lY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, mgiZš¿ Øviv Zviv cÖfvwšZ wQj| gvby‡li gvbweK DbœwZi w`‡K bRi bv w`‡qmvgwiK kw³ mÂ‡qi w`‡K Zv‡ì `„wó wQj †ewk| wLª:c~e© 800 A‡ã `xN© hy‡×i ci †Wvixq †hv×viv ¯úvU©v `LjKi‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| GB civwRZ ¯’vbxq Awaevmx‡ì‡K f~wg `vm ev †njU ejv n‡Zv| Giv my‡hvM

wek¦mf¨Zv 213

Qwe : mxj‡gvni

†c‡jB we‡`ªvn KiZ| civwRZ Awaevmx hviv f~wg`vm n‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj Zv‡ì msL¨v wQj A‡bK †ewk| d‡j¶gZv wUwK‡q ivLv Avi we‡ ªvn `gb Qvov ¯úvU©vi ivRv‡ì gv_vq Avi †Kv‡bv wPš—v wQj bv|

¯úvU©vb‡ì Rxeb ¯úvU©v i¶vi Rb¨B wb‡qvwRZ wQj| ¯úvU©vi mgvR ˆZwi n‡qwQj hy‡×i cÖ‡qvRb‡K wN‡i|miKv‡ii g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj hy‡×i Rb¨ bvMwiK‡ì cÖ¯‘Z Kiv I hy× cwiPvjbv Kiv| mvgwiK w`‡K AZ¨waKg‡bv‡hvM †Ìqvi Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î Zviv wQj AbMÖmi|

MYZvwš¿K bMi ivóª G‡_Ý : cÖvPxb wMÖ‡m cÖ_g MYZ‡š¿i m~Pbv nq G‡_‡Ý| Z‡e cÖ_g w`‡K G‡_‡Ý wQjivRZš¿| wLª: c~e© mvZ kZ‡K ivRZ‡š¿i cwie‡Z© GK ai‡bi AwfRvZZš¿ cÖwZwôZ nq| ¶gZv¸‡jv P‡j Av‡mAwfRvZ‡ì nv‡Z| †`k kvm‡bi bv‡g Zviv ïay wb‡Ri ¯v_©B †`L‡Zv| d‡j mvaviY gvby‡li g‡b †¶v‡fi m„wónq| hwÌ Zv‡ì c‡¶ ¶gZv `Lj Kiv m¤¢e nqwb| wKšÍy Zv‡ì bv‡g wKQy †jvK ¶gZv nv‡Z wb‡q †bq|Zv‡ì ejv n‡Zv ÔUvBiv›UÕ| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Am‡š—vl Ges ewÂZ K…lK‡ì g‡a¨ we‡ ªv‡ni m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q|d‡j mvZ wLªóc~e©v‡ãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q ivóªeë¯’vq GK cwieZ©b Av‡m| Av‡M AwfRvZ cwiev‡ii mš—vbMYBAwfRvZ e‡j MY¨ n‡Zv| GLb A‡_©i gvb`‡Ê AwfRvZ wn‡m‡e ¯xK…wZ †Ìqv n‡jv|†`‡k gvivZ¥K msK‡Ui mg‡q me †kªwY me©m¤§Zfv‡eK‡qKRb‡K ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbvq| Zvi g‡a¨ me‡P‡qL¨wZgvb wQ‡jb AwfRvZ es‡ki Rb¥ †bqv Ô†mvjbÕ| wZwb wKQybZzb AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib Ges wMÖK AvB‡bi K‡VviZv n«vmK‡ib| wZwb FY †_‡K K…lK‡ì gy³ Kivi Rb¨ AvBb cvmK‡ib| Zvui mgq A‡bK A_©‰bwZK ms¯‹viI Kiv nq|

†mvj‡bi ci RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y Zv‡ì AwaKvi †Ìqvi Rb¨GwM‡q Av‡mb wcwmm&‡UªUvm Ges wK¬m‡_wbm| Zviv RbM‡YiKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ A‡bK AvBb cvm K‡ib| Z‡e P~ovš— MYZš¿cÖwZôv nq †cwiwK¬‡mi mgq| Zvi mgq‡K wMÖK mf¨Zvi ¯Y©hyMejv n‡q _v‡K| 460 wLª: c~e©v‡ã ¶gZvq G‡m wZwb 30 eQia‡i ivRZ¡ K‡ib| wZwb bvMwiK‡ì me ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii`vwe †g‡b †bb| wZwb G mgq cÖkvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefv‡MbvMwiK‡ì Aeva AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi cÖwZôv K‡ib|bvMwiK‡ì ga¨ †_‡K wbhy³ Rywi wePv‡ii `vwqZ¡ cvjb KiZ|†cwiwK¬‡mi hy‡M G‡_Ý me©‡¶‡Î DbœwZi Pig wkL‡i Av‡ivnY K‡i| 430 wLª:c~e© A‡ã G‡_‡Ýi fqvengnvgvwi‡Z GK PZz_vsk© †jvK g„ZzëiY K‡i| GB gnvgvwi‡Z †cwiwK¬‡miI g„Zy¨ N‡U| Zuvi g„Zzï ci ciBG‡_‡Ýi `y‡f©vM ïiy nq|

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Qwe : †cwiwK¬m


`jxq KvR : RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ G‡_‡Ýi †hme gYxlx wewfbœ ms¯‹vi I AvBb cvm K‡ib, Zuv‡ìbv‡gi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

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`jxq KvR :QK c~iY Ki

G‡_‡Ýi bvMwiK‡ì Kj¨v‡Y †K Kx K‡ibÑ

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`k©b : `vk©wbK wPš—vi †¶‡Î wMÖ‡m Af~Zc~e© DbœwZ n‡qwQj| c„w_ex Kxfv‡e m„wó n‡q‡Q, cÖwZw`b Kxfv‡e GicwieZ©b NU‡QÑGme fve‡Z wM‡q wMÖ‡m `k©bPP©vi m~ÎcvZ| _v‡jm wQ‡jb cÖ_g w`KKvi `vk©wbK| wZwbB cÖ_gm~h©MÖn‡Yi cÖvK…wZK KviY e¨vL¨v K‡ib| Gici wMÖ‡mi hyw³ev`x `vk©wb‡Ki Avwef©ve N‡U| G‡ì ejv n‡Zv

wek¦mf¨Zv 215

mwd÷| Giv wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h P~ovš— mZ¨ e‡j wKQy †bB| †cwiwK¬m G‡ìAbymvix wQ‡jb| m‡µwUm wQ‡jb G `vk©wb‡K‡ì g‡a¨ me‡P‡q L¨vwZgvb|Zvi wk¶vi g~j w`K wQj Av`k© ivóª I mr bvMwiK M‡o †Zvjv| Ab¨vqkvm‡bi cÖwZev` Kivi wk¶vI wZwb †`b| m‡µwU‡mi wkl¨ †c-‡Uv wMÖK`k©b‡K Pig DbœwZi w`‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z m¶g nb| †c-‡Uvi wkl¨Gwi÷UjI GKRb eo `vk©wbK wQ‡jb|

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GKK KvR : wMÖK mf¨Zvi weL¨vZ gYxlx‡ì bv‡gi ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Ki|

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Qwe : m‡µwUm


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wek¦mf¨Zv 217

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NUbv whïwLª‡ói Rb¥| AMv÷vm wmRv‡ii g„Zzï ci ci †iv‡g Avevi wek„•Ljv †`Lv †`q| we‡`wk AvµgY, we‡klK‡i Rvg©vb ee©i †MvÎ¸‡jvi AvµgY Zxeª n‡Z _v‡K| ZvQvov Af¨š—ixY ¶gZvi †Kv›`‡ji Kvi‡Y †ivgvb‡ìkw³ ¶q n‡q †h‡Z _v‡K| †iv‡gi †kl mgªvU †ivwgDjvm AMv÷zjvm Rvg©vb ee©i †Mv‡Îi Zxeª AvµgY cÖwZnZKi‡Z e¨_© n‡jb 476 wLªóv‡ã †ivgvb mgªv‡R¨ P~ovš— cvZb N‡U| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wLªóvb a‡g©i AMÖhvÎv ïiy nq GesRvg©vb‡ì DÌvb N‡U|

mf¨Zvq †iv‡gi Ae`vb : †ivg wkí, mvwnZ¨, `k©b, ¯’vcZ¨ me©‡¶‡Î wMÖK‡ì Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj| Zviv GB mewel‡q wMÖK‡ì AbymiY I AbyKiY K‡i‡Q| Z‡e mvgwiK msMVb, kvmb cwiPvjbv, AvBb I cÖ‡KŠkj we`¨vqZviv wMÖK I Ab¨vb¨ RvwZi Dci †kªôZ¡ AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| G †¶‡Î AvaywbK wek¦ †ivgvb‡ì Kv‡Qwecyjfv‡e FYx|

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¯’vcZ¨, fv¯‹h© I weÁvb : †ivgvb ¯’vc‡Zï Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ wQj Gi wekvjZv| mgªvU nvwW©qv‡bi ˆZwiag©gw›ì c¨vbw_qb †ivgvb‡ì ¯’vc‡Zï GK AmvaviY wb`k©b| 80 wLª: †ivgvb mgªvU wUUvm KZ©„K wbwg©Z


K‡jvwmqvg bvU¨kvjv wQj, †hLv‡b GK m‡½ 5600 `k©Kem‡Z cviZ| ¯’vcZ¨Kjvi cvkvcvwk †ivgxq fv¯‹‡h©i PigDrKl© mvwaZ n‡qwQj| †ivgxq fv¯‹iMY †è-‡èx, mgªvU,ˆ`Z¨, cyiv‡Yi wewfbœ Pwi‡Îi g~wZ© ˆZwi Ki‡Zb gv‡e©jcv_‡ii|

weÁv‡b †ivgvbiv †Zgb †Kv‡bv Ae`vb ivL‡Z bv cvi‡jIweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †KD ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g nb|G‡ì g‡a¨ eo wc-wb weÁvb m¤ú‡K© wek¦‡Kvl cÖYqb K‡ib|G‡Z cÖvq cuvPk weÁvbxi M‡elYvKg© ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q| ZvQvovwPwKrmv weÁv‡b †ivgbxq‡ì Ae`vb wQj| weÁvbx †mjmvmwPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Dci eB †j‡Lb| GQvov wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ M¨v‡jb iydv‡m Amvgvb¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Qb|

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GK. †emvgwiK AvBb : GB AvBb cvjb Kiv †ivgvb bvMwiK‡ì Rb¨ eva¨Zvg~jK wQj| GB AvBb wjwLZAwjwLZ `yB iKg wQj|

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wek¦mf¨Zv 219

Qwe : K‡jvwmqvg

Abykxjbg~jK cÖkœ

eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ:1. wgkixqiv me©cÖ_g KqwU e¨ÄbeY© Avwe®‹vi K‡i?

K. 23 wU L. 24 wU

M. 25 wU N. 26 wU

2. wgkixq‡ì Kv‡Q ag© GZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wQj †Kb?K. wgkixqiv me©‡¶‡Î ag© Øviv cÖfvweZ wQj L. AwfRvZ m¤úª`vq a‡g©i ¸iyZ¡ w`ZM. cy‡ivwnZiv †`k kvmb KiZ N. wgkixqiv a‡g© wek¦vmx wQj

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3. mxgvi †Kvb mf¨Zvi K_v g‡b c‡o?

K. †ivgvb L. MÖxK

M. ˆPwbK N. wmÜz

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i. A_©‰bwZK HK¨

ii. mvs¯‹…wZK fve wewbgq

iii. ivR‰bwZK mg‡SvZv


K. i L. ii

M. i I ii N. i, ii I iii

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K. †Kvb ivRv †ivg bMix cÖwZôv K‡ib?

L. †iv‡g wZb R‡bi kvmb wU‡Kwb †Kb? eY©bv Ki|

M. K…lK iwng I Zvi mn‡hvwM‡ì g‡a¨ wgkixq‡ì †Kvb êwk‡óï cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|

N. K…lK iwn‡gi GjvKvi ¯’vcZ¨mg~n Kx cÖvPxb wgkixq ¯’vc‡Zï Abyiƒc? gZvgZ `vI|

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