(s) complete wte knowledge and tools for management and analysis - 全面知識及電腦工具介紹

3/30/2015 ACS Technologies - WTE Specialist - Abe Shu (舒成光編寫及主講) 1

With 35 years of professional experience and as the leading

industrial expert, we conduct practical, useful and powerful

waste to Energy and Renewable Energy related private lectures

and provide user-friendly products of the following:

Comprehensive cost analysis model (Excel program)

Comprehensive financial analysis model (Excel program)

Comprehensive operational management and analysis

model (Excel program)

Comprehensive Waste to Energy knowledge package that

covers all related topics including design, construction,

operation, maintenance, market status and forecast,

financials, costs, equipment details, etc. in about 2,000

Power Point slides

We aim to build up knowledge and tools for and improve the

efficiency and profitability of your business

ACS Technologies 11251 Sierra Ave, Suite 2E – 726,

Fontana, CA 92337, USA

Tel: + 1 – 626 – 253 – 6933

Email: [email protected]

Waste-to-Energy and Renewable Energy Services and Products

mailto:[email protected]

Abraham Shu President

ACS Technologies


Internationally renowned waste-to-energy expert

Full technology transfer and

services (cost, financial, business, acquisition, design, engineering, technologies & operation)

11251 Sierra Ave, Suite 2E - 726 ,

Fontana, CA 92337

U.S.A

Tel: + 1 – 626 – 253 – 6933

Email: [email protected]



Introduction of the Instructor/Author 著者/演讲者介绍 - 舒成光 (Abraham Shu)

現任美國加州 ACS Technologies 工程管理及財務 - 技術轉移及顧問公司總裁；

針對垃圾焚燒發電及再生能源行業，進行全方位的技術轉移培訓, 並提供完整管理及分析使用之各種電腦程式

(2010 至 2013）– 美國惠樂科技（為全球第一大之綜合廢棄物管理公司 - 美國惠明環保，紐约股市代碼 WM ）高级顧問；

(2006 至 2010）：全球第一大之垃圾焚燒發電公司 - 美國卡万塔能源（亞太）投资有限公司（紐约股市代碼 CVA);

總公司全球副总裁兼亞太區首席技术、环保及运营官

聯絡方式：郵箱（1）： [email protected]

經歷摘要：

在美国和亚洲，有35 年从事垃圾焚烧发电, 可再生能源和可替代能源的專業工作经验。

專業領域含蓋 - 业务开发、成本、財務, 戰略規劃及商務管理，工程及设計、技术，研發，工厰及商務运营及公司全面管理

从1994年开始担任美国及歐洲相關大形跨國公司的，总公司副总裁或分派國家地區總經理以上的職務至今

1999-2004年：太古升达废料处理有限公司台湾地区总经理（由英商太古集团和法商苏伊士环境合资），负责该公司台湾地区业务绩效的所有方面并全面负责盈亏。

从1996年至2001年被台湾環保署任命为垃圾焚烧发电事务和产业发展的正式顾问。

為众多歐美囯際专业协会荣誉会员, 在美国创立南加州环保协会（从1991年起）并任第一届會長

1993/1994 年美國 Business Who‘s Who 名人錄列名 ; 1992 年美國 Environmental Who’s Who 環保名人錄列名

受到众多亚洲政府和亚洲开发银行邀请发表与垃圾焚烧发电相关的演讲和培训演讲会。发表了20多份专业论文，数十次公開專業演講 (在 Youtube 上有多只視頻 )

并著有关于BOO/BOT 垃圾焚烧发电业务、财务管理和技术一书。

受邀在多項媒體及專業及著名商務期刊接受專訪；並獲頒多項國際成就奬；為國際公認之圾焚烧发电事業專家

美國工程碩士學位；並在美國接受多項法務，財務，融資及商務管理之專業訓練; 美國國家注册環保經理執照；羙國加州環保評鑑技師執照

個人開發撰冩有全方位全功能的電腦程式，該程式能分别及同時做垃圾物理及化學組成及熱值分析，全工廠質能平衡計算，設備功能及大小之計算，操作運營之摸擬，

分析，效率鍳定及問题診斷，建廠及操作運營之成本估算，完整並專業的財務分析，投資回報等等

個人撰冩有全方位 2500 多張的幻燈片，可作爲垃圾焚烧发电全方位全功能的培訓教材，含蓋所有與該工業有關的理論與實際的相關知識；主題含蓋基楚理論，專業

技術，設備，投資，貸款及海外債劵發行，各式合約，風險及管理，設計，建廠，操作運營，维修保養，操作分析与評鑒, 環保標凖及相對影響, 安全与衛生,

爐排, 焚化爐體及鍋爐之技术与设計, 等等

.


Introduction of the Instructor/Author – Mr. Abraham Shu ; 著者/演讲者介绍（舒成光先生)

Current – President, ACS Technologies (CA, USA) - Training Lecturer, Technology Transfer providing Knowledge Package and Computerized Tools

(2010 ~ 2013) – Senior Advisor, US Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. (US Waste Management, Inc.; NYSE listed: WM)

(2006 ~ 2010) Vice President, Chief Technology, Environmental and Operational Officer

– US Covanta Energy (NYSE listed: CVA) Asia Pacific Holding Ltd.

Contact Information: - Email: [email protected] ;

Background Highlights:

35 years working experience in waste-to-energy, renewable and alternative energy directly in US and Asia and Europe.

Professional background covers Marketing, Business Development, Cost, Financial, Strategic planning, Business Management, Design & Engineering, Technology, R&D,

Operation and Corporation General Management.

USA – Ogden Corporate Headquarter VP (global) and Asian Country Managing Director since 1994

1999 – 2004: Taiwan Country General Manager, Swire SITA Waste Services Limited, (JV between the British Swire Group and the French Suez Environment)

responsible for all business performance including full P&L responsibilities in the region.

Official advisor to the government of Taiwan on waste-to-energy affairs and the development of the industry from 1996 till 2001.

Founder (since 1991) and the first president of US Southern California Chinese-American Environmental Protection Association and honorable member of many

international professional associations.

Enlisted in Business Who’s Who, USA., 1993/1994; Enlisted in Environmental Who’s Who, USA., 1992

Invited by many Asian governments and Asia Development Bank and delivered WTE related speeches and training seminars, published 20 plus professional papers,

several dozens of public speeches (some are available on Youtube) and wrote one book regarding BOO/BOT WTE business, financial management and technology.

Received many interviews (ex. Business Weekly) and recognition awards (ex. US, HK, Taiwan, etc.); with worldwide recognition as a renowned WTE expert

US M.S. degree (chemical engineering) plus completed numerous US industrial and commercials short term training programs in areas of legal, financial and business

management; Registered Environmental Assessor (“REA”), State of California, USA ; Registered Environmental Manager, National Registry of Environmental

Professionals, USA

Developed several computer software (Excel programs) that is capable of performing MSW physical and chemical analysis, various heating value calculations, mass and

energy balance for the entire WTE plant, equipment sizing, O&M simulation, efficiency analysis, bottleneck diagnosis, construction and operation cost estimation, full

cost and financial analysis, various tax treatment and investment returns, etc. Programs can perform all of above on separated or on all-integrated basis (one does all).

Developed a full spectrum knowledge training package including more than 2,500 slides and short videos that covers topics of basic technical and engineering theories,

process technologies, equipment sizing, various agreements and contracts, risks and mitigation, construction and operational cost estimation, financial modeling and

analysis, plant design, construction, operation and maintenance, stoker and boiler technologies, health and safety, modern APC and secondary waste disposal technologies,

budget and cost control, monthly report, environmental standards, etc.






Begin of the Simple Introduction

Instructor/Author: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])

開始簡單版的介紹

(舒成光撰寫及主講)



35 years working experience in

waste-to-energy, renewable and

alternative energy directly in US

and Asia and Europe.

Professional background covers

Marketing, Business Development,

Cost, Financial, Strategic

planning, Business Management,

Design & Engineering,

Technology, R&D,

Operation and Corporation

General Management.

US Multinationals Corporate VP

(global) and Asian Country

Managing Director since 1994

Introduction of A Complete and Comprehensive

WTE Technology, Operation and Business Knowledge and Tools Training Workshop

Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])

垃圾焚燒發電全面知識及電腦工具 - 培訓項目内容之剛要介紹

(舒成光主講)












Technology, R&D,


General Management.





WTE Technology, Operation and Business Knowledge and Tools Training Workshop – (P: 1/1)


垃圾焚燒發電全面知識及電腦工具 - 培訓項目内容之剛要介紹 (舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)

Part-A: The Overall Waste-to-Energy Knowledge (3 days training) 垃圾焚燒發電全面整體知識介紹 - 共需三天上課時間

Part-B: The Cost and Financial Modeling (8 hours training) 操作運營成本及 BOT/BOO 投資回收報酬之财務模式培訓講座 – 共需八小时上課時間

Part-C: The Operation and Facility Management Simulation System (8

hours training) 操作運營管理電腦模擬系統之培訓講座 - 共需八小时上課時間

Part-D: The Waste Blending Model (3 hours training 垃圾物理，化學，熱值估算電腦程式培訓講座 - 共需三小时上課時間




waste-to-energy, renewable

and alternative energy directly

in US and Asia and Europe.

Professional background

covers Marketing, Business

Development, Cost, Financial,

Strategic planning, Business

Management, Design &

Engineering, Technology,

R&D,


General Management.

US Multinationals Corporate

VP (global) and Asian Country





垃圾焚燒發電全面知識及電腦工具 - 培訓項目内容之剛要介紹

(舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)

Part –A:

The Complete Knowledge Approximately 2,000 Power Point slides Plus

Videos

約兩仟張的幻燈片加視頻









Cost, Financial, Strategic planning,

Business Management, Design &

Engineering, Technology, R&D,


General Management.




Part A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 1/5) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) Part A: 垃圾焚燒發電整體知識 - 培訓項目内容之簡介 - (舒成光主講) – (P: 1/5 頁) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三天上課時間

Part-A1: Introduction of WTE and basic knowledge Includes topics : 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38, approximately 3 hours

第一部：垃圾焚燒發電之基礎知識介紹 (含主題 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38), 約 3 小時

Part-A2: Business and financials (topics: 5 ~ 12, approximately 3 hours)

第二部：商務及財務 (含主題 5 ~ 12) , 約 3 小時

Part-A3: Technical and operation (topics : 13 ~ 21, approximately 3 hours)

第三部：技術及操作與運營 (含主題 13 ~ 21) , 約 3 小時

Part-A4: Major equipment/system (topics: 22 ~ 25, approximately 3 hours)

第四部：主要設備及系統 (含主題 22 ~ 25) , 約 3 小時

Part-A5: Health and safety (topic: 34, approximately 2 hours)

第五部：安全與衛生 (含主題 34) , 約 2 小時

Part-A6: Other equipment (topics: 26 ~ 33, 35, approximately 3 hours)

第六部：其它設備與系統 (含主題 26 – 33, 35) , 約 3 小時








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part – A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 2/5) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])

Part A: 垃圾焚燒發電整體知識 - 培訓項目内容之簡介 - (舒成光主講) – (P: 2/5 頁)

可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三天上課時間

Videos (視頻教學) – 24 minutes videos (共二十四分鐘，三段視頻）

Video 1&2: WTE plant in operation with build-in community-center like public serving facilities

視頻 1&2: 運營中的垃圾焚燒發電廠及廠方提供囘餽並美化社區之免費設施

Video-3: WTE plant during construction 視頻-3: 建設中的垃圾焚燒發電廠

Power Point Slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片）

Topic-1: Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV 主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值

Topic-2: Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status 主題-2: 垃圾管理及全球，亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論

Topic - 3: General Introduction of MSW Management and Technology 主題 - 3: 垃圾管理及垃圾焚燒發電技術概論

Topic - 4: Reserved topic 主題 - 4: 預留的主題





alternative energy directly in

US and Asia and Europe.


Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 3/5) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])

Part A: 垃圾焚燒發電整體知識 - 培訓項目内容之簡介 - (舒成光主講) – (P: 3/5 頁) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三天上課時間

Topic - 5: Business general, marketing, development and competitor analysis

主題 - 5: 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論,市場, 商務開發，竟爭對手

Topic - 6: Cost and financials

主題 - 6: 各式成本及財務模式

Topic - 7: Acquisition, valuation, IRR, WACC, etc.

主題 – 7: 項目及公司收購及訂定价格，投資囘收報酬 ,資金成本

Topic - 8: Contracts and Service Agreements

主題 – 8: 各式合約及主要内容



35 years working experience

in waste-to-energy, renewable

and alternative energy

directly in US and Asia and

Europe.







R&D,


General Management.


VP (global) and Asian

Country Managing Director

since 1994

Topic - 9: Business plan and

HR planning

主題 – 9: 商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃

Topic - 10: Bid proposal and

associated costs

主題 – 10: 各式投標書及相關支出花費

Topic - 11: Financing and loan

agreements

主題 – 11: 貸款及融資合約

Topic - 12: Project risks and

management

主題 – 12: 項目風險及風險控管

Part A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 4/5)


Part A: 垃圾焚燒發電整體知識 - 培訓項目内容之簡介 - (舒成光主講) – (P: 4/5 頁) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三天上課時間

Topic - 13: Plant Design

主題 - 13: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之設計

Topic - 14: Plant Construction

主題 - 14: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠

Topic - 15: Performance Test

主題 - 15: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之全廠功能測試

Topic-16: Plant Operation and Management

主題- 16: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之操作與管理

Topic - 17: Plant Maintenance and Repair

主題 - 17: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之維修與保養

Topic - 18: Operational Report and Analysis

主題 - 18: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之運營報告及分析

Topic - 19: Plant Financial Planning, Forecast and Revision

主題 - 19: 預算，預測及調整

Topic - 20: Environmental Compliance and Monitoring

主題 - 20: 環保合規及監測













R&D,


General Management.




Topic - 21: Plant Operational Audit and Tools 主題 - 21: 操作運營之審計及工具 Topic - 22: Waste Receiving, Handling, Storage and Feeding 主題 - 22: 垃圾之接收，管理，儲存及進料論述 Topic - 23: Crane and Pit Management 主題 - 23: 垃圾吊車及儲坑的管理 Topic - 24: Stoker and Furnace Technology 主題 - 24: 爐排及焚燒爐技術簡介 Topic - 25: Boiler 主題 - 25: 鍋爐 Topic - 26: Cooling Tower 主題 - 26: 冷却塔和冷却水系统知识介紹 Topic - 27: Boiler Feed Water Treatment 主題 - 27: 锅炉用水知识介紹

Part A: WTE Related Technology Transfer Knowledge Training Workshop – (P: 5/5) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) Part A: 垃圾焚燒發電整體知識 - 培訓項目内容之簡介 - (舒成光主講) – (P: 5/5 頁) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三天上課時間

Topic - 28: Scrubber, Rotary Atomizer and Chemical Dosage 主題 - 28: 煙氣汙染防治，涤气器，旋转雾化器与化学藥品剂量知识介紹

Topic - 29: Baghouse Filter and Particulate Removal 主題 - 29: 布袋除尘器与织物知识介紹

Topic - 30: SNCR deNOx System 主題 - 30: 煙氣汙染防治之脫硝技術知识

Topic - 31: Steam Turbine 主題 - 31: 蒸汽汽轮机知识介紹

Topic - 32: Electricity Generator 主題 - 32: 发电机设备及技術知识介紹

Topic - 33: Electricity Distribution System 主題 - 33: 電廠輸配電系統及變電站技術知识介紹













R&D,


General Management.




Topic - 34 : Health and Safety 主題 - 34 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之安全，翳療與衛生概論 Topic - 35 : Introduction of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics 主題 - 35 : 热力学及流體力学知识介绍 Topic - 36 : Basics of Combustion and Control 主題 - 36 : 燃烧原理與控制 Topic - 37 : MSW Combustion and Control 主題 - 37 : 生活垃圾的燃烧及自動控制





Part –B: Cost & Financial

約40多張的 Excel計算表格和30多張的幻燈片

40 plus spreadsheets and 30 plus slides








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part B: WTE Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and BOT/BOO Financial Modeling Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course - (P: 1/2) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) Part B: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營成本及 BOT/BOO 投資回收報酬 - 之财務模式培訓講座 (舒成光主講) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間 – (P: 1/2 頁)

Part B: Workshop Topics （培訓主題）

Introduction (財務模式簡介）

General Notes （特殊注意事項）

The Structure of the Model （財務模式之结構）

The Input Module (Worksheet) - （電腦程式 – 輸入部份）

The Sensitivity Module (Worksheet) - （结果與敏感度分析）

The O&M Cost and Financial Output Model （操作運營成本及財務輸出结果）

The Operation Module (Worksheet) - （工廠操作運營模擬電腦程式）

The Module for the Project Cost and various BOT Investment Financial Returns （財務模式之電腦程式本体）

Key Algorithms and Assumptions （主要數學邏輯及假設）

Relevant Tax Rules Applicable to China’s WTE Projects （相關的税務處理）

The Difference in Tax Treatment between the WTE Investor/Owner vs. the Plant Operator （投資方与操作運營方 -税務處理之差異）








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part B: WTE Operation and Maintenance (O&M) and BOT/BOO Financial Modeling Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course - (P : 2/2) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) Part B: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營成本及 BOT/BOO 投資回收報酬 - 之财務模式培訓講座 - (舒成光主講) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間 – (P: 2/2 頁)



35 years working experience in waste-

to-energy, renewable and alternative

energy directly in US and Asia and

Europe.






Operation and Corporation General

Management.


(global) and Asian Country Managing

Director since 1994

Part B Training: Model demonstration and on-site practicing the use of the computer Excel program for cost and financial modeling and analysis （Requires approximately 4 hours) 敎學现場 -電腦程式模擬演練

（約四小时） Left hand block is a sample of the Cash Flow Diagram Logic used in the Excel model （左圖為電腦程式中所用的現金流量圖）

Pay Tipping Fee

Pay Power Sale Revenue

Pay

Pay Split %

Pay

Pay Split %

Split %

Pay

Split % Pay Split %

Pay

Pay Split %

Split %

Pay

Pay Split %

Split %

Pay Pay

Split %

Pay Receive

Receive Pay

Pay

Pay

Keep

Pay

Keep

October 09, 2012 Updated (A. Shu)

Municipal

Sanitation Bureau Power Bureau

WTE Project Investor

and Owner

WTE Plant

Operator

Bank Loan P & I

Pay Tipping Fee

Pay O&M Fee

Chemicals and

Consumables

General and

Administration

Receive VAT

Refund

Business Tax

Income Tax

Wages and

Benefits

General and

Administration

Pay Owed VAT

Receive VAT

Refund

Pay (or

exempted) Business Tax

Income Tax

Profit

Project Cash Flow Diagram

Chemicals and

Consumables

Maintenance ,

Repairs and Major Overhaul

Treat Secondary

Wastes at Cost

Maintenance,

Repair and Major Overhaul

Treat Secondary

Wastes at Cost

Wages and

Benefits

Pay Owed VAT

Profit





Part –C: Operation

約30 多張的Excel計算表格和20多張的幻燈片

30 plus Excel Spreadsheets and 20 plus Power Point Slides













General Management.




Part C: WTE Plant Operational Management System – (P: 2/3) Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])

Part C: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營管理系統 - 之相關知識培訓講座 – (P: 2/3 頁) - (舒成光主講) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間













R&D,


General Management.




50.00 100.00

1.00 C = 14.58 S = 0.22 C =

500 3 30.00 H = 2.22 Cl = 0.44 H =

1,700 24 0.50 O = 11.12 H20 = 55.62 O =

40 384 2.50 N = 4.45 Ash = 11.33 N =

Year: 2012 Month July Date: (C - in) divided by (C - out) in wt. % = 100 C = 13.11 N = 4.00 H2O = 50.00

No. 101 H = 2.00 S = 0.20 Ash = 10.18

1 600 92 O = 10.00 Cl = 0.40 Total % 89.89

2 130 104

3 470

4 1,000

5 Furnace average temperature 1000 1,061 0.15

6 65.0 1,504 0.76

7 4.0 103.37

8 Total steam flow (mt / hr) 38.0 100.65 0.14 ~ 0.16

9 1.94 99.01 0.10 ~ 0.14

10 0.72 ~ 0.94

11 0.12

12 Ton-fly-ash / ton of MSW incinerated 0.01

13 3.00 5.08

14 4.58

15 30.0

16 40.0 329

17 45.0 20

18 O2 % at boiler exit (specify clearly wet basis) 6.5 263

19 87,000 23

20 Wet 139

21 7.50 66

22 7.00 258

23 24.00 206

24 In-plant steam consumption (ton) / ton-MSW- as incinerated 0.50

25 3.50 213.70

25 10.00 9.23

26 50.00 61.54

27 302 7.05

28 248 20.88

29 100 3.64

30 0.00 (mt / mo)

31 0.00 1,116.87

32 0.00 2,310.97

33 0.00 4,170.87

34 0.00

35 90

Dry Flue

Gas PPM PPM

36 SO2 88.4 67.2

37 HCl 107.7 81.8

38 NOx 267.7 203.4

39

Wet Flue Gas

SO2

HCl

NOx

Reported Cement consumption - mt / mo / boiler line

Reported Carbon consumption - mt / mo / /boiler line

Reported Urea consumption - mt / mo / boiler line

KPIs (Either total amount, weekkly or hourly average)

Min. tonnage

Unburnt carbon % in wet-bottom ash (average if multiple data)

Steam flucturation %

Ton-bottom-ash / ton of MSW incinerated

Reported Superficial Availability (% of Time)

Reported Chelate consumption - mt / mo / boiler line

Calculated Acidic Gases PPMV in Flue Gas

(H - in) divided by (H - out) in wt. % =

(O - in) divided (O - out) in wt. % =

(N - in) divided by (N - out) in wt. % =

Key formula used for

estimation of power and

O / Carbon Ratio (World) =

As-incinearted MSW LHV (kcal/kg) =

Check Air - to - Fuel Ratio based on MSW-as-Incinerated

O2%

Reported boiler monthly availability (%) =

Carbon consumption - mt/ / mo / boiler line

Urea consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Aux. fuel consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Reported lime consumption quantity - mt / mo / boiler line

Check - power generation & Leachate removal rate (%)

Gross Power (kw-hr / ton-

MSW-Incinerated) = - 272.4 +

0.4 * (Kcal / kg LHV MSW-as-

Parasitic load (%) = 35 - 0.01 *

(LHV as-Incinerated)

Calculated net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Calculated gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Calculated parasitic load (%) =

Calculated combustion air (with specified excess air) /

MSW-as-Incinerated (mt / mt) = Actual plant reported combustion air + Estimated leak-

in air / MSW-as-Incinerated (mt / mt) =

CO2

H2O

Scrubber make-up water (ton) /ton MSW as-incinerated

Max. tonnage

Flue gas flow (NM3 / hr) - specify clearly wet basis

Flue gas composition (CEMs at stack), specify wet basis

Reported net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Reported gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Chelate consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Cement consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Bottom Ash Extractor Make Up Water (Kg/Hr)

Initial guess H2O % in wet as-received MSW =

Initial guess of N2 in wet MSW (%) =

Wet Fly Ash (Including excess lime,

scrubber reaction products, chelate and

Wet bottom ash to be disposed off (mt / mo)

Leachate removed (mt / mo) =

Initial guess of leak-in & cooling air (wt. %) =

Reserved

Diesel /ton of MSW as-incinerated (liters); approx. 1,000 L/week

1-air flow (NM3 / hr) - avg; (or ton / hr)

Superheated steam (mt/hr/line)

at 40 Bar & 4000C


Steam / ton of MSW as-incinerated; (or ton / hr)

MCR HV (Kcal/kg - as

incinerated)

No. of Boiler Lines

Initial guess of H2 in organic raw MSW (ton / hr) =

Initial guess O2 in organic raw MSW (ton / hr) =

T / G Capacity (Mw) ; entire

plant

Diesel /ton of MSW as-incinerated

Boiler Line # 1: Monthly Averaged Operational Data (Plant Reported)

07/01 ~ 07/31

Gross Power designed at 8

MW T/G Capacity per 500 mt /

Average tonnage

O / C ratio =

H / C Ratios (in Asia) =

INPUTS OUTPUTS

Furnace Excess Air (wt. %) =

MSW Elemental Composition After NORMALIZATION - Imported from Sheets '1st

Yr MSW Received' and Sheet ' 1st Yr MSW Incinerated'

As -Received Total (%) = As - Incinerated Total (%) =

Calculation Results - Import from sheet '1st Yr

Trial Balance'

Back Calculated Elemental Ratios -

NORMALIZED MSW As-received:

H / C ratio =

Typical Ratios Reference:

H / C Ratios (western world) =

Block-1 Balance %

Block-2 Balance %

Block-3 Balance %

Initial Guess

Summary of Elemental Balance

Input the Following Key Parameters - Note: all INPUTs are

Plant Description: XXX Plant; 3 x 500 Mt/day + 2 x 12 Mw T/G

Design Data:MSW Incineration/Line at MCR

condition (Mt/Day/Line)

Re-constructed raw MSW elemental analysis (wt.%); use

calculated Elements - In Data; Before Normalization

Imported from sheet ' Elemental Balance'

As-received MSW LHV (kcal/kg) =

MSW Received at gate (weighing bridge data) - Ton / Day

Leachate Removed

MSW - as - incinerated (Grapple data); ton / day

Total

Re-intepretation of the WET FLUE GAS based on

the reported CEMs Data

Component

CO2

O2

N2

H2O

Re-intepretation of the DRY FLUE GAS - BEFORE

scrubber - based on the ME Balance Calculation

Component

CO2

Calculated leachate removal rate (%) =

Calculated leachate removal tonnage (mt/day) =

Calculated in-plant power usage (kh-hr / mt-MSW-inc.) =

Calculated gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Received

Calculated net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Received

Lime as Ca(OH2) consumption - mt /

month / boiler line =

Calculated Major Chemicals and Consumables's

Monthly Requirement (Mt / MO) - per boiler line

Leachate removal Rate (%) =

55 % - 0.03 * (LHV of MSW-as-

Received)

MSW LHV / HHV are

Calculated based on

reconstructed Elemental

Balance

Re-intepretation of the WET FLUE GAS - AFTER


Component

Scrubber Acidic Gases Removal Efficiency

SO2 (%) =Re-intepretation of the DRY FLUE GAS - AFTER


O2

N2

H2O

SO2

HCl

Total

Calculated Secondary Wastes

Generated per Month - per boiler line

O2

N2

H2O

SO2

HCl

Total

CO2

O2

N2

Component

CO2

H2O

SO2

HCl

Total

Part C: WTE Plant Operational Management System – (P: 1/3) Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) Part C: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營管理系統 - 之相關知識培訓講座 – (P: 1/3 頁) - (舒成光主講) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間

Part C: Workshop Topics （培訓主題） Production (waste processed and steam/power produced) – 生産報表 Utilities (chemicals, consumables, purchased power and aux fuels) – 耗材報表及統计 Superficial and Effective Availability – 表面及實際有效利用率 Performance comparison (actual vs. planning; actual vs. design; variance and explanations) – 生產

效率比較 Performance analysis – capacity utilization, efficiency, KPIs comparison, etc. -生產效率分析 Revised forecast – 預算修訂 Sampling and analysis (MSW, ashes, leachate, WW, flue gas, etc.) – 垃圾，灰，水之採樣与分析 Measured and back-calculated MSW HHV/LHV (ASME method) – 測量与倒算獲得之垃圾熱值 Summary of maintenance, repair, overhaul, improvement, etc. – 維修，保養，替換，翻修 Accidents – report and analysis; lesson learned – 事故意外報告 Major spare parts inventory list – consumed, replenish quantity and final inventory – 零件庫存 Attached DCS data sheets – DCS 報表 Visitors – 參訪記錄 Government audits – 政府審计 In-Company operational audit – 公司内查与審计 Planning – semi-annual and annual outage maintenance - 每半年及年度停爐維修之凖備








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part C: WTE Plant Operational Management System – (P : 3/3) Knowledge Training Workshop – 8 hours course Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) Part C: 垃圾焚燒發電整體 - 操作運營管理系統 - 之相關知識培訓講座 – (P: 3/3 頁) - (舒成光主講) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需八小时上課時間

Excel program – monthly report key-in – 月報表電腦程式

Excel program – MSW HHV/LHV (boiler as calorie meter based on plant operational data) -倒算獲得之垃圾熱值電腦程式

Excel program – evaluation and analysis -效率分析評估電腦程式

Excel program – mass and energy balance – 质能平衡電腦程式

Excel program – elemental balance and plant data quality check – 操作運營之元素平衡電腦程式








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part C Training: Model demonstration and on-site practicing the use of the computer Excel program for operational system management (Requires approximately 3 hours) Part C: 敎學现場 -電腦程式模擬演練

（約三小时） Left hand block is a list of Excel programs used in the operational management system (左圖為操作運營管理系統中所用的電腦程式）

Introduction of A Complete and Comprehensive WTE Technology, Operation and Business Knowledge and Tools Training Workshop – (P: 1/1) Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected]) 垃圾焚燒發電全面知識及電腦工具 - 培訓項目内容之剛要介紹 (舒成光主講) – (P: 1/1 頁)

Part –D: Waste Characterization

20 多張的Excel計算表格

和20多張的幻燈片

20 plus Excel Spreadsheets and 20 plus Power Point Slides








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part D: WTE Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Blending Modeling – (P : 1/2) Knowledge Training Workshop – 3 hours course Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])

Part D: 垃圾焚燒發電应用 - 垃圾物理，化學，熱值估算電腦程式 - 培訓講座 – (P: 1/2 頁) - (舒成光主講) 可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三小时上課時間

Part D: Workshop Topics （培訓主題）

Correct Way of the Sampling and Analysis 取樣與分析 Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis 個别物理性值與組份分析 Chemical Properties and Elemental Analysis個别化學性值與元素分析 HHV and LHV Calculations 高低熱值之計算 Introduction to the Data Base 背景數據介紹 Blended Waste Composition and Properties 混合垃圾物理化學性值及熱值計

算

Plus Model demonstration and on-site practicing the use of the computer Excel

program 加上敎學现場 -電腦程式模擬演練（共約三小时）








Marketing, Business






General Management.




Part D: WTE Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Blending Modeling Knowledge Training Workshop – (P : 2/2) – 3 hours course Instructor: Mr. Abraham Shu (Email: [email protected])













R&D,


General Management.




Left hand block is a sample clip of the Waste Blending Model in the Excel model 左圖為電腦程式中部份截取）

Waste Scrap Plastic Scrap Plastic Scrap Plastic

Normalization Un-normalized Normalized in MSW

Element\(mt/hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr)

C 58.72 58.71 2.58

H 7.06 7.06 0.31

O 22.15 22.15 0.97

N 0.01 0.01 0.00

S 0.03 0.03 0.00

Cl 0.04 0.04 0.00

Fl 0.00 0.00 0.00

H20 2.00 2.00 0.09

Ash 10.00 10.00 0.44

Total 100.01 100.00 4.39

H/C (%) 0.12 0.12

O/C (%) 0.38 0.38

(MJ/Kg) 26.06

(Kcal/kg) 6,233.46

(Btu/Lb) 11,212.66

(MJ/Kg) 24.58

(Kcal/kg) 5,879.96

(Btu/Lb) 10,576.79

LHV/HHV % 94.33

Wt. % in MSW 4.39

Calc. HHV

Calc. LHV

Part D: 垃圾焚燒發電应用 - 垃圾物理，化學，熱值估算電腦程式 - 培訓講座 – (P: 2/2 頁) - (舒成光主講) -可用中英混合或單語主講 – 共需三小时上課時間

End of the Simple Introduction


結束簡單版的介紹













Technology, R&D,


General Management.




Begin of the Expanded Introduction


開始完整版的介紹













Technology, R&D,


General Management.




Begin of Part-A Introduction

Part-A 簡介開始


Introduction: This is an encyclopedia-like WTE industry full knowledge training workshop including approximately 37 major topics (with each major topic further containing approximately 10 sub topics) using approximately 2,000 colorful, graphical and pictorial Power Point Slides (some are motion pictures) plus video pieces to facilitate the teaching. These topics will cover subjects of basic knowledge, design, construction, operation, maintenance, market status, forecast, costs, financial analysis, equipment details, contract and legal aspects, health and safety and many more. During this part of the training, the author will go over approximately 2,000 colorful, graphical and pictorial power point slides and a few videos explaining the following major topics (with each major topic further containing approximately 10 sub topics) that are relevant to the waste to energy business, technology, market status and outlook, engineering, operation, agreements and contractual affairs, bidding proposal, merger and acquisitions, and various government requirements in different geographical regions. The actual training workshop includes the following details: Videos (視頻教學) – 24 minutes videos (共二十四分鐘，三段視頻） Video 1&2: WTE plant in operation with build-in community-center like public service facilities 視頻 1&2: 運營中的垃圾焚燒發電廠及廠方提供囘餽並美化社區之免費設施 Video-3: WTE plant during construction 視頻-3: 建設中的垃圾焚燒發電廠


Introduction - continue

Power Point Slides – approximately 2,000 slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片） Topic-1: Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and the HV 主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值 Topic-2: Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status 主題-2: 垃圾管理及全球, 亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論 Topic - 3: General Introduction of MSW Management and Technology 主題 - 3: 垃圾管理及垃圾焚燒發電技術概論 Topic - 4: Reserved topic for specific country or economic regions 主題 - 4: 預留的主題 Topic - 5: Business general, marketing, development and competitor analysis 主題 - 5: 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論,市場, 商務開發, 竟爭對手 Topic - 6: Cost and financials; 主題 - 6: 各式成本及財務模式 Topic - 7: Acquisition, valuation, IRR, WACC, etc. 主題 – 7: 項目及公司收購及訂定价格, 投資囘收報酬 ,資金成本 Topic - 8: Contracts and Service Agreements; 主題 – 8: 各式合約及主要内容 Topic - 9: Business plan and HR planning; 主題 – 9: 商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃 Topic - 10: Bid proposal and associated costs 主題 – 10: 各式投標書及相關支出花費



Power Point Slides – approximately 2,000 slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片） Topic - 11: Financing and loan agreements 主題 – 11: 貸款及融資合約 Topic - 12: Project risks and management 主題 – 12: 項目風險及風險控管 Topic - 13: Plant Design 主題 - 13: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之設計 Topic - 14: Plant Construction 主題 - 14: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠 Topic - 15: Performance Test 主題 - 15: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之全廠功能測試 Topic-16: Plant Operation and Management 主題- 16: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之操作與管理 Topic - 17: Plant Maintenance and Repair 主題 - 17: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之維修與保養 Topic - 18: Operational Report and Analysis 主題 - 18: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之運營報告及分析 Topic - 19: Plant Financial Planning, Forecast and Revision 主題 - 19: 預算,預測及調整 Topic - 20: Environmental Compliance and Monitoring 主題 - 20: 環保合規及監測



Power Point Slides – approximately 2,000 slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片） Topic - 21: Plant Operational Audit and Tools 主題 - 21: 操作運營之審計及工具 Topic - 22: Waste Receiving, Handling, Storage and Feeding 主題 - 22: 垃圾之接收，管理，儲存及進料系統論述 Topic - 23: Crane and Pit Management 主題 - 23: 垃圾吊車及儲坑的管理 Topic - 24: Stoker and Furnace Technology 主題 - 24: 爐排及焚燒爐技術簡介 Topic - 25: Boiler 主題 - 25: 鍋爐 Topic - 26: Cooling Tower 主題 - 26: 冷却塔和冷却水系统知识介紹 Topic - 27: Boiler Feed Water Treatment 主題 - 27: 锅炉用水知识介紹 Topic - 28: Scrubber, Rotary Atomizer and Chemical Dosage 主題 - 28: 煙氣汙染防治，涤气器，旋转雾化器与化学藥品剂量的知识介紹 Topic - 29: Baghouse Filter and Particulate Removal 主題 - 29: 布袋除尘器与布袋织物知识介紹 Topic - 30: NCR deNOx System 主題 - 30: 煙氣汙染防治之脫硝技術知识



Power Point Slides – approximately 2,000 slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片） Topic - 31: Steam Turbine 主題 - 31: 蒸汽汽轮机知识介紹 Topic - 32: Electricity Generator 主題 - 32: 发电机设备及技術知识介紹 Topic - 33: Electricity Distribution System 主題 - 33: 電廠輸配電系統及變電站技術知识介紹 Topic - 34: Health and Safety 主題 - 34 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之安全,翳療與衛生概論 Topic - 35: Introduction of Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics 主題 - 35 : 热力学及流體力学知识介绍 Topic - 36: Basics of Combustion and Control 主題 - 36 : 燃烧原理與控制 Topic - 37: MSW Combustion and Control 主題 - 37 : 生活垃圾的燃烧及自動控制



Power Point Slides – approximately 2,000 slides (幻燈片教學 – 约 2,000 張幻燈片） These topics are grouped into the following 6 parts based on the purpose and nature of relevance of the topic content Part-1: Introduction of WTE and basic knowledge, (topics: 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38), approximately 3 hours 第一部: 垃圾焚燒發電之基礎知識介紹 (含主題 1, 2, 3, 36 ~ 38), 約 3 小時 Part-2: Business and financials (topics: 5 ~ 12, approximately 3 hours) 第二部: 商務及財務 (含主題 5 ~ 12) , 約 3 小時 Part-3: Technical and operation (topics : 13 ~ 21, approximately 3 hours) 第三部: 技術及操作與運營 (含主題 13 ~ 21) , 約 3 小時 Part-4: Major equipment/system (topics: 22 ~ 25, approximately 3 hours) 第四部: 主要設備及系統 (含主題 22 ~ 25) , 約 3 小時 Part-5: Health and safety (topic: 34, approximately 2 hours) 第五部: 安全與衛生 (含主題 34) , 約 2 小時 Part-6: Other equipment (topics: 26 ~ 33, 35, approximately 3 hours) 第六部: 其它設備與系統 (含主題 26 – 33, 35) , 約 3 小時 It will take approximately three full days at 7 to 8 hours a day to complete this part of the training if the audiences already have some basic knowledge of WTE. If the audiences are somewhat new to this industry, it may take an entire full week at 7 to 8 hours a day to complete this part of training.


Part-A: The Overall Waste-to-Energy Knowledge -

Selected Sample Training Slides

Part-A: 垃圾焚燒發電全面整體知識介紹

代表性的幻燈片範例


Sample Slides - 代表性的幻燈片範例

Topic-1: Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV 主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值


Topic-1 : Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV 主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值

Sub-topics 子題

• MSW characterization • 垃圾組成及特性 • HV and its impacts • 熱值及其影響 • HV calculation methods • 熱值計算方法 • Waste blending model • 垃圾混合模式 • HV growth rate estimation • 熱值成長估算 • Boiler as HV measurement device • 鍋爐倒測熱值 • Acceptable waste • 可接受之垃圾


Topic-1 : Understand the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and HV 主題-1: 認識垃圾及其熱值

垃圾特性物理分类数据

(Physical Composition) 组分分析

(Proximate Analysis) 元素分析

(Elemental Analysis)



37

開發中国家生活垃圾焚烧发电项目的运作模式表明，项目收入的 55 % - 80 % 来

自于电量的销售。（这与西方国家的模式大相径庭。在西方国家，项目收入的 55

% - 80%来自于有担保的垃圾补贴费。）因此，正确估算最初的低位热值及其增长

率是保证生活垃圾焚烧发电项目成功的关键因素。

It is important to understand the waste and the impact of the HV as 55% to

80% of project revenue come from the power sale for WTE projects in

developing countries. This is almost reverse of the western business

model which 55% to 80% of the project revenue come from the guaranteed

tipping fee.

The Importance of HV

认识生活垃圾 HV 的重要性 (1/2)


38

The Importance of HV

认识生活垃圾 HV 的重要性 (2/2)

Project’s return is sensitively depending upon correct estimation of the following

熱值影響囘收報酬率

Initial waste heating value (LHV and HHV) – 初始熱值 The growth or decreasing (due to recycling) rate of the heating value - 熱值增長或

遞減率 Above estimation decides the plant MCR point (the size and capacity limitation of

the plant) and therefore the total cost to build the plant and operating income

熱值影響工廠大小之設計，因此影響建厰成本及賣電收入

In general and approximately: 熱值及其增長或遞減率影響一切

Every 100 Kcal/kg of the initial waste LHV changes 1 ~ 1.5% of Project IRR

Every 1% of LHV growth-rate variation can affect 1 to 1.5% of the Project IRR


Measurement and Estimation of MSW HHV (continue)

For plant in operation – use boiler as the calories meter to back calculate HHV of MSW as-incinerated (Note: this is different from MSW as –received)

For projects still in development –

First choice – burn MSW (10 to 60 kg per batch) in small size (pilot size) incinerator using water (not steam) to absorb the heat and direct measure the HHV (see slide 38 for the pilot scale incinerator schematic diagram)

Second choice – physical sorting of truck and landfill samples plus mathematical regression models – such as modified Dulong , etc.

Third choice - let experienced WTE specialist to eye exam the waste and make estimation based on the his/her experience

Last choice – this is also the least accurate method – use the bench scale oxygen bomb calories meter to burn 1 to 5 grams samples. Note: this method is not really correct for the heterogeneous waste such as MSW. The results can be off by +/- 30% or even more.

Sample Slides - 代表性的幻燈片例

Topic-2:

Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status

主題-2:

垃圾管理及全球，亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論


Topic-2 : Worldwide, Asia and China’s WTE market status 主題 - 2: 垃圾管理及全球，亞洲與中國之市場現況縂論

Sub-topics 子題

• Worldwide practice and statistics - 全球管理方法與統計

• Asia practice and statistics - 亞洲作法與統計

• China market 中國市場

• Market status 各地市場現況

• Trend and future 趨勢與未來

• Country-by-country project list - 各國各地區項目清單



Worldwide Statistics – WTE Plants in Developed and Near Developed Countries/Regions

全球统计数据和重大行情 – 发达和接近发达国家的垃圾焚烧发电厂


Asia Summary – 亞洲統計摘要


Worldwide Statistics – WTE Plants in Asia (2005 Data)

全球统计数据和重大行情 – 亚洲垃圾焚烧发电厂 (2005数据)

China WTE Market 中囯垃圾焚燒發電市場介紹 – (1/4)

• Most populated (with 1.3 billion population) and the fourth largest country (with 9.6 square kilometer of land) in the world

• 十三億人口，960 万平方公里土地

• More than 160 cities with populations greater than one million - suitable for hosting WTE projects

• 有160個城市人口超過一百萬，适合興建垃圾焚燒發電項目

• GDP per capita – US$ 7,400 adjusted for purchasing power parity and US$ 4,300 at the official exchange rate (2010 World Bank data)

• 按官方匯率人均 GDP 每人每年美金 4,300 元，按實際購買力調整之人均 GDP 每人每年美金 7,400 元



• Currently generates approx. 280 million metric-tonnes of MSW per year

of which 80 % (approx. 230 million metric tones) is generated in urban areas with approximately 70% (160 million metric tones) are effectively collected

• 目前全國每年產生約兩億八千万噸垃圾，其中約百分之八十（約兩

億三千万噸）是由都市區產生。其中約百分之七十（約一億六千万噸）為有效收集之垃圾

• As of Dec 2009, there are approximately 70 WTE plants in China, including stoker and CFB, are in operation capable of handling approximately 56,500 mt/day of MSW.

• 至2009年為止，共有約七十座垃圾焚燒發電廠在操作運營中，日処理

量約56,500噸



• Currently, there are approximately 80 WTE plants in China, including stoker and CFB, are under construction or in the development stage. Once completed, these plants will add additional 80,000 mt/day of MSW treatment capacity.

• 目前尚有約八十座圾焚燒發電廠項目正在興建中或在開發中, 建成后將加添80,000 噸的日処理量

• National Plan: Ministry of Construction’s goal – increase MSW incineration from current 1.65% (2005 estimate) to 30% by 2030, equivalent to 400 WTE plants each rated at 1,000 mt/day

• 按建設部之規劃, 於2030年止，需有百分之三十的全囯垃圾是由圾焚燒發電廠來処理。這相當於到時將有 400 座，每座日処理量 1,000 噸之焚燒發電廠

• Privatization: Moving toward private initiative with ownership and operation

• 目前的發展趨勢是走民營化，由民間去開發，經營，管理



• Favorable Policy: With policies favorable to WTE • 囯家利多政策含

– VAT refund 增值税退税 – Guaranteed subsidized price for purchase of electricity 購電補

貼价

• Market : The largest WTE market (meaning new tonnage

to be added) in the world for the next 10 ~ 20 years in terms of treated tonnage

• 往后十年囯際上最大的市場（僅指新添加的噸數或厰數而言）



Topic - 3: Introduction of MSW Management

Technology, Application and Practice

主題 - 3: 垃圾管理技術概論


Topic – 3 : Introduction of MSW Management Technology, Application and Practice 主題 – 3 : 垃圾管理技術概論

Sub-topics 子題

• Waste management system 垃圾管理系統

• WTE technology 垃圾焚燒發電 • Landfill 填埋 • Recycling and reuse 囘收再利用 • WTE benefits 焚燒發電的優點 • Fluidized bed technology 流化床

技術 • Gasification 垃圾氣化技術 • Pyrolysis 垃圾液化技術 • Rotary kiln 旋轉窯技術 • Fly ash management 灰処理 • Bottom ash management 渣処

理


Typical Mass Burn WTE Plant

典型爐排式垃圾焚燒發電廠


51

Typical MSW Management System - 典型的垃圾处理系统

产生垃圾

(MSW

Generation)

储存垃圾 (MSW

Storage) 收集 (collection)

处理场

(Treatment

Facilities)

资源分类

(sorting and

Separation)

中转站 (transfer

Station)

循环利用

(Recycling and

Reuse)

材料回收设备

(Material

Recovery)

堆肥处理

(Composting)

垃圾焚烧

WTE

填埋

(Landfill)

再利用

(Reuse)

再利用

(Reuse)

MSW Management System and WTE Application

城市生活垃圾管理与垃圾发电


One Ton

of MSW

200 - 400 kWhrs of Power

20 kgs of Recycled Metal

Ash: 10% of Original

Volume

Climate Change One ton of trash reduces one ton of CO2 eq.

Energy Security Renewable energy available locally

Creates Jobs Typical facility creates 700 ~ 1,000 construction

(2 + years) and 80 ~ 100 permanent jobs

WTE Meeting Three critical Global Challenges

垃圾焚燒發電解決目前全球三大挑戰議題- 氣候變遷，能源安全及創造就業


CO2 Reduction (WTE)

二二氧化碳减排 (垃圾焚烧发电)

Avoids one ton of CO2 equivalent for

each ton of waste processed through

WTE technology.

适用焚烧技术每处理1吨生活垃圾相当于

减少1吨二氧化碳排放.

CO2 from the

combustion of biomass

not counted as an

emission

CO2 from the

combustion of plastics

counted as an emission


1 Ton MSW

1吨生活垃圾

1 Barrel Oil

1桶石油

WTE

Conventional

Boiler

Produce same amount

steam/electricity

产生等量蒸汽/电力

1/4 ton Coal

1/4 吨煤 Coal Fired Boiler

1/2 ton Wood

1/2 吨木材 Direct Fired Boiler

400 m3 Landfill Gas

400立方米填埋气 ICE/Burner

20 Gallon

Bio-Ethanol

20加仑生物柴油

ICE/Burner

WTE Additional Benefits

技术摘要 - 垃圾发电其他的好处

WTE Technology - 垃圾焚燒發電技術

• Mass Burn Stoker WTE Technology is the most commonly used technology for treating MSW while generating energy

• 爐排式垃圾焚燒發電為目前最爲廣泛使用之技術

• Well proven technology with 100 plus years history started in Germany

• 有德囯首先開發，已有超過一百年的應用歷史 • Today there are more than 600 mass burn plants

operating worldwide, burning more than 130 million tonnes a year of MSW and recovered more than 84,500,000 Mw-hr of electricity (equivalent to 20,000,000 household electricity needs) – [as of 2003]，

• 截至 2003 年為止，已有 600 多座中大型垃圾焚燒發電廠在運營中，年処理超過一億三千多万噸垃圾，發八百四十五億度電，供兩千万戶家庭使用


美美國弗罗里达州焚化厰

歐洲設計概念厰


Typical WTE Plant Flow Chart

Modern WTE Facility Meet all Emission Standards 現代化垃圾焚燒發電廠可全面控制環保排放

• NOx − controlled by urea or ammonia injection 用氨水中和 NOx

• Dioxin and heavy metals − removed by activated carbon injection

• 用活性炭吸附二噁英及重金屬

• HCl and SOx − removed by lime injection 用石灰水中和 HCl and SOx

• Air born particulates − removed by bag filter 用布袋除塵器去除粉塵

• Zero water discharge − through complete in-plant recycle and reuse of the wastewater 全面囘收再利用廢水

• Fly ash − solidified and chemically fixed

• 飛灰固化安定化

• Bottom ash − recycled and reused

• 底灰囘收再利用

3/30/2015 ACS Technologies - WTE Specialist - Abe Shu (舒成光編

寫及主講) 57

台北八里厰位於太平洋邊

德國萊茵河畔焚化厰


Topic - 5: Business general, marketing and development

主題 - 5: 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論市場開發


Topic – 5 : Business general, marketing and development 主題 – 5 : 垃圾焚燒發電商務縂論及市場開發

Sub-topics 子題

• Business scope and topics • 商務範圍及涵蓋子題 • Life cycle events • 生命周期業務事項 • Life cycle cost concept • 生命周期縂成本概念 • Research reports • 各式研究報告 • Market competitors • 市場競爭



Plant

Transfer

Marketing

Business Develop-

ment

Long Term Operation

Implemen-

tation (EPC) L

evel o

f Effo

rt

Yr (-1) Yr -0 Yr -1 Yr -4 Yr -29

Introduction of Project Life Cycle Events

市場開發

商務開發

項目設計建厰測試完成

•

長期操作運營

移交

Market Study Reports

• Ecoprog GmbH - “The Worldwide Market for Waste Incineration Plants”, covers approximately 40 countries’ WTE industry and plants. Approximately 400 pages, renew annually, cost US$ 4,000 to get subscription.

• “Market Study Municipal Waste Management in China”, also by Ecoprog GmbH, renew annually. Approximately 200 pages covering all projects’ background, cost and status, etc.

• In addition, major banks such as ADB, Morgan Stanley, HSBC, etc. all have their own research report regarding WTE industry in China.


An Example of Price Evaluation Formula for WTE O&M Contract with Partial Capacity for Merchant Use (生命周期縂成本概念)



Topic – 6 :

Cost and Financials

主題 6 :

各式成本及財務模式


Topic – 6 : Cost and Financials 主題 6 : 各式成本及財務模式

Sub-topics 子題

• Rule of thumb 粗估模式 • Unified model concept • 統一整合全模式概念 • EPC cost model 建厰成本模式 • O & M cost model • 操作運營成本模式 • Project total cost model • 項目縂成本模式 • Financial model 財務模式 • Financial model structure • 財務模式架構


Level – A 粗算 Level – B 中等 Level – C 精算

Technical Model

-M&E Balance

技術計算模式

• Preliminary Marketing use

• Business Development use

• Technical Sales use

• Design and Project Implementation use

Cost Model

− EPC Model

− O&M Model

− Total Project Model

• ± 50% accuracy


• Need 50% margin

• ± 25% accuracy

• Manager use

• Need 25% margin

• ± 5% accuracy

• Cost Engineer use

• Need 5% margin

• Down to accounting details

Financial Model

財務計算模式



• Financial Analyst/Asset Management use

• Financial Manager use

• Financial Analyst use

Unified Model (for companies with roles as Developer + Investor + EPC + Operator + Consultant)

統一整合全模式



• Consulting Service use

• Business Operation use

• Consulting Service use


寫及主講) 65

Level A, B,C of Technical, Cost and Financial Models

成本計算模式


Rules of Thumb – Construction and O&M Cost

XXX WTE plant - real case based on one boiler line at 288 mt/day (12 mt/hr)

Steam per boiler Steam/MSW ratio Steam/Mw ratio Steam per plant Gross Power Net Power

MSW LHV (mt/hr) (mt/mt) (mt-steam/Mw Gross) (mt/hr) Kw-hr/mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

1300 kcal/kg 21.10 1.76 6.29 63.30 279.4 219.3

1400 kcal/kg 22.97 1.91 6.21 68.91 308.3 242.8

1500 kcal/kg 24.70 2.06 6.14 74.10 335.2 264.8

1600 kcal/kg 26.50 2.21 6.07 79.50 363.7 288.2

1700 kcal/kg 28.10 2.34 6.02 84.30 389.1 309.2

1800 kcal/kg 30.10 2.51 5.97 90.30 420.4 335.2

1900 kcal/kg 31.90 2.66 5.93 95.70 448.5 358.7

2000 kcal/kg 33.70 2.81 5.87 101.10 478.2 383.7

Notes:

(1) Steam flow is calculated from Abe's M&E balance runs - agrees well with MHI design case

(2) Gross power is from the reading of MHI new plant's turbine curve

XXX new plant MCR (LHV = 1700 kcal/kg) varying boiler load% - with three boilers all on-line

Boiler thermal load Clean Boiler Fouled Boiler

% of MCR Steam (mt/hr) Steam (mt/hr)

70 58.80 56.70

100 84.00 81.00

110 92.40 89.10

Notes:

(1) MHI's design calculations


寫及主講) 67

LHV vs. Steam Flow & Power


Level A, B,C of Technical, Cost and Financial Models

財務模式基本架構

Model also does the followings with build-in technical formula

Sensitivity analysis

Detail year-by-year maintenance, repair and MO cost

Others

Input

MSW Tonnage & HV

Interest Rate

EPC Cost

Drawdown Schedule

Financing Assumption

Assumed Tipping Fee

Power tariff

Tax and others

Calculates

O&M Cost

Power Output &

Revenue

IDC

Others

Generates

Income

Statement

Cash Flow

Balance Sheet

Others

Output

Return of

Investment

Others


Topic – 7 : Acquisition, valuation, IRR, etc. 主題 – 7 : 項目及公司收購及訂定价格，投資囘收報酬


Topic – 7 : Acquisition, valuation, IRR, etc. 主題 – 7 : 項目及公司收購及訂定价格，投資囘收報酬

Sub-topics 子題

• Due Diligence for Acquisition of Operational Projects

• 項目收購尽职调查 • Due Diligence for Acquisition of

WTE business • 公司收購尽职调查 • Valuation of project and assets • 項目定价及資產定价 • IRRs - • 各式内部投資囘收報酬率 • WACC – • 公司加權平均的資金成本



Valuation of Project and Assets –

discounted cash flow method

• Example: – Market value of debt （債務的市場价值）= US$ 300 million – Market value of equity （淨資產的市場价值) = US$ 400 million – Cost of debt = 8% – Cost of equity = 18% – Corporate tax = 35% (Interest payments are tax deductible)

• WACC of the company • = 300/700 * 8%*(1-0.35) + 400/700*18% • = 12.5%

• Note: Credit line is included in equity or debt depends on when

and how to use it


Definition of WACC (2/2)

• IRR = the interest rate that makes the net present value of all cash flow equal to zero

• 按複利連續折舊現金流,使將來所有現金流縂和,減去起初投入之自有資金等于零。該複利率即為 IRR.

• Modified IRR = assuming that all cash flows to be reinvested at the investor’s/firms cost of capital

• 依將來再轉投資之資金成本,計算得來的内部投資囘收報酬率

• Dividend IRR = the discount rate at which the present value of cash dividend payouts equal to the present value of equity investment

• 依分配得紅利, 計算得來的内部投資囘收報酬率

• IRR value needs to be higher than the Weighted Average Cost of Capital 内部投資囘收報酬率,需高於公司加權平均的資金成本


Definition of IRRs and Notes (1/2)

内部投資囘收報酬律

• Usually equity IRR is greater than project IRR due to debt financing

• 通常自有資金 IRR 高於項目資金 IRR

• Project IRR needs to be higher than interest rate of the debt. If not, project will not work

• 項目資金 IRR需高於貸款資金之利息

• If no debt but all equity, than project IRR equal to equity IRR

• 如果項目完全無貸款, 則自有資金 IRR 等於項目資金 IRR


Definition of IRRs and Notes (1/2)

内部投資囘收報酬律


Topic – 8 : Contracts and Service Agreements

主題 – 8 : 各式合約及主要内容


Topic – 8 : Contracts and Service Agreements

主題 – 8 :各式合約及主要内容

• Preliminary Agreements 初期合約合同

– LOIs, MOUs and Term Sheets

– 各式框架協議

– Consortium Agreements

– 投標聯合体協議

– Confidentiality Agreements 保密協議

• Acquisition Agreements

• 收購相關的合約合同

– Subscription Agreements and Share Sale and Purchase Agreements

– 增資認購及股權買賣協議

• Joint Venture Agreements

• 合資企業相關合同

• Project Agreements 項目相關合約合同

– Concession Agreements - (BOT, BOO), Waste Disposal Agreements, Power Purchase Agreements and Waste Discharge Agreements, etc. BOT，買賣電及灰渣填埋合約等


Sub-topics 子題


Topic - 9:

Business plan and HR planning

主題 – 9:

商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃


Topic – 9 : Business plan and HR planning 主題 – 9 : 商務計劃及定性定量人事規劃

Sub-topics 子題

• Business plan 商務計劃

• Human resource planning 定性定量人事規劃

• Job description

• 職位需求及功能描述

• Performance review

• 工作評鍳


XXX WTE Co., Ltd Business Plan - Table of Content

Preliminary Details 正式文件性質

Contact information 聯絡資訊

Document control 文件分發管制

Professional advisors 專業顧問群

Definitions 定義

Executive Summary 縂結摘要

Review of Current Business Operation

目前商務運作縂敍述

Basic corporate information 公司基本資料

History 公司歷史

Current business organization 公司組織

Core business 核心業務

Current business operations

目前公司運營狀況

Core competencies 核心竟爭力


XXX WTE Co., Ltd Business Plan - Table of Content - continue

Overview of Projected Market and Business Environment 市場及商業環境之現況及預測

The economy and national policy of China

中國經濟及囯家相關政策

Waste-to-energy market analysis 市場分析

Market player/competitor analysis 竟爭分析

XXX WTE Co. Ltd’s competitive advantages 公司的竟爭優勢

Strategy and Plans 經營策略及執行計劃

Mission 使命

Vision 願景

Objectives 目標

Business strategy 商業策略

Business implementation plan 商業執行計劃



Financial Analysis 財務分析

Assumptions 各種假設

Financial projections 財務預測

Risk Analysis and Management 風險分析與控管

SWOT - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats

優勢，弱點，機會與威脅分析

Limiting factors 發展的限制因素

Critical success factor 関健性的成功必要因素

Specific risks and their solutions

特殊風險及解決方法

Conclusion 結論



Annexes 附表

A. Projects in Focus, 2007-2012 五年内所関注的相目表列與說明

A-1 XXX WTE BOT Projects in Focus, 2007-2012

A-2 XXX EPC and Equipment Sales Projects in Focus, 2007-2012

B. Financial Assumptions 財務假設，分析與預測

B-1. Revenue and Cost Assumption of BOT Projects in Focus, 2007-2012

B-2. Revenue and Cost Assumption of EPC/Equipment Sales Projects in Focus, 2007-2012

B-3. Estimated Project Completion Schedule of EPC/Equipment

C. Projects in Focus, 2007 – 2012 五年内的資金需求

C. Equity and Cash Summary

C-1. XXX Projected Equity Investment Summary, 2007 – 2012

C-2. XXX Cash Summary for BOT Projects in Focus, 2007 – 2012

D. Financial Projections 五年内的各式財務報表預測

D-1 XXX Projected Profit and Loss Statement, 2007-2012

D-2 XXX Projected Balance Sheet, 2007-2012

D-3 XXX Projected Cash Flow, 2007-2012



Topic – 10 : Bid proposal and associated costs

主題 – 10 : 各式投標書及相關支出花費


• Letter of Interest 投標意願及承諾書

• Prequalification proposal – legal status, financial status, technical and plant performance including environmental aspects 資格標書

• Technical proposal 技術標書

• Commercial proposal – bid consortium, technology license, guarantees, bid bond, power of attorney to submit, certificate of incorporation, notarization and certification, etc. 商務標書

• Financial and price proposal 價格標書

• Cost to prepare a proposal 標書及投標成本


Topic – 10 : Bid proposal and associated costs

主題 – 10 : 各式投標書及相關支出花費

Sub-topics 子題

投標


Topic - 11: Financing and loan agreements

主題 – 11: 貸款及融資合約


• Financing sources

• 一般囯際常用之融資安排

• Key points of loan agreement

• 貸款融資合約的主要内容

• Impact of financing terms

• 融資條件對項目的影響

• Major financing conditions

• 融資的先決條件


Topic – 11 : Financing and loan agreements

主題 – 11 : 貸款及融資合約

Sub-topics 子題


Sample of Information Memorandum

囯際貸款資訊備忘錄

Hypothetical Cases Comparison ( Importance of the Financing Term) – Next 3 Slides

Major Assumptions: • 1,650 tons/calendar day; as received • Tipping fee: 90 Rmb/ton- as received in 2010 • Power Tariff: 615 Rmb/Mw-Hr

Conclusion Summary: • Total net cash flow for the first 10 years and average DSCR: • 20 years financing – US$ 32.2 million; average DSCR = 1.50 • 15 years financing – US$ 22.7 million; average DSCR = 1.32 • 10 years financing – Negative; DSCR = average Negative



Assumptions: Total Debt (US$, MM) 67.57$

Tip Fee Bid (US$/Ton): 13.18 Total Equity (US$, MM) 29.28$

EPC Cost ($,MM): 75.88 Total Project Cost 96.86$

Average Availability: 85%

Rmb/US$ 6.83 Year 1 EBITDA (US$, MM) 10.20

Implied EBITDA Multiple 9.5x

US$, MM Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

Revenue

Waste & Service Revenues 7.2$ 7.2$ 7.4$ 7.4$ 7.7$ 7.7$ 7.9$ 7.9$ 8.1$ 8.1$

Energy Revenues 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.6 10.7

CDM Revenues - - - - - - - - - -

Total Revenues 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8

Operating Expenses (5.9) (6.1) (6.5) (6.4) (7.7) (7.1) (7.9) (8.0) (7.5) (11.0)

Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$

Net Income (USGAAP) 2.2$ 2.4$ 2.6$ 2.6$ 2.0$ 2.9$ 2.3$ 2.5$ 3.8$ 1.3$

Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$

Interest (4.3) (4.1) (3.8) (3.6) (3.4) (3.2) (2.9) (2.7) (2.4) (2.2)

Taxes - - - (0.4) (0.3) (0.4) (0.8) (0.9) (1.3) (0.5)

Working Capital/Other (3.2) 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 (0.2) 0.5

Operating Cash Flow 2.7 7.2 7.3 7.4 6.7 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.2 5.5

Maintenance CapEx - - - - - - - - - -

Free Cash Flow Before Financing 2.7 7.2 7.3 7.4 6.7 7.6 7.0 7.3 7.2 5.5

Financing Activities (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) (3.4) Total/Avg

Net Cash Flow (0.7)$ 3.8$ 4.0$ 4.1$ 3.3$ 4.2$ 3.7$ 3.9$ 3.9$ 2.1$ 32.2$ Positive

DSCR = EBITDA / (P + I) 1.33 1.36 1.40 1.48 1.39 1.56 1.55 1.62 1.93 1.39 1.50 Positive

Hypothetical Case - 20 Years P & I Repayment









Revenue


Energy Revenues 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.6 10.7

CDM Revenues - - - - - - - - - -

Total Revenues 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8


Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$


Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$

Interest (4.3) (4.0) (3.8) (3.5) (3.2) (2.9) (2.6) (2.3) (2.0) (1.7)

Taxes - - - (0.4) (0.3) (0.5) (0.9) (1.0) (1.4) (0.6)






Net Cash Flow (1.8)$ 2.7$ 2.9$ 3.0$ 2.3$ 3.3$ 2.8$ 3.0$ 3.1$ 1.4$ 22.7$ Positive

DSCR = EBITDA / (P + I) 1.16 1.18 1.22 1.29 1.22 1.37 1.37 1.44 1.73 1.25 1.32 Positive










Revenue


Energy Revenues 8.9 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9 10.6 10.7

CDM Revenues - - - - - - - - - -

Total Revenues 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.1 17.3 17.6 17.8 18.7 18.8


Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$


Adjusted EBITDA 10.2$ 10.1$ 10.1$ 10.4$ 9.4$ 10.2$ 9.8$ 9.8$ 11.2$ 7.8$

Interest (4.4) (4.4) (4.3) (4.3) (4.2) (4.1) (4.1) (4.0) (3.9) (3.9)

Taxes - - - (0.3) (0.2) (0.3) (0.6) (0.6) (1.0) (0.1)






Net Cash Flow (4.1)$ 0.2$ 0.1$ 0.1$ (0.8)$ (0.1)$ (0.6)$ (0.5)$ (0.7)$ (2.5)$ (8.9)$ Negative

DSCR = EBITDA / (P + I) (0.91) (0.91) (0.92) (0.94) (0.86) (0.94) (0.90) (0.91) (1.05) (0.73) (0.91) Negative



Topic – 12 : Project risks and management

主題 – 12 : 項目風險及風險控管


Topic – 12 : Project risks and Management 題 – 12 : 項目風險及風險控管 – (1/2)

– Heating value or calorific value of MSW 熱值風險

– Delay in receiving licenses, permissions and approvals

– 延期取得各式許可証之風險

– Delay in construction / costs overrun

– 延期完工或超支完工之風險

– Availability of services/infrastructure

– 基礎建設未完備之風險

– Waste availability

– 垃圾產生及有效供應量之風險

– Significant reduction of actual construction cost

– 完工价低於投標价之風險


Sub-topics 子題

Topic – 12 : Project risks and Management 題 – 12 : 項目風險及風險控管 - (2/2)

– Client involvement in major equipment selection 政府介入設備選擇之風險

– Fluctuation of interest rate 利率變動之風險

– Foreign exchange 匯率變動之風險

– Inflation 通貨膨漲之風險

– Force majeure 不可抗力之風險

– Default 違約之風險

– Change in law 法律變更之風險


Sub-topics 子題


Topic - 13:

Plant Design

主題 - 13:

垃圾焚燒發電廠之設計



Topic - 13: Plant Design – Proprietary Technology Related

主題 - 13: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之設計

Obtain the waste composition data (prefer 5

years data) 垃圾組成

Decide the treatment capacity (mt/day, MCR

HV and operational range - firing diagram)

決定最大設計點

Combustion calculation 燃燒計算

Stoker grate and furnace design 爐排與爐膛

設計

Boiler design (heat transfer surfaces) 鍋爐設

計

Mass and energy balance 質能平衡計算

Equipment sizing 計算各設備尺寸大小

Equipment specifications 設備功能規範

Equipment procurement package 設備採購規

範

Combustion control 燃燒自動控制系統

Sub-topics 子題 :

(有專業技術相關的設計工作）


Mass and Energy Balance Calculation – P 1/5

XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation

XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as received (before leachate removal)

Un-normalized Normalized

Wet MSW MSW (Before Leachate Removal) MSW Project Specific:

Element (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) MSW As-received (mt/day) = 580.00

C 20.53 20.53

H 2.84 2.84

O 14.53 14.53 LHV AS-Received = 1,581 Kcal/kg

N 0.47 0.47

S 0.06 0.06 After Normalization

Cl 0.01 0.01 Organic = 38.44% = 222.97 mt/day

Fl 0.00 0.00 H20 = 55.21% = 320.19 mt/day

H20 55.20 55.21 Ash = 6.35% = 36.83 mt/day

Ash 6.35 6.35 Total = 100.00% = 580.00 mt/day

Total 99.99 100.00 Reserved:

H/C (%) 0.14 0.14

O/C (%) 0.71 0.71

Calc. 8.43 (MJ/Kg)

HHV = 2,016.43 (Kcal/kg)

3,627.12 (Btu/Lb)

Calc. 6.61 (MJ/Kg)

LHV = 1,580.75 (Kcal/kg)

2,843.43 (Btu/Lb)

LHV/HHV 78.39 %

Note: Input cells are highlighted in blue. Data are plugged in from physical sorting results and simulated by the Consultant (Abraham Shu)



XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation

XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as incinerated (after leachate removal)

Un-normalized Normalized

Wet MSW MSW (After Leachate Removal) MSW (Mt/Hr)

Element Un-normalized (Mt/Hr) Normalized Project specific:

C 20.12 22.55 MSW As-incinerated (mt/day) = 517.54

H 2.78 3.12 MSW As-incinerated (mt/hr) = 21.56

O 14.24 15.96

N

0.46 0.52 LHV AS-Incinerated = 1,790 Kcal/kg

S 0.06 0.07

Cl 0.01 0.01 After Normalization

Fl 0.00 0.00 Organic = 42.22% = 218.51 mt/day

H20 45.21 50.66 H20 = 50.66% = 262.19 mt/day

Ash 6.35 7.12 Ash = 7.12% = 36.83 mt/day

Total 89.23 100.00 Total = 100.00% = 517.54 mt/day

H/C (%) 0.14 0.14

O/C (%) 0.71 0.71 Process Water balance

Calc. 9.26 (MJ/Kg) H2O from MSW = 262.19 mt/day

HHV = 2,214.58 (Kcal/kg) H20 from H2 Combustion = 145.84 mt/day

3,983.56 (Btu/Lb) H2O from Scrubber = 33.36 mt/day

Calc. 7.48 (MJ/Kg) Total Water in Flue = 441.39 mt/day

LHV = 1,789.87 (Kcal/kg) = 18.39 mt/hr

3,219.59 (Btu/Lb)

LHV/HHV 80.82 % Total Leachate Removed = 62.46 mt/day

Leachate removal (wt. %) of Raw MSW 10.00

Organic removed with leachate (wt. %) of dry organic 2.00

Organic in lechate (wt. %) 0.00

Note:

1. Blue means directly imported from sheet 'MSW as Received' plus further removal of free water and disolved organic as leachate



Stream No 1 2 3 4 5

Stream Description

Wet MSW (as

incinerated) Auxiliary Fuel In Primary Air 2nd Air + Leak in + Cooling Air Fur. Surface Heat Loss Mass Balance: Unit

Component/Unit (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) Mass-in = M1 + M2+M3+M4 (Mt/HR) 153.34

CO2 N/A Mass-out = M6 + M7 (Mt/HR) 153.34

O2 22.13 1,450,700 5.53 144,673 N/A (M-in)/(M-out) * 100% % 100.00

N2 83.27 5,925,489 20.82 590,485 N/A Energy Balance: Unit

SO2 N/A Enthalpy-in = H1+ H2+H3+H4 (MMcal/HR) 56,078,084

HCl N/A Enthalphy-out = H5 + H6+H7 (MMcal/HR) 56,060,909

H2O 10.92 N/A (H-in)/(H-out)*100% % 100.03

Ash 1.53 N/A

Dry Organics 9.10 N/A Scale-up/down factor 0.21564188 Basis (100 mt/hr)

Others N/A % of designed thermal limit 80.08

StreamTotal 21.56 47,755,678 0.020 211,060 105.40 7,376,189 26.35 735,158 N/A 279,335

Gas Total (Kg-mole/HR) Heat loss equals to Mass Balance: Unit

Temp (C) 25 290.00 290 125.00 125 0.50 % of total Mass-in = M7 + M8 (Mt/HR) 206.19

Pres. (PSIA) heat input Mass-out = M10 + M11 (Mt/HR) 206.19

NM3/HR 81,563.64 20,390.91 N/A (M-in)/(M-out) * 100% % 100.00

ACFM N/A Energy Balance: Unit

Stream No 6 7 8 9 Enthalpy-in = H7+ H8 (MMcal/HR) 59,488,245

Stream Description Flue Gas to WHB BFW WHB Surface Heat LossEnthalphy-out = H9 + H10+H11 (MMcal/HR) 59,483,991

Component/Unit (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) Vol. % CpdT (K-cal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (H-in)/(H-out)*100% % 100.01

CO2 (or Carbon) 0.24 1,887,107 17.00 7.07 275.01 4,675,855 N/A Boiler efficiency (HHV) % =

O2 13.33 7.62 244.77 3,262,417 N/A (H10)/(H1+H2+H3+H4) = 76.48

N2 104.20 68.04 265.30 27,643,173 N/A

SO2 0.03 0.01 0 N/A

HCl 0.00 0.00 0 N/A Mass Balance: Unit

H2O 17.00 17.27 1,050.16 17,853,937 54.40 5,984,000 N/A Mass-in = M11 + M12 (Mt/HR) 153.18

Ash 1.30 390,222 0.23 299.13 68,863 N/A Mass-out = M13 (Mt/HR) 153.18

Dry Organics 0.00 0 N/A (M-in)/(M-out) * 100% % 100.00

Others 0.00 0 N/A Energy Balance: Unit

Stream Mass Total 1.55 2,277,329 151.79 100.00 N/A 53,504,245 54.40 5,984,000 N/A 535,042 Enthalpy-in = H11+ H12 (MMcal/HR) 16,060,878

Gas Total (Kg-mole/HR) 5,469 Heat loss equals to Enthalphy-out = H13 (MMcal/HR) 16,058,583

Temp (C) 1000 1000 1000 1000 135 135 1.00 % of flue gas (H-in)/(H-out)*100% % 100.01

Pres. (PSIA) 14.7 heat input Reserved

NM3/HR 122,587 N/A

ACFM N/A

Stream No 10 11 12 13

Stream Description Steam to T/G Flue Gas to Scrubber Water to Scrubber Flue Gas to B/H

Component/Unit (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) Vol. % CpdT (K-cal/HR) (Mt/HR) (Kcal/HR) (Mt/HR) Vol. % CpdT (K-cal/HR)

CO2 17.00 7.07 42.94 730,128 17.00 6.97 37.72 641,331

O2 13.33 7.62 37.99 506,386 13.33 7.51 33.24 443,093

N2 104.20 68.04 41.24 4,297,228 104.20 67.09 36.08 3,759,566

SO2 0.03 0.01 0 0.03 0.01

HCl 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00

H2O 54.40 17.00 17.27 618.55 10,516,124 1.390 18.39 18.42 609.24 11,204,719

Ash 0.23 47.83 11,012 0.00 0.23 42.90 9,875

Dry Organics 0.00 0 0.00

Others 0.00 0 0.00

Stream Mass Total 54.40 42,888,070 151.79 100.00 N/A 16,060,878 1.39 0 153.18 100.00 N/A 16,058,583

Gas Total (Kg-mole/HR) 5,469 5,546

Temp (C) 410 410 175 175 175 25 155

Pres. (PSIA) 661 14.7 14.7

NM3/HR 122,587 124,318

ACFM

Tons Steam/Tons MSW Burn 2.52

Reserved

Total Combustion Air = 101,955

Stack Flue Gas = 124,318

Comb Air / Stack Gas = 82.01%

H20 in Feed / H20 Stack = 59.40%

XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation based on HHV

XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as incinerated (after leachate removal) - Stream No. correspond to the numbers in the Process Flow Diagram (a)

Carbob/Ash to Extractor

Note: input cells are highlighted in green

Check on Balance - Furnace Block

Check on Balance - WHB Block

Check on Balance - Scrubber Block



Un-normalized Normalized Unburnt MSW Theoretical . Theoretical . Combustion Primary

Wet MSW MSW (After Leachate Removal) MSW Carbon & Ash Combusted Oxygen Air Air Air

Element (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr)

C 22.55 22.55 1.13 21.42 57.13

H 3.12 3.12 3.12 24.96

O 15.96 15.96 15.96 0.00 127.90 102.32 25.58

N 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.00 481.16 384.93 96.23

S 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07

Cl 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

Fl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

H20 50.66 50.66 50.66 0.00

Ash 7.12 7.12 6.05 1.07 0.00

Total 100.00 100.00 7.18 92.82 82.15 391.18 609.06 487.25 121.81

H/C (%) 0.14 0.14 C in Ash (%) = 15.71

O/C (%) 0.71 0.71 Excess Air (%) = 55.70 For MSW

Calc. 9.26 (MJ/Kg) 1-Air/Air (%) = 80 Block 1 = 100.03 %

HHV = 2,214.58 (Kcal/kg) 2-Air/Air (%) = 20 Block 2 = 100.01 %

3,983.56 (Btu/Lb) Unburnt C (%) = 5.00 in Ash Block 3 = 100.01 %

Calc. 7.48 (MJ/Kg) Fly ash/ash (%) = 15.00

LHV = 1,789.87 (Kcal/kg)

3,219.59 (Btu/Lb) Excess Air (%) = 30.00 For Diesel

LHV/HHV 80.82 %

21.56 (mt/hr), or 517.54

Mt/hr Mt/year US$/Mt US$/yr

0.02 148.92 806 120,097

0.01 80.28 800 64,227

0.035 263.09 N/A N/A

0.053 394.63 288.00 113,653

0.298 2,221.23 N/A N/A

0.119 888.49 264.00 234,562

0.009 66.64 13,500.00 899,599

4,731.22 N/A N/A (100 % dry fly ash + 40% dry cement + 70 % water)

0.03 224.79 920.00 206,810 (1.4 kg of Urea solution at 50 % purity per mt-MSW as-incinerated)

Total Chemicals US$/Yr 1,638,948

42,888,070 Reserved 31.30 Turbine Curve 432.6

8,111,347 Reserved 10,454 Turbine Efficiency 484.8

5,984,000 Reserved 1,861

Regression with

Air Cooled

Condenser 355.6

28,792,723 Reserved 8,593 N/A 398.5

2,754 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved

5.20 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved

2.52 Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved Reserved

Notes

Note: (1) Green cells are input numbers (2) Yellow cells are imported from sheet 'Msw As-incinerated'

Basis for calculating Chemicals, consumables and power generation

MSW as-incinerated (mt/day as-incinerated)

Reserved

Steam Enthalpy from Boiler (Kcal/Hr)

Net Kw-hr / ton MSW

Received =

Net Kw-hr / ton MSW

Incinerated =

M&E Balance Check

(0.50 kg per mt-MSW as-incinerated)

35 % excess lime

(feed fly ash + excess Ca (OH)2 + CaSO4 + CaCl2)

Gross Kw-hr / ton MSW

Received =

Gross Kw-hr / ton MSW

Incinerated

Turbine Heat Rate (Kcal/Kw-Hr)

Tons Steam per Kw-Hr Gross

XXX WtE Project - Mass and Energy Calculation based on HHV

XXX MSW Composition Assumption - as incinerated (after leachate removal) - Chemicals, Consumables and Power Generation

2nd + Leak-in +

Cooling Air

Enthalty from Preheated Combustion Air

(Kcal/Hr)

Enthalpy from Preheated Boiler Feed

Water (Kcal/Hr)

Net Enthalpy for Power Conversion

(Kcal/Hr)

Total fly ash product including solidified water (mt/yr)

Urea (50% pure solution) - (kg/hr)

Fly ash (mt/hr) = feed fly ash + reaction

products =

Ca(OH2) actual at 90% purity w/excess

(mt/hr) =

Tons Steam per Tons MSW As-Incinerated

Steam Cycle and Power Generation Calculation

Turbine conversion Efficiency (%) =

Gross Power (kw-hr) =

In-Plant Power Usage (kw-hr) =

Net power Output for Sale (Kw-hr) =

Ca(OH2) theoretical and pure (mt/hr) =

Auxuliary fuel (diesel) (mt/hr) =

Activated carbon (mt/hr) =

Calcuting Chemicals and Consumables Based on

Cement for fly ash solidification (mt/hr) =

Chelate for Fly ash Fixation (mt/hr) =


Topic - 14:

Plant Construction

主題 - 14:

垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠


Topic – 14 : Plant Construction 主題 – 14 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之建廠

– EPC concept

– 統包合約的概念

– Construction activities and management

– 建厰工作及管理

– Scheduling 建厰進度表

– Budget management

– 建厰預算及成本控制

– Progressive reporting

– 建厰進度報告


Sub-topics 子題

EPC concept

統包合約的概念


ACS Technologies - WTE Specialist - Abe Shu (舒成光編寫及主講) 105 3/30/2015

Basic Concept of WTE Construction Project Team Functional Relationship

Facility &

Business

Manager

Operations Staff


寫及主講) 106

Basic Concept of WTE Construction Schedule

Abe Shu ( 舒成光編寫及主講）- 2010, Shanghai, China 107

Engineered Equipment Material Labor Total

Boilers 0

Stokers 0

Turbine Generator 0

Air Pollution Equipment 0

Solids Handling Equipment 0

Chimney 0

Vessels 0

Exchangers & Condensers 0

Pumps 0

Compressors 0

Cooling Tower 0

Storage Tanks 0

Maintenance & Service Equipment 0

Refuse Cranes 0

Package Systems & Special Equipment 0

Water Treating 0

Electrical Equipment 0

Instrumentation 0

Total Engineered Equipment 0 0 0

Basic Concept of WTE Construction Budget

3/30/2015

Abe Shu ( 舒成光編寫及主講）- 2010, Shanghai, China 108

Basic Concept of WTE Construction Budget

3/30/2015


Topic - 15:

Performance Test

主題 - 15: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之全廠功能測試



Plant Performance Test （功能測試内容）

Throughput – weight and thermal

（重量及熱量最大負荷）

Environmental Emissions （環保排放）

Energy Efficiency （能源功效）

Chemical Consumption Efficiency （化學品銷耗量）

Test Conditions （測試工況）

60%, 70%, 100% (thermal) and 110% (weight) loads for each

test above

Current HHV and future MCR HHV

Other Major Activities （其他重要注意事項）

Calibration of all instruments and meters before the test

Multiple sampling, analysis and data interpretation

Other mechanical and electrical functional tests

Topic – 15 : Plant Acceptance/Performance Test

主題 – 15 : 全厰接收功能測試

Sub-topics 子題


Topic - 16:

Plant Operation and Management

主題 - 16:

垃圾焚燒發電廠之操作與管理


Sub-topics 子題 Scope of Plant Operation （工厰操作運營範疇）

Sub-topic (scope of Plant Operation) • Plant Handover （工廠接收及資產清點）

• Plant Organization and Function

• (人員編制及各部功能之建立）

• Facility management and operation

• (工厰操作及運營管理含財務）

• Routine maintenance and repair （日常維修及保養）

• Semi-annual and annual maintenance and repair （年度維修及保養）

• Major overhaul （大翻修）

• MSW and ashes sampling and analysis

• (垃圾及灰，渣之採樣及分析）

• Environmental emission monitoring

• (環保排放之採樣及監控）

• Health, safety and emergency response

• (安全與衛生）


Topic - 16: Plant Operation and Management

主題 - 16: 垃圾焚燒發電廠之操作與管理

Basic Concept of Operation and Maintenance


Plant Operation and Maintenance

(continue)

Warehouse Keeper (1)

Total number of Plant Staffs = 55

Mechanical

System

Maintenance

Leader (1)

Electrical &

Instrument

System

Maintenance

Leader (1)

Plant Manager (1)

Health Safety, Environmental and Industrial

Hygiene Officer (1)

Operational Superintendent (1) Maintenance Superintendent (1) Administrative and Commercial

Affairs Superintendent (1)

Mechanical Assistant

(1) Shift Leader (1)

Shift Leader (1)

Shift Leader (1)

Shift Leader (1)

Shift Operator (5)

Shift Operator (5)

Shift Operator (5)

Shift Operator (5)

Procurement Assistant (1)

Administrative and Contract

Support Assistant (1)

Accountant (1)

Electrical Instrument Technician

(5)

Mechanical System Maintenance

Technician (5)

Technical Manager

(1)

Security Guard (4)


Topic - 17:

Plant Maintenance and Repair

主題 - 17:

垃圾焚燒發電廠之維修


Sub-topics 子題 – Routine and preventative maintenance – (日常及預防性維修及保養工作） – Daily （每日） – Weekly （每週） – Monthly （每月） – Semi-annually （每半年） – Annually （每年） – Breakdown maintenance and repair – (事故發生后之修理，維修及保養工作） – Major overhaul （大型之修理，維修及保

養工作） – Roles and responsibilities (individual plant

staffs and subcontractors) – 厰内員工及下包商之角色，功能與責任 – Typical activities, manuals, forms, reports,

etc. – (工作範例，手冊，表格，報告） – Planning for the semi-annual, annual and

MO maintenance and repair – (年度及半年度維修及保養工作之準備)


Topic – 17 : Plant Maintenance and Repair

主題 – 17 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之維修


Plant Maintenance and Repair


Topic - 18: Operational Report and Analysis

主題 - 18:

垃圾焚燒發電廠之運營報告及分析


Sub-topics 子題 • Monthly performance report

月生産報告

• Monthly HV calculation results 月平均熱值計算

• Operational analysis reports 操作運營分析

• Variance and explanations

• 差異比較及解釋


Topic – 18 : Operational Report and Analysis

主告及分析

Topic 18 - (Monthly Operational Report):


Sample WTE Plant

Production and Performance Summary

Metric Units

From: 01-Apr-10 to: 30-Apr-10

DESIGN DATA No. of units 2

Refuse (TPD Metric) 1,200 LHV (kJ/kg) 7,000 1,672 (kcal/kg)

Steam (Metric Ton/Hr) 116.78 Turbine (MW) 24.000

Steam Press Abs. (MPa) 4.0 Steam Temp (°C) 400

PRODUCTION UNITS ACTUAL PRODUCTION VALUES

Refuse Received Metric Tons 50,237 1,675 TPD

Refuse Processed Metric Tons 51,237 1,708 TPD 102.0 % of Refuse Received

Leachate Metric Tons 15,594 520 TPD 30.4 % of Refuse Proc.

Refuse Combusted Metric Tons 35,643 1,188 TPD 99.0% of Design 69.6 % of Refuse Proc.

Fly Ash Metric Tons 1,156 38.5 TPD 2.3 % of Refuse Proc.

Bottom Ash Metric Tons 7,737 257.9 TPD 15.1 % of Refuse Proc.

Steam Metric Tons 59,406 70.7% of MCR 1.67 Stm Ratio (As-Comb.)

Gross Electric MWH 12,002 234.2 KWH/Ton Proc. 336.7 KWH/Ton Comb.

Net Electric MWH 9,762 190.5 KWH/Ton Proc. 273.9 KWH/Ton Comb.

UTILITIES UNITS ACTUAL UTILITY PER TON OF REFUSE

In-plant Power MWH 2,240 43.7 KWH/Ton Proc. 18.7% of Gross

Purchased Power MWH 0 0.0 KWH/Ton Proc.

Total Natural Gas m3

19,811 0.4 m3/Ton Proc. 0.6 m

3/Ton Comb.

Service Water Metric Tons 0 0.0 kg Water/Ton

Make-up Metric Tons 4,387 85.6 kg Water/Ton Pro. 123.1 kg Water/Ton Comb.

Make-up % of Steam 7.4%

Activated Carbon Metric Tons 9.6 0.2 kg Car./Ton Proc. 0.3 kg Car./Ton Comb.

Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] Metric Tons 150.5 2.9 kg Lime/Ton Proc. 4.2 kg Lime/Ton Comb.

Urea Metric Tons 251 4.9 kg Urea/Ton

Carbon Metric Tons 13 0.3 kg Carbon/Ton

PERFORMANCE UNITS CALCULATED

Refuse LHV kcal/kg 1,174 4,916 kJ/kg

Refuse Processed Ref Tons 37,023

Refuse Processed Ref TPD 1,234

Gross Energy Recovery KWH/Ref Ton 324.2

Net Energy Recovery KWH/Ref Ton 263.7

AVAILABILITY UNITS MONTHLY AVAILABILITY TIME ON-LINE

Boiler 1 % 100.0 % 100.0%

Boiler 2 % 75.0 % 75.0%

Avg. Boiler Availability % 87.5 % 87.5%

Turbine 1 % 100.0 % 98.0%

Turbine 2 % 78.0 % 78.0%

Avg. Turbine Availability % 89.0 % 88.0%

PERFORMANCE

COMPARISON UNITS ACTUAL PLANNING ASSUMPTION VARIANCE

Processing Metric Tons 51,237 49,844 2.8%

Gross Electric MWH 12,002 11,693 2.6%

Net Electric MWH 9,762 9,159 6.6%

In-plant Power % 18.7% 21.7% 3.0%

Topic - 18 (Monthly Operational Report):


Sample WTE Plant MONTHLY HHV & LHV CALCULATION SHEET

From: 01-Apr-10 To: 30-Apr-10

MONTHLY DESIGN MONTHLY DESIGN

DATA INPUTS UNITS VALUE VALUES UNITS VALUE VALUES

Refuse Combusted metric tons 35,642.5 tons 39,289.1 Weighted AVGS.

Total Operating Time - All Units hours 1,259.7 hours 1,259.7

Boiler 1 Steam Production metric tons 34,348.0 klbs 75,724.4 130,967.8 klbs Total Steam

Boiler 2 Steam Production metric tons 25,058.0 klbs 55,243.4

Boiler 1 Steam Temperature °C 401.6 400.0 °F 754.8 752.0

Boiler 2 Steam Temperature °C 400.3 400.0 °F 752.5 752.0 753.8 °F Steam Temp

Boiler 1 Steam Pressure MPa 3.8 4.0 psig 532.1 565.5

Boiler 2 Steam Pressure MPa 3.7 4.0 psig 527.7 565.5 530.3 psig Steam Pressure

Boiler Feedwater Temperature °C 105.0 130.0 °F 221.0 266.0

Boiler 1 Economizer Exit Gas Temperature °C 225.4 210.0 °F 437.8 410.0

Boiler 2 Economizer Exit Gas Temperature °C 216.5 210.0 °F 421.6 410.0 431.0 °F Econ Exit Gas Temp

Boiler 1 Final Primary Air Temperature °C 224.0 220.0 °F 435.2 428.0

Boiler 2 Final Primary Air Temperature °C 226.0 220.0 °F 438.8 428.0 436.7 °F Primary Air Temp (Final)

Boiler 1 Heated Overfire Air Temperature °C 29.0 166.0 °F 84.2 330.8

Boiler 2 Heated Overfire Air Temperature °C 45.0 166.0 °F 113.0 330.8 96.3 °F Overfire Air Temp

Ambient Air Temperature °C 20.0 18.0 °F 67.9 64.4

Boiler 1 Economizer Exit Wet O2 % 6.47 8.44 % 6.47 8.44

Boiler 2 Economizer Exit Wet O2 % 6.04 8.44 % 6.04 8.44 6.3 % Wet O2

Natural Gas Usage - Start Up m3

17,437.08,902 kcal/m3 kcuft 615.8 1,000 BTU/cuft

Natural Gas Usage - Steam Production m3

2,374.08,902 kcal/m3 kcuft 83.8 1,000 BTU/cuft

ENTHALPIES

Main Steam kcal/kg 769.8 768.3 BTU/lb 1385.3 1382.5 BTU/lb 1,145.50 Tongxing Design Enthalpy Rise

Feedwater kcal/kg 106.5 131.7 BTU/lb 191.6 237.0 BTU/lb 1,192.07 Typical Covanta Design Enthalpy Rise

CALCULATIONS

% Excess Air from %O2 % 52.6 90% % 52.6 90 %

Total Boiler Steam Heat Output kcal 3.941E+10 BTU 1.563E+11

Steam Output due to Aux Fuels - Start Up kcal 6.597E+0785% Efficiency BTU 2.617E+08 85% Efficiency

Steam Output due to Aux Fuels - Combustion kcal 1.796E+0785% Efficiency BTU 7.126E+07 85% Efficiency

Steam Output from Refuse kcal 3.932E+10 BTU 1.560E+11

Ref Steam Produced from Refuse kg 6.177E+07 lbs 1.362E+08

Specific Steam Ratio (ref steam/refuse) kg stm/kg refuse 1.73 lb stm/lb refuse 1.73 1.67 lb ref stm/lb refuse if use Covanta Enthalpy

HHV Raw Database Curve kcal/kg 1,659.4 BTU/lb 2,987.0

ADJUSTMENTS FACTOR

Economizer Exit Gas Temperature kcal/kg 1.0 BTU/lb 1.9 0.65 % raw HHV/10°F

Heated Primary Air Temp kcal/kg -86.7 BTU/lb -156.0 -6.4 BTU/lb/10°F

Heated Overfire Air Temp kcal/kg -3.3 BTU/lb -6.0 -2.1 BTU/lb/10°F

Ambient Air Temp kcal/kg 16.6 BTU/lb 29.9 -0.83 % raw HHV/10°F

Excess Air kcal/kg -54.0 BTU/lb -97.2 0.87 % raw HHV/10%

Sub-total of adjustments kcal/kg -126.3 BTU/lb -227.4

Net HHV kcal/kg 1,533 6,419 kJ/kg 2,760 BTU/lb

Net LHV kcal/kg 1,174 4,916 kJ/kg 2,114 BTU/lbDESIGN

Total Heat Input including Aux Fuel Mkcal/hr/unit 46.08 55.97 MMBTU/hr/Unit 182.80 222.04% of M.C.R. 82.3% % of M.C.R. 82.3%

Estimated Boiler Efficiency 87.3% 68.0%Natural Gas Heat Input vs Total Heat Input 0.3%

Natural Gas Heat Input vs MSW Fuel Heat Input 0.3%

Topic 18 - (Monthly Operational KPI Analysis):


Overall Summary April 2010 - ACTUAL vs. Forecast

Combined - 2 plants Plant 1 Plant 2

No. KPIs Unit

Actual in

Apr 2010 Forecast Variance

Actual in


Actual in


1 Waste as processed mt 103,717 100,313 3.39% 51,237 49,844 2.79% 52,480 50,469 3.98%

2 Leachate percentage % 24.12% 20.21% 3.91% 30.44% 21.80% 8.63% 17.96% 18.64% -0.68%

3 Waste as combusted mt 78,698 80,040 -1.68% 35,643 38,976 -8.55% 43,055 41,064 4.85%

4 Stoker overload % 117% 114% 2.57% 113% 112% 1.19% 120% 116% 3.56%

5 Gross power MW-hr 25,666 24,218 5.98% 12,002 11,693 2.64% 13,664 12,525 9.09%

6

Gross power per waste

processed kW-hr /mt 247 241 2.50% 234 235 -0.15% 260 248 4.91%

7

Gross power per waste

combusted kW-hr /mt 326 303 7.79% 337 300 12.24% 317 305 4.05%

8

Inplant usage

percentage % 14.64% 18.01% -3.37% 18.66% 21.67% -3.01% 11.11% 14.59% -3.49%

9 Net power MW-hr 21,908 19,856 10.33% 9,762 9,159 6.58% 12,146 10,697 13.55%

10 Steam mt 128,162 128,885 N/A 59,406 62,361 -4.74% 68,756 66,524 3.36%

11

Steam ratio (as

combusted) mt/mt 1.63 1.61 1.36% 1.67 1.60 4.17% 1.60 1.62 -1.42%

12 Steam per gross power kg/kW-hr 4.99 5.32 -6.17% 4.95 5.33 -7.19% 5.03 5.31 -5.26%

13 Fly ash mt 2,174 2,021 7.57% 1,156 974 18.69% 1,018 1,047 -2.77%

14

Fly ash per waste

processed mt/mt 2.10% 2.01% 0.08% 2.26% 1.95% 0.30% 1.94% 2.07% -0.13%

15

Fly ash per waste

combusted mt/mt 2.76% 2.52% 0.24% 3.24% 2.50% 0.74% 2.36% 2.55% -0.19%

16 Bottom ash mt 17,520 17,856 -1.88% 7,737 7,795 -0.74% 9,783 10,061 -2.76%

17

Bottom ash per waste

processed mt/mt 16.89% 17.80% -0.91% 15.10% 15.64% -0.54% 18.64% 19.94% -1.29%

18

Bottom ash per waste

combusted mt/mt 22.26% 22.31% -0.05% 21.71% 20.00% 1.71% 22.72% 24.50% -1.78%

19 Boiler on time % 93.75% 97.50% -3.75% 87.50% 96.70% -9.20% 100.00% 98.30% 1.70%


Topic - 19: Plant Financial Planning, Forecast and

Revision

主題 - 19: 預算，預測及調整


Sub-topics 子題

• Summary of financial planning (budget)

• 預算縂表 • Operational assumptions • 運營目標 • Detail financial planning

tables 預算細表 • Chemical and consumables • 化學品及銷耗品預算


Topic – 19 : Plant Financial Planning, Forecast and Revision

主題 – 19 : 預算，預測及調整

Topic - 19 - (Plant Financial Planning Summary)


XXX Project

2010 Financial Planning Summary Original

Amounts in US$ Reporting Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Dec-10

Actual Dec-09 Jan-10 Feb-10 Mar-10 Apr-10 May-10 Jun-10 Jul-10 Aug-10 Sep-10 Oct-10 Nov-10 Variance

Availability 97% 68% 98% 98% 98% 77% 98% 98% 96% 98% 77% 97% 92%

Gross Energy(MWH) 12,117 8,916 11,675 12,843 12,525 10,014 11,990 12,400 12,195 11,990 10,014 12,100 138,779 144,550 (5,771)

Net Energy(MWH) 10,742 7,600 9,953 10,968 10,697 8,536 10,241 10,591 10,416 10,241 8,536 10,330 118,850 125,670 (6,820)

Line 1 -

Line 2 -

Waste Volume Received (Metric Tons) 48,707 40,300 44,800 51,150 49,500 43,400 49,500 51,150 51,150 49,500 43,400 49,500 572,057 590,000 (17,943)

Waste Processed (Metric Tons) 48,414 43,711 46,792 51,315 50,469 41,078 50,202 51,909 51,237 49,707 41,512 49,572 575,918

Leachate (Metric Tons) 8,715 7,868 8,423 9,237 9,084 7,394 9,036 9,344 9,223 8,947 7,472 8,923 103,665

Waste Volume Incinerated (Metric Tons) 39,699 35,843 38,369 42,078 41,385 33,684 41,166 42,565 42,014 40,760 34,040 40,649 472,253

Tipping Fees (RMB / Ton) 69.90

Electricity price (RMB/MkH) Line 1 0.39

Line 2 0.58

Exchange rate 6.82

Revenues

Energy 电费收入 855,238 599,118 784,559 863,015 841,618 672,901 805,710 833,256 819,483 805,710 672,901 813,089 9,366,598 9,852,916 #######

Tipping Fee 垃圾处置费收入 307,468 254,091 282,463 322,500 312,097 273,636 312,097 322,500 322,500 312,097 273,636 312,097 3,607,182 3,687,862 (80,680)

Other Revenues 其他收入 124,633 78,294 117,211 128,939 125,734 94,975 120,082 124,255 120,491 120,082 94,975 121,243 1,370,916 1,785,765 #######

Total Revenues 收入合计 1,287,339 931,503 1,184,234 1,314,454 1,279,449 1,041,512 1,237,889 1,280,011 1,262,474 1,237,889 1,041,512 1,246,428 14,344,696 15,326,543 -981,847

Operating Expenses

Chemicals 化学试剂 80,784 68,873 73,728 80,854 79,521 64,725 79,101 81,790 80,732 78,321 65,408 78,108 911,945 860,704 (51,241)

Repairs and Maintenance 维修维护费 93,642 36,657 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 65,982 790,123 1,651,952 861,829

Utilities 水电费 34,397 27,234 30,275 37,073 35,958 29,329 35,958 37,073 37,073 35,958 29,329 35,331 404,989 411,110 6,122

Insurance 保险费 - - - - - - - - 29,326 - - - 29,326 29,314 (12)

Bottom Ash Disposal 灰渣处理费 22,836 25,729 23,954 24,445 24,310 26,190 24,085 24,260 24,175 27,017 23,257 24,135 294,392 282,632 (11,761)

Major Maintenance 工资和福利 - 117,302 - - - 109,971 - - - - 117,302 - 344,575 205,197 #######

Wages and Benefits 安全经费 176,338 83,623 101,754 84,473 93,114 89,865 84,473 84,473 84,473 97,655 84,473 84,473 1,149,189 1,149,323 134

Training 1,994 1,489 1,880 1,508 1,694 1,624 1,508 1,508 1,508 1,792 1,508 1,508 19,517 19,516 (1)

Health & Safety 11,965 65,029 7,111 8,578 11,804 9,311 8,578 7,111 23,974 13,270 7,111 7,111 180,953 212,177 31,224

Sales/Marketing/Community 垃圾运输费 10,968 10,557 6,158 6,158 6,158 9,091 6,158 6,158 6,158 10,557 6,158 6,158 90,440 153,466 63,026

Other G&A 管理费用 134,604 37,212 41,531 42,842 52,748 39,063 120,128 42,322 63,899 41,856 39,063 41,985 697,255 740,302 43,047

Total Operating Expense 营业费用合计 567,527 473,705 352,375 351,915 371,289 445,151 425,971 350,678 417,299 372,408 439,593 344,792 4,912,704 5,715,693 802,989

Depreciation of Facility 厂房折旧 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 1,977,908 1,977,675 (233)

Operating Amortization 摊销 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Total Depreciation and Amortization折旧摊销合计 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 164,826 1,977,908 1,977,675 -233

Interest Expense-Project Debt 项目贷款利息 161,250 161,250 145,645 161,250 156,048 161,250 156,048 146,250 146,250 141,532 146,250 141,532 1,824,556 1,823,834 (722)

Net Interest on Project Debt 利息合计 161,250 161,250 145,645 161,250 156,048 161,250 156,048 146,250 146,250 141,532 146,250 141,532 1,824,556 1,823,834 (722)

Operating Income 营业利润 393,737 131,722 521,388 636,464 587,286 270,286 491,045 618,257 534,099 559,124 290,843 595,278 5,629,528 5,809,340 (179,813)

Income Before Tax 税前利润 393,737 131,722 521,388 636,464 587,286 270,286 491,045 618,257 534,099 559,124 290,843 595,278 5,629,528 5,809,340 (179,813)

Current Provision-Foreign Tax 所得税费用 0.0% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Net Income 净利润 393,737 131,722 521,388 636,464 587,286 270,286 491,045 618,257 534,099 559,124 290,843 595,278 5,629,528 5,809,340 (179,813)

2010

Total

2010

Planning

Topic - 19 - Operational Planning Assumptions


PLANNING YEAR INFO SECTIONPlant Name XXX

Plant Title XXX WTE Facility

YEAR 2010

Design Blr Load 58.39 metric ton/hr

Number of Operating Boilers 2

Number of Operating Turbines 2

Design LHV 7,000 kJ/kg

PLANNING ASSUMPTIONS BASIS XXX WTE FacilityMonthNumber 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

FirstDay 01/01/10 02/01/10 03/01/10 04/01/10 05/01/10 06/01/10 07/01/10 08/01/10 09/01/10 10/01/10 11/01/10 12/01/10

Total/Avg Dec 09 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Days in Period calc 365.00 31 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31

Boiler Outage Days (Scheduled + Un-

Scheduled) days 62.50 1.74 20.00 1.00 1.50 1.00 14.00 1.50 1.50 2.50 1.50 14.00 2.00 2.00

Turbine Outage Days (Scheduled + Un-

Scheduled) days 48.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.00 0.00 0.00

% Design Steam Load when online % 79.0% 76.2% 80.5% 80.5% 80.5% 80.5% 79.1% 77.7% 77.7% 77.7% 77.7% 79.1% 79.1% 79.1%

Evaporation Rate * kg stm/kg fuel 1.28 1.33 1.08 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.30 1.30

Turbine Steam Rate (Gross) kg stm/kwh 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31

InPlant Power Mwhrs/hr 2.34 1.85 1.77 2.56 2.55 2.57 1.99 2.46 2.46 2.42 2.46 1.99 2.48 2.48

Purchased Power MWH 150.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 15.00 15.00

Ash Generation Ratio % 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5%

* Fuel quantity all based on Waste Processed

XXX WTE FacilityPLANNED ANNUAL OPERATING ASSUMPTIONS - 2010

MONTHLY STATISTICS

Total/Avg Dec 09 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Boiler Operating Hours hrs 16020.00 1,446 1,008 1,320 1,452 1,416 1,152 1,404 1,452 1,428 1,404 1,152 1,392 1,440

Turbine Operating Hours hrs 16368.00 1,488 1,008 1,344 1,488 1,440 1,152 1,440 1,488 1,488 1,440 1,152 1,440 1,488

STEAM

Steam Produced metric tons 739244.88 64,359 47,356 62,014 68,215 66,524 53,188 63,685 65,863 64,774 63,685 53,188 64,269 66,485

Steam Flow when online metric tons/hr/blr 46.15 44.50 46.98 46.98 46.98 46.98 46.17 45.36 45.36 45.36 45.36 46.17 46.17 46.17

% of Full Load when online % 0.79 76.2% 80.5% 80.5% 80.5% 80.5% 79.1% 77.7% 77.7% 77.7% 77.7% 79.1% 79.1% 79.1%

REFUSE

Refuse Received metric tons 574500.00 48,707 40,300 44,800 51,150 49,500 43,400 49,500 51,150 51,150 49,500 43,400 49,500 51,150

metric tons 578774.00 48,414 43,711 46,792 51,315 50,469 41,078 50,202 51,909 51,237 49,707 41,512 49,572 51,270

metric tons/day 1585.68 1,562 1,410 1,671 1,655 1,682 1,325 1,673 1,674 1,653 1,657 1,339 1,652 1,654

Waste Incinerated metric tons 39,699 35,843 38,369 42,078 41,385 33,684 41,166 42,565 42,014 40,760 34,040 40,649 42,041

Evaporation Rate kg Stm/kg Fuel 1.28 1.33 1.08 1.33 1.33 1.32 1.29 1.27 1.27 1.26 1.28 1.28 1.30 1.30

ELECTRICITY GENERATED

Electricity Generated MWH 139178.82 12,116.9 8,915.8 11,675.4 12,842.9 12,524.5 10,013.8 11,990.2 12,400.1 12,195.1 11,990.2 10,013.8 12,100.0 12,517.2

Average when online MWH/Hr 17.01 16.29 17.69 17.37 17.26 17.40 17.39 16.65 16.67 16.39 16.65 17.39 16.81 16.82

Turbine Steam Rate kg/kwh 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31 5.31

Gross Energy Recovery kwh/metric ton 240.47 250.3 204.0 249.5 250.3 248.2 243.8 238.8 238.9 238.0 241.2 241.2 244.1 244.1

ELECTRICITY SOLD

Electrical Sales MWH 118794.24 10,741.5 7,600.3 9,952.8 10,968.1 10,696.6 8,536.3 10,241.1 10,590.6 10,415.8 10,241.1 8,536.3 10,329.7 10,685.4

Average when online MWH/Hr 14.52 14.44 15.08 14.81 14.74 14.86 14.82 14.22 14.23 14.00 14.22 14.82 14.35 14.36

Net Energy Recovery kwh/metric ton 205.25 221.9 173.9 212.7 213.7 211.9 207.8 204.0 204.0 203.3 206.0 205.6 208.4 208.4

ELECTRICITY USED/PURCH

Electricity Used MWH 20534.58 1,375.4 1,315.4 1,722.6 1,894.9 1,847.9 1,477.4 1,769.0 1,829.5 1,799.3 1,769.0 1,477.4 1,785.2 1,846.8

Average MWH/Hr 2.34 1.85 1.77 2.56 2.55 2.57 1.99 2.46 2.46 2.42 2.46 1.99 2.48 2.48

Consumption kwh/metric ton 35.48 28.4 30.1 36.8 36.9 36.6 36.0 35.2 35.2 35.1 35.6 35.6 36.0 36.0

Electricity Purchased MWH 150.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0 0.0 15.0 15.0

ASH

Ash Generated metric tons 141799.63 11,861 10,709 11,464 12,572 12,365 10,064 12,299 12,718 12,553 12,178 10,170 12,145 12,561

Generation Ratio % of Refuse 0.25 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5% 24.5%

LEACHATE

Leachate Generated metric tons 8,715 7,868 8,423 9,237 9,084 7,394 9,036 9,344 9,223 8,947 7,472 8,923 9,229

TIME ONLINE

Boiler Time Online % time online 0.91 97.2% 67.7% 98.2% 97.6% 98.3% 77.4% 97.5% 97.6% 96.0% 97.5% 77.4% 96.7% 96.8%

Turbine Online % time online 0.93 100.0% 67.7% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 77.4% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 77.4% 100.0% 100.0%

Refuse Processed


Topic - 20: Environmental Compliance and

Monitoring



Sub-topics 子題 • Environmental emissions

monitoring system • 環保監測系統縂表 • Emission standards • 各國環保排放標準 • Pollutants sampling and analysis • 排放物取樣及分析 • Commonly seem non-compliance

practices • 常見違規行爲及對策


Topic – 20 : Environmental Compliance and Monitoring


Environmental Monitoring and Compliance

廢水，灰，渣，煙氣及噪音之採樣，分析及監控


Environmental Monitoring System for a typical WTE plant

State of

Pollutants

Type or Area of

Monitoring

Pollutants to Monitor Monitoring Locations Typical

Monitoring/Sampling

Frequency

Wastewater WW and Leachate

Treatment Plant

Waste water flow rate,

temperature, SS, BOD, COD,

pH, total nitrogen, total

phosphors, chlorine, heavy

metals, etc.

Holding tank, digestion

tank, discharge port after

all treatment (membrane

filtration), etc.

Monthly sampling and

analysis

Air

Pollutants

CEMS O2, H2O, NOx, CO, HCl, SOx,

etc.

After scrubber (with each

boiler line), stack

24/7

Extractive Sampling

(stationary

discharging sources)

Flue gas temperature, flow

rate, particulate, O2, CO,

CO2, HCl, NOx, SOx, dioxins,

heavy metals, opacity, total

HC, etc.

After boiler, after scrubber

(or at stack)

Quarterly sampling and

analysis

Ashes Fly ash and bottom

ash

Moisture, pH, chemical

composition (compounds,

heavy metals), lost on ignition,

TCLP leachate, etc.

Fly ash storage pit/bunker,

bottom ash storage/bunker

Monthly sampling and

analysis

Noise Separate

measurement of day

time and night time

noise level

Leq, Lavg (Average Sound

Level) in dB

4 locations around plant

boundary fence plus in

plant building

Quarterly measurement

廢水

煙氣

灰渣

噪音


寫及主講) 129

Environmental Emission Standards

cadmium

mercury

lead

dioxins

particulates

Pollutants


Topic - 21: Plant Operational Audit and Tools

主題 - 21:

操作運營之審計及工具


Sub-topics 子題 • Verify operating conditions and key

parameters (w/simulation tool) • 確認操作工況及重要參數 • Verify the consumption of parts,

materials, chemicals, inventories, etc.

• 確認各式消耗品及庫存量 • Indentify major issues • 發現重要問題 • Indentify potential issues • 發現潛在問題 • Correction plans 問題解決方案 • Cost impacts 成本影響 • Forecast revision 預算修正


Topic – 21 : Plant Operational Audit and Tools

主題 - 21: 操作運營之審計及工具


Topic - 22:

Waste Receiving, Handling, Storage and Feeding

主題 - 22:

垃圾之接收，管理，儲存及進料論述


Sub-topics 子題

• Acceptable and unacceptable

wastes

• 可接受及不可接收的垃圾

• Waste weighing

• 垃圾称重

• Pit storage

• 垃圾储坑管理

• Feeding 垃圾投料


Topic – 22 : Waste Receiving, Handling, Storage and Feeding

主題 – 22 : 垃圾之接收，管理，儲存及進料論述


Topic - 23: Crane and Pit Management

主題 - 23:

垃圾吊車及儲坑的管理


Sub-topics 子題

• Crane major components • 桥式垃圾吊车主要部件 • Crane operation and control

room • 垃圾吊车及抓斗控制与操作 • Pit fire protection • 垃圾储坑失火及防火 • Pit management • 垃圾储坑管理 • MSW feeding 垃圾投料


Topic – 23 : Crane and Pit Management

主題 – 23 : 垃圾吊車及儲坑的管理


垃圾储坑（俯视图） Refuse Pit (Overhead View)

12米深

45 米长， 15 米宽

垃圾储坑延长度方向被分为三个分区（前排，中排，后排）。垃圾储坑

的宽度为三个打开的抓斗的宽度，形成这个三个相等的分区。


正确堆料的垃圾储坑 - Properly Stacked Pit

设立中心墙

• 将垃圾从壕中移至中排上部

• 抓斗从前排取料后移至中排上

方

• 将抓斗近距离悬垂在垃圾上方，

于下面的垃圾保持一定的距离，

避免中心墙滑向前排。

• 缓慢降下抓斗并在中心墙顶部

打开。

• 这样就形成垃圾的稳定堆垛。

供料超量时，将垃圾堆放在中排和后排。


Topic - 24: Stoker Technology and Furnace

主題 - 24:

爐排及焚燒爐技術簡介


Topic – 24 : Stoker Technology and Furnace

主題 – 24 : 爐排及焚燒爐技術簡介

Sub-topics 子題

• Mechanical grate and the entire stoker • 爐排主要部件 • Reverse reciprocating grate; forward moving grate;

roller grate (DBA) • 順推，逆推及滾筒式爐排 • Grate w/wo sudden drops; W/wo chopper to break

up slag 有降差及無降差爐排 • Slope vs. horizontal grates; air vs. water cooling • 斜推及水平爐排 • Waste distribution, mixing, layers, air distribution,

feeder, control, etc • 垃圾料层分布，混合，空氣等 • Application experience – large vs. small • 爐排應用實積 • Drying zone – lower HV with larger grate area • 爐排乾燥段及面積的関係 • Combustion/ashing zone – higher HV with larger

area (heat releasing rate) • 爐排燃燒段與灰燼段及面積的関係 • Typical design data 爐排設計資料



Topic - 25: Boiler

主題 - 25: 鍋爐




Typical Mass Burn Waste-To-Energy Plant

• Boiler parts and their functions • 鍋爐零件及功能 • Heat transfer surface design • 熱傳面積設計 • Materials 金屬材料 • Corrosion and protection • 腐蝕及防護 • Thermal efficiency 熱效率 • Slag (molten ash) and soot (carbon)

removal 除灰及除粘渣 • On-line cleaning vs. off-line cleaning

在綫/離綫除灰 • Vertical and horizontal boilers

• 水平及垂直佈置鍋爐


Topic – 25 : Boiler - 主題 – 25 : 鍋爐


Topic - 26: Cooling Tower

主題 - 26:

冷却塔和冷却水系统知识介紹


• WTE plant cooling water system

• 電廠冷却水系统

• Types of cooling tower

• 各式冷却塔介紹

• Parts and functions

• 主要部件及功能

• Corrosion, cleaning and maintenance

• 腐蝕，清理與保護


寫及主講) 144

Sub-topics (子題)

Topic - 26:Cooling Tower - 主題 - 26:冷却塔和冷却水系统知识介紹

诱导通风冷却塔诱导通风冷却塔


冷凝水 /锅炉给水 – 蒸汽系统與循环（冷却）水系统

冷却水出口

冷却水入口

热井除氧器水箱

锅炉给水泵

冷凝水

冷凝水（或 “aka”散热器）泵

废蒸汽

发电机

汽轮机抽汽

低压给水加热器

锅炉给水

蒸汽

锅炉汽包

炉燃烧室

汽轮机

冷凝器

冷凝水和给水流动图


Cooling Tower - 冷却塔

废蒸汽

冷凝器冷却水

诱导通风冷却塔

共有三（3）种冷却塔类型：

自然通风

强制通风

诱导通风诱导通风冷却塔


Topic - 27:

Boiler Feed Water Treatment

主題 - 27:

锅炉用水知识介紹


Sub-topics (子題) • Minerals and unwanted

compounds in the water • 水中雜質 • Water purification and

sterilization • 用水之淨化與消毒 • Demineralizer 離子交換脫鹽器 • Deaerator 除氧器 • Scale and deposit removal • 鍋爐管内積垢之清理


Topic – 27 : Boiler Feed Water Treatment - 主題 – 27 : 锅炉用水知识介紹


Topic - 28:

Scrubber, Rotary Atomizer and Chemical Dosage

主題 - 28:

煙氣汙染防治，涤气器，旋转雾化器与化学藥品剂量知识介紹


Sub-topics (子題)

• Acidic flue gases • 酸性煙氣成分 • Scrubber 滌氣器 • Lime slurry system 石灰泥漿

系統 • Rotary atomizer 旋转雾化器 • Dioxin 二噁英及排放控制 • Carbon injection 活性炭噴注 • Chemical dosage • 化学藥品剂量


Topic – 28 : Scrubber, Rotary Atomizer and Chemical Dosage

主題 – 28 : 煙氣汙染防治，涤气器，旋转雾化器与化学藥品剂量知识介紹


Dioxins and Emission Control - 二噁英排放控制

二噁英PCDD：呋喃PCDF ：

聚氯二苯并-p-二噁英聚氯二苯并呋喃

不同的同族元素和异构体，取决于Cl 原子的数目和位置（最多8个）

PCDD：75 种化合物，PCDF：135 种化合物

Dirty 17：TEF = 毒性当量系数：数值介于0 - 1之间，

最毒的化合物TEF = 1; 排放标准 =>1 ng TEQ/Nm³

O

O

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

O Cl Cl

What is Dioxin and Furans? - They are 210 kinds of chemical compounds with similar chemical structure


How dioxins generated - 二噁英是如何产生的？

在每一个满足以下四个必要条件的焚烧过程中几乎都会产生二噁英：

- 存在化合物：有机碳、氧、氯

- 温度介于 250℃至450℃之间

- 在此温度下充足的停留时间

- 存在催化剂，特别是铜（飞灰上少量的CuCl2）

二噁英还会产生于：

森林大火，高温分解，

吸烟（0,007 ng/根香烟），交通（0,002 ng/升燃料）,

明火


How to meet Dioxins emission

如何达到二噁英排放标准：1 ng TEQ/Nm³？

在850℃进行热破坏，2秒钟 (850℃, 2 Sec. RT)

冷却过程中的减排改进

优化燃烧过程 (Combustion Optimization)

在低尘条件下生产 (Low particulates loading)

缩短在250℃- 450℃温度下的停留时间 (Minimize

RT from 250℃- 450℃)

烟道气清洁中去除 (Activated Carbon Absorption)

用活性炭吸附，然后再对烟道气进行催化分解


(活性碳粉输送喷射器（工作原理）- Carbon Injector)

进料器将有控制的、均匀的碳流给入喷射器

空气喷射产生了一个低压区域，将碳抽入空气流中。

来自喷射器的空气积聚起来，产生足够的压力将碳吹入烟道气风道。


Topic - 29:

Baghouse Filter and Particulate Removal

主題 - 29: 布袋除尘器与织物知识介紹


Sub-topics (子題) • Parts and functions of BH and

filter bag • 布袋除塵器的零件與功能 • Bag cleansing mechanism • 布袋除塵的清潔機制 • Fabric type and selection • 袋子的種類及功能選擇 • Baghouse operational issues

and mainteance • 操作保養與維修注意事項


Topic – 29 : Baghouse Filter and Particulate Removal

主題 – 29 : 布袋除尘器与织物知识介紹


脏气体入口 – Raw Flue Gas

织物过滤器 – Fabric Filter

集尘箱 – Dust Collector

清洁气体出口 – Clean Flue Gas

入口挡板

吹管

压缩空气集箱 – compressed air

支撑笼

典型的脉冲喷射收集器 – Typical Pulse Jet Baghouse


织物特点与适应性 – Fabric and Application

500°F

（259°C）

一般

良好

好

一般

好

良好

XXXXXXX

运行变量聚酯丙烯酸玻璃纤维* 诺梅克斯* PPS P84*

最高运行

温度

研磨性

过滤

性质

湿润热

碱度

矿物酸

氧（15%+）

相对成本

275°F

（134°C）

良好

良好

差

一般

一般

良好

X

264°F

（130°C）

好

好

良好

一般

好

良好

XX

500°F

（259°C）

一般

一般

良好

一般

差**

良好

XXX

400°F

（204°C）

良好

良好

好

好

一般

良好

XXXX

375°F

（190°C）

好

很好

良好

良好

良好

差

XXXXXX

尼龙


Topic - 30: SNCR deNOx System

主題 - 30:

煙氣汙染防治之脫硝技術知识


Topic – 30 : SNCR deNOx System

主題 – 30 : 煙氣汙染防治之脫硝技術知识

Sub-topics (子題)

• NOX and its formation • 氮氧化物及其之產生 • Pollution nature of NOx • 氮氧化物之汚染性 • SNCR and its function • 脫硝反應器及其功能 • Things to note about the O & M of SNCR • 脫硝反應器之操作與保養 • Technical considerations • 相關技術考量



氧化氮（NO）

二氧化氮（NO2）

一氧化二氮（N2O）

三氧化二氮（N2O3）

五氧化二氮（N2O5）

全部氮氧化物作为相同物质对待，合在一起，称为总NOX（ppm; 或mg/Nm3）。

氮氧化物是什么？（What is NOX）

氮氧化物是在大气中或燃烧过程中当空气中的氮气（ N2 ）或燃料（N）与空气中的

氧（O）发生化学反应时形成的。（在正常的大气条件下，这两种物质一同存在但不

会反应生成新的分子。）


有关 NOx 的环境担忧 – Environmental Concerns of NOx

光化学烟雾 (photochemical smog)

• NO2 + 太阳能 NO + O

• O + O2 O3（臭氧）

• O3 + NO NO2 + O2

• 损害人类健康，呼吸

• 阻碍植被生长

• 造成材料氧化

酸雨 (Cause Acid Rain)

损坏结构

损害水质和鱼类生命

酸的突然释放

酸材料的突然释放会加剧氮氧化物酸雨问题，这种情况在积雪融化时会发生。一般来说久旱之后的第一场雨

的酸性比正常的雨更强，这是由于雨水对大气的冲刷作用造成的。

光化学烟雾在大气中的形成与二氧化氮分子吸收紫外线太阳能的特殊能力有关。紫外线太阳能引起其分子分

离成一氧化氮（NO）和氧原子（O）。这些氧原子极不稳定，很容易与它碰到的几乎任何分子发生反应。这

种反应性具有高氧化剂水平的特点，会引起环境担忧。


Topic - 31: Steam Turbine

主題 - 31:

蒸汽汽轮机知识介紹


Sub-topics (子題)

• Turbine Equipment

• 汽轮机设备

• Turbine Supervisory Instrumentation

• 汽轮机监控仪表

• Turbine Operation

• 汽轮机的运行


Topic – 31 : Steam Turbine

主題 – 31 : 蒸汽汽轮机知识介紹


Major Parts of Turbine 汽轮机–主要部件

1. 转子（用于将热能转化为机械

能的转动部件）：

a. 动叶片

b. 轴颈轴承瓦

c. 止推轴承环

d. 仪表传感器

e. 盘车装置从动齿轮

f. 阶式轴封区

g. 发电机联轴器

1. Rotor (rotating element

which converts thermal

energy into mechanical

energy):

a. Rotating Blading

b. Journal bearing surfaces

c. Thrust bearing collar

d. Instrumentation pickups

e. Turning gear driven gear

f. Shaft sealing stepped lands

g. Generator Coupling


Major Parts of Turbine 汽轮机–主要部件

2. 汽缸（容纳和引导蒸汽，支撑

转动部件）：

a. 高压缸

b. 静叶片

c. 轴封压盖

d. 排汽缸

3. 蒸汽室

含有用于控制进入汽轮机的蒸汽

流量的阀门。蒸汽室是高压缸

的一个主要组成部分。

4. 润滑油系统。

5. 控制油系统。

6. 轴封系统。

7. 冷凝器与真空系统。

2. Casing (Contains and directs the steam

and supports the rotating element):

a. High pressure casing

b. Stationary blading

c. Shaft sealing glands

d. Exhaust casing

3. Steam Chest - which contains valves

which control the amount of steam

admitted to the turbine. The steam chest

is an integral part of the high pressure

casing.

4. Lubricating oil system.

5. Control Oil System.

6. Shaft Sealing System.

7. Condenser and vacuum system.


Topic - 32:

Electricity Generator

主題 - 32: 发电机设备及技術知识介紹


Sub-topics 子題

• Generator Equipment

• 发电机设备

• Generator Excitation

• 发电机励磁

• Electrical Protection

• 电气保护

• Generator Operations

• 发电机运行


Topic – 32 : Electricity Generator - 发电机设备介紹


Topic - 33:

Electricity Distribution System

主題 - 33: 電廠輸配電系統及變電站技術知识介紹


Sub-topics 子題

• Switchyard 變電站

• Circuit breaker 各式開関

• Transformer 變壓器

• Export power lines

• 外送電路

• Electrical equipment room 電器房

• Distribution board 輸配電板

• Motor control center

• 馬達控制中心


Topic – 33 : Electricity Distribution System

主題 – 33 : 電廠輸配電系統及變電站技術知识介紹

Switchyard - 變電站



Topic - 34:

Health and Safety

主題 - 34:

垃圾焚燒發電廠之安全，翳療與衛生概論



Topic – 34 : Health and Safety

主題 – 34 : 垃圾焚燒發電廠之安全，翳療與衛生概論

Sub-topics 子題

Safety Signs 安全标志 Safety Regarding Confined Work Space 受限空间健康与安全指导 Safety Regarding Machine Guarding 机械防护 Safety Regarding Fire Hazard 消防安全 Safety Regarding Material and Chemical

Hazards 化学品安全 Tag out and Lockout Safety System 挂牌/上锁制度目的 H & S Regarding Ashes and Heavy Metals 灰分及重金属安全防护 Health Impact Regarding Heavy Metal

Exposures 灰分及重金属對人體之健康影響


Chemical Safety Signs - 化学品标志


THE SECOND OPERATIVE MUST REMAIN PERMANENTLY IN THE OPEN AIR

IMMEDIATELY NEXT TO THE STRUCTURE, IN CONTACT WITH THE STAFF INSIDE 另一名操作工必须一直守在构筑物外边，与里面的

作业人员保持联系

Obtain approval from your line manager (Confined Space Entry Permit) 从直接主管那里获得批准（进入受限空间许可证）

Fit protective barriers around access shafts + signs 在井口设置防护栏与警示牌

Never work alone: at least 2 operatives at all times 不要单独作业：任何时候都要至少两人以上作业

Do not smoke outside or inside the structure 在构筑物内、外都不要吸烟

Isolate the pumping station electrically and from wastewater arrival 切断泵站的电源，不让新的污水进入泵站

Confined spaces 受限空间 -

PRACTICAL EXAMPLE: WASTEWATER PUMPING STATION CLEANING 实例：污水泵站清理

Escape From Fire - 火场逃生须知


离地20公分内，有新鲜空气

烟以0.3 ~ 0.8 M/sec速度扩散


Topic - 35 :

Introduction of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

主題 - 35 :

热力学及流體力学知识介绍


主題 - 35 : 热力学及流體力学知识介绍 Topic - 35 : Introduction of Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics

Sub-topics 子題 • Thermaldynamic laws • 熱力學三定律 • Heat transfer 熱量傳送 • Steam properties 蒸汽性質 • Fluid properties 流体性質 • Pressure 壓力 • Temperature 溫度 • Fluid mechanics 流体力學 • Two phase flow 二相流



热力学“第一定律”- First law of Thermaldynamics

热力学“第一定律”是“能量守恒定律”。

表明能量既不能被创造，也不能被消灭。

（但是，它可以从一种形式转化为另一种

形式。）

化学能

热能

热

动能

电能机械能能量传输过程

（在一座典型的垃圾焚烧电厂中）


传导 - 是通过两个物体之间或者一个物体的两个部分

之间的直接物理接触而进行的热传递。当热通过固体

材料传递时，发生传导。）

对流 - 是一定体积的热液体、气体或蒸气从一个区域实

际移动到另一个区域。对流传热是在流体的帮助下发生

的，总是与传导联合发生。）

辐射 - 是直接通过空间由一个物体向另一个物体的热传

递，不需要物理接触。热辐射与光传播是相同的一种热

传递方式。辐射热可以穿过一块清澈的冰，因此可以在

另一侧感到热。但是，纸张等物质可以阻断热辐射。）

Heat Transfer - 热的传递


当增加或去除热而引起材料温度发生改变时，称为显热。

当温度不发生变化但材料状态发生改变时，称为潜热。

水相显热与潜热的关系


Property of Fluid - 流体的性质

液体


Topic - 36 : Basics of Combustion and Control

主題 - 36 :

燃烧原理與控制


Topic - 36 :Basics of Combustion and Control 主題 - 36 :燃烧原理與控制

Sub-topics 子題 • Combustion chemistry • 燃燒化學 • Theoretical air • 理論燃燒需要氧 • Excess air 過剩空氣量 • Flame and temperature • 火焰及溫度 • Combustion control 燃燒控制 • Primary air 一次風 • Secondary air 二次風 • Solid combustion 固体燃燒



碳 C + O2 → CO2

氢: 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O

硫: S + O2 → SO2

氯: H2 + 2 Cl → 2 HCl

Chemical Reactions of Combustion –

配平的化学反应方程式在氧气中燃烧


Methane Combustion - 甲烷在过量的氧气中的燃烧

H

C H

H

H

+

O O

O O + 时间

温度

湍流

O O C

O

O

H

H H

H

+ + 热

光

O O

+ O O


摩尔质量质量反应物摩尔数克/摩尔克 C1.85 H5.4 O2.08 N.02 C1.006 S.006 1.0 61.6 61.6 + 1.22 H2O 1.22 18.0 22.0 + 2.165 O2 2.165 32.0 69.3 + 8.14 N2 8.14 28.0 227.9 Total 380.8

Air-to-fuel ratio approximately 3 to 1 (theoretical) and 5 ~ 6 to 1 with excess air

化学当量燃料与空气混合物的质量分析


Topic - 37 :

MSW Combustion and Control

主題 - 37 :

生活垃圾的燃烧及自動控制


Topic - 37 : MSW Combustion and Control 主題 - 37 : 生活垃圾的燃烧及自動控制

Sub-topics 子題 • MSW combustion • 垃圾燃燒 • Air to fuel ratio • 空氣燃料比 • Combustion emission • 不完全燃燒之氣体 • Impact of combustion air 空

氣對燃料层之影響 • MSW combustion control垃

圾燃燒之自動控制



(过量空气百分比) 空气不足过量空气

温度

(最高燃烧温度 )

化学当量点

多余的空气将降低燃烧温度

没有足够的空气燃尽所有燃料

理论


过量空气百分比空气不足空气过量

温度

过量空气冷却火焰没有足够的空气燃烧全部的燃料理论空气量

NOx

CO

燃烧过程影响排放

Temperature

Basic Control Mode and Application

• Use feedback control mode if the plant is to stabilize and maximize the power output (suitable for business model with power revenue as the main income source)

• Use feed forward control mode if the plant is to stabilize and maximize the waste treatment tonnage while allowing steam output to fluctuate (suitable for business model where MSW tipping fee is the main income source, and especially true when MSW is co-incinerate with multiple non-hazardous industrial waste streams)



Topic - 38 :

How Power Plant Works

主題 - 38 :

电厂如何工作


Topic - 38 : How Power Plant Works - 主題 - 38 :电厂如何工作

Sub-topics 子題

• Burn waste 燃燒垃圾

• Generate steam 產生蒸汽

• Steam cycle 蒸汽循環

• Extract energy 提取能量

• Generate power 產生電力

• Condensate and reuse

• 冷凝水再循環



Closed Circulation System - 闭环系统

锅炉水变成蒸汽，驱动汽轮机

冷凝器将蒸汽变回为水，将其返回到锅炉中重复使用


抽汽的级数越多，系统效率就越高 - 这种给水加热方法称为再生加热

Steam Extraction and BFW Preheating -给水的四抽加热

Rankine Cycle – (1/8)

Add heat to boiler Generate electricity from T/G

Condenser to remove heat


Rankine Cycle – (2/8)


T * S = T * Q/T = H (Enthalpy) = areas in the diagram

Efficiency of 4000 C steam cycle = area 122’341 / area a22’3ba = (h3-h4) / (h3-h2)

Efficiency of 5370 C / area a22’33”ca

End of Part-A Introduction

Part-A 簡介結束


Begin of Part-B Introduction

Part-B 簡介開始


Part –B: Cost & Financials – Introduction and


成本估算及財物分析之介紹及代表性的幻燈片範例


Part –B: Introduction

成本估算及財物分析之介紹


Introduction: During this part of the training, the author/instructor will go over 40 some spreadsheets and additional 30 some slides to explain and demonstrate how a waste to energy project or a business is modeled for its cost details, investment returns and financial position. The training will use an author self-developed Excel program to physically demonstrate step by step of modeling and calculating the costs and financial related details including the followings: • Cost and financial model structure • Mathematical algorithm • The basic input module • Cost of chemicals and consumables • Cost of maintenance and repairs • Cost of major overhauls over the project life cycle • Cost of secondary waste disposal • Cost of wages and benefits • Other general and administration costs • Cost to build the facility • Cost to bridge between the construction completion and the operation start up • The assumptions and simulation of the plant operation over the project life cycle including the estimation of the waste tipping fee revenue, the power generation and consumption efficiency and the associated revenue. Etc. • Cost of capital • Various tax considerations • The difference in tax treatment and impacts among waste to energy project’s investor, owner and operator • Cash flow simulation and the cash flow diagram • Profit margin • Various investment returns


Actual structure of the cost and financial model (the Excel program):

This model includes the following “modules” Module – 1 is the Input module containing one very large worksheet dividing into 11 blocks Module – 2 is the Sensitivity module that summarize the key scenario results (including various margins and IRR returns) for the base case and suggest re-running key sensitivity indicators for the conservative and optimistic case, Module – 3 is the Cost and Financial output module containing five (5) worksheets, Worksheet (IOC) looks at the project from the investor and owner’s perspective and the worksheet (Sub Co.,) looks at the project from the WTE plant operator’s perspective. Module - 4 is the Operation Simulation and the “Reality Check” module containing one very large worksheet Module – 5 is the module for the BOT Investment, Project Cost and various Project Financial Returns containing 5 worksheets The actual Excel program is very large and complex and consists of around 40 worksheets and sub-worksheets. It will take approximately 8 full hours of time to go over the training and learn on how to use and run the Excel program assuming the audiences already have some basic knowledge of the waste to energy technology and business with the minimum time spending on questions and answers. It, however may take double to triple of the time to complete the training if the audience is somewhat new to the WTE industry and financial aspects.


Part –B: Selected Sample Training Slides

成本估算及財物分析之代表性的幻燈片範例


Cost & Financial Model - Input Sheet – 11 Blocks


Project Name/Size/Lines:

Waste Supply (Quantity) - Ref. Year

Chemicals and consumables

Purchased Unit Price

(Rmb/ton or Rmb/kg),

see notes NOTE: Purchased Unit Price Purpose of the Use

Functional Position No. of People

Monthly Basic Salary

(Rmb/Mo)

Annual Salary

(Rmb/Yr)

Total Benefits,

etc. (% of

Annual Salary)

Total HR Cost Rmb

/ Ref. Year)

CPIs or Aadjustment (% / yr)

Land & Development Cost (XXX $) 10,000,000.0

Design & Engineering Cost (XXX $)Rmb) 5,000,000.0

Debt Injection at yr (-3), % 25.0



Asssumption of the Averaged

Annual Working Capital Reserve 1,000,000

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Reserved Reserved

Major Project Activity City Sanitation Bureau Regional Power Bureau

Project

Investor &

Owner (SC)

WTE Plant

Operator (SEG)

Pay MSW Tipping Fee to the Project

(%) 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Received MSW Tiiping Fee (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Pay Power Purchasing Fee to the

Project % 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Received Power Sale Revenue (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Pay O&M Fee to the Plant

Operator (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Received O&M Fee from the

Project Investor and Owner (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Pay Business Tax on Revenue

Received (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0

Pay Bank Loan P&I (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Pay M & R Costs (split %) 0.0 0.0 15.0 85.0

Pay Chemicals and Consumables

Cost (split %) 0.0 0.0 20.0 80.0

Pay Secondary Waste Dispsoal

Cost (split %) 0.0 0.0 70.0 30.0

Pay WTE Plant Crew (O&M,

Management, etc.) Wages and

Benefits (split %) 0.0 0.0 10.0 90.0

Pay Plant Operation G&As (split %) 0.0 0.0 10.0 90.0

Pay Special Technical Service Fee to

Plant Operator 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Reserved

Reserved Income Tax (%)

WTE Cost and Financial Model - General and Complete

Reserved

Treatment Before Commercial Operation

Roles, Responsibilities and Financial Weights Matrix - Among all Relevant Parties During the Project Life Cycle

Other Inputs or Reserved Use

Block - 11

Block - 1

G&As

Wages and Benefits (Reference Year)

Total Benefit (Rmb/Year)

Waste Quality (Ref. Year)

Other Revenue (Belongs to the Project Owner but not Plant Operator)

Power Generation, Export and Import (Ref. Year)

Definition of M & R Cost

Chemical Consumption Rate (Kg-

Chemicals / ton -MSW-as-

Incinerated)

Maintenance and Repair Cost - Plant Cost Break Down (Cost at the Reference Year)

INPUT SHEET

Date of Input: XXXProject Name XXX - 4 x 500 TPD + 2 x 15 MW

Chemicals and Consumables (Reference Year)

Maintenance and Repair Cost - Plant Cost Break Down (Cost at the Reference Year)

Operation, Equity, Debt, Cash Infusion and Depreciation, etc.

Note: Chemical Consumption Rate (Kg-

Chemicals / ton -MSW-as-Incinerated)

Block - 2

Block - 3

Block - 4

Block - 5

Block - 6

Block - 7

Block - 8

Block - 9

Block - 10

Design

Secondary Waste Disposal Cost (Referenece Year)


Major Project Activity City Sanitation Bureau Regional Power Bureau

Project

Investor &

Owner (SC)

WTE Plant

Operator (SEG)

Pay MSW Tipping Fee to the Project

(%) 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Received MSW Tiiping Fee (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Pay Power Purchasing Fee to the

Project % 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0

Received Power Sale Revenue (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Pay O&M Fee to the Plant

Operator (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Received O&M Fee from the

Project Investor and Owner (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0

Pay Business Tax on Revenue

Received (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 100.0

Pay Bank Loan P&I (%) 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Pay M & R Costs (split %) 0.0 0.0 15.0 85.0

Pay Chemicals and Consumables

Cost (split %) 0.0 0.0 20.0 80.0

Pay Secondary Waste Dispsoal

Cost (split %) 0.0 0.0 70.0 30.0

Pay WTE Plant Crew (O&M,

Management, etc.) Wages and

Benefits (split %) 0.0 0.0 10.0 90.0

Pay Plant Operation G&As (split %) 0.0 0.0 10.0 90.0

Pay Special Technical Service Fee to

Plant Operator 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Reserved

INPUT SHEET

Roles, Responsibilities and Financial Weights Matrix - Among all Relevant Parties During the Project Life Cycle

Block - 10

Cost & Financial Model – Sensitivity Module


Test Parameters Base Case Conservative Case Optimistic Case

MSW Tipping Fee (Rmb / Ton-Received) of the Reference Year, paid by the Sanitation

Bureau to the Project Owner, Including the Loan Repayment Portion 120 -10% 10%

WTE Plant O&M Fee of the Reference Year, paid by Project Owner to the Operator, in

(Rmb / Ton-Received) 80 -10% 10%

Tonnage of MSW-Received at Reference Year 800,000 -10% 10%

Waste Supply QN. Increasing Rate (% / Yr) 0.00 -3% 3%

LHV (of MSW-Received) Increasing Rate (% / Yr) 0.50 -1% 2%

Revenue - MSW Tipping Fee (Rmb / Ton-Received) of the Reference Year, paid by the

Sanitation Bureau to the Project Owner, Including the Loan Repayment Portion 96,000,000 -5% 5%

Power Sale Revenue (Rmb / Yr) at Reference Year 88,746,680 -5 % (easier to change tariff) 5%

O&M Cost of the Reference Year (Rmb / Yr) 82,508,386 10% -10%CPIs Current Assumptions Current Assumptions + 1 % Current Assumptions - 1 %

EBITDA - margin (%) 53.86 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

EBIT - margin (%) 15.64 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Average margin after Income Tax (%) 14.73 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in










Project Owner's Commisssiong Year cost (Rmb) - excluded from margin calculation

(This is an additional Cost, someone has to pay fir it) (23,122,590) Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Plant Operator's Commisssiong Year cost (Rmb) - excluded from margin calculation

(This is an additional Cost and someone has to pay for it) (40,953,538) Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Project Owner's after tax Net Income; 5-years' Sum (Rmb) 61,098,126 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Plant Operator's after tax Net Income, 5-years' Sum (Rmb) 42,101,082 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

After Tax Income and Cash Flow - the 20 years BOT Case

BOT Investment - 20 years Net Income - Sum (Rmb) 666,373,820 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

BOT Investment - 20 years Cash Flow - Sum (Rmb) 35,920,083 Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Investment Returns (IRRs) - 20 years BOT Case

Project IRR (Investor, owner & operator - same party) % 6.89% Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Project Equity IRR (Investor, owner & operator - same party) % 7.96% Rerun and Plug - in Rerun and Plug - in

Project Operator's (No Investment and Ownership but with Only the Plant Operational Responsibility); 5-year averaged Margin (%); excluding the commissioning year expenses

Block - 2: ( Various Profit Margins)

Block - 3: Cost During the Commissioning and Test Period; Expenses are excluded from any margins or profitability calculations; some parties need to pay for these costs

Block - 4: Net Income - 5 years O&M Case

Block - 5: BOT Case - Income, Cash Flow and Various IRR Returns

Block-1: Key Sensitivity indicators for the Base case and the suggested Conservative and optimistic cases

Sensitivity Test Results

Proj. Overall (Investor, owner and operator are the same party): 5 - yrs avg. margin (%); excluding the commissioning year expenses

Proj. Overall (Investor, owner and operator are the same party): 10 - yrs avg. margin (%); excluding the commissioning year expenses

Project Owner's (With Investment and Ownership but with No Operational Responsibility;) 5-year averaged Margin (%); excluding the commissioning year expenses

Cost & Financial Model – Operation Output Module (part A)


Sheet Name 'Operation Output - Part B'

Project Design & Specification:

Capable of

Incinerating

Ton / Day

Ref. year MSW delivery (tons/yr) = 800,000 500 83.8 2,200

MSW delivery increase (%/yr) = 0.00 4 Reserved Reserved

As-received MSW LHV increase (%/yr) = 0.50 1,700 Reserved Reserved

Capable of Maintaining Effective Availability (%) = 85.00 10 Reserved Reserved

Leachate reduction (% /yr) = Formula 1,700 1,050 2,200.0

Leachate removal (%) - Ref. Yr = 23.50 4 NO

Throughput Analysis & Optimization:

Time and Activity

Calender Year 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024

No. of Year -1 Ref. Yr 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Full Commercial Operational Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Date

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31 Jan.1 ~ Dec.31

Jan.1 ~

Dec.31

Main Activity

O&M Award

and

Preparation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

Commercial

Operation

MSW Received

Annual Tonnage Increase % N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ton/yr 300,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000 800,000

Equivalent Ton/365-Day N/A 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192 2,192

LHV Annual Increase % 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1

LHV Received (Kcal/Kg) - with un-limited LHV increase

(Hypothetical) 1,050 1,055 1,061 1,066 1,071 1,077 1,082 1,087 1,093 1,098 1,104 1,079

LHV Received (Kcal/Kg) - LHV increase max out (Real Scenario) 1,050 1,055 1,061 1,066 1,071 1,077 1,082 1,087 1,093 1,098 1,104 1,079

Entire Plant's Availability Assumption (%) 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85 85

MSW TPD-Received Based on 345 Days Delivery N/A 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319 2,319

Leachate Removed

Removal Rate Decrease (%) N/A Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula Formula

Leachate Removed (wt. %) - Based on Formula 23.5 23.3 23.2 23.0 22.9 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.1 21.9 22.6

Leachate Removed (wt. %) - rate of reduction max out (Real

Scenario) N/A 23.3 23.2 23.0 22.9 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.1 21.9 22.6

Leachate Removed (Ton/Yr) N/A 186,740 185,474 184,201 182,922 181,637 180,345 179,047 177,742 176,431 175,113 180,965.0

Leachate Removed (Ton/Mo) N/A 15,562 15,456 15,350 15,244 15,136 15,029 14,921 14,812 14,703 14,593 15,080.4

Equivalent Leachate Removed Ton/Day (at 365 days/yr) N/A 512 508 505 501 498 494 491 487 483 480 495.8

MSW Combusted

Ton/Yr N/A 613,260 614,526 615,799 617,078 618,363 619,655 620,953 622,258 623,569 624,887 619,035

Equivalent Ton/Mo N/A 51,105 51,211 51,317 51,423 51,530 51,638 51,746 51,855 51,964 52,074 51,586

Equivalent Ton/-365 Day N/A 1,680 1,684 1,687 1,691 1,694 1,698 1,701 1,705 1,708 1,712 1,696

Availability (85%) Based TPD-Combusted N/A 1,977 1,981 1,985 1,989 1,993 1,997 2,001 2,006 2,010 2,014 1,995

LHV Combusted (Kcal/Kg) N/A 1,442 1,446 1,448 1,450 1,452 1,454 1,457 1,459 1,461 1,463 1,453

Reserved

Operational

Year SUM or

Average

SUM or

Average

Leachate removal (%) at Max LHV = Need to Turn On a Hypo Boiler-5

RE: Optimization Analysis for Capacity Utilization, MCR Design and Operation ScenariosXXX Project - 4 x 500 TPD + 2 x 15 MW

No. of commercial operation years = Reserved

Max. LHV of MSW-RECEIVED (Kcal/Kg) = Ref. Yr LHV-received (Kcal/kg) =

Note: If the thermal capacity utilization factor for any of boiler-2,3 and 4 is less

than 25%, it means the plant is oversized for earlier years; and if the hypothetical

Boiler-5 is greater than zero, then it means the plant can not handle the tonnage

and LHV in later years

Boiler train norminal (tons/day) = Max plant thermal capacity on first year (%)

No. of boiler trains per plant = Reserved

MCR (Kcal/kg - MSW INCINERATED) =

Cost & Financial Model – Operation Output Module (part B)


Wt. Capacity Limit - If by 100% of designed weight load

Mt / Boiler / Day @ 100% N/A 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

No. of Boilers N/A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Mt-Incinerated / Plant / Day @ 100% N/A 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000

Capacity Utilization - 85% by time, 100 % by weight N/A 98.83 99.04 99.24 99.45 99.66 99.86 100.07 100.28 100.49 100.71 99.76

Stoker Overloaded NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES

Need to Re-design the Plant NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Need to Increase 'Effective Availability' NO NO NO NO NO NO YES YES YES YES

Wt. Capacity Limit - if by 110% of designed weight load

Mt / Boiler / Day @ 110% N/A 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550

No. of Boilers N/A 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

Mt-Incinerated / Plant / Day @ 110% N/A 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200

Availability - 85% by time, 110 % by weight N/A 89.85 90.03 90.22 90.41 90.60 90.79 90.98 91.17 91.36 91.55 90.69

Stoker Overloaded NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Need to Re-design the Plant NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Need to Increase 'Effective Availability' NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Thermal Capacity Check - 100% by Heat

MCR (Kcal/kg-Combusted) 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700 1,700

Designed MSW-as-Incinerated - (Ton / day / Boiler Line) 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500

MCR / Boiler - (Million Cal/Day) 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000 850,000

MCR / Boiler - (Million Cal/Hr) 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417 35,417

MCR / Plant - (Million Cal/Hr) 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667 141,667

Total heat released (Kcal / Day) from burning MSW-as-

Incinerated (under annual Effective Averaged Availability = 85%

of the time) N/A 118,748 119,337 119,758 120,182 120,608 121,038 121,470 121,905 122,343 122,784 120,817

If only 3 lines are running, under above (Row 65) condition,

Boiler thermal loading (%) = N/A 112 112 113 113 114 114 114 115 115 116 114

Check - if Boiler Lines are Thermally Overloaded OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD OVERLOAD

Must Turn on the 4th Boiler Line YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES YES

If all 4 boiler lines are running, under above (Row 65) condition,

Boiler thermal loading (%) = N/A 84 84 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 87 85

Check - if Boiler Lines are Thermally Overloaded NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Check - if Boiler Lines are Thermally Underloaded NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Check - if this will be a realistic and stable operational year STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE STABLE

Need to Increase" Effective Availability" NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

Operational Optimization - by Heat or weight limitation

Max (Ton / Day) can be incinerated by Wt. limitation = N/A 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 5,500

Max (Ton / Day) can be incinerated by Thermal limitation = N/A 2,358 2,351 2,348 2,345 2,341 2,338 2,334 2,331 2,327 2,324 5,849

Available MSW to burn at 85% availability (Ton / Day) = N/A 1,977 1,981 1,985 1,989 1,993 1,997 2,001 2,006 2,010 2,014 4,988

Optimized (Ton / Day ) to burn = N/A 1,977 1,981 1,985 1,989 1,993 1,997 2,001 2,006 2,010 2,014 4,988

Requirement on Hypothetical (Back-Up) Boiler-5 (% of Thermal

Capacity) N/A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Optimization - Taking Combined Thermal and Weight

Throughput Limitation Into the Consideration

Truthful Plant Throughput Limitation (Ton / Day) N/A 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 2,200.0 5,500

Truthful Available MSW to Burn (Ton / Day) N/A 1,976.7 1,980.7 1,984.8 1,989.0 1,993.1 1,997.3 2,001.5 2,005.7 2,009.9 2,014.1 4,988

Use Boiler-1 to Burn (Ton / Day) 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 550.0 1,375

Remaining MSW Available (Ton / Day) 1,426.7 1,430.7 1,434.8 1,439.0 1,443.1 1,447.3 1,451.5 1,455.7 1,459.9 1,464.1 3,613


Remaining MSW Available (Ton / Day) 876.7 880.7 884.8 889.0 893.1 897.3 901.5 905.7 909.9 914.1 2,238


Remaining MSW Available (Ton / Day) 326.7 330.7 334.8 339.0 343.1 347.3 351.5 355.7 359.9 364.1 863

Use Boiler-4 to Burn (Ton / Day) 326.7 330.7 334.8 339.0 343.1 347.3 351.5 355.7 359.9 364.1 863

Remaining MSW Available (Ton / Day) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0

Requirement on Hypothetical (Back-Up) Boiler-5 N/A NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N/A

Plant Over sized? Under Sized? and Pit Storage Issue?

Max (ton / Day) can be incinerated by Wt. limitation = N/A 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 2,200 5,500

Max (ton / Day) can be incinerated by Thermal limitation = N/A 2,358 2,351 2,348 2,345 2,341 2,338 2,334 2,331 2,327 2,324 5,849

Optimized MSW - incinerated (ton / day) N/A 1,977 1,981 1,985 1,989 1,993 1,997 2,001 2,006 2,010 2,014 4,988

Remaining Tonnage for Pit Storage (ton / day) N/A 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (2,993)

Accumulated Tonnage in the Pit (ton ) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N/A

Pit Storage Capacity 7-days at Designed (Ton / Day) N/A 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 14,000 N/A

Got Pit Storage Overflow Problem? N/A NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N/A

Plant Needs be Re-sized or Re-adjust the Received Tonnage NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO N/A

End of Part-B Introduction

Part-B 簡介結束


Begin of Part-C Introduction

Part-C 簡介開始


Part-C: The Waste-to-Energy Operation and

Facility Management System Modeling and Analysis Training

Part-C:

垃圾焚燒發電 - 操作運營管理電腦模擬系統之培訓講座及



Part –C: Introduction of WTE

Operation Simulation

Part –C: 操作運營管理

電腦模擬系統之介紹


Introduction:

During this part of the training, the author/instructor will go over 30 plus spreadsheets and additional 20 plus slides to explain and demonstrate how a waste to energy plant operation is modeled for its monthly production figures, verifying the plant operational results and the quality of the reported data, bottleneck and efficiency analysis, comparison of operational results between various time periods and cycles, comparison of the operational results to the original design assumptions and expectation; and suggestion for solution to typical issues. The training will use an author self-developed Excel program to physically demonstrate step by step of modeling and calculating the all of the above mentioned operational aspects including the followings: • Basic plant monthly production figures • Monthly report for quality and quantity of the flue gas, leachate and ashes • C, H, O and N elemental balance throughout the plant process based on the operational data • Mass and energy balance throughout the plant process based on the operational data • Verification of the data quality and adjustment for measurement inaccuracies • Reconstruct the elemental composition of the MSW based on above mentioned balances • Back calculate MSW heating value • Calculate theoretical use of various chemicals and consumables in details • Make comparison of the consumption to the actual plant reported usage • Calculate leak-in air throughout the plant process • Calculate theoretical steam production and consumption, power generation and consumption • Make comparison of theoretical production to the actual production figures • Analyze various plant efficiencies and bottlenecks • Suggest various solutions


Actual structure of the model (the entire Excel program): This model is a very large and complex Excel program consists of 12 major worksheets (with 30 plus sub-worksheets) as followings: Worksheet – 1 is the Input module containing one very large worksheet on the left block (sub worksheets) for all input figures and several blocks (sub worksheets) on the right hand side of this worksheet are for the summary of major output results Worksheet - 2 is chemical elemental balance for the unit operation and the entire process Worksheet - 3 is the summary of calculated process KPIs including, MSW quality as-received and as-incinerated, back-calculated HHV and LHV, power generation and consumption rates, etc. Worksheet – 4 is a simplified process flow diagram for illustration of the mass and energy balance sheet (the worksheet -5) Worksheet – 5 is the rigorous mass and energy balance for the entire process. Worksheet – 6 is the qualitative and quantitative summary of the MSW as-received at the plant gate Worksheet – 7 is the qualitative and quantitative summary of the MSW as-incinerated at the furnace entrance. Worksheet-8 s the calculated theoretical consumption rate for the Urea (for NOx reduction) and Activated Carbon (for heavy metals and dioxin control) based on adjusted (logical) throughput, MSW quality and quantity, adjusted flue gas composition, etc. Worksheet-9 is the calculated theoretical consumption rate for the Lime and NaOH (both for the HCl and SOx removal using dry, semi-dry and/or wet scrubber system) based on program adjusted (logical) throughput, MSW quality and quantity, adjusted flue gas composition, etc. Worksheet-10 is the calculated theoretical consumption rate for the Chelate and Cement (both for the fly ash stabilization and solidification) use based on program adjusted (logical) throughput, MSW quality and quantity, adjusted flue gas composition, etc. Worksheet-11 is the calculated theoretical generation rate for the secondary waste streams including the stabilized wet fly ash, the wet bottom ash (with 25% moisture content) and the leachate to be removed from the waste storage pit. Worksheet-12 is the comparison sheet between the operational conditions and the original design condition or the as-built equipment limitations. This worksheet serves the purpose of reminding the operator that if he was operating the plant above the equipment limitations (which can cause high flue gas and ash emissions and shortening the equipment life) or the operating results are too far away from the original design expectations in terms of throughput or efficiencies. This will give the plant manager a chance to think and re-think why was the plant operated under this kind of unfavorable conditions and if necessary, to know how to adjust the operational settings. It will take approximately 8 full hours of time to go over the training and learn on how to use and run the Excel program assuming the audiences already have some basic knowledge of the waste to energy technology and business with the minimum time spending on questions and answers; if this is not the case, it may take double to triple of the time to complete the training if the audiences are somewhat new to the WTE industry.


Part –C: Operation Simulation


Part-C 操作運營管理電腦模擬系統之



WTE Operational Simulation Model – Input Sheet


500 3

1,700 24

40 384

Year: 2012 Month July Date:

No.

1 600

2 130

3 470

4 1,000

5 Furnace average temperature 1000

6 60.0

7 4.0

8 Total steam flow (mt / hr) 38.0

9 1.94

10

11 0.12

12 Ton-fly-ash / ton of MSW incinerated 0.01

13 3.00

14

15 30.0

16 40.0

17 45.0

18 O2 % at boiler exit (specify clearly on the wet basis) 6.5

19 87,000

20 Wet

21 7.50

22 7.00

23 24.00

24 In-plant steam consumption (ton) / ton-MSW- as incinerated 0.50

25 3.50

26 10.00

27 50.00

28 302

29 248

30 100

31 0.00

32 0.00

33 0.00

34 0.00

35 0.00

36 90

37

38

39

40

Reported Cement consumption - mt / mo / boiler line

Reported Carbon consumption - mt / mo / /boiler line

Reported Urea consumption - mt / mo / boiler line

KPIs (Either total amount, weekkly or hourly average)

Min. tonnage

Unburnt carbon % in wet-bottom ash (average if multiple data)

Steam flucturation %

Ton-bottom-ash / ton of MSW incinerated

Reported Superficial Availability (% of Time)

Reported Chelate consumption - mt / mo / boiler line

O2%

Reported boiler monthly availability (%) =

Reported lime consumption quantity - mt / mo / boiler line

CO2

H2O

Scrubber make-up water (ton) /ton MSW as-incinerated

Max. tonnage

Flue gas flow (NM3 / hr) - specify clearly wet basis

Flue gas composition (CEMs at stack), specify wet basis

Reported net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Reported gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Bottom Ash Extractor Make Up Water (Kg/Hr)

Diesel /ton of MSW as-incinerated (liters); approx. 1,000 L/week


Superheated steam (mt/hr/line)

at 40 Bar & 4000C


Steam / ton of MSW as-incinerated; (or ton / hr)

MCR HV (Kcal/kg - as

incinerated)

No. of Boiler Lines

T / G Capacity (Mw) ; entire plant

Diesel /ton of MSW as-incinerated

Boiler Line # 1: Monthly Averaged Operational Data (Plant Reported Production

Figures)

07/01 ~ 07/31

Gross Power designed at 8 MW

T/G Capacity per 500 mt / day

incinerated; converted into (kw-hr

/ mt - MSW - as - Incinerated) =

Average tonnage

INPUTS

Furnace Excess Air (wt. %) =

Input the Following Key Parameters - Note: all INPUTs are

highlighted in YELLOWPlant Description: XXX Plant; 3 x 500 Mt/day + 2 x 12 Mw T/G

Design Data:

MSW Incineration/Line at MCR

condition (Mt/Day/Line)

MSW Received at gate (weighing bridge data) - Ton / Day

Leachate Removed

MSW - as - incinerated (Grapple data); ton / day

WTE Operational Simulation Model – Output Sheet


50.00 100.00 100.00

1.00 C = 14.58 S = 0.22 C = 18.62 S = 0.28

30.00 H = 2.22 Cl = 0.44 H = 2.84 Cl = 0.57

0.50 O = 11.12 H20 = 55.62 O = 14.20 H20 = 43.35

2.50 N = 4.45 Ash = 11.33 N = 5.68 Ash = 14.46

(C - in) divided by (C - out) in wt. % = 100 C = 13.11 N = 4.00 H2O = 50.00 10.18333

101 H = 2.00 S = 0.20 Ash = 10.18 0.20

88 O = 10.00 Cl = 0.40 Total % 89.89 0.40

96

1,061 0.15 NM3 / Hr Mt / Hr Vol.%

1,504 0.76 6,090 11.96 7.00

#REF! 6,525 9.32 7.50

#REF! 0.14 ~ 0.16 53,505 66.85 61.50

#REF! 0.10 ~ 0.14 20,880 16.77 24.00

0.72 ~ 0.94 87,000 104.89 100.00

#REF! NM3 / Hr Mt / Hr Vol.%

4.25 6,090 11.96 9.20

6,525 9.32 9.85

329 53,505 66.85 80.79

20 0 0.00 0.00

263 38.96 0.111 0.0588

23 71.21 0.114 0.1075

139 66,230 88.34 100.00

66

258 85.00 HCl (%) = 90.00

206

NM3 / Hr Mt / Hr Vol.%

213.70 6,090 11.96 9.21

9.23 6,525 9.32 9.87

61.54 53,505 66.85 80.91

7.05 0 0.00 0.00

20.88 5.844 0.017 0.0088

3.64 7.121 0.011 0.0108

(mt / mo)66,133 88.15 100.00

1,116.87

2,310.97 NM3 / Hr Mt / Hr Vol.%

4,170.87 6,090 11.96 7.00

6,525 9.32 7.50

Dry Flue Gas PPM PPM 53,505 66.85 61.49

SO2 88.4 67.2 20,880 16.77 24.00

HCl 107.7 81.8 5.844 0.017 0.0067

NOx 267.7 203.4 7.121 0.011 0.0082

87,013 104.92 100.00

Wet Flue Gas

SO2

HCl

NOx

Calculated Acidic Gases PPMV in Flue Gas




Key formula used for

estimation of power and

leachate removal

O / Carbon Ratio (World) =

As-incinearted MSW LHV (kcal/kg) =

Check Air - to - Fuel Ratio based on MSW-as-Incinerated

Carbon consumption - mt/ / mo / boiler line

Urea consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Aux. fuel consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Check - power generation & Leachate removal rate (%)

Gross Power (kw-hr / ton-MSW-

Incinerated) = - 272.4 + 0.4 *

(Kcal / kg LHV MSW-as-

Incinerated)

Parasitic load (%) = 35 - 0.01 *

(LHV as-Incinerated)

Calculated net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Calculated gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Incinerated

Calculated parasitic load (%) =

Calculated combustion air (with specified excess air) / MSW-as-

Incinerated (mt / mt) =

Actual plant reported combustion air + Estimated leak-in air /

MSW-as-Incinerated (mt / mt) =

Chelate consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Cement consumption - mt / mo / boiler line =

Initial guess H2O % by weight in wet as-received MSW =

Initial guess of N2 by weight in wet MSW (%) =

Wet Fly Ash (Including excess lime, scrubber

reaction products, chelate and cement added,

etc.) to be disposed off (mt / mo ) =

Wet bottom ash to be disposed off (mt / mo)

Leachate removed (mt / mo) =


Reserved



O / C ratio =

H / C Ratios (in Asia) =

OUTPUTS

MSW Elemental Composition After NORMALIZATION - Imported from Sheets '1st Yr

MSW Received' and Sheet ' 1st Yr MSW Incinerated'

As -Received Total (%) = As - Incinerated Total (%) =

UN-NORMALIZED Component in

MSW as-received

Ash Wt % =

Calculation Results - Import from sheet '1st Yr Trial

Balance'

Back Calculated Elemental Ratios -

NORMALIZED MSW As-received:

H / C ratio =

Typical Ratios Reference:

H / C Ratios (western world) =

Block-1 M&E Balance %

Block-2 M&E Balance %

Block-3 M$E Balance %

Initial Guess


Chlorine (Cl) =

Re-constructed raw MSW elemental analysis (wt.%); use

calculated Elements - In Data; Before Normalization

Imported from sheet ' Elemental Balance'

As-received MSW LHV (kcal/kg) =

Total

Re-intepretation of the WET FLUE GAS based on the

reported CEMs Data

Component

CO2

O2

N2

Sulfur (S) =

H2O

Re-intepretation of the DRY FLUE GAS - BEFORE


Component

CO2

Calculated leachate removal rate (%) =

Calculated leachate removal tonnage (mt/day) =

Calculated in-plant power usage (kh-hr / mt-MSW-inc.) =

Calculated gross power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Received

Calculated net power (kw-hr) / mt-MSW-as-Received

Lime as Ca(OH2) consumption - mt / month /

boiler line =

Calculated Major Chemicals and Consumables's Monthly

Requirement (Mt / MO) - per boiler line

Leachate removal Rate (%) = 55

% - 0.03 * (LHV of MSW-as-

Received)

MSW LHV / HHV are Calculated

based on reconstructed

Elemental Balance

Re-intepretation of the WET FLUE GAS - AFTER


Component

Scrubber Acidic Gases Removal Efficiency

SO2 (%) =

Re-intepretation of the DRY FLUE GAS - AFTER


O2

N2

H2O

SO2

HCl

Total

Calculated Secondary Wastes Generated per

Month - per boiler line

O2

N2

H2O

SO2

HCl

Total

CO2

O2

N2

Component

CO2

H2O

SO2

HCl

Total

WTE Operational Simulation Model – Elemental Balance


This entire worksheet is for internal calculations and for output reported data. No single cell in this worksheet sheet shell be changed to become an input cell without authors authoritarian

Cells in Yellow 600

Cells in Purple = Author assigned numbers' 130 (C - in) divided by (C - out) in wt. % = 100

Cells in Gray = Highlighted for Importance' 470.00 101

Cells in Green 21.67 88

96

50.00 7.00

12.50 7.50

1.00 24.00

30.00 61.50

50.00 C = 13.11 N = 4.00 H2O = 50.00

0.88 H = 2.00 S = 0.20 Ash = 10.18

49.12 O = 10.00 Cl = 0.40 Total % 89.89

87,000 87,000

7.00 61.50

6,090 53,505

11.96 66.84

470.00 470.00

0.12 60

3.00 4

3.26 0.25

0.02 49.53

3.28 14.86

25.00 64.39

13.11 96.33

26.22 (3.81)

1.00

87,000 87,000

20,880 7.50

16.77 6,525

1.86 9.32

1.39 24.00

0.50 20,880

Okay 16.77

101.38 14.90

8.69

32.92

0.15 14.79

0.76 4.44

7.08

0.14 ~ 0.16 26.32

0.10 ~ 0.14 2.50

0.72 ~ 0.94 20.00

87.55

Overall Comments:

(1) The plant raw data is okay with +/- 10% of inaccuracy.

Referens:

Ideal gas vol., 1 kg - mole = 22,414 liters = 22.414 NM3

General Highlight

= Inport from plant raw data'

Oxygen Balance

Total N2-in divided by total N2-out (%) =

N2 disappeared in the process (%) =

H2O vol. % in wet flue gas =

Total dry ash in raw MSW (wt. %) =

Total bone dry and ash free organic MSW (wt.%) =

Carbon Balance

Raw Wet MSW (ton / day) =

Leachate Removed ( ton / day) =

MSW as-incinerated (ton / day) =

Leachate Removed wt. % =

Re-constructed raw MSW proximate analysis

Re-constructed raw MSW elemental analysis (wt.%); use calculated

Elements - In Data (UNNORMALIZED)

H20 wt % =

Total N2 goes out of the process from stack (ton / hr) =

O2-in (including leak-in, cooling and combustion airs plus O2 in

H20and in organic raw MSW divided O2-out (wt. %) =

Oxygen element (O) in flue gas H2O (ton / hr)

O2 wt. % in bone dry organic portion of the MSW =

Total Flue Gas Flow Rate (NM3/hr) =

Free O2 in wet flue gas (vol. %) =

Free O2 Vol.in wet flue gas (NM3 / hr) =

Free O2 Weight (in wet flue gas; ton / hr) =

H2O vol. % in wet flue gas =

H2O vol. (in NM3 /hr) in wet flue gas =

Total O2 in raw MSW; excluding O2 in organic MSW (ton / hr) =

Total N2 goes into the process (ton / hr) =

O2 chemically bonded in wet flue gas CO2


O2 from bonded H20 in MSW as-incinerated (ton /hr) =


Bottom ash in MSW-as-incinerated (wt. %) =

H2O weight (ton / hr) in wet flue gas =

Total O2-out (leaves) the process (ton / hr) =

O2 from 1 & 2 Combustion air, including excess air, (ton /hr) =

O2 from leak-in and cooling ait (ton / hr) =

Back Calculated Ratios:

Normal Ratios Should be:

Hydrogen BalanceTotal Flue Gas Flow Rate (NM3/hr) =

H2O vol. (in NM3 /hr) in wet flue gas =

H2O weight (ton / hr) in wet flue gas =

Total H2-out (leaves the process); (ton /hr) =

Total H2 from surface and bonded H2O in MSW (ton / hr) =

Total H2-in (including MSW H2) divided total H2-out (wt. %) =

O/C Ratios (worldwide) =

H / C ratio =

O / C ratio =

H/C Ratios (western world) =

Okay

Okay

H/C Ratios (in Asia) =

Initial guess H2O % in wet as-received MSW =

Bone dry MSW - organic plus total ashes (ton /hr) =

Initial guess of N2 in wet MSW (%) =


CO2 vol. % in wet flue gas =

Calculated N2 vol. % in wet flue gas =

O2 vol. % in wet flue gas =


N2 wet vol. % =

Carbon in flue gas (ton / hr) =

Carbon in bottom ash (ton / hr) =

Total carbon-in (equals total carbon-out) from MSW (ton / hr) =

N2 in combustion air (ton / hr) =

N2 from leak-in and cooling air (ton / hr) =

CO2 wet vol. % =

CO2 Vol. (NM3 / hr) =

CO2 Weight (ton / hr) =

MSW -incinerated (ton / day) =

Carbon wt. % in wet MSW =


Again, completely illogical or is it okay?

Reserved

Re-constructed Elemental Analysis exported to the

Sheet '1st Yr Trial Balance' as the 'as-received'

raw MSW Input'

Reserved

MSW -incinerated (ton / hr) =

1-air flow (ton / hr) =

2-air flow (ton / hr) =Unbrunt carbon % in bottom ash =

Wet MSW as-received (ton / hr) =

Nitrogen Balance

N2 Vol. (NM3 / hr) =

Carbon wt. % in bone dry and ash free organic MSW =

Fly ash in MSW-as-incinerated (wt. %) =

N2 in the raw MSW (ton / hr) =





Reserved

WTE Operational Simulation Model – Urea and Activated Carbon


NO input cell on this entire worksheet; all cells are calculation results

Sheet name: 'Urea and Activated Carbon'

General Use - monthly Activated Carbon and Urea Consumption

Activated carbon assumptions:

Notes:

Carbon usage (kg/ton-MSW-incinerated) = 0.50 US XXX and Japan YYY Company's basis of design

or, (gram-carbon/NM3 of wet flue gas to scrubber) = 0.10 German and Japan XXX Companies' design standard

Calculated carbon consumptions:

NM3 flue gas/ton-MSW incinerated = 3,310 Sheet 'ME Balance A'! D36/Sheet 'ME Balance A"! B14

or, (gram-carbon/NM3 of wet flue gas to scrubber) = 0.33

Carbon consumption (ton/mo) = 7.05

SNCR reactions using urea (based on design standard):

4 NO + 2 ((NH2)2CO) + O2 = 4 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2

4 NO2 + 2 ((NH2)2CO) = 4 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2 + O2

Urea as 40% diluted solution (kg/ton MSW incinerated) = 1.50 German/Japan design standard, remember this is 40% solution

Urea as 100% pure pellets (kg/ton MSW incinerated) = 0.60 Back calculated

Calculated urea as 30% solution (ton/mo/line) = 28.20 China uses 30% solution

Calculated 100% pure urea consumptions (ton/mo/line) = 8.46

SNCR reactions using urea (based on PPM reduction):

4 NO + 2 ((NH2)2CO) + O2 = 4 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2 Urea molecular weight = 60

4 NO2 + 2 ((NH2)2CO) = 4 N2 + 4 H2O + 2 CO2 + O2 Averaged NOx (50% NO and 50% NO2) molecular weight = 38

Assume NOx in furnace (PPM dry; corrected to 11% O2) = 300 300

Trageted NOx at boiler exit (PPM dry; corrected to 11% O2) = 200 38 Average Mol. Weight

NOx removal rate (%) = 33.33 30 Urea solution concentration; China practice

Assume NH3 slip (%) = 10 10

Dry flue gas at first pass exit (NM3/hr/line) = 66,230 From 'Operational Data Input'! Cell V32

Dry flue gas ; CO2 actual (vol. %) = 9.20 From 'ME Balance A'!; Cell E23 and E28

Dry flue gas; O2 actual (vol. %) = 9.85 From 'ME Balance A'!; Cell E24 and E28

Actual factor (no unit) = 1.14 (CO2 + O2 - O2)/(CO2 + O2 - 11%)

Regulatory factor (no unit) = 1.12 (20.5 - O2 actual)/(20.5 - O2; 11%)

Actual NOx amount in furnace (dry basis; PPM) = 268

Total amount of NOx removed (NM3/hr/line) = 5.91

Total amount of NOx removed (kg/hr/line) = 10.02

MSW incinerated (ton/day/line) = 470.00 From'MSW Incinerated'!G7

NOx removed (kg/ton-MSW-incinerated) = 0.51

Total amount of NOx removed; per boiler line (ton/mo) = 7.21

Required pure urea (ton/ mo / line) = 6.26 Mol. Wt. ratio = (2 x 60)/(4 x 38); with 10% MH3 slip

Urea as 30% diluted solution (ton/ mo / line) = 20.88 Calculated; China use 30% solution

Required urea as 30% solution (kg/ton-MSW-incinerated) = 1.48 Calculated; remember this is 30% solution

WTE Operational Simulation Model – Lime and NaOH


No input cell on this entire worksheet; all cells are output calculation results

Sheet Name: 'Lime and NaOH'

General Operation - monthly Lime and NaOH Consumption Notes

Lime Consumption Calculation - Semi dry scrubber block

Assumptions HCL at economizer exit (ppm on wet basis) = 849 From Sheet 'ME Balance A'; Cell E27

SO2 at economizer exit (ppm on wet basis) = 471 From Sheet 'ME Balance A'; Cell E26

Wet flue gas at economizer exit (NM3/hr) = 82,759 From Sheet 'ME Balance A'; Cell D54

Semi-dry scrubber removed HCl (%) = 90.00 Reasonable assumption

Semi-dry scrubber removed SO2 (%) = 85.00 Reasonable assumption

Wet scrubber removed additional HCl (%) = 0.00 Final HCl in flue, less than (ppm) = 85

Wet scrubber removed additional SO2(%) = 0.00 Final SO2 in flue, less than (ppm) = 127

Ideal gas volume: 1.0 kg-mole = (liters) 22,412 CaCO3 purity (%) = 90

HCl molecular weight = 36.50 Excess CaCO3 (%) = 25

SO2 molecular weight = 64.00 CaCO3 + H2O = Ca(OH)2 + CO2; molar ratio 1:1

Acidic gases removed by semi-dry scrubber Can use neutralization formula directly

HCl removed (NM3/hr) = 63.21 2HCl + CaCO3 = CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

SO2 removed (NM3/hr) = 33.12 SO2 + CaCO3 + 1/2 O2 = CaSO4 + CO2

HCl removed (kg/hr) = 102.95 Require 100% pure CaCO3 (kg/hr) = 141.03

SO2 removed (kg/hr) = 94.57 Require 100% pure CaCO3 (kg/hr) = 147.76

Semi-dry scrubber used CaCO3 (with inerts and excess QN), kg/hr = 401.09 Required 100% pure Ca (OH)2; (kg/hr) = 296.81

Calculated Kg-Ca(OH)2/ton-MSW incinerated = 15.16 China purchased and use Ca(OH)2 directly

Calculated Ca(OH)2 consumption (kg/month-boiler Line) = 213,700 Still needs to use excess Ca(OH)2 in % = 15

NaOH Consumption - wet scrubber block (Not in use for the General case); set wet scrubber removal efficiencies (H9 & H10) zero

HCl removed by wet scrubber (kg/hr) = 0.00 NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H2O

SO2 removed by wet scrubber (kg/hr) = 0.00 2 NaOH + SO2 + 1/2 O2 = Na2SO4 + H2O

Require 100% pure NaOH for HCl removal (kg/hr) = 0.00 NaOH solution concentration (%) = 30.00

Require 100% pure NaOH for SO2 removal (kg/hr) = 0.00

Required NaOH solution (kg/hr) = 0.00 China uses 30% NaOH solution

Calculated Kg-NaOH solution/ton-MSW incinerated = 0.00

Calculated Kg-Pure-NaOH solution/ton-MSW incinerated = 0.00

Calculated Pure-NaOH (ton/mo) = #REF! 30% solution (ton/yr) = #REF!

WTE Operational Simulation Model – Chelate and Cement


NO input cell on this entire worksheet, all cells are calculation outputs

Sheet name: 'Chelate and Cement

General Use - monthly report Chelate and Cement

Fly ash quantity: Notes:

Ash (wt. %) of MSW incinerated = 14.46 From 'sheet MSW Incinerated! Cell E13

Total MSW ash (ton / mo) = 2,039.09

MSW fly ash, dry (ton / mo) = 305.86 Assume 15 % of the total ash turning into raw fly ash

Excess lime plus inpurity (ton/mo) = 32.06

Pure lime consumed (ton/mo) = 213.70

Reaction products (ton/mo) = 277.44

Total dry fly ash (ton/mo) = 615.36

Fly ash stabilization process:

H2O added (kg/ton-MSW-incinerated) = 30.55 Calculated from H2O consumption (ton/yr) divided by (ton-MSW-incinerated/yr)

Cement added (kg/ton-MSW-incinerated) = 4.36 Calculated from cement consumption (ton/yr) divided by (ton-MSW-incinerated/yr)

Chelate added (kg/ton-MSW-incinerated) = 0.65 Calculated from chelate consumption (ton/yr) divided by (ton-MSW-incinerated/yr)

H2O added (ton/mo) = 431 70% by weight of dry fly ash; MHI design standard

Cement added (ton/mo) = 61.54 For conditioning fly ash; 10% by weight of dry fly ash; MHI design standard

Chelate added (ton/mo) = 9.23 1.5% by weight of dry fly ash; MHI design standard

Total wet fly ash (ton/ mo) = 1,117

From sheet '1st Yr Lime and NaOH', cell I20 with10% of inpurity and and 0.0 %

excess lime

Use '1st Yr Lime and NaOH' cells HCl (I18) and SO2 (I19) removed to calculate CaCl2

and CaSO4 produced

End of Part-C Introduction

Part-C 簡介結束


Begin of Part-D Introduction

Part-D 簡介開始


Introduction of The Waste Blending Modeling and Analysis Training


During this part of the training, the author will go over 20 plus spreadsheets and additional 10 plus slides to

explain and demonstrate how to estimate the composition and the heating value (both HHV and LHV) of the raw

municipal solid waste.

The training will use an author self -developed E xcel program to physically demonstrate step by step of

calculating the elemental composition and heating values of the waste including the details of the followings:

Elemental composition and hea ting value of approximately 50 plus kinds of common individual wastes

including plastics, papers, rubbers, vegetables, kitchen wastes, construction wastes, commercial and

market waste and many others

Comparison of various models and choose the best model f or estimating the heating value for wastes

generated in various Asia economic regions

The typical sampling methods of physical composition and the pros and cons such as the sampling

quantity, seasonal factors, surface water lost, etc.

The weighted average waste blending model that calculates the blended waste elemental composition

and the heating value

It will take approximately 4 full hours of time to go over the training and learn on how to use and run the Excel

program assuming the audiences already hav e some basic knowledge of the waste to energy technology and

business with the minimum time sp ending on questions and answers; if this is not the case, it may take double of

the time to complete the training if the audiences are somewhat new to the WTE ind ustry.

Part –D: The Waste Blending Modeling and

Analysis Training Selected Sample Training Slides

Part-D 垃圾混合電腦模擬及成份分析



The Waste Blending Modeling and Analysis


Waste Scrap Plastic Scrap Plastic Scrap Plastic Sewage Sludge Sewage Sludge Sewage Sludge Kitchen Food Waste Kitchen Food Waste Kitchen Food Waste

Normalization Un-normalized Normalized in MSW Un-normalized Normalized in MSW Un-normalized Normalized in MSW

Element\(mt/hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr)

C 58.72 58.71 2.58 14.20 14.20 1.56 5.14 5.14 1.88

H 7.06 7.06 0.31 1.11 1.11 0.12 0.65 0.65 0.24

O 22.15 22.15 0.97 12.14 12.14 1.33 3.16 3.16 1.16

N 0.01 0.01 0.00 1.79 1.79 0.20 0.72 0.72 0.26

S 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.57 0.57 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.01

Cl 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.06 0.01 0.01 0.00

Fl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

H20 2.00 2.00 0.09 65.78 65.77 7.22 88.10 88.09 32.24

Ash 10.00 10.00 0.44 3.89 3.89 0.43 2.19 2.19 0.80

Total 100.01 100.00 4.39 100.00 99.99 10.98 100.01 100.00 36.60

H/C (%) 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.13

O/C (%) 0.38 0.38 0.85 0.85 0.61 0.61

(MJ/Kg) 26.06 (MJ/Kg) 4.25 (MJ/Kg) 2.11

(Kcal/kg) 6,233.46 (Kcal/kg) 1,016.26 (Kcal/kg) 504.78

(Btu/Lb) 11,212.66 (Btu/Lb) 1,828.04 (Btu/Lb) 907.99

(MJ/Kg) 24.58 (MJ/Kg) 2.54 (MJ/Kg) -0.01

(Kcal/kg) 5,879.96 (Kcal/kg) 607.58 (Kcal/kg) -1.95

(Btu/Lb) 10,576.79 (Btu/Lb) 1,092.91 (Btu/Lb) -3.52

LHV/HHV % 94.33 % 59.79 % -0.39

Wt. % in MSW 4.39 10.98 36.60

Calc. HHV

Calc. LHV



Individual Waste Composition and Heating Value Calculation

Waste Scrap Tire Scrap Tire Scrap Tire Leather/Scrap Rubber Leather/Scrap Rubber Leather/Scrap Rubber Auto Fluff Auto Fluff Auto Fluff

Namalization Un-normalized Normalized in MSW Un-normalized Normalized in MSW Un-normalized Normalized in MSW

Element\(mt/hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr) (Mt/Hr)

C 78.28 78.28 1.72 53.99 53.99 0.55 31.93 31.93 0.47

H 6.73 6.73 0.15 7.20 7.20 0.07 4.10 4.10 0.06

O 5.84 5.84 0.13 10.35 10.35 0.11 5.48 5.48 0.08

N 0.09 0.09 0.00 9.00 9.00 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.00

S 1.49 1.49 0.03 0.36 0.36 0.00 0.47 0.47 0.01

Cl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.52 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00

Fl 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

H20 1.02 1.02 0.02 10.00 10.00 0.10 10.00 10.00 0.15

Ash 6.55 6.55 0.14 9.10 9.10 0.09 48.00 48.00 0.70

Total 100.00 100.00 2.20 100.52 100.52 1.03 100.00 100.00 1.46

H/C (%) 0.09 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

O/C (%) 0.07 0.07 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.17

Calc. (MJ/Kg) 35.28 (MJ/Kg) 26.80 (MJ/Kg) 15.77

HHV = (Kcal/kg) 8,440.31 (Kcal/kg) 6,411.56 (Kcal/kg) 3,773.60

(Btu/Lb) 15,182.31 (Btu/Lb) 11,533.02 (Btu/Lb) 6,787.89

Calc. (MJ/Kg) 33.89 (MJ/Kg) 25.11 (MJ/Kg) 14.72

LHV = (Kcal/kg) 8,108.08 (Kcal/kg) 6,008.07 (Kcal/kg) 3,520.61

(Btu/Lb) 14,584.70 (Btu/Lb) 10,807.24 (Btu/Lb) 6,332.82

LHV/HHV % 96.06 % 93.71 % 93.30

% in MSW 2.20 1.02 1.46



Weight % Weight %

Waste Composition Un-normalized Normalized

Vegetables 75.00 10.98

Scrap Paper 35.00 5.12

Fibrous/Clothes 45.00 6.59

Scrap Plastic 30.00 4.39

Sewage Sludge 75.00 10.98

Kitchen Food Waste 250.00 36.60

Animal Waste 10.00 1.46

Scrap Lumber/Wood 20.00 2.93

Construction Debris 50.00 7.32

Scrap Tire 15.00 2.20

Leather/Scrap Rubber 7.00 1.02

Auto Fluff 10.00 1.46

Ash/Slag/Metal/Glass 55.00 8.05

IT/Computer Industrial Waste 6.00 0.88

Total Blended MSW 683.00 100.00

Note: input cells are highlighted in blue color

Individual Waste Ratio and the Blended MSW

End of Part-D Introduction

Part-D 簡介結束


End of the Expanded Introduction


結束完整版的介紹













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