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cfj/0f tl:a/ lgdf0ffwLg e'/LufpF ;j–:6]zg .

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cfj/0f tl:a/ lgdf0ffwLg e'/LufpF ;j–:6]zg .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cwjflifs klqsf …ljB'tÚ jif #), cª\s ! kf7s;dIf k|:t't ug kfpFbf v'zL nfu]sf] 5 .

ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f / OlGhlgol/ª;Fu ;DalGwt ;4flGts Pjd\ Jofjxfl/s kIfsf cltl/Qm cGo ljleGg ;"rgf ;d]l6Psf] o; cª\s klg ;Da4 ;anfO pkof]uL x'g]5 eGg] ljZ‍jf; lnPsf] 5' .

@)&% h]7 ! ut]b]lv cfBf]lus jusf u|fxsnfO ;d]t nf]8;]l8ª cGTo u/]kZ‍rft\ k|flws/0f ca d'n'se/sf ;a hgtfdf u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf] ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] sfoof]hgfsf ;fy cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .

ljutdf k|flws/0fsf] ljQLo cj:yf cToGt sdhf]/ eP tfklg kl5Nnf jifb]lv ljB't r'xfj6, afFsL–aS‍oftf c;'nL, vr Joj:yfkgdf ul/Psf] ;'wf/ / ljQLo k'g;+/rgfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df ! ca %) s/f]8, cf=j= @)&$÷)&% df @ ca *( s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ df & ca @) s/f]8 d'gfkmf cfhg ug ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;u/L cf=j= @)&@÷)&# df @%=&* k|ltzt /x]sf] ljB't r'xfj6nfO qmdzM Go"lgs/0f ub cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df @@=() k|ltzt, cf=j= @)&$÷)&% df @)=$% k|ltzt / cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ df !%=#@ k|ltztdf emfg k|flws/0f ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

k|flws/0fåf/f lgdf0f ul/Psf hl6n cj:yfdf /x]sf cfof]hgfx¿ rd]lnof hnljB't cfof]hgf -#) d]ufjf6_, dflyNnf] lqz'nL #…PÚ hnljB't cfof]hgf -^) d]ufjf6_ / sfj]nL sf]l/8f]/ !#@ s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfOg cfof]hgf ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] s'n]vfgL t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgf -!$ d]ufjf6_ ;d]t oyfzL3| ;DkGg x'g] r/0fdf /x]sf] 5 .

k|flws/0fn] sf7df8f+ pkTosfsf] cfk"lt Joj:yfkg ugsf nflu k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f nfOg Pjd\ ;j:6]zgsf] lj:tf/ ug], dxfgu/ tyf pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO cfw'lgsLs/0f ug], lu|8 ;a:6]zg c6f]d]zg ug], Battery Storage System h8fg ug] sfosf cltl/Qm ERP & Smart Meter/Grid System nfu" ug] / Online Payment System lj:tf/ ug] sfo;d]t ul//x]sf] 5 .

k|flws/0fnfO ;Ifd, Jofj;flos ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug / o;sf ;du| sfdsf/afxLnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/, bft[ lgsfo, pkef]Qmf, 6«]8 o'lgog, ;Dk"0f sdrf/Lnufot ;Da4 ;aaf6 cfjZ‍os ;xof]u / ;dyg k|fK‍t eO/xg] ljZ‍jf; lnPsf] 5' .

cfufdL lbgdf cem pTs[i6, l;hgzLn / vf]hd"ns n]v, /rgf;lxt ljB't klqsf k|sfzg x'g ;sf];\ eGg] z'e]R5fsf ;fy k|sfzgdf ;+nUg ;Dkfbs ;d"xnufot ;adf xflbs wGojfb JoQm ub5' .

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;fjhlgs If]qaf6 /fHosf] cytGqdf k'¥ofOg] of]ubfgdf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] cfjZ‍ostf :jLsfg yflnPkl5sf lbgdf ;/sf/sf] hjfkmb]lxtfdf lj:tf/ eO /fHos ;+nUgtfdf pBdzLn / Joj;flos ultljlw ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 …Joj;fodf ;/sf/Ú eGg] dfGotfaf6 ;+:yfgx¿ ;+:yfut x'Fb uP .

;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;lxtsf] pBdzLntf, Joj;flostf, lg0fodf nrstf Pjd\ :jfoQtf h:tf d"ne"t dfGotfnfO cfTd;ft\ ub cfPsf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ljutsf cf/f]xcj/f]x Joj:yfkg ub Pp6f ;]jf k|bfos, e/f];fof]Uo ;kmn ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g k|of;/t /x]sf] 5 .

…pHofnf] g]kfnÚsf] cleofg;lxt ;Dk"0f g]kfnLnfO u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf] ljB't ;]jf lskmfotL d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg]tkm g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f pGd'v eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf ljB't klqsf -jif #), cª\s !_ df k|:t't n]v, /rgf tyf ultljlw kf7sjusf nflu cToGt pkof]uL x'g]5 eGg] ljZ‍jf; lnPsf 5f+ .

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n

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n g]kfnsf] ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/ M cfjZ‍ostf / r'gftL – tf]ofgfy clwsf/L !

n ljB't ljt/0fsf r'gftL M Ifdtf lj:tf/ / r'xfj6 lgoGq0f – /fdhL e08f/L &

n g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf nlª\us ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f – /fhgClif sF8]n !!

n kl/jltt ;Gbedf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / sdrf/L Joj:yfkg – OlGb/fb]jL bfxfn !$

n g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf 8f6f ;]G6/ – /ljGb| >]i7 !&

n u|fxs;]jf k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfjZ‍os ljt/0f k|0ffnL – /Ghg/fh u'?ª @!

n jf/ ckm s/]G6 / ljB't ;'/Iffsf] k|Z‍g – ;fu/ 1jfnL @%

n :ju k'lug] gfdf;]sf] psfnf] – s'j]/nfn >]i7 @(

n ;+3Lo :j?kdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f M Ps ;dLIff – slknrGb| a:tfsf]6L #$

n tgfj Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbedf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f – o1s'df/L Gofkfg] $!

n g]kfnsf] hnljB't ljsf; / ljB't lgodg cfof]u – /ldnf sf]O/fnf $%

n ;+:yfut ;'zf;g / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f – afns[i0f kf]v/]n %!

n Story Behind Bhakra Nangal Dam – Santa Bahadur Pun %%

n The Leapfrogging Energy Dynamics of Nepal and Emerging Prospects for Cross Border Power Trading in South Asia

– Prabal Adhikari ^)

n Contract Termination Under Fidic Contract – Achyut Babu Ghimire ^^

n Roles, Responsibilities and Importance of Electricity Regulatory Commission – Ranju Pandey &)

n Handling of sediment and Dam Regulation – Raj Bista &$

n Reactive Power Compensation in Distribution Network – Pramod Rijal &^

n Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Hydropower Development of Nepal – Pushkar Raj Bhattarai *)

n General Overview of Governor Used in UT3A HPP – Indra Bahadur Bishwokarma *^

n Hydro-Electric Energy Balance Techniques for Crisis Management – Madan Sharma (@

n System Restoration through Black Start Resources at Hydropower Stations – Sangita Giri !)@

n New Intiatives under Distribution and Consumer Service !)&


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cfw'lgs ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;+jfxssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f;DaGwL sfo s]xL ckjfbafx]s /fHox¿sf] Psflwsf/cGtut /flvPsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(@) b]lv !(#) sf] bzsdf ljB't dx;'n tyf ahf/ kx'Frdf lgoGq0f, cg'dlt;DaGwL Joj:yfdf s8fOh:tf sf/0f of] If]q lghL nufgLsf] nflu cfsifs lyPg . tyflk, ljB'tsf] a9\bf] dfu / o;sf] ax'cfoflds k|of]usf] sf/0f ljB't If]qsf] ljsf; ug cfjZ‍os ePsfn] /fHo tyf cGt/fli6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] ;fjhlgs lgsfo jf ;+:yfgdfkmt\ o; If]qdf nufgL u/]sf lyP . tTsfnLg ;dodf ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] eGg] cfddfGotf /x]sf] xF'bf /fHox¿n] klg ToxL cjwf/0fadf]lhd cfˆgf gLlt tyf sfg'gx¿ agfPsf lyP . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzskZ‍rft k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, ljZ‍j cytGqdf cfPsf] cflys dGbL, ljB't dx;'nsf] /fhgLlts/0f / ljB't ahf/sf] lj:tf/h:tf sf/0fn] ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/ ug /fHox¿ dfly k|z:t bjfj k/]sf] lyof] . kmn:j?k /fHox¿n] cf–cfˆgf] b]zdf ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿ k|f/De u/]sf lyP .

gAa]sf] bzsdf market model cyft text book model sf] cjwf/0ffdf cfwfl/t eO ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/sf sfox¿ cufl8 a9fPsf] lyof] . o; df]8ncGtut ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] sfoqmd cfufl8 a9fpFbf b]xfosf ljifox¿

g]kfnsf] ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/ M cfjZ‍ostf / r'gftLtf]ofgfy clwsf/L ;x;lrj, pmhf, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO dGqfno

;dfj]z ug] u/]sf] kfOG5 M

l ;fjhlgs ;+:yfx¿nfO lgudLs/0f ug],

l ljB't;DaGwL lj:t[t P]gsf] lgdf0f ug],

l :jtGq / ;Ifd lgofds lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug],

l ljB't If]qsf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfx¿sf] k'g;+/rgf jf vl08s/0f ug],

l lghL nufgLsf] nflu cj;/ pknAw u/fpg],

l /fHo lgolGqt ;+:yfgx¿sf] lghLs/0f ug],

l yf]s ljB't cfk"ltdf k|lt:kwfsf] sfod ug],

l ljB't ljt/0fdf k|lt:kwf ug] .

g]kfndf ljB't If]qsf] ljsf;qmd

;g\ !(!! cyft\ ljqmd ;Djt\ !(^* ;fndf lgldt %)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] kmlkª hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf0f;Fu g]kfndf ljB'tsf] o'u k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . ljB't skf]/]zg P]g, @)!( cGtut g]kfn ljB't skf]/]zsf] :yfkg kZ‍rft ;+:yfut ¿kdf ljB'tsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf] yfngL ePsf] lyof] . pQm skf]/];g ljqmd ;Djt\ @)!( ;fnb]lv @)$@ ;fn ef›;Dd cl:tTjdf /x]/ ljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf0f / ljB'lts/0f;DaGwL sfo u/]sf] lyof] .

To; nut ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fnfO ;Ifd, e/kbf] / ;j;'ne u/L ljB't cfk"ltsf] Joj:yf ug

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g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! adf]lhd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . of] P]gn] ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ug] ;Dk"0f clwsf/ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f ug] clwsf/ klg k|flws/0fnfO g lbOPsf]df ljB't P]g, @)$( n] of] clwsf/ ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f cfof]unfO lbPsf] lyof] .

ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/df ljB't P]g @)$(

ljB't If]qdf ;'wf/ ug] p2]Z‍on] cyft\ ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL / ;+nUgtf ;'lglZ‍rt ugsf ljB't P]g, @)$( nfu" ePsf] 5 . pQm P]gn] ljB't pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] dfq Psflwsf/ /x]sf] kIfnfO cGTo ub :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgLsf] nflu dfu k|z:t u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gdf ljB'tsf] ;j]If0fnufot pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f ug clgjfo¿kdf cg'dltkq lng'kg] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf lgsfon] ;d]t cg'dltkq k|fK‍t gu/L ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fsf] sfo ug gkfpg] Joj:yf of] P]gdf /x]sf] 5 . ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] sfofGjogn] ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] lbzfdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf s]xL dxTjk"0f pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ePsf 5g\ M

klxnf], ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cltl/Qm cGo lghL If]qn] klg P]gadf]lhd cg'dltkq lnP/ oL sfo ug ;S‍g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . d"ntM ljB't pTkfbgnfO k|lt:kwfTds agfpg' of] P]gsf] k|d'v p2]Z‍o /x]sf] 5 . o; b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf ljB't P]g w]/ xb;Dd k|efjsf/L /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ljB't P]g, @)$( nfu" ePkZ‍rft g]kfnsf] ljB't If]qdf vf;u/L hnljB'tsf] pTkfbgdf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgLstfx¿sf] nufgLdf cfof]hgfx¿sf] ljsf; tyf lgdf0f ePsf 5g\ . o;/L xfn;Dd sl/a !&,&&! d]ufjf6sf] ;j]If0f / &,(*) d]uaf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

bf];|f], lgodsf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf cnu Joj:yf geP klg tTsfnLg hn;|f]t dGqfno / xfnsf] pmhf, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO dGqfno tyf ljB't ljsf; ljefunfO ljB't P]gåf/f lgodg;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;cGtut cg'dlt k|bfg ug] clwsf/, cg'dlt vf/]h ug] clwsf/ tyf cg'dltsf] zt pNn3ª\3g u/]df hl/jfgf ug]h:tf clwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .

t];|f], /fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8sf] kl/sNkgfM

of] P]gn] ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf s]xL dxTjk"0f cfofdnfO ;dfTg] k|oTg:j?k /fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg jf lu|8sf] cnu Joj:yfsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 5 . ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ljz]if Joj:yf cfjZ‍os x'g] tkm of] P]gn] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .

rf]yf, ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f cfof]usf] Joj:yfM ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& n] ljB't dx;'n / cGo b:t'/x¿ lgwf/0f ugsf nflu cnu cfof]usf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! n] k|flws/0fnfO lbPsf] ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f ug] clwsf/ ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f cfof]udf /xg] Joj:yf ul/of] . of] Joj:yfn] ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0fsf] sfo :jtGq lgsfon] ug'kg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZ‍rt ul/of] . ljqmd ;Djt\ @)&$ ;fn;Dd of] cfof]u lqmoflzn /x]sf] lyof] . ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ n] ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f ug]nufot lgofds lgsfosf] ¿kdf sfd ug ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] :yfkgfsf] Joj:yf;lxt ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !& nfO vf/]h u/]kZ‍rft\ ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f cfof]u klg :jtM vf/]h ePsf] xf] . ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f cfof]usf] :yfkgf ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] ;Gbedf Ps ;sf/fTds sbd lyof] .

kfFrf, ljB't lg/LIfssf] Joj:yfM ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f;DaGwL sfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f tyf /]vb]v ugsf] nflu k|d'v ljB't lg/LIfs tyf ljB't lg/LIfs lgo'Qm ug] Joj:yf ljB't P]g, @)$( tyf ljB't lgodfjnL, @)%) df ul/Psf] 5 .of] Joj:yfn] ljB'tsf] ;'/Iff / u'0f:t/sf ljifonfO lgodg ugkg] ljifodf ;dfj]z u/]sf] ;xh a'‰g ;lsG5 .

;du|df ljB't P]g, @)$( / ljB't lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] sfofGjogn] ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/df pNn]vgLo pknlJwx¿ xfl;n ePsf 5g . vf;u/L ljB't pTkfbgsf] If]qdf k|lt:kwfsf] ljsf; :yflkt eO pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf lghL If]qsf sDkgLx¿ ljB't pTkfbgsf] sfodf ;+nUg ePsf 5g . of] cj:yf tof/ ugdf ljB't P]g, @)$(sf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] :yfkgf

ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] sfonfO yk cufl8 a9fpg] Wo]osf ;fy ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ adf]lhd ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . of] cfof]u :yfkgfsf] k|d'v p2]Z‍ox¿dfM -s_ ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/nfO ;/n, lgoldt, Jojl:yt tyf kf/bzL agfpg], -v_ ljB'tsf] dfu / cfk"ltdf ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg], -u_

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ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f ug ljB't pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ug], / -u_ ljB't ahf/nfO k|lt:kwfTds agfpg tyf ljB't ;]jfnO e/kbf] ;j;'ne u'0f:t/o'Qm / ;'/lIft agfpg] /x]sf 5g\ . ;fy ljB't If]qsf] lgofds lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ljB't lgodg cfof]unfO b]xfoadf]lhdsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ klg ;'lDkPsf] 5 .

k|fljlws Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sfo M o;cGtut ljB't ;]jf ;DaGwL lu|8 ;+lxt / ljt/0f ;+lxt agfO nfu" ug], ljB't ;]jfsf] ;~rfng tyf ddt ;Def/sf] :t/ tyf sfoljlw tof/ u/L sfofGjog ug], /fli6«o ljB't k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff:t/ sfod /fVg cfjZ‍os dfkb08 agfO nfu" ug] tyf ljB't k|0ffnL ;~rfnssf] bfloTj lgwf/0f ug] / To;sf] cg'udg ug] /x]sf 5g\ .

dx;'n lgwf/0f ug] tyf ljB't vl/b laqmLsf] lgodg ug] M ljB'tsf pkef]Qmfn] ltg'kg] ljB't dx;'nnufot ljB't k|;f/0f / ljt/0f b:t"/ lgwf/0f ug] clwsf/ ljB't lgodg cfof]udf lglxt /x]sf] 5 . To;u/L cfof]un] ljB't vl/b laqmL b/ lgwf/0f ug] / ljB't d"Nosf] nfut Go"gtd agfpg cfjZ‍os pkfox¿ klxrfg u/L nfu" ;d]t ug]5 .

k|lt:kwf sfod ug] tyf pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug] M o;sf nflu cfof]un] cg'dlt k|fK‍t ;+:yfx¿ aLr ljB't dx;'n b/df k|lt:kwf u/fpg] ;DaGwL cfjZ‍os pkfox¿ / ljB't dx;'n b/df Psflwsf/ x'g glbg] Joj:yf nfu" ug]5 . ;fy ljB't Jofkf/sf] nflu cfjZ‍os ztx¿ tf]S‍g] tyf ljB't k|0ffnLdf v'nf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug] clwsf/ klg cfof]unfO lbOPsf] 5 .

;+u7gfTds Joj:yf M ljB't pTkfbg k|;f/0f ljt/0f tyf Jofkf/ cg'dlt k|fK‍t ;+:yfx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu pgLx¿sf] sfoIfdtf:t/ lgwf/0f ug] cfrf/;+lxtf nfu" ug] ljB'tsf] ahf/ ljljlws/0fsf nflu pTk]|l/t ug]h:tf lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] /x]sf] 5 .

ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ n] ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/df cª\uLsf/ u/]sf Joj:yf

lgofds lgsfosf] ?kdf ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] :yfkgf M cfof]un] ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f tyf Jofkf/sf] nflu cg'dlt k|fK‍t ;+:yfx¿n] cg'dltkqdf plNnlvt ztx¿ adf]lhd sfd u/]–gu/]sf] ljifodf cg'udg / cfjZ‍ostfcg';f/ lg/LIf0f ug]5 .

k|lt:kwfTds ljB't ahf/sf] :yfkgf M cfof]un] k|lt:kwfTds ljB't ahf/sf] :yfkgfsf nflu cfjZ‍os

pkfox¿ nfu" ug] tyf ljB'tsf] yf]s ahf/ :yfkgf, ;~rfng / vl/b laqmL k|lqmof lgwf/0f u/L nfu" ug]5 . ;fy ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f tyf Jofkf/df k|lt:kwf sfod ug] l;4fGtnfO klg cËLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . x'g t ljB't If]qdf k|lt:kwf sfod ug ljB't;DaGwL cGo sfg'gdf ;d]t cfjZ‍os ;+zf]wg / kl/dfhgsf] cfjZ‍ostf x'G5 . tyflk, of] P]gn] To; lbzftkm cufl8 a9\g k|]l/t / lbzf lgb]z eg] u/]sf] 5 .

ljB't k|0ffnLdf v'nf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf M ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] k|d'v kf6f]sf] ¿kdf ljB't k|0ffnLdf v'nf kx'Fr xf] . v'nf kx'Frsf] :yfkgfn] ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f tyf Jofkf/df k|lt:kwf sfod ug ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZ‍jf; lnOPsf] 5 .

k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f z'Nsnufot ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f M ljB't k|;f/0f, ljt/0f / pkef]Qmfn] ltg] dx;'n lgwf/0fsf] nflu :jtGq / ;Ifd lgsfosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljB't dx;'n lgwf/0f k|lqmofnfO kf/bzL agfpg dx;'n lgwf/0fsf cfwf/x¿ -h:t ;~rfng vr, x|f;sl§ b/, ;fFjf Jofhsf] e'QmfgL, ddt–;Def/ vr, ljB't ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f, k'glgdf0f tyf z]o/ nufgL afktsf] k|ltkmn_ P]gdf g tf]lsPsf 5g\ .

/fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f u|L8 sDkgL lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf

ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfngsf] nflu Ps ;Ifd / :jtGq lgsfosf] cfjZ‍ostf dx;'; u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf /xg] u/L /fli6«o ljB't k|;f/0f lu|8 sDkgL lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . d"ntM of] sDkgL ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lgdf0f tyf lu|8sf] ;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkgdf dfq s]lG›t /xg] 5 . t/ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! n] ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fsf] nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkg u/]sf] / xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;a ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8 k|flws/0fsf] :jldTjdf dfq /x]sf 5g\ . ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg Pp6 lgsfoaf6 ug] Joj:yfsf] nflu xfnsf] ljB't P]g, @)$( tyf ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! df ;+zf]wg / kl/dfhg ug cfjZ‍os x'G5 .

ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf

ljqmd ;Djt\ !(^* ;fndf kmlkª\udf lgdf0f ePsf] %)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] hnljB't cfof]hgfkZ‍rft\ g]kfndf

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ljB'tsf] k|of]un] k|j]z kfPsf] lyof] . ef/tdf ljB't pTkfbg ePsf] nueu Ps bzskl5 g g]kfn klg ljB't pTkfbgsf] o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] lyof] . of] cfkm+df uf/j ug nfos If0f lyof] . t/ ljB't pTkfbgsf] o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] Ps;o jifeGbf a9Lsf] ;dokZ‍rft\ klg xfdLn] ljB't ljsf;sf] If]qdf vf; pNn]vgLo k|ult xfl;n ug ;s]sf 5gf+ .

g]kfnh:t cj:yf ePsf cGo b]zx¿n] ;g gAa]sf] bzsb]lv g ljB't If]qdf cfd"n ;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿ nfu" u/]/ pNn]vgLo pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ . ef/t, kfls:tfg, a+unfb]z, leotgfdnufotsf b]zx¿n] ljB't If]qdf ;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿ nfu" u/]/ ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f tyf ljB't Jofkf/sf] If]qdf k|ult u/]sf 5g . To;n] cGt/fli6«o cg'ej / l;sfOsf] cfwf/df ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/ ug h?/L ePsf]n] b]xfosf glthf k|flK‍tsf] nflu ;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿ nfu" ug cfjZ‍os ePsf] 5M

ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f tyf Jofkf/nfO k|lt:kwfTds agfpg g]kfn ljB't k|flws0fsf] k'g;+/rgf ug]M xfnsf] sfg'gL Joj:yfcg';f/ ljB'tsf] pTkfbg k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f ug] sfosf] nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g, @)$! adf]lhd k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ljB't If]qdf k|lt:kwf u/fpg] p2]Z‍osf ;fy ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] ;Gbe tyf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fsf] sfo cnu–cnu ;+:yf jf lgsfoaf6 u/fpg' kg] dfGotfnfO ;d]t b[li6ut u/L g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] jtdfg ;+/rgfsf ljifodf k'gljrf/ ug cfjZ‍os ePsf] 5 . ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf] Ph]08fn] oL sfo s'g Pp6f lgsfosf] Psflwsf/df dfq /fVg x'Gg eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 .

;+jwflgs Joj:yf tyf ;+3Lo dfGotfsf] sfofGjogsf nflu M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljB'tsf] ljsf; tyf ljB't ;]jf k|bfg ug] clwsf/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cGt/b]zLo tyf cGt/k|b]z ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg;DaGwL clwsf/ ;+3sf] x'g] pNn]v 5 . To;u/L k|b]z:t/sf] ljB't ;DaGwL clwsf/ k|b]z / ;fgf hnljB't tyf jslNks pmhf ;DaGwL clwsf/ :yfgLo txsf] x'g] ;+jwflgs Joj:yf 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm ljB't ;]jf k|bfg ug] clwsf/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf]

;"rLdf /x]sf] 5 . ;+jwflgs Joj:yfcg';f/ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ljefhg / Joj:yfsf] nflu klg ljB't If]qdf ;'wf/ ug cfjZ‍os ePsf] 5 . ;fy ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fsf ;DaGwdf /x]sf] s]lG›s[t 9fFrfsf] ;+u7gsf] ;§fdf sfok|s[ltsf] cfwf/df lj:tfl/t :j?k / ax';+:yfx¿ ;lxtsf] ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf] :yfkgf ug'kg] ePsf] 5 .

ljB't pTkfbgsf] nflu k|lt:kwfsf] cfwf/df cg'dlt k|bfg ug] Joj:yfsf] nflu M jtdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfcg';f/ lagfk|lt:kwf ljB't pTkfbgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Fb cfPsf] 5 . lagfk|lt:kwf ljB't pTkfbgsf] cg'dlt k|fK‍t ug ;lsg] Joj:yfsf] sf/0f cflys tyf k|fljlws Ifdtf gePsf sDkgL tyf ;+:yfx¿n] cg'dlt lnP/ a:g] kl/kfl6sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . o:tf] kl/kfl6sf] cGTo u/L k|lt:kwf / Go"gtd nfutdf cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; lgdf0f ug] cfwf/ tof/ ug' ;dosf] dfusf ;fy;fy klg h?/L ePsf] 5 .

Go"gtd nfut lj:tf/ of]hgf tyf lghL nufgLsf] nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f ;[hgf ug M ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0fdf k|lt:kwfTds cj;/ / jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L Go"gtd nfutdf ljB't cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; tyf lgdf0fsf] cj;/ ;[hgf u/L cfof]hgfsf] nfut 36fpg cfjZ‍os ePsf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf cfof]hgfsf] nfut cgfjZ‍os¿kdf a9fpg] / ;dodf lgdf0f sfo ;DkGg gug] kl/kfl6n] ubf k|ltlsnf]jf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf] nfut a9\g uPsf] 5 . To;n] Go"gtd nfut lj:tf/ of]hgf tof/ u/L

lghL If]qsf] nufgLnfO cfslift ug] k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug cfjZ‍os ePsf] 5.

:df6 lu|8 k|0ffnL tyf ljB't k|;f/0f lgsfosf] Joj:yf ug M ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8sf] lgdf0fdf cfw'lgs k|ljlw / k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug tyf /fli6«o lu|8 ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ps ;Ifd / :jtGq lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug klg k|lt:kwfsf] Go"gtd zt ePsf] 5 . of] lgsfon] ljB't k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lgdf0f, ;~rfng tyf ljB't k|0ffnLdf v'nf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf;lxt ljB't k|;f/0f / lu|8 sf]8sf] sfofGjog klg ug]5 .

k|lt:kwfTds cfwf/df ljB't vl/b ug] cfwf/ tof/ ug M k|lt:kwfsf] cfwf/df pTkflbt ljB't vl/b ug]

ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf lu|8sf] lgdf0fdf cfw'lgs k|ljlw / k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u ug tyf /fli6«o lu|8 ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgsf nflu Ps ;Ifd / :jtGq lgsfosf] :yfkgf ug klg k|lt:kwfsf] Go"gtd zt ePsf] 5 .

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Joj:yf nfu" ug ;lsPdf ljB'tsf] pTkfbg nfut 36\g] ljZ‍jf; lng ;lsG5 . ;fy Go"gtd nfutsf cfof]hgx¿sf] ljsf;n] ljB't dx;'n ;:tf] eO j:t'sf] pTkfbg nfut 36\g uO g]kfnsf] ;du| cytGqdf g ;sf/fTds k|efj kg]5 .

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] lgodgsf/L e"ldsfnfO k|efjsf/L agfpg M ljB't If]qsf] lgodgsf] nflu ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ n] ljB't lgodg cfof]unfO k|z:t clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] 5 . tL clwsf/ / lhDdjf/Lsf] k|efjsf/L sfofGjogsf] nflu klg ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/ cfjZ‍os / ckl/xfo ePsf] 5 . h:tM ljB't k|0ffnLdf v'nf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf, yf]s ljB't vl/b laqmLsf] b/ lgwf/0f, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f z'MNs lgwf/0f, ljB't Jofkf/sf zt lgwf/0f cflb Joj:ynfO lng ;lsG5 . oL Joj:yfx¿sf] sfofGjogsf nflu ljB't If]qsf] ;du| ;'wf/nfO ult lbg'kg] x'G5 .

ljB'tsf] cGt/b]zLo Jofkf/ -ljB't cfoft lgoft_ sf] nflu sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut k|aGw ug M g]kfnsf] xfnsf] ljB't dfu / vktsf] cj:yf tyf lgs6 eljiodf /fli6«o ljB't k|0ffnLdf cfk"lt x'g] ljB'tsf] kl/df0fnfO b[li6ut ubf cGt/b]zLo ljB't Jofkf/sf] ;DefjgfnfO ;xh cg'dfg ug ;lsG5 . To; kIfaf6 klg g]kfnaf6 ljB't Jofkf/ / ljB't lgoftsf] If]qdf sfd ug] ;+:yf / cfjZ‍os sfg'gL aGbf]a:t ldnfpg' kg] ePsf] 5 .

ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf Ph]08f

dfly plNnlvt ;'wf/sf sfoqmdnfO k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfofGjog ug sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm ljQLo aGbf]a:t ug cfjZ‍os x'G5 ta dfq ;'wf/sf sfoqmd nfu" ug ;lsG5 . To;n] ;'wf/sf Ph]08fnfO b]xfoadf]lhd k|:t't ul/Psf] 5M

lj:t[t / k|efjsf/L Joj:yf;lxtsf] ljB't P]gsf] th'df tyf sfofGjog M ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf k|d'v ljifonfO ljB't P]gdf g ;dfj]z ug h?/L x'G5 . clwsf+z ;'wf/sf Ph]08fnfO P]gdf ;dfj]z gu/];Dd sfofGjogdf nhfg ;lsFbg .

s]lGb|s[t 9fFrfsf] ljB't pTkfbg k|;f/0f ljt/0f lgsfosf] ;§f cnucnu sfosf] nflu 5l/tf] 9fFrfsf lgsfosf] :yfkgfM g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] dfh"bf :j?knfO ;+3Lo 9fFrf / ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]adf]lhd k'g;+/rgf ug cfjZ‍os ePsfn] k|flws/0fsf] k'g;+/rgf ;'wf/sf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f Ph]08fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljB'tsf] cfGtl/s tyf jfXo Jofkf/sf nflu ;+/rgf / sfg'gsf] Joj:yf M g]kfnsf] ljB't If]q ;'wf/sf sfoqmddf ljB't Jofkf/ klg hjh:t¿kdf :yflkt eO;s]sf] 5 . To;n] cfGtl/s / afXo ljB't Jofkf/sf ljljw kIfnfO ;+jf]wg ug] u/L ;'wf/sf sfoqmd nfu" ug' cfhsf] cfjZ‍ostf ePsf] 5 .

lhDd]jf/ nufgLstf / nufgL ug] jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgfM g]kfnsf] ljB't If]q ;/sf/L nufgL dfq kofK‍t gx'g] lgZ‍rt 5 . nufgLsf] k|z:t ;Defjgf ePsf] of] If]qdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL cfslift ug nufgLdqL jftfj/0f tof/ ug klg ;'wf/sf] Ph]08fdf of] ljifonfO ;d]6\g cfjZ‍os 5 .

ljB't lgodg cfof]unfO k|bfg ul/Psf] lgodgsf/L e"ldsfnfO k|efjsf/L?kn] ;Dkfbg ug;Sg] jftfj/0f tof/ ugM ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g @)&$ n] ljB't If]qsf] lgodgsf] nflu ljB't lgodg cfof]unfO k|z:t clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . tL clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] sfofGjogsf] nflu klg g]kfnsf] xfnsf] ljB't If]q / To;df sfo/t ;+:yfx¿ clwsf/ ;+u7g ;+/rgfdf k'gljrf/ ug'kg] ePsf]n] cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg of] If]qdf ;'wf/sf sfoqmdnfO nfu" ug ckl/xfo ePsf] 5 .

ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/df b]lvg] r'gftL

g]kfnsf] ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/df b]lvg] r'gftLnfO b]xfoadf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

;'wf/ / kl/jtgk|lt /xg] gsf/fTds wf/0ffM s'g klg If]qdf ul/g] ;'wf/ / kl/jtgsf] Ph]08fnfO dfh"bf ;+u7g k|0ffnL / Tof];Fu cfa4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 ;xof]u / ;dyg k|fK‍t x'g g;S‍g' ;dfGo / cfd ljifo xf] . ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/sf] ;jfndf klg dfh"bf ;+u7g k|0ffnL / Tof];Fu cfj4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 k|lt/f]w gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg . To;n] pgLx¿nfO ;'wf/sf] cfjZ‍ostf / To:tf] ;'wf/af6 pgLx¿sf] j[lt ljsf;nufotsf kIfdf k|efj gkg] s'/fsf] Joj:yf;lxtsf] k|Tofe"lt lbFb ;'wf/sf sfoqmdnfO cufl8 a9fpg' kg] x'G5 . cGoyf ;'wf/n] cfjZ‍os ult / lbzf lng ;S‍bg .

gofF ;+/rgf / ;+u7gn] k|efjsf/L ?kdf lhDd]jf/L axg ug ;Sbg eGg] ;f]r / dfGotf M ;'wf/sf] afu8f]/ ;dfNg] g]t[Tj, dfh"bf ;+u7g / ToxfF sfo/t hgzlQm, ;/f]sf/jfnf ju / ;]jfu|fxL ;asf] ;'wf/ k|lt k"0f lgi7f / ;dyg cfjZ‍os x'G5 . olb gofF ;+/rgf / ;+u7gn] k|efjsf/L ?kn] sfo ;Dkfbg ug ;S‍bg eGg] ;f]rsf] afx'Notf /x]df

%


;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿ aLrdf x/fpg klg ;S‍5g . To;n] Jofks 5nkmn / ;xsfosf] dfWodaf6 ;'wf/sf Ph]08fx¿ pk/ ;anfO ;xdt u/fpFb sfofGjogdf nhfg' kg] x'G5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;+u7gnfO ;+3Lo dfGotfadf]lhd k'g;+/rgf ug] r'gftL M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljB't ;]jf k|bfg ug] lhDd]jf/L ltg txsf] x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . t/ ljB't ;]jf k|bfg ug] b[li6sf]0faf6 k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf cfjZ‍os ;+/rgfx¿ tof/ x'g ;s]sf 5g . casf lbgdf Go"gtd klg k|b]z:t/df ljB't ;]jf k|bfg ug] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ug cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 . ;fy k|b]z:t/df ljB't ljt/0f ug] ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf u/L clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug' Go"gtd ;+jwflgs cfjZ‍ostf klg xf] . of] sf]0faf6 klg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k'g;+/rgf cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] g]t[Tj / ToxfF sfo/t hgzlQm ;asf] ;sf/fTds ;xof]u / ;dyg k|fK‍t ug cfjZ‍os x'G5 . cGoyf of] ;'wf/sf] Ph]08f sfdofjL gx'g ;S‍5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf lghfdlt sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ubf xfdLn] h]h:tf ;d:of / r'gftLsf] ;dfgf u/]sf lyof+ ToxL cj:yf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k'g;+/rgfsf] qmddf klg of] jf Tof] sf]0faf6 k'g/fj[t gxf]nf eGg ;lsGg .

;'wf/sf ljifoj:t' ;d]l6Psf] gofF ljB't P]g / To;adf]lhdsf ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf M ;'wf/sf sfoqmdsf] k|efjsf/L sfofGjogsf] nflu ljB't P]g, @)$( nfO lj:yfkg u/L gofF ljB't P]g Nofpg cToGt h?/L 5 . ;'wf/sf k|d'v Ph]08fx¿M ljB't k|0ffnLdf v'nf kx'Fr, ljB't Jofkf/ tyf ljB'tsf] cfoft lgoft, ljB't pTkfbgdf k|lt:kwf, ljB't k|;f/0f nfOg tyf k|0ffnL ;~rfng ug] lgsfosf] Joj:yf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k'g;+/rgf;lxtsf] ljB't P]gsf] th"df ug cfjZ‍os x'G5 h'g sfo cfkm+df sl7g / r'gftLk"0f 5 . ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lagfk|lt:kwf cg'dlt k|fK‍t ug;S‍g] cj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf k|lt:kwfsf] cfwf/df cg'dlt k|fK‍t ug] Joj:yfk|lt lghL If]q ;sf/fTds gx'g] ;DefjgfnfO gsfg ;lsGg . o;sf] cltl/Qm gofF ;+u7g lgdf0f k|lt klg k|z:t afwf Jojwfg pTkGg x'g] g 5g .

lgisif tyf ;'emfj

s'g klg If]qdf ul/g] ;'wf/sf sfoqmd nfu" ubf s'g s'g ¿kdf lj/f]w jf gsf/fTds wf/0ff ;[hgf x'G5g / To:tf gsf/fTds kIfn] ;'wf/nfO k|efljt ul//x]sf] xfdLn] cg'ej / cg'e"lt u/]s 5f . To;n] ;'wf/nfO k|efjL

agfpg To;sf] lj/f]wdf hGdg] wf/0ff / ljrf/nfO ;xL tl/sfn] ;+jf]wg ub cufl8 a9\g'kg] x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] ljB't If]qsf] ljsf; nflu vf;u/L hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] ljsf; lgdf0fsf] nflu o; If]qdf ;'wf/sf sfoqmd nfu" ug ckl/xfo ePsf] 5 . sfoof]hgf;lxtsf] ;'wf/lagf o; If]qdf k|efjsf/L / bLuf] ljsf; xfl;n ug ;Dej xF'bg .

To;n] ;+3Lo 9fFrfadf]lhd ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf0f ug'kg] /fli6«o cfjZ‍ostfnfO ;b'kof]u / cfTd;ft\ ub ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZ‍os kg] sfg'g th'df / ;f] sfg'gL Joj:yfadf]lhd ;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿ nfu" ug' cfhsf] cfjZ‍ostf xf] .

of] If]qsf] ;'wf/sf sfoqmdx¿nfO k|efjsf/L?kn] sfofGjog txdf nhfgsf] nflu ;Da4 ;/sf/L lgsfo, lghL If]q, ljB'tsf] If]qdf ;xof]u ul//x]sf ljsf; ;fem]bf/, bft[ lgsfo tyf ;Dj4 ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ aLr 3lge"t 5nkmn / ;xsfoaf6 o;df ;kmntf k|fK‍t ug ;lsg] x'Fbf To;tkm klg ljz]if kxn x'g'k5 .

;'wf/sf] nflu /fhgLlts txdf ;dfg wf/0ffsf] ljsf; / a'emfOdf klg Ps?ktf x'g cfjZ‍os 5 . /fhgLlts txdf ;'wf/k|ltsf] a'emfOdf leGgtf /x]df sfofGjog ug sl7g x'G5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf] Joj:yf;lxtsf] P]g kfl/t ug g nfdf] ;do nfUg ;S‍5 . To;n] klg ljB't If]qsf] ;'wf/ / o;sf] cfjZ‍ostf / o;af6 k|fK‍t x'g] pknlAwsf ljifodf /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO ;dodf g cjut u/fpg'k5 .

;Gbe ;fdu|L! sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, P]g ;+u|x v08 !#, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g,

@)$! # sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, P]g ;+u|x v08 !#, ljB't P]g, @)$( $ sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, lgod ;+u|x v08 !#, ljB't lgodfjnL,

@)%) % ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ ^ ljB't lgodg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)&% & The World Bank: Republic of India Power Sector Diagnostic Review

More Power to India: The Challenge of Distribution, 2014 -Report

No: ACS9203_:www.electricity/india.pdf.

* Asian Development Bank: Assessment of Power sector reforms in

Viet Nam -Country Report_: www.electricity/vie-power-sector-

reform.pdf.

( University of Cambridge; Electricity Policy Research Group,

EPRG Working Paper 0902: www.electricity/mafiadoc.com_

pollittyucombinedepr-electricity-policy-research.pdf.

!) International Renewable Energy Agency: Rethinking Energy 2017:

www.irena.or

^


ljB't pTkfbg, k|zf/0f tyf ljt/0fsf] sfd g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] :yfkgf sfnb]lv ub cfPsf]

;jljlbt 5 . k|flws/0fn] /fHosf ;a && lhNnfsf hgtfnfO /fli6««o k|zf/0f nfOg -u|L8_ tyf ;fgf hn ljB't s]Gb|af6 ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 . ljB't ;]jfnfO e/kbf] / ;j;'ne agfpg cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ;d]t ;d'lrt k|of]u u/]/ ljt/0f s]Gb|, pkljt/0f s]Gb|, k|zfvf sfofno, gf]–nfO6, ckm u|L8 ;fgf hnljB't s]Gb|h:tf sfofnox¿af6 ;]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf Online Bill Payment, Revenue Software, Handheld Meter Reading, Automatic Meter Reading, Smart Metering k|0ffnLnfO lng ;lsG5 . !! s]=eL= / )=$ s]le ljt/0f nfOg ;+/rgf e"ldut Joj:yfkg ug] sfo kfOn6 k|f]h]S‍6sf] ?kdf sf7df8f+ pkTosfdf ;~rflnt 5 .

cfw'lgs k|ljlw k|of]u u/L GIS Smart Grid sf] cjwf/0ff sfofGjog ul/Fb 5 . Realtime Fault Location Device k|of]u u/L ddt ;+ef/ cjlw 36fpg], kf]n, 6««fG;km/d/ tyf ;j:6]zg jfOh u|fxsx¿sf] ljj/0f GIS k|ljlwdfkmt ;+sng u/L u|fxsnfO l56f]5l/tf] / :t/Lo ;]jf lbg] k|of; z'? u/LPsf] 5 . k|flws/0fsf #( nfv !) xhf/ / ;fd'bflos ljt/ssf % nfv #! xhf/ u/L sl/a $$ nfv $! xhf/ 3/w'/LnfO ljB't ;]jf pknAw u/fOPsf] 5 . o;/L, &&=*@% hgtfsf] kx'Frdf ljB't ;]jf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljB't ljt/0fsf r'gftL M Ifdtf lj:tf/ / r'xfj6 lgoGq0f/fdhL e08f/Llgb]zs, of]hgf tyf k|fljlws ;]jf ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

ljB'tLs/0fsf] cj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

k|b]z ljB'tLs/0f k|ltzt 3/w'/L, ;+Vof! 75.90 1070519@ 79.77 1056605# 90.30 1459858$ 87.39 601920% 81.03 984131^ 27.03 339197& 58.90 523808

cf;t 77.82 6036038

o;/L ;aeGbf a9L ljB'tLs/0f k|b]z g+= # df -()=#)%_ ePsf] 5 eg] k|b]z g+= ^ df ;aeGbf sd cyft @&=)$% dfq ljB'tLs/0f ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;+/rgfut lx;fjn] ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf k|flws/0fsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lgb]zgfno xf] . ljB't ljqmL tyf /fh:j ;+sng klg ug] ePsf]n] k|flws/0fsf sl/j &$=%#Ü sdrf/L o; lgb]zgfnocGtut sfo/t /x]sf 5g\ .

;asf nflu ljB't

g]kfn ;/sf/n]]] rfn' cf=j= )&^.)&& sf] gLlt tyf sfoqmddfkmt\ cfufdL # jifleqdf b]zsf] ;Dk"0f If]qdf ljB'tLs/0f u/L ljB't ;]jfsf] kx'Fr ;anfO k'¥ofpg] p2]Z‍o

&


;fjhlgs u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] sfofGjogsf] nflu @)&^ >fj0f dlxgfleq ljB'tLs/0f x'g afFsL /x]sf If]qsf] klxrfg ug] sfo z'? u/LPsf] 5 . of] sfoqmd lgDgfg';f/ b'O r/0fdf sfofGjog u/Lg] 5 M

l rfn' cf=j= @)&^.)&& leq $) lhNnfdf ljB'tLs/0f ;DkGg ug] u/L lhNnf 5gf6 ug], nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug] / >fj0f dlxgfleq o; sfodf vr x'g] ah]6 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fK‍t ug] . ah]6 :jLs[lt kZ‍rft rfn' cf=j= @)&^.)&& sf] sflts;Dddf af]nkq k|lqmof ;DkGg u/L 7]S‍sf ;Demftf u/L;S‍g] / cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd ljB'tLs/0f ;DkGg ug]] sfoqmd to u/LPsf] 5 .

l afFsL #& lhNnfsf ljB'tLs/0f x'g afFsL If]q rfn' cf=j=sf] >fj0f dlxgfleq klxrfg u/L nfut cg'dfg tof/ ug] . g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ;f]xLcg';f/sf] ah]6 / :jLs[tL lnO ax'jifLo 7]S‍sf u/L lgdf0f sfo ;DkGg u/Lg] nIo /x]sf] 5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug]

ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfnocGtut ;~rflnt ##.!! s]=le=;j:6]zgx¿sf] xfnsf] Ifdtf sl/j !#)) PdleP /x]sf] 5 eg] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf hl8t !!.)=$ s]=le= -##.)=$ s]=eL=_ ljt/0f 6««G;km/d/x¿sf] Ifdtf sl/a @,%@^ Pd=le=P= /x]sf] 5 . o;df !#@÷##÷!! s]=eL= lu|8 ;j:6]zg / pTkfbg s]Gb|x¿df xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf ##÷!! s]=eL= ;j:6]zgsf] Ifdtf ;dfj]z 5g . cfufdL % jifleq g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ;d]tsf]] ljB't pTkfbg j[l4 eO sl/j %,))) d]=jf= k'Ug] b]lvPsf] ;Gbedf ;f]xLcg';f/ ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] Ifdtf j[l4÷yk÷lj:tf/ / ljt/0f k|0ffnL lgdf0f ug cfjZ‍os /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu sl/j !),))) PdeLP Ifdtf;Ddsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL tof/ ug lgDgfg';f/ sfoqmd ;~rfng u/LPsf 5g\ .

l ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfnosf d'Vo ;j:6]zgx¿df ##÷!! s]=le= ^÷*, !)÷!#=#÷!^=^, @)÷@$ PdleP Ifdtfsf kfj/ 6«fG;km/d/ yk u/L ;j:6]zgx¿sf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug] sfo z'? u/LPsf] 5 . w]/h;f] ;j:6]zgx¿df o:tf] sfo rfn' cf=j= leq g ;DkGg x'g] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .

l ljBdfg ## s]=eL= nfOgx¿sf] Ifdtf a[l4 ug] sfo z'? u/LPsf] 5 eg] s]xL If]qdf gofF ## s]=eL= nfOg

lgdf0f ug] sfoqmd /x]sf] 5 . o:t tNnf] ef]N6]hsf] ljt/0f nfOgsf] ;d]t Ifdtf j[l4, nf]8;]G6/ ykh:tf sfox¿ lgoldt ?kdf eO/x]sf 5g\ .

l ;a ljt/0f s]Gb|n] dfh'bf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf 6«fG;km/d/sf] Ifdtf j[l4, gofF nf]8;]G6/x¿ cfjZ‍oS‍tfcg';f/ lgdf0f u/L/x]sf 5g\ .

l !),))) PdlePa/fa/sf] Ifdtf tof/ ug ljt/0f 6«fG;km/d/ vl/b k|lqmof ljleGg >f]taf6 eO/x]sf] 5 .

o;u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;Dat\ @)&% b]lv @)*% ;DdnfO pmhf bzssf ?kdf dfGg] 3f]if0ff u/]cg'?k ;d[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnLsf] gf/f pb\3f]if u/L ljB't ljsf;nfO tLj| ult k|bfg u/L ljB't phf pTkfbgnfO cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg / bL3sfnLg u/L tLg tl/sfn] juLs/0f u/L nIo xfl;n ug] c7f]6 lnPsf] 5, h;sf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 -x]g';\, u|fkm g+= ! / @_

pNn]lvt ljj/0faf6 s] b]lvG5 eGg] ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfnosf] r'xfj6 cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df !^=*#%, cf=j= @)&$÷)&% df !$=*^%/ cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ df !!=@*% sfod ePsf] 5 . ljut cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] t'ngfdf cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ df ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] r'xfj6 #=%$% n] sd ePsf] 5 . o;jf6 g]=lj=k|f= sf] nueu @ ca ^$ s/f]8 /sd art ePsf] 5 . r'xfj6 Go'lgs/0f ug ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfnocGtutsf If]qLo sfofno tyf ljt/0f s]Gb|nfO k|To]s jif :jo+ nIo lgwf/0f u/L k|fljlws tyf ck|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ug k|f]T;fxg u/LPsf] lyof] . ut cf=j=@)&%÷)&^ df ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfnosf] PsLs[t r'xfj6 !! k|ltzt nIo lbO To;sf cfwf/df ;a If]=sf= tyf ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿nfO r'xfj6 nIo lgwf/0f u/LPsf] lyof] . lgwfl/t nIo tyf ut cflys jifsf] r'xfj6 k|ltzt lgDgfg';f/ 5 . -x]g';\ tflnsf !_

lgwfl/t nIo adf]lhdsf] k|ltkmn k|fK‍t ug r'xfj6 lgoGq0f cleofgnfO If]=sf= tyf ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿af6 ljleGg sfoof]hgfx¿ sfofGjog u/LPsf] lyof] . k|fljlws tyf ck|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ug d"Votof lgDg sfo u/LPsf lyP .

ld6/ 58\s] lg/LIf0f M g]=lj=k|f=df sfo/t sdrf/Lsf] S‍jf6/÷lgjf;, ljB't pkef]u u/L/x]sf l;Ënkm]h tyf ly|km]h u|fxs, Pr=6L=÷Pn=6L= u|fxsx¿sf] ld6/ 58\s] lg/LIf0f u/LPsf] lyof] . o; sfoaf6 aGb ld6/x¿ km]nf

*


u|fkm g+= !

u|fkm g+= @

(


k/]sf], clgoldt tl/sfn] jfOkf; u/L ld6/df c+s gr9\g] agfOPsf], Ogk'6÷;le; s]a'naf6 8fO/]S‍6 sg]S‍;g u/L ljB't pkef]u u/L/x]sf], ld6/ sf]N6f] agfO l8:s :jtGq ?kn] 3'Dg glbg] u/L cj/f]w u/]sf], ld6/ h8fg ePsf] t/ sg]S‍;g gu/L ljB't pkef]u u/L/x]sf], ld6/ g h8fg gu/L kf]naf6 x'lsª u/L aQL tyf cGo ljB'tLo pks/0fx¿ rnfPsf] h:tf slkmot e]l6PsfnfO ;'wf/ u/L r'xfj6 ePsf] o'lg6 lgodfg';f/ olsg u/L yk lan ug] sfo ePsf 5g\ .

ld6/ l/l;lnª M ;do ;dodf ld6/ l/l;lnª sfo ug] lgoldt ?kdf u/LP tfklg l/l;lnª sfosf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog tyf ljZ‍n]if0f ug] p2]Z‍on] k|To]s ljt/0f s]Gb|n] s'g d'Vo r'xfj6 s]lGb|t Pl/of olsg u/L l/l;lnª sfo u/]sf] / pQm sfoaf6 :jLs[t nf]8cg';f/ ;'/If0f pks/0f h:t Pd=l;=la= h8fg eP÷gePsf], k|fljlws tyf ck|fljlws r'xfj6;Fu ;DalGwt slkmot ;'wf/h:tf pNn]Vo sfo ePsf 5g\ .

x'lsª lgoGq0f / sf/afxL M ljt/0f s]Gb|cGtut rf]/L x'g] cg'dfg u/LPsf ljleGg If]qdf lhNnf k|zf;g sfofno Pj+ ;'/Iff lgsfosf] ;xof]udf sdrf/L / k|x/L kl/rfng u/]/ x'lsª sfonfO lgoGq0f u/L sfg'gadf]lhd hl/jfgf tyf sf/jfxL ul/Psf] 5 .

aGb ld6/ abnL M 58\s] lg/LIf0f tyf ld6/ l/8/sf] ;"rgf tyf cGo tl/sfaf6 k|fK‍t ljj/0fadf]lhd u|fxssf] 3/df h8fg u/LPsf t/ grn]sf cyft\ vkt gb]vfpg]

aGb ld6/x¿ abnL u/LPsf] / o;af6 r'xfj6 x'g uPsf] vkt olsg u/L yk lan u/L r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] sfo ePsf] 5 .

u|fxssf] nfOg sf6\g] sfo M g]=lj=k|f= dxz'n ;+sng ljlgodfjnLdf ePsf] Joj:yfadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] ;doleq ljB't dxz'n ga'emfpg] u|fxsx¿sf] nfOg cleofgs ?kdf sf6L dxz'n ;ª\sng sfo u/L cflys r'xfj6 lgoGq0f sfo u/LPsf] 5 .

km]h Aofn]G; sfo M ljt/0f 6««fG;km/d/df Iflt x'g glbg tyf k|ljlws r'xfj6 sd ug ljleGg Pl/ofdf hl8t 6««fG;km/d/x¿sf] km]hdf ePsf] nf]8sf] cfwf/df km]h Aofn]G; u/L k|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ul/Psf] lyof] .

6««fG;km/d/ l/nf]s]zg sfo M u|fxssf] nf]8nfO dWogh/ u/L ;s];Dd ;a u|fxssf] s]Gb|df x'g] u/L dfh'bf 6««fG;km/d/ l;lˆ6ª ubf k|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ug d2t k'u]sf] 5 .

cku|]l8ª sfo M ljt/0f 6««fG;km/d/ tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ePsf s08S‍6/sf] IfdtfnfO nf]8sf] cfwf/df a[l4 u/L k|fljlws r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ug] sfo u/LPsf] 5 .

6««fG;km/d/ yk ug] sfo M gofF u|fxs yk tyf u|fxssf] nf]8÷Ifdtf a9\g uO hl8t 6««fG;km/d/ cf]e/nf]8 ePsf] cj:yfdf gofF 6««fG;km/d/ yk tyf a9L Ifdtfsf] 6««fG;km/d/sf] Ifdtf j[l4 u/L k|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ul/Psf] 5 .

l

l;=g+= sfofno cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] sfod r'xfj6 k|ltzt

cf=j=@)&%÷)&^ sf] nIo -r'xfj6_ k|ltzt

cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ df sfod x'g uPsf] r'xfj6 k|ltzt

!= ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfno !$=*^ !!=)) !!=@*@= lj/f6gu/ If]=sf= !%=)* !!=!( !@=!%#= hgsk'/ If]=sf= #!=#) @@=!( @#=#^$= x]6f8f If]=sf= !#=#& (=(@ *=#(%= sf7df8f+ If]=sf= *=$& &=@) &=$)^= kf]v/f If]=sf= !!=%) *=%$ (=&(&= a'6an If]=sf= !%=%% !!=%$ !@=#(*= g]kfnu~h If]=sf= !^=*! !!=*! !!=%&(= ctl/of If]=sf= !&=&@ !!=@) !$=#(

tflnsf !

!)


k[i7e"ld

ljZ‍jsf w]/ d'n'sx¿n] ax'cfoflds ul/aL, n+lus c;dfgtf, al~rtLs/0f / hf]lvdsf s'/fnfO cfˆgf] ljsf; sfodf ;Daf]wg ug] u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf klxnf] k6s ljsf;sf nfedf dlxnfsf] ;dfg / ;Gt'lnt kx'Fr k'¥ofpg ;g\ !(&) sf] ;'?df a[xQ/ 5nkmn k|f/De ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfnL dlxnfsf] r]tgf / Ifdtf j[l4 ;Fu;Fu ;dfg clwsf/ / zf;gk|lqmofdf k|ltlglwTjsf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb uof] . n+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f (GESI-

Gender Equality and Social Inclusion) sf] cjwf/0ff lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] ax'bnLo k|hftGq :yfkgf eP;Fu g]kfnL ;dfhsf ljleGg ;d"x, cflbjf;L hghflt, blnt, dw];L, d'l:nd cGo cNk;+Vos wflds ;d'bfosf ;b:o / n]l:jog, u], afO;]S‍;'on, 6«fG;h]G8/ / OG6/ ;]S‍;'on ;d'bfon] ;dfgtfsf cfjfh p7fpg yfn] . kmn:j?k /fhgLlts bnx¿n] o:tf ;d'bfonfO ;+ul7t u/L eft[ ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .

lj=;+= @)%@ b]lv @)^@ sf] Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q åGbsf] bf8fg / To; kl5sf lbgx¿df oL ljifox¿ cem ;jn / ;zQm x'Fb uPsf] kfOG5 . cfhsf] lbg;Dd cfO k'Ubf laleGg cleofgn] ;d'bfosf] sNof0fsf/L sfo eGbf klg ;dfg clwsf/, cj;/ / ;anfO d"n k|jfxdf Nofpgdf s]Gb|Lt

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfkrfl/s tyf cgfkrf/Ls ¿kdf :yflkt ;+:yf / tL ;+:yfdf lglxt zflGt ;DaGwn] dlxnf, ljkGg ju, hf]lvddf k/]sf / ;fdflhs ¿kn] al~rlts/0fdf k/]sfnfO pmhfjfg\ agfpFb5 eg] kl/jtgufdL l;4fGtnfO :jLsf/ u/L sfo ub5 . oBlk sf]xL klg k5fl8 g5f]l8pmg\, klxnf ;aeGbf k5fl8 /x]sf];Dd k'uf+ eGg] dfGotf o;n] c+uLsf/ ug] u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf ljleGg :t/df u/]sf] kl/efifftkm klg x]g ;lsG5 .

kl/efiff

n+lus ;dfgtf eGgfn] dlxnf / k'?ifx¿ larsf] ;fdflhs ?kn] lgldt Pj+ lgwfl/t zlQm ;DaGw h;n] dlxnf / k'?ifx¿sf] ;dfhdf e"ldsf, lhDd]jf/L / lg0ffos clwsf/ :yflkt ub5 . dlxnf / k'?if b'j k|lt lg:kIf /xg] k|lqmofnfO n+lus ;dfgtf dflgPsf] 5 . dlxnf / k'?ifnfO nfe / lhDd]jf/L ljt/0fdf lg:kIftf / Gofo ;'lglZ‍rt ugsf nflu rflng] sbdsf] ¿kdf klg x]l/g] ul/Psf] 5 . o:tu/L ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f eg]sf] o:tf] k|lqmof xf], h;af6 ul/aL / al~rtLs/0fsf] hf]lvddf /x]sfnfO cflys, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / hLjgdf k"0f ¿kn] ;xefuL x'g, cfTd;Ddfg, ;dfg cj;/ / ;|f]t k|fK‍t ug / cfˆgf] ;dfhdf :jfefljs dflgg] hLjg:t/ / ;Ddfgk"js afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;'lglZ‍rttf k|bfg ub5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf nlª\us ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f /fhgClif sF8]nlgb]zs, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg lgb]zgfno, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

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/fHosf] h];L;DaGwL b[li6sf]0f

h];Lsf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ Pp6f sf];]9'Fufsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5, h;df dlxnf, ljkGg, hf]lvddf k/]sf / ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xsf hgtfnfO ;dfg xs ;'lglZ‍rt ul/Psf] 5 . Oltxf;b]lvsf] lje]bnfO ;Daf]wg ugsf nflu ;sf/fTds kxn / n+lus, hfthfltsf] cfwf/df ul/g] lje]b dfly k|ltjGw h:tf c;n k|fjwfgnfO ;+jwflgs ¿kdf ;'lglZ‍rt ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

o;u/L rfwf+ lqjifLo of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kqdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;fdflhs Gofo ;lxtsf] cflys ;Da[l4 xfl;n ug] p2]Z‍o /fv]sf] lyof] . n+lus ;dfgtf, dlxnf ;zlQms/0f / ;dfj]zLs/0fnfO kl/k"/s ;DaGwsf] ¿kdf u|x0f ub cflys / ;fdflhs ?kn] k5f8L k/]sf ;d"x¿sf] dfgj ljsf; / ;zlQms/0f ;"rfÍdf ;'wf/ ug] nIo /fv]sf] lyof] . h'g ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg u/L xfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dflhs Gofo / dlxnf xscGtut :ki6 v'nfOPsf] 5 .

lbuf] ljsf; nIo tyf kl/df0ffTds nIo / k|b]z txdf :yfgLos/0fcGtut n+lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug tyf ;a dlxnf, lszf]/L tyf aflnsfx¿nfO ;zQm agfpg hg;+Vof / ljsf; ;DaGwL cGt/fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] k|f]u|fd ckm PS‍;g / j]OlhË K‍n]6kmd km/ PS‍;g ;Demftf eP cg'?k dlxnfsf] ofg, k|hgg\ :jf:Yo / k|hgg\ clwsf/df ;jJofkL kx'Fr ;'lgl:rt ug] /x]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn ;/sf/n] n+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f gLlt–@)^^ clVtof/ u/]kl5 ;fjhlgs lgsfo cGtut ljz]if u/L lzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf cf/If0fsf] ;sf/fTds k|efj kb cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;fy kfl/jfl/s, ;fd'bflos / ;]jf k|bfos txdf ePsf] kxF'r lbg k|ltlbg lj:tf/ x'Fb uPsf] klg 5 .

dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] /fli6«o cj:yf

/fHo ;+rfngsf] k|d'v ;+/rgf cGtut g]kfn lghfdlt ;]jfdf dlxnfsf] ljBdfg k|ltgLlwTj s'n sdrf/L dWo] sl/a @# k|ltzt /x]sf] kfOG5 eg] ;'/Iff ;+oGq cGtut /x]sf] g]kfn k|x/Ldf & k|ltzt dlxnf k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gfdf sl/a % k|ltzt -kl5Nnf] tYofÍ cg';f/ $%#)_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] k6s ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg ;efdf ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj #@=* k|ltzt

lyof] eg] kl5Nnf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg'?k &%# :yfgLo lgsfox¿df dlxnfsf] pkl:ytL ;Ddfghgs /x]sf] 5 . s'n :yfgLo kb #%)$! dWo] dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltgLlwTj !$#%@ -$)=(^ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 h;df @ k|ltzt ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf k|d'vdf / (! k|ltzt pk–k|d'vdf k|ltgLlwTj /x]sf] 5 . !@ k|ltzt dlxnf k|ltgLlw lg/If/ / u|fdL0f k[i7e"dLaf6 ePsf] x'gfn] tNnf] ju / tK‍sf ;d]tsf k|ltgLlwTj dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] cnfjf dlxnfx¿sf] plrt k|ltgLlwTj lzIff If]qdf e]l6G5 . k|fylds ljBfno b]lv ljZ‍j ljBfno :t/;Dd sl/a @& k|ltzt -gLlh / ;/sf/L_ k|ltgLlwTj /x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;af6 dlxnfsf] ;+Vof lbg k|ltlbg a9\b uPsf] / r]tgf:t/df ;d]t clej[l4 x'Fb uPsf]n] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO n+lus lx;fan] klg oyf]lrt of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S‍5g\ eGg] cfzf ug ;lsG5 .

g]=lj=k|f=sf] ;+:yfut b[li6sf]0f

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f Ps :jfoQ Joj;flos ;+:yf eP klg o;n] ;fdflhs bfloTj e'Ng ;s]]sf] 5g . sdrf/L

;]jf zt ljlgodfjnLdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghftL, dw];L, blnt, ckfË tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu ljz]if cf/If0f k|bfg u/L k|flws/0fsf] ;]jf k|j]znfO ;dfj]zL agfOPsf] 5 . o; u/L cf/lIft dlxnf sdrf/Lx¿sf] nflu pd]/ ;d"x, kl/If0f sfn, a9'jf h:tf j[QL ljsf;tkm n+lus cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;'/lIft

dft[Tj / k|hgg\ :jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfodf k|f]T;fxg ug k|;'lt ljbf tyf k|;'lt :ofxf/ ljbf ;d]tsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 eg] sdrf/Lsf] klt kTgL b'j k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfdf sfo/t ePsf] cj:yfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlw k"/f ePkl5 ;f] tx / kbsf] ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"x¿sf] kb l/Qm ePdf Pp6 lhNnfdf ;?jf ug ;S‍g] k|fjwfg klg /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;xof]u ug] bft[ lgsfox¿, ljz]if u/L PlzofnL ljsf; a+s, ljZ‍j a+s, o'/f]k]nL nufgL a+sx¿n] ;d]t h];Lsf] sfoof]hgf agfO cfof]hgf :t/df sfofGjog ug] sfosf] yfngL ul/;s]sf 5g\ . xfn phf If]qdf ;femf k|of;sf] ¿kdf h];L gLlt tyf ;+rfng lgb]lzsf ;d]t alg/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . dlxnf sdrf/Lsf nflu sfofno txdf lzz' :tgkfg sIf, 8«]; r]Gh sIfsf]

h];Lsf nflu g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ Pp6f sf];]9'Fufsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5, h;df dlxnf, ljkGg, hf]lvddf k/]sf / ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d"xsf hgtfnfO ;dfg xs ;'lglZ‍rt ul/Psf] 5 .

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cfjZ‍ostf 68\sf/f] b]lvG5 eg] ckfË sdrf/Lx¿sf] nflu x\jLn r]o/sf] kx'Fr dfu agfO ckfË dqL agfpg' klg TolQs h?/L b]lvG5 . g]=lj=k|f=sf] cfof]hgf :t/df h];L;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tflndsf] Joj:yf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ (Stakeholders) nfO pknAw u/fpg' / ;f]xLadf]lhdsf] ;f+u7gLs ;+/rgf to ug ckl/xfo x'g cfpg] b]lvG5 . o;y ;+:yfut sfofno txdf, cfof]hgf sfofGjog txdf, ;xfos sDkgL txdf ;d]t h];Lsf] d'ne"t l;4fGt / dfGotfnfO c+lusf/ u/]df g]=lj=k|f= sf] p2]Z‍o xfl;n ugdf ;3fpF k'¥ofpFb5 .

g]=lj=k|f= df dlxnfsf] cj:yf

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f >dzlQm / eflts ;+/rgfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] 7"nf] ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf :yflkt 5 . ;+:yfut ¿kdf hg;Dks, ;]jf k|jfx ;d]tnfO x]bf o;sf] g]6jlsª & k|b]z / && lhNnfx¿df dha't /x]sf] kfOG5 . kl5Nnf] tYofÍ cg';f/ s'n sfo/t sdrf/L dWo] !@=^$Ü dlxnf sdrf/L o;df ;]jf/t 5g\ . tnsf] jf/ 8fOu|fdn] txut k|ltgLlwTj s'gdf slt 5 eGg] tYo phfu/ ub5 eg] u|fkmn] k|fljlws / ck|fljlws dlxnf sdrf/Lx¿sf] t'ngfTds pkl:ytL b]vfPsf] 5 .

tnsf] jf/ 8fOu|fdn] tx $ df ;aeGbf a9L $)@ dlxnf sdrf/Lx¿ ePsf] cfNofpF5 eg] tx !! df z"Go /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . o; u/L k|zf;g eGbf k|fljlws tkm t'ngfTds ¿kdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xh pkl:ylt /x]sf] tnsf] u|fkmn] b]vfPsf] 5 .

dlxnf k|ltlglwTjsf] ;jfndf l5d]sL d'n's ef/ttkm x]bf k|flws/0f;+u ldNbf] phf sDkgLx¿ h:t M Rural

Electrification Company (REC) Ltd. df !%Ü, kfj/ u|L8df ^=&Ü / NTPC df ^=#Ü sf] xf/fxf/Ldf dlxnf sdrf/Lx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj b]lvPsfn] xfn g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t dlxnf sdrf/L !@=^$Ü nfO ;fFlVos lx;fjn] Go"g dfGg ;lsFbg . of] ;FVof lbg k|ltlbg a9\bf] jf/ 8fOu|fdtkm cu|;/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .

lgisif

n+lus ;dfgtf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f -h];L_ n] dlxnf, ljkGg / al~rlts/0fdf k/]sfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfhgsf] nflu cj;/ / nfesf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 ub ;dfj]zL gLlt / ;f]rfOnfO k|f]T;fxg lbg dlxnfleqsf dlxnf, blntleqsf blnt, cflbjf;L hghfltleqsf klg cflbjf;L hghflt, ckfËleqsf klg ckfË / dw];Lleqsf dw];Lsf] ;xL klxrfg u/L cg'udg Pj+ d"Nof+sg ug] / n+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO Jojxf/df sfofGjog u/]df l5§ ;dfh ¿kfGt/0f x'g] s'/f ck]Iff ug ;lsG5 .

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kl/jltt ;Gbedf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f / sdrf/L Joj:yfkgOlGb/fb]jL bfxfnpklgb]zs, pTkfbg lgb]zgfno, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

ljifo k|j]z

@)&@ c;f]h # df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ hf/L e d'n's ;ª\3Lo 9+frfdf ?kfGtl/t ePkl5 /fhglts kl/atg cg's"n cGo ;+/rgf ut, gLltut ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfjZ‍ostf x'g cfof] .

g]kfn ;ª\3Lotfdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] jtdfg cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lghfdlt k|zf;gb]lv lnP/ ljsf;sf ;a lqmofsnfknfO ;ª\3Lo :j?k cg's"n agfpg], sfg'g lgdf0f ug], ;+:yfut ljsf; ug] Pj+ ;f]xLadf]lhd sdrf/Lx¿ ;dfof]hg ug] k|of; eO/x]sf 5g\ . d'n'ssf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfadf]lhd ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] :j?k / ;+/rgf, ;+rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg s;/L ug] eGg] r'gftL /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] klg l9nf] rfF8f] ;ª\3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg's"n x'g] u/L sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg / ;dfof]hg ub hn;|f]tsf] ;d"lrt pkof]udfkmt\ ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfxnfO hgck]lIft, hgpQ/bfoL Pj+ k|efjsf/L agfO b]zsf] cflys ;d[lådf 6]jf k'¥ofpg h?/L /x]sf] 5 . of] cfn]vdf o; kl/k|]Iosf] jl/kl/ /xL g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf hgzlQmsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf ;dLIff ug] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnL hgtfnfO ;fjefd;Qf ;DkGGf t'NofpFb, /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 ug] ul/ tLg txsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;ª\3Lotfsf] cjwf/0ff klg ;/sf/nfO hgtfsf] glhs k'¥ofO zlQm / ;|f]tdfly hgtfsf] kx'Fr :yflkt ug] / ljsf; tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf :yfgLo ;xeflutf / :jfldTj sfod ug] lbzfaf6 kl/nlIft 5 . :jtGq, pbf/, v'nf, ahf/d'vL Pj+ k|lt:kwfTds cytGqdf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx¿n] cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ubf K‍f|lt:kwf, Joj;flostf, gjLgtf, u|fxs ?rL h:tf ahf/sf ;jdfGo l;åfGt ckgfO lghL If]q;Fu k|lt:kwf ug'kg] x'G5 . o;sf nflu pko'Qm ;+u7g ;+/rgf tof/ u/L dfgj;|f]t ;fwg Joj:yfkg kålt cg'z/0f u/L sdrf/Lsf] plrt Jo:yfkg ug klg plQs h?/L 5 .

g]kfndf hnljB't cflys a[l4 / cflys ?kfGt/0fsf] Ps dxTjk"0f cfwf/:tDe xf] . t;y, ljB't pTkfbg, k|zf/0f nfOgsf] lgdf0f / ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO ;Ifd, e/kbf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] pRRf k|fyldstf lbO cfPsfn] o;n] /fd|f] glthf k|fK‍t ug] lbzftkm

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf klg ;ª\3Lotfsf] efjgfcg"s'n x'g] u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /xg] sfofno;lxtsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f / sdrf/Lsf] ;d"lrt Joj:yfkg cfjZ‍os kb5 .

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cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfnsf] hnljB'tsf] ljsf;df ;fjhlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L Pj+ :jb]zL tyf jb]lzs nufgL cfsif0f eO/x]sf]] 5 . g]kfndf ljB'tsf] pTkfbg k|zf/0f tyf ljt/0fdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f Psflwsf/ k|fK‍t ;fjhlgs ;+:yf ePsf]n] o;sf] p2]Z‍o kl/k"ltsf nflu, ljZ‍jJofkLs/0f / gjLg k|ljlwsf] sf/0fn] klg ljB'tsf] pkof]u a9\b uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] klg cfˆgf] ;]jf k|jfxnfO ;Ifd, ;an, u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf] / ljZ‍j;gLo agfpg cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf klg ;ª\3Lotfsf] efjgfcg"s'n x'g] u/L ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /xg] sfofno;lxtsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f / sdrf/Lsf] ;d"lrt Joj:yfkg cfjZ‍os kb5 . sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;+u7gfTds :j?kdf lge/ ub5 . ;+u7gsf] p2]Z‍o xfl;n ug pko'Qm Pj+ Cost effective

x'g] / kl/0ffdd'vL ;+u7gfTds :j?k lgdf0f u/L ljBdfg hgzlS‍tsf] Joj:yfkg ljZ‍j;gLo / ljjfb/lxt lsl;dn] x'g' clt h?/L 5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf / sdrf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd lj:t[t cWoog Pj+ ax; ePsf] kfObg . lbg k|ltlbg o;n] k|bfg ug] ;]jf -sfoIf]q_ df j[lå x'g] t/ gaul7t ljleGg Joj;fosf sDkgLn] klg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] ub cfPsf sltko sfox¿ ug] ePsfn] sfodf bf]xf]/f]kgf Pj+ sdrf/L Joj:yfkgdf hl6ntf cfPsf] kfOG5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f cGtut xfn sfod /x]sf ljleGg Joj;fo pTkfbg Joj;fo, k|zf/0f Joj;fo, ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf Joj;fo, OlGhlgol/8 ;]jf Joj;fo / ;ldltn] ;do ;dodf tf]s]sf cGo Joj;fo /xg] sfg'gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] cwjflifs ljB't klqsf -jif @(, c+s @, @)&% kmfu'g_df @)&% kmfNu'0f d;fGt ;DDf *(%$ sdrf/L -:yfoL, DofbL / s/f/_ sfo/t /x]sf] kfOG5 t/ :jLs[t b/aGbL -lgoldt / cfof]hgf_ !!!$@ /x]sf] 5 .

o;/L t'ngfTds ?kdf x]bf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf b/aGbL cg's"n sdrf/L kbk"lt gePsf] / sfo/t sdrf/Lsf] klg s]Gb|Lo sfofnodf a9L rfk /x]sf] / ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jfcGtutsf zfvfdf b/aGbLcg';f/ sdrf/Lsf] kb:yfkgf gePsf] sf/0fn] ;]jfk|jfx g k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] hgu'gf;f] ;do;dodf cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . ld6/ l/l8ª h:tf] dxTjk"0f sfo klg Hofnfbf/L sdrf/Laf6 u/fpg' k/]sf]] tLtf] oyfy xfd|f;fd' /x]sf] ;Gbedf e/kbf],

:yfoL ;+oGqaf6 pQm sfo u/fO u|fxs / ;]jfk|bfosaLrsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpFb ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sfod ul/g'kb5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;ª\3Lo :j?k cg's"n x'g] u/L sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf s]xL ;'emfj o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug ;lsG5 M

l g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f cGtut s'g s'g sfofno ;+3, k|b]z / :yflgo txdf /xg]5g / s] slt sdrf/L b/aGbL cfjZ‍os kg]5 eGg] laifodf laz]if1 ;lxtsf] sldl6 u7g ul/ ;+u7g ;+/rgf tyf sdrf/L b/aGbL lgwf/0f -O and M_ ug] .

l Production Management, Distribution Management

and service Delivery management h:tf sfo ug] Psn ;+:yf ePsfn] cfkm\gf] ;fdflhs lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug s]–s:tf] k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf Pj+ sdrf/L cfjZ‍os kb5 eGg] ;DaGwdf O and M sf] gd"gf df]8]n tof/ ul/ /fo ;'emfjsf nflu ;a ;/f]sf/jfnf sdrf/L / 6]«8 o'lgog ;dIf ;'emfjsf nflu k7fpg'kb5 .

l ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"nsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfdf xfnsf] nflu sfo/t sdrf/L ;dodf g sfo/t sdrf/Lx¿af6 Joj:yfkg ug] / pS‍t sdrf/Lx¿ ;]jf lgj[Q ePkl5 pQm b/aGbLdf k|b]z:t/Lo sdrf/Lsf] ¿kdf /xg] u/L gofF egf ug ;S‍g] Joj:yf ug] .

l g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO b"/ufdL k|efj kfg] o; ljifodf Joj:yfkg, lj1, cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog, ljleGg sdrf/L o'lgog, pkef]S‍tf clwsf/ d~raLr Round Table df 3lge"t 5nkmn / ax; ug] .

l ;dfof]hg x'g] sdrf/LnfO[ ;+u7gsf] ;|f]t ;fwgnfO b[li6ut ul/ yk ;'ljwf lbg] .

l sdrf/L ;dfof]hg ubf Ps tx a9'jf ;lxt ;dfof]hg x'g] Joj:yf ug] .

l Ps lsl;dsf] ;]jf zt :jLsf/ u/]/ ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf / Ps lsl;dsf] ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf sfd ug cEo:t ePsf sdrf/L csf] ;+/rgf / k|lqmofdf sfd ug c;dy x'g ;S‍5g\ . t;y, To:tf sdrf/LnfO Pj+ ;dfof]hg x'g grfxg] / ;]jf cjlw yf]/ dfq afFsL /x]sf sdrf/LnfO :j]lR5s cjsfz lng ;S‍g] Joj:yf ug] .

l sdrf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg / Joj:yfkg ul//xFbf %% jif pd]/ k'lu;s]sf / ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv c:yfoL,

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s/f/df sfo/t sdrf/LnfO cfsifs ;'ljwf;lxt :j]lR5s cjsfz of]hgf nfu" u/L ;'ljwfsf] cj;/ lbg] .

l o;/L sfod ePsf] hgzlQmdf cfjZ‍os kg] yk gof+ hgzlQm egfsf nflu :yfoL k|lqmofaf6 ;Lko'S‍t / Ifdtfjfg k|ljlwdqL hgzlS‍t k|b]z / :yfgLo txaf6 cfk"lt u/L sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yfk gug] .

l sdrf/L 5gf6 ubf tx ! b]lv tx & ;Ddn] dfq ?lrcg';f/ 5gf6 ug kfpg] / ;f] eGbf pkNnf] txsf sdrf/L Joj:yfkgn] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] sfo:yndf UfO sfo ug'kg] lgod agfpg'kb5 .

l ljz]if cj:yfdf cGt/ k|b]z ;?jfsf] k|fjwfg /flvg'kg] M h:tf] klt, kTgL cnu–cnu k|b]zdf sfo/t /x]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6 k|b]zdf /xg] u/L ;?jf x'g] .

l ;dfof]lht sdrf/L cfGtl/s k|lt:kwf,a9'jf cGt/ ;]jf k|lt:kwfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] Joj:yf ug]

kGw|f+ of]hgf -cflys jif @)&^ ÷@)&& — @)*)÷ @)*!_ cfwf/kq df hnljB't If]qsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug] /0fgLltcGtut lgDg sfogLlt /x]sf] 5 M

l pTkfbg, k|zf/0f, ljt/0f, ljB't Jofkf/ tyf lgodg;lxtsf] ;+:yfut k'g;+/rgf cl3 a9fOg]5 .

l g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf ljBdfg If]qLo sfofnonfO ljt/0f sDkgLdf ?kfGt/0f u/L qmdzM k|b]z ;/sf/nfO x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 .

ljleGg cf7 If]qLo sfofno -la/f6gu/ If]qLo sfofno, hgsk'/ If]qLo sfofno, x]6f+8f If]qLo sfofno, sf7df8f+ If]qLo sfofno, kf]v/f If]qLo sfofno, a'6an If]qLo sfofno, g]kfnu+h If]qLo sfofno / cQl/of If]qLo sfofno_ af6 ljleGg Joj;fon] ug] sfo ;Dkfbg ub cfPsf] kfOG5 .

t;y, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] hnljB't If]qsf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug] /0fgLltdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ljBdfg If]qLo sfofnonfO ljt/0f sDkgLdf ¿kfGt/0f u/L qmdzM k|b]z ;/sf/nfO x:tfGt/0f ul/g] sfogLlt /x]sfn] ;f]xLadf]lhd If]qLo sfofnox¿sf] k|zf;lgs Pj+ ;+u7gfTds k'g;+/rgf u/L If]qflwsf/ klg :ki6 ug] . k|b]z ;/sf/cGtut /xg] If]qLo sfofnox¿n] xfn sfo/t sdrf/Lsf] cjsfzkZ‍rft\ l/S‍t x'g] b/aGbLdf ;f] cGtutsf ;xfos:t/sf sdrf/Lsf] k|b]z:t/Lo ¿kdf

kbk"lt ug], ljt/0f tyf u|fxs;]jf;DaGwL sfo ug] / k|b]z :t/df hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf0f ug] -h'g cflys Pj+ k|fljlws ¿kdf ;DkGg ug k|b]z ;Ifd 5_ .

j[lQljsf;sf] ;'lglZ‍rttf / ;ª\3Lotfsf] ddadf]lhd sdrf/L Joj:yfkg ug' g cfhsf] cfjZ‍ostf xf] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgfcGtut sdrf/L Joj:yfkg laNs'n gofF / hl6n sfo xf] . of] sdrf/LtGqleqsf] kl/jtg klg xf] Joj:yf . sdrf/L Joj:yfkg ul//xFbf sdrf/Lsf] pTk|]/0ffsf] kIfnfO klg ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5 . ef/tdf s]Gb|af6 k|fGtLo ;/sf/df hfFbf Pstx kbf]Gglt x'g] Joj:yf 5 eg] blIf0f clk|msf / af]:gLof xhuf]legfdf k|zf;lgs k'gM;+/rgf ubf tna jl[¢ / txut Joj:yf -Grading_ nfu" u/]sf] kfOG5 .

xfn If]qLo sfofnon] ;xfos :t/sf sdrf/Lsf] kbk"lt;DaGwL sfo ub cfO/x]sf] 5 . lglZ‍rt cjlwkZ‍rft\ dfq o;/L kbk"lt ePsf sdrf/Lsf] cGo If]qLo sfofno ;?jf x'g ;S‍g] k|fjwfg 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf sdrf/L ;dfof]hg÷Joj:yfkgkl5 sdrf/LnfO 3/kfosdf /x]/ ;]jf k|jfx ug] cj;/ k|fK‍t x'G5, h;n] ubf sdrf/Ldf cfkm\gf] ;+u7gk|lt ckgTj dx;'; x'g ;S‍5 . kl/0ffd:j?k ;+u7gn] k|bfg ub cfPsf] ;fjhlgs ;]jf k|jfx :jR5, kf/bzL, k|efjsf/L Pj+ hgck]lIft x'g hfG5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfgLo :t/df Joj:yfkg ul/g] sdrf/Lx¿ dflyNnf] kbsf] cefjdf Pp6 kbaf6 cjsfz x'g] cj:yf cfpg] b]lvG5, h;n] ubf j[lQ ljsf;sf] cfzfdf ;]jf k|j]z ug]x¿ dsfdf kg] b]lvG5 . t;y, :yfgLo :t/df /xg] sdrf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf] Joj:yf /fVg' pko'S‍t x'G5 eGg] ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu 5nkmnkZ‍rft\ 6'+uf] nufpg' pko'S‍t x'G5 .

k|fljlws hgzlS‍tsf] e/k'/ k|of]u ub] sdrf/Lsf] dgf]an pRr x'g] u/L k|fb]lzs sfofnodf vl6g] sdrf/LnfO cfsifs cflys ;'ljwf Pj+ u/dflb|s ;]jf, ;'ljwf pTk|]/0ffsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/L kl/rfng ul/g'k5 . :yfgLo txdf Pp6 5fgfd'lgaf6 ;]jf k|jfx x'g] Psåf/ k|0ffnL ;'? u/L To:tf sfofnonfO rflxg] hgzlS‍t Joj:yfkgdf Wofg k'Ug' h?/L 5 . of]Uotf / Ifdtfdf cfwfl/t egf k|lqmof ckgfO Jojl:yt Pj+ ljjfb/lxt lsl;dn] ;xfos :t/sf] sdrf/L k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ug] / clws[t :t/sf] sdrf/Lsf] ;+3af6 ug] u/L sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg u/]df g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f pkef]Qmfk|lt, ;/sf/k|lt, ;dfhk|ltsf] bfloTjnfO lgjfx ug ;Ifd x'g]5 . l

!^


g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf 8f6f ;]G6//ljGb| >]i7pkk|aGws, pTkfbg lgb]zgfno, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

ha ha sDK‍o'6/ / To;;Fu ;DalGwt ;+/rgf / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; x'Fb uof], o;sf] pkof]lutfsf

sf/0f dfgjhLjgdf ;xhtf dfq cfPg, cfd"n kl/jtg x'g yfn] . olt;Dd ls cfh dfgjhut\ g ljgf k|ljlw hLjgsf] sNkgf ;d]t ug g;S‍g] cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] 5 . dfgjdl:tisn] ug c;Dej s'/f ;+ej ePsf 5g\, hLjge/d ug g;S‍g] sfd If0fe/d k|ljlwsf] k|of]uaf6 ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . caf+ vaf+ 8f6f cfh sDK‍o'6/hGo k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L h'g;'s a]nf htf;'s pknAw x'g ;+ej t'NofOPsf] 5 . ;+;f/nfO Pscsf;Fu hf]8]/ x/]s s'/fsf] b'/L z"Godf cfO;s]sf] 5 . of] ;a s'/f ;+ej x'gsf nflu sDK‍o'6/ g]6js ;~hfn, k|ljlw, df]afOn kmf]g, sDK‍o'6/ ;Fu;Fu ;a k|sf/sf 8f6fnfO ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu ag]sf 8f6f ;]G6/af6 ;+ej ePsf] xf] .

s'g klg ;/sf/L tyf u/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yf, sDkgL, zlIfs lgsfo of JolQmut /]s8sf] l8lh6n slknfO ljsNk;lxtsf] sDK‍o'6/ ;e/df, plrt g]6js, kfj/, s'lnª, ;'/Iff cflbsf] aGbf]a:tL u/L cfjZ‍ostfcg';f/ ;lhn pknAw x'g] 9fFrfdf /fVg] ljz]if :yfgnfO g 8f6f ;]G6/ elgG5 . hxfF ((=(* k|ltzt;Dd ;]jf pkAwtfsf] Uof/]G6L, emG8 ztk|ltzt 8f6f ;]ˆ6Lsf] Uof/]G6L / PsLs[t tyf s]G›Ls[t ¿kdf 8f6f e08f/0f u/]/ /flvG5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;jfndf xfn;Dd s'g lsl;dsf]

8f6f ;]G6/ gePsf], k"0f s]lG›s[t ¿kdf s'g klg ;ˆ6jo/ ;~rfngdf g/x]sf] tyf 5'§f5'§ ;ˆ6jo/nfO km/s–km/s ;e/df /flv ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] cj:yf 5 t/ lgs6 eljiodf g :df6 ld6l/ª, c6f]d]l6s ld6l/ª OGk|mf:6«S‍r/, lhcfOP;, sdrf/L Joj:yfkg tyf clen]v, ljB'tLo xflh/L, PsfplG6ª, k]/f]n, ljlnª tyf sn]S‍;g ;fy Od]n, OG6/g]6 / cGo …clkml;onÚ sfuhkq cfbfgk|bfgdf ;d]t k|of]u x'g] ;ˆ6jo/ ;~rfng ugsf nflu klg 8f6f ;]G6/ ljgf c;Dej dx;'; eO;s]sf] 5 .

eljiodf g]=lj=k|f=df k|of]udf cfpg] kfj/ h]g]/];g, 6«fG;ld;g tyf l8l:6«Jo';g l;:6d c6f]d]zgsf] sfd xf];\ of dfly pNn]lvt ;ˆ6jo/sf] sfd, ljB't vl/bsf] sfd xf];\ of laqmL Joj:yfkgsf] sfd, xhf/fF sdrf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg xf];\ of k|flws/0fleqsf] ljljw a]lylt, ;xh ?kfGt/0f ;a sfddf 8f6f ;]G6/sf] k|of]u cflys tyf k|fljlws lx;fan] dxTjk"0f k|dfl0ft x'g] s'/fdf s'g b'ljwf 5g .

ctM g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] log s'/fnfO dWogh/ /fVb xfn dfq cfˆg …:df6 OG6]lnh]G6 df]8'n/ 8f6f ;]G6/Ú -Smart Intelligent Modular Data Centre_ lgdf0fsf] k|lqmofdf cufl8 a9]sf] 5, h;n] k|flws/0fsf] Joj:yfkg tyf oxfF sfo/t OlGhlgo/sf] jiff+b]lvsf] s]Gb|Ls[t k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg / c6f]d];gsf] ;kgfnfO ;fsf/ kfg cx+ e"ldsf lgjfx ug] ljZ‍jf; ul/Psf] 5 .

!&


k|ljlwsf] lx;fan] 8f6f ;]G6/sf lsl;d

!= Conventional Data Centre : k'/fgf] l;:6d, cToflws kfj/ vkt x'g], h8fg vr s]xL sd t/ ddt vr / rfn' vr w]/, ljZ‍j;lgotfsf] ;jfndf vf; Uof/]G6L ug g;lsg], cfhsf] cj:yfdf cg'ko'Qm .

@= Modular Data Centre : cTofw'lgs l;:6d, sd kfj/ vkt x'g], h8fg tyf ;~rfng vr sd nfUg], ;'/Iffsf] lx;fan] ljlzi6, cfjZ‍ostfcg';f/ :yfgfGt/ ug ;lsg] tyf ;]jf Uof/]G6Lsf] Joj:yf, ;]jf vr t'ngfTdfs ¿kdf sd x'g] -ljB't k|flws/0fn] vl/b ug nfu]sf] l;:6d klg oxL xf]_ .

#= Containerized Data Centre : cfw'lgs l;:6d, sd kfj/ vkt x'g], h8fg tyf ;~rfng vr sd nfUg] tyf ;]jf Uof/]G6Lsf] Joj:yf, sG6]g/ x'gfn] v'nf rf/df /fVg'kg], ;]jf z'Ns t'ngfTds ¿kdf s]xL a9L x'g], xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf eflts ;'/Iffsf] lx;fjn] ;d]t cg'ko'Qm .

$= Cloud Data Centre : cTofw'lgs l;:6d, ;'? h8fg,

;~rfng tyf ddt vr clt w]/ nfUg] ;]jf k|bfossf] clwgdf x'g] x'gfn] 8f6f zt k|ltzt ;'/lIft, ;]jf Uof/]G6Lsf] Joj:yf, ;]jf z'Ns cToflws x'g] / eflts ¿kdf ;]jf k|bfossf]df /fVg' kg] x'gfn] cg'ko'Qm .

g]=lj=k|f df cTofw'lsg 8f6f ;]G6/ g lsg <

l xfn;Dd Payroll, CAIS, Attendance, Payments, HRM, Revenue management System, Biling system Automatic Metering Infrastructure, GIS, Email/Internet system, NEA Website cflb ;a km/s–km/s tl/sfn] k|of]udf NofOPsf] / tTsfn s]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ugsf nflu .

l AMI/GIS/ISP (ERP)/Smart metering cfof]hgfsf tyf cfO6L ljefuåf/f vl/b ul/Psf tyf ug] k|lqmofdf /x]sf IT Equipment Ps 7fpFdf k|fljlws tyf eflts ¿kdf ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu .

l International Tier Three Standard 8f6f ;]G6/ / jslNks Joj:yf;lxtsf] Power Supply system pknAw x'g] Joj:yfsf nflu .

Smart Intelligent Data Centre Modules

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l International Standard sf] jslNks Joj:yf;lxtsf] Precision Cooling System pknAw x'gsf nflu .

l F F T / S e c u r i t y / S u r v e i l l a n c e / R e m o t e Monitoring/SMS/Alarm System cflbsf] Joj:yfsf nflu .

l ;d|u| 8f6f ;]G6/df ANSI/TIA 942 Global Standards ;lxt 99.982% ;]jf ;'lglZ‍rttfsf] Uof/]G6Lsf nflu .

l pNn]lvt ;a ;'Joj:yf eO;s]kZ‍rft\ ;du| k|flws/0fsf] cflys, k|zf;lgs, pTkfbg, k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO Automation df nhfg] Infrastructure ljsf; ugsf nflu .

8f6f l/se/L jf Disaster Recovery ;]G6/ lsg cfjZos 5 <

8f6f ;]G6/ cfkm+df ;Dk"0f ¿kn] ljljw jslNks pkfo;lxtsf] ;+/rgfo'Qm eP tfklg cfsl:ds ¿kdf cfOkg] bjLk|sf]k, cfunfuL, /fhgLlts jf cGt/b]zLo åGåh:tf ;d:ofnfO ;Daf]wg ug tyf 8f6fsf] zt k|ltzt Uof/]G6L ug ;+ej x'Fbg . t;y, bjL k|sf]kaf6 ;'/lIft /xg efuf]lns lx;fan] km/s e'uf]ndf -;'/lIft dxz';

x'g] km/s ;x/df_ 8f6f l/se/L jf Disaster Recovery ;]G6/ /fVg' cTofjZ‍os 5, h;nfO jslNks dfu;lxtsf] Dark Optical Fiber Connectivity åf/f hf]l8g'kb5 . DR ;]G6/n] s'g sf/0fjz 8f6f ;]G6/n] sfd ug g;s]sf] v08df 5f]6f] ;doleq g pQm If]qaf6 ;]jf ;'rf? ub5 / ha 8f6f ;]G6/sf] ddt sfo ;dfK‍t x'G5, ta k'gM k"jjt\ ;]jf ;'? ug s'g afwf kbg . cfhsf] o'udf Digital Data sf] ljsNk Manual, sfuhL 8f6f sbfkL x'g ;Qmg, h;sf] ljsNk eg]sf] DR ;]G6/af6 pknAw x'g] Digital Data g xf] .

DR ;]G6/sf] e"ldsf cToGt /fd|f];Fu dx;'; eP tfklg ljljw sf/0fn] xfn 8f6f jf Disaster Recovery l/se/L ;]G6/sf] ;§fdf Near Line Data Storage Centre-Data Centre af6 sl/a !) ls=ld= sf] b"/Ldf_ dfq :yfkgf ug nfu]sf] 5 . Data Storage Centre dfq Backup Data Storage k|of]hgsf nflu x'g] ePsfn] Data Recovery Centre n] h:tf] jslNks ;]jf ;'rf¿ ug ;Qmg . kmn:j?k 8f6f ;]G6/sf] ;]jf ca?4 ePkZ‍rft\ ;]jf aGb x'g] x'G5 / ddtkZ‍rft\ dfq ;]jf ;'rf¿ ug ;lsG5 . o;y, sy+sbflrt\ dfly pNn]lvt sf/0fn] nfdf] ;do;Dd 8f6f ;]G6/ aGb x'g] cj:yf cfof] eg] Data Storage Centre sf] e"ldsf z"Gok|foM x'g hfG5 . olb 8f6f ;]G6/sf] Data

A Smart Intelligent Modular Data Centre Example

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Loss ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq Data Storage Centre sf] ;b'kof]u ug ;lsG5 .

8f6f ;]G6/ lgdf0fk"j Wofg lbg'kg] s'/f

!= Site Selection and Risk Factors : ;]jf cj?4 x'g ;S‍g], w]/ vlrnf], k|fljlws ¿kdf s7Lg sfd x'gfn] k6s–k6s 7fpF ;fg ;Dej gx'g] x'Fbf lb3sfnLg ¿kdf ;d]t c;/ gkg] / ;a lsl;dn] ;'/lIft 7fpF x'g h?/L 5 . 8f6f ;]G6/df k|of]u x'g] ;fdfgsf] tfn w]/ x'g] x'gfn] ;DalGwt Building sf] Load Bearing Capacity ;f]xLcg';f/ dha't x'g' cfjZ‍os 5 .

@= Geopolitical Ownership Considerations : a]nfavt x'g] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o /fhgLlts c;/n] xfgL gk'Ug] :yfg / efuf]lns ?kn] ;d]t km/s e'uf]ndf 8f6f ;]G6/ / 8f6f l/se/L ;]G6/ agfpg cfjZ‍os 5 . o;sf] dtna Pp6 ;x/df 8f6f ;]G6/ / l/se/L ;]G6/ lgdf0f x'g' x'Fbg .

#= Global/Local Risk Issues : cGt/fli6«o / /fli6«o ¿kdf a]nfavt x'g] k|ljlw tyf lgod, sfg'g km]/abn / cBfjlws x'Fbf kg hfg] c;/nfO ;d]t Vofn u/L 8f6f ;]G6/ lgdf0f x'g h?/L 5 .

$= Extended Operation and Autonomy During a Crisis : olb s'g sf/0fjz 8f6f ;]G6/df k|fljlws of eflts ¿kdf Iflt eO ;]jf ca?4 ePsf] cj:yfdf 8f6f l/se/L ;]G6/af6 ;]jf ;'rf? x'g] ePsfn] g]6js tyf cGo ;+/rgf ;dfg dxTj;fy r':t x'g h?/L 5 .

%= Availability and Cost of Power : ef]lnsf] lbgdf xfd|f] cfˆg Online Payment Gateway dfkmt Revenue Collection x'g] tyf ;a l;:6d Automation df ;~rfng x'Fbf rfjL; 306f ;ft lbg-@$.&_ cgj/t ;]jf ;'rf? x'g] Uof/]G6L x'g' kb5 . 8f6f ;]G6/df d'VotM x'g] rfn' vrdWo] kfj/ klg Ps ePsfn] ;s];Dd sd kfj/ vr x'g] Joj:yf x'g'kb5 . 8f6f ;]G6/df ! 306fdf ! lsnf]jf6 dfq kfj/ hf]ufpg ;s] klg lb3sfnLg ¿kdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf cflys nfe x'g hfG5 .

^= Qualified Personnel : 8f6f ;]G6/sf] dxTjk"0f e"ldsf ePsf] sf/0f o;sf] l8hfOg, h8fg, ;~rfng tyf

ddt ;Def/df bIf / OdfGbf/ OlGhlgo/sf] cfjZ‍ostf x'G5 .

&= Support Issues for Equipment : cTofw'lgs 8f6f ;]G6/sf Equipment w]/ dxFuf] x'g], k|fljlws Support nufot cGo s'/f g]kfndf t'?Gt / ;lhn pknAw gx'g] x'gfn] oyf;Dej ;f] s'/fnfO ;Daf]wg ug] lsl;dn] 8f6f ;]G6/ lgdf0f x'g kb5 .

*= Expected and Unexpected Conditions : cGo cj:yfdf vf; ;d:of gcfpg] eP tfklg bjL k|sf]k, eljtJo, /fhgLlts kl/jtg h:tf cs:dft l;hgf x'g;S‍g] vt/f tyf k|ljlw ljgf s'g sfd x'g g;S‍g] xfd|f] oyfy ePsfn] cToGt v/fa kl/l:yltdf ;d]t ;]jf ;'rf? ug ;lsg] u/L 8f6f ;]G6/ lgdf0f x'g' kb5 .

cGTodf, d Pp6f cfO6L OlGhlgo/sf] xl;otn] ef]lnsf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] o:tf] l;:6dsf] kl/sNkgf

ug ;Qm5', hxfF cTofw'lgs ljB't pTkfbg s]Gb|sf] ;~rfng, c6f]sG6«f]n tyf cg'udg OG6«fg]6 dfkmt s]G›Lo sfofno / ef/k|];0f s]Gb|af6 ;Dej x'g]5 . xfd|f 6«fG;ld;g nfOg tyf sG6«f]n lu|8 Automatic Fault Detection/Correction System ;lxt Remote Control System df rnfOg] 5g\ .

g]kfne/sf g]=lj=k|f= sf sfofno cfˆg clK‍6sn kmfOj/sf] dfWodaf6 hf]l8g] 5g\, kfj/ l8l:6«Ao';g l;:6d

;d]t Automatic Fault Detection/Correction System ;lxt Remote Control / x/]s kmN6sf] ;"rgf lbg] k|ljlwaf6 ;~rflnt x'g]5g\ . ld6/ l/l8ª, ljlnª, sn]S‍;g, gf]–nfO6 cflb ;a sfd sDK‍o'6/åf/f g ul/g]5 .

sfofnosf lrl7kq, btf rnfgL, sdrf/L Joj:yfkg, ljB'tLo xflh/L, ;?jf a9'jf, k]d]G6 cflb ;Dk"0f sfd s]Gb|Ls[t ¿kdf cfˆg 8f6f ;]G6/dfkmt\ ;~rfng x'g]5g\ / Tof] ;dodf ! 306f dfq klg xfd|f] ;]jf cj?4 x'Fbf ljB't k|flws/0fnfO kg hfg] cflys c;/ / dfgl;s tgfjsf] sNkgf ;d]t ug ;ls+bg . o;y, ef]lnsf] lbgdf x'g;S‍g] ;Defljt ;avfn] r'gftLnfO ;fdgf ug ;lsg] u/L 8f6f ;]G6/sf] lgdf0f x'g' h?/L 5 .

l

ef]lnsf] lbgdf x'g;S‍g] ;Defljt ;avfn] r'gftLnfO ;fdgf ug ;lsg] u/L 8f6f ;]G6/sf] lgdf0f x'g' h?/L 5 .

@)


k[i7e"ld

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fnfO ;Ifd, e/kbf] / ;j;'ne u/L ljB't cfk"lt ug] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] Ps :jzfl;t / ;u+l7t ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] sfoIf]q hlt ljzfn 5, Tolt g ;+j]bgzLn klg 5 lsgls of] ;]jfu|fxLsf] ljB't vkt ug kfpg] clwsf/;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] .

Psflt/ cfufdL s]xL jifleq ljB't pTkfbg a9]/ hfg] k|If]k0f / csf]lt/ lbgfg'lbg a9\bf] u|fxsx¿sf] a9\bf] vktn] cyzf:qsf] l8df08 / ;K‍nfOsf] ;fdfGo ;'q plrt b]lvG5 . t/ of] ul0ftLo z'qemF :jtM k|dfl0ft x'g] ljifo kS‍s 5g . o;sf nflu g]=lj=k|f=n] ;'/lIft, e/kbf] / ;an ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f ug cfjZ‍os 5 . ;fy, ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO ;]jfd"vL, u|fxsd"vL / gfkmfd"vL agfpg] u/L Planning and Operation ug'kg] b]lvG5 . u|fxs;]jfdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg ljt/0f k|0ffnL r':t , b'?:t / e/kbf] agfpg' kg] b]lvG5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL h8fg tyf lj:tf/

ljt/0f k|0ffnL eGgfn] u|fxsx¿sf] 3/w'/L;Dd dfu cg';f/sf] ljh'nL k'¥ofpgsf nflu ljt/s ;+:yfn] lj:tf/ u/]sf] ;+/rgfnfO a'lemG5 . o;df d'VotofM kf]n, tf/ / 6«fG;kmd/ kb5g\ . ljt/0f ef]N6]h / 7fpFsf cfwf/df

u|fxs;]jf k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu cfjZ‍os ljt/0f k|0ffnL/Ghg/fh u'?ªk|d'v, sfe|] ljt0f s]Gb|, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

kf]nsf] prfO km/s km/s x'G5 . ljB'tzlQmsf] dfucg';f/ tf/ / 6«fG;kmd/sf] Ifdtf km/s kb5 . st kf]n xf]rf] eOlbbf ljB'tLo b'36gfsf] hf]lvd a9\5 / u|fxsx¿n] c;'/lIft dx;'; ub5g\ .

To:t ljB'tzlQmsf] dfu cg';f/sf] tf/ k|of]u ul/Pg eg] tf/x¿ kUng], r'8\g] cflbeO cfk"ltdf af/Daf/ ;d:of cfpg] / cj?4 x'g] x'G5 / u|fxsx¿nfO e/kbf] ljh'nL lbg ;lsbg . ljB'tzlQm dfucg';f/sf] 6«fG;kmd/ h8fg gubf af/Daf/ ;]jf cj?4 x'g], u|fxsn] dfu] cg';f/sf] ljB't gkfpg] cflb ;d:of pTkGg x'g] / o;af6 u|fxsx¿sf] ljt/s dflysf] ljZ‍j;gLotf sd x'g hfG5 .

t;y, kf]n, tf/ / 6«fG;kmd/nfO cfjZ‍ostfcg';f/ h8fg ubf dfq klg ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO ;'/lIft, e/kbf] / u|fxsd'vL agfpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf oL ljB'tLo ;fdfu|Lx¿ h8fg tyf lj:tf/ ug] a]nfdf g Wofg k'ofpg' kb5 . ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] h8fg tyf lj:tf/sf] d"Vo p2]Z‍o tn pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g'kb5 .

h8fg jf lj:tf/ ul/Psf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;'/lIft (safe) x'g'kg]

ljt/0f k|0ffnL lj:tf/ ubf Psflt/ hl8t ljB'tLo ;fdfu|L g ;'/lIft x'g] u/L ug'kb5 eg] csf]lt/ u|fxsn] ;'/lIft dx;'; ug] u/L ug'kb5 . ljB't ljlgodfjnL @)%) n]

@!


tf]lslbPsf] dfkb08 kfngf u/L lj:tf/ ubf cfjZ‍os ;'/Iff ckgfpg ;lsG5 . ljB'tLo ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] u'0f:t/ tyf h8fg / lgdf0f ;DalGw dfkb08cg';f/ lj:tf/ ubf ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO yk ;'/lIft agfpg ;lsG5 . l/n], a|]s/, Pd=l;=l;=jL, km\o'h, nfOl6Ë P/]i6/ cflb ;'/Iffsf pks/0fx¿n] dxufF ljB'tLo ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] ;'/Iff ub5g\ ;fy, ljB'tLo b'36gfsf] hf]lvd ;d]t Go"lgs/0f ub5g\ . To;n] logLx¿sf] ;xL 7fpF / ;xL Ifdtfdf k|of]u ug h?/L x'G5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL e/kbf] (Reliable) x'g'kg]

ljt/0f k|0ffnL lj:tf/ tyf h8fg ubf atdfg dfu, lgs6 eljiodf a9]/ hfg] dfu cg';f/sf] pks/0fx¿ h8fg ug' plrt x'G5 . dfucg';f/sf] Ifdtf ePsf] pks/0f h8fg gubf af/Djf/ ljB't ;]jf cj?4 x'g], ddt ubf nfdf] ;do nfUg] x'Fbf h8fg tyf lj:tf/sf] a]nf o;df ljrf/ k'ofOPg eg] u|fxsx¿n] e/kbf] ljh'nL kfpFbgg\ .

u'0f:t/Lo ljB't cfk"lt ug'kg]

u'0f:tl/o ljB't eGgfn] u|fxssf] 3/df hl8t pks/0fnfO k"0f cj:yfdf ;~rfng ug cfjZ‍os kg] ef]N6]hnfO a'lemG5 . ljB't ljlgodfjnL @)%) n] ljt/0f ef]N6]h km]h 6' km]h $)) ef]N6 / km]h 6' Go'6«n @#) ef]N6 x'g'kg] / lk|mS‍j]G;L %) xh egLtf]s]sf] 5 . a9\bf] cfw'lgs pks/0fx¿sf sf/0f ef]N6]h sd / al9 sf] dfq ;d:of geO aQL tLj| cfj[lQdf aNg], lgEg] ;d:of klg b]vf kg yfn]sf 5g\ .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL lj:tf/ ubf ;se/ Pn 6L -$)) ef]N6_ nfOgsf] b'/L @ ls=dL eGbf sd /fVg' k5 eg] ljt/0f lkm8/ -!!))) ef]N6_ sf] nDafO @) ls=dL= eGbf al9 x'g'x'bg . Pn= 6L= nfOgsf] b'/L sd ug cfjZ‍ostfcg';f/ 7fpF 7fpFdf ljt/0f 6«fG;kmd/x¿ h8fg ug'k5 eg] lkm8/sf] nDafO sd ug cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/ ljt/0f ;j:6]zgsf] lgdf0f ug'kb5 . o;f] ugfn] u|fxsnfO u'0f:tl/o ljB't k|bfg ug ;lsG5 ;fy;fy ljB't ;]jf klg e/kbf] x'g hfG5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL lj:tf/ ubf sd r'xfj6 x'g] u/L ug'kg]

k|fljlws r'xfj6 sd ug k|jfxx'g] ljB'tzlQm cg';f/sf]

s/]06 aUg ;S‍g] tf/ k|of]u ug'k5 . 7fpF 7fpFdf 6«fG;kmd/ /fVgfn] klg r'xfj6 sd ug ;lsG5 . x'lsË x'g;S‍g] ;Defljt 7fpFx¿sf P=lj=;L= s]j'n h8fg ubf klg r'xfj6 sd ug ;lsG5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL lj:tf/df k|of]u ul/g] pks/0f u'0:t/Lo tyf lgdf0f sfo tf]lsPsf] dfkb08adf]lhd x'gkg]

ljB't ljt/0f u/] jfkt Uf|fxs;uF lng] dx;'n -6\ofl/km_ lgwf/0f ubf ljt/0f k|0ffnLn] @% jifdf payback lbG5 eGg] dfGotfdf ul/G5 . t;y, ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ePsf pks/0f tyf lgdf0f sfo u'0f:t/Lo / dfkb08adf]lhd ePg eg] ddt ;+ef/ vr a9\g uO ljB't ;]jf dxFuf] x'g hfG5, h;n] ubf u|fxsnfO rsf] dx;'n ltg] afWotf cfOk5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng

ljt/0f k|0ffnL lgdf0f tyf lj:tf/ ubf dfq geO ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ubf ;d]t ljljw sf/sx¿df Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;fdfGotof ;j:6]zg tyf gf] nfO6af6 ;~rflnt x'G5 . ;~rfngsf] qmddf kf]n 9Ng], efFlrg], tf/ r'8\g], hDk/ kUng], 6«fG;kmd/ hNg], km\o'hhNg], Pd=l;=l;=aL= l6«k x'g] tyf ;j:6]zgdf lkm8/ l6«k x'g] sf/0fn] ljB'tcfk"ltdf ;d:of cfOk5 . xfd|f] b]zsf] efuf]lns cj:yf, agIf]qaf6 ljB't lj:tf/ ug'kg] afWotf, ljB't;DaGwL hgr]tgfsf] cefj

/ nfk/afxL / sdrf/Lx¿sf] sfobIftf / sfdk|ltsf] nufjdf sdLn] ubf ljB't cfk"ltdf yk sl7gfO pTkGg u/]sf] 5 . t;y, ljt/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfngdf lgDg s'/fdf Wofg lbg ;s] lg/Gt/ cfk"ltdf 6]jf k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

lkm8/ z6 8fpg sd ug] l8:sg]lS6ª :jLrsf] k|of]u ug]

k|foMljt/0f s]Gb|x¿df u|fxsx¿sf] ld6/ h8fg ug, 6«fG;kmd/sf] km\o'h xfNg, Pn=6L= nfOg ddt ug cflb sfodf ;d]t k"/f lkm8/ g z6 8fpg lng] ul/G5 . s] oyfyd of] cfjZ‍os 5 t < rfn' nfOgdf sfd ubf cToGt hf]lvd x'G5 . t/ lkm8/ z68fpg g glnOsg klg hf]lvd sd ub sfd ;DkGg ug ;lsG5 h;sf] p2]Z‍o sd eGbf sd u|fxsx¿ cfk"ltaf6 jl~rt xf]pg\ eGg] /xG5 .

ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ePsf pks/0f tyf lgdf0f sfo u'0f:t/Lo / dfkb08adf]lhd ePg eg] ddt ;+ef/ vr a9\g uO ljB't ;]jf dxFuf] x'g hfG5 .

@@


s'g lglZ‍rt If]qdf ljB't cj?4 (fault) jf Pr=6L= nfOgdf ddt ;Def/, h8fg cflb sfd ePsf] eP Tof] If]q glhssf] l8:sg]lS‍6ª :jLr k|of]u u/L afFsL If]qdf cfk"lt ;'rf? ug ;lsG5 .

6«fG;kmd/sf] Pr=6L= km\o'h vfPsf] 5 eg] Pn=6L= tkmsf] Pd=l;=l;=jL= sf6]/ km\o'h abnL ubf sparking sd eO sfd ug ;'/lIft x'G5 . o;sf nflu ljt/0f 6«fG;kmd/x¿sf] Ifdtfcg';f/sf] Pd=l;=l;=lj= h8fg ug h?/L x'G5 . clwsf+; 6«fG;kmd/x¿ Pd=l;=l;=lj ljxLg /x]sf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf lkm8/ g ;68fpgdf /fv]/ sfo ug'sf] ljsNk 5g . cem Pn=6L=tkm z6 ;ls6 jf cf]e/nf]8 x'Fbf ;d]t Pd=l;=l;=lj= af6 ;lhn nfOg ;'rf? ug ;lsG5 . ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿n] o; s'/fdf Wofg lbg h?/L 5 . o;n] ubf g]=lj=k|f= df a9\bf] 6«fG;kmd/ hNg] ;d:of / To;af6 k|ToIf ck|ToIf ¿kdf eO/x]sf] xfgL ;d]t Go"lgs/0f ug ;lsG5 .

gofF ld6/ h8fg ubf ;d]t ;f]xLcg';f/ ug ;lsG5 .

t;y, a9L eGbf a9L u|fxsnfO lg/Gt/ cfk"lt lbg l8:sg]lS‍6ª :jLr, Pd=l;=l;=lj / nf]8 a|]s :jLr h8fg / To;sf] k|of]u clt cfjZ‍os 5 .

s08S6/ / hDk/ ;xL Ifdtfsf] k|of]u ug]

dfu / cfk"ltsf] ;Gt'ng agfO/fVg a]nfa]nfdf 6«fG;kmd/, s]jn, sG8S‍6/, hDk/ cku|]8 ug'kg] x'G5 . g]=lj=k|f= df dfucg';f/ 6«fG;kmd/ t cku|]8 ul/G5 t/ ;Fu;Fu To;df hl8t tf/ tyf hDk/nfO cku|]8 ul/Fbg, h;sf pbfx/0f k|z:t e]l6G5g\ . o;n] ubf tf/ tyf hDk/ kUng uO cfk"lt cj?4 x'g], cfunfuL x'g] cflb ;d:of cfOk5g\ . o; s'/fdf ljt/0f s]Gb| uDeL/ x'g h?/L 5 .

;j:6]zgdf l/n] ;]l6ª ;xL x'g'kg]

;j:6]zgdf k|fljlws lx;fan] eGbf klg xr'jfsf e/df l/n] ;]l6ª ug] rngsf] cGTo x'g h?/L 5 . Overcurrent / earth fault relay sf] ;]l6ª ldn]g eg] cfjZ‍os kbf lkm8/ l6«k gx'g], cgfjZ‍js ¿kdf lkm8/ l6«k x'g] x'bfF cfk"lt cj?4 x'g] dfq geO ljB'tLo b'36gf eO wghgsf] Iflt ;d]t x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|fljlws 1fg / ;Lksf cfwf/df l/n]

;]l6ª tyf 6]li6ª ug], ;j:6]zgsf a|]s/x¿ ;d]t ;xL Ifdtf / ;xL ¿kdf k|of]u ug'k5 . cbIf sdrf/LnfO ;j:6]zgsf] lhDdf lbg], k"jfu|xL 9ª\un] sdrf/LnfO ;j:6]zgsf] sfdsf] lhDdf lbg' xF'bg . ;j:6]zg ;+j]bgzLn 7fpF xf] eGg] s'/f a'em\g h?/L 5 .

ljB'tLo ;+/rgfdf TAG /fVg'kg]

ljt/0f k|0ffnL k|foMdflg;x¿ cfjthfjt ug] :yfgx¿ x'Fb lj:tf/ ePsf x'G5g\ . ljB't dfgj hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo x'Fbfx'Fb of] hf]lvdo'Qm klg ePsfn] kf]n tyf 6«fG;kmd/ tyf ;j:6]zgdf pko'Qm TAG /fvL u|fxsnfO ;r]t / ;hu u/fO b'36gfsf] hf]lvd sd ug ;lsG5 . …vt/fÚ, …!!))) ef]N6Ú cflb h:tf 6\ofu /fVg ;lsG5 . ;x/lt/ Ps kf]ndf b'O tLg j6f;Dd lkm8/ lj:tf/ ePsf 7fpFdf ;d]t k|fljlws sdrf/Lsf hfgsf/Lsf nflu lkm8/sf] gfd /flvPsf] 6\ofu k|of]u ug ;lsG5 . o;n] ubf

lkm8/ klxrfg u/L sfd ug ;lhnf] x'g] / b'36gfsf hf]lvd ;d]t sd x'G5 .

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) x'g'kg]

a9\bf] ljB'tLo b'36gf, lglZ‍rt sfoljlwlagf sfo ubf 306f+ ;do nfUbf ;d]t g]=lj=k|f= df blgs ¿kdf x'g] sfosf nflu Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) agfOPsf] 5g . o;nfO Safe Operating Procedure klg elgG5 . s'g klg cK‍7\of/f] / hf]lvdo'Qm sfobIftf, Ps?ktf / u'0f:t/Lo 9ª\un] ug ckgfOg]

sfoljlw g Standard Operating Procedure xf] . g]=lj=k|f= h:tf] k|s[ltsf] ;+:yfdf of] cfjZ‍os 5 . o;n] b'36gf Go'lgs/0f / sfodf bIftf / u'0f:t/Lotf xfl;n ug d2t u5 .

cfjZos ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf] ;dod hf]xf] ug'kg]

kf]n, tf/ / 6«fG;kmd/nufot cfjZ‍os ljB'tLo ;fdfg ePdf ljt/0f nfOgsf] ddt;+ef/ ;dod ;DkGg u/]/ sdeGbf sd ;dod ljt/0f nfOg ;'rf? ug ;s] u|fxsn] lg/Gt/ ljB't ;'ljwf k|fK‍t ug ;S‍5g\ . ;dodf g ;fdfg vl/b u/]/ dfq ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] b]lvFbg . vl/b ePsf ;fdfgnfO ;dod ;DalGwt 7fpFdf k'¥ofO ;dfg'kflts afF8kmfF8 ug'kg] b]lvG5 . o;f] ug g;s] sxLF cefj t sxLF cfjZ‍ostfeGbf a9L x'g hfg] b]lvG5 . l

dfu / cfk"ltsf] ;Gt'ng agfO/fVg a]nfa]nfdf 6«fG;kmd/, s]jn, sG8S‍6/, hDk/ cku|]8 ug'kg] x'G5 . g]=lj=k|f= df dfucg';f/ 6«fG;kmd/ t cku|]8 ul/G5 t/ ;Fu;Fu To:fdf hl8t tf/ tyf hDk/nfO cku|]8 ul/Fbg .

@#


gf] nfO6sf sdrf/L d[b'efifL x'g'kg]

u|fxsnfO lg/Gt/ e/kbf] / u'0f:t/Lo ljB't k'¥ofpg ;s] pgLx¿sf] cfqmf]z :jtM sd x'g] s'/fdf b'Odt 5g . clxn]sf] kl/l:yltdf u|fxssf] g]=lj=k|f=k|ltsf] ck]Iff r'lnP/ uPsf] 5 . ljB'tk|ltsf] a9\bf] lge/tfsf sf/0f u|fxsx¿ Ps ;]s]08 klg ljB'taf6 jl~rt x'g gk/] x'GYof] eGg] cfdhgdfg;df OR5f 5 . nfdf] ;dosf] nf]8;]l8ªsf] cGTon] ubf klg u|fxssf] ck]Iff a9]sf] xf] . k6s–k6s ljB't cj?4 x'bfF u|fxs cfqmf]lzt x'g' :jfefljs xf] . pgLx¿ cfqmf]lzt eP eGbdf gf] nfO6sf sdrf/Lx¿ klg cfqmf]lzt x'g' dfgj :jefjleq knf t/ sdrf/Lsf] xl;otn] clnslt ;+oldt x'g'k5 . To;f] ubf u|fxssf] cfqmf]z lj:tf/ zfGt x'g hfg] / g]=lj=k|f= k|lt c;n wf/0ffsf] ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

gful/s ;xfotfsIf tyf Psåf/ ;]jf -One Door Service_ nfu' ug'kg]

dfly pNn]lvt a'Fbf kfngf ubf u|fxsnfO r':tb'?:t ljB't ;]jf cfk"lt ug ;lsPnf t/ sfofnodf u|fxsn] goFf aQL h8fg, 7fpF;f/L, gfd;f/Lnufot ljljw sfosf nflu sfofno k'Ubf cndlng' kg] cj:yf 5 .

Psftkm sfofnosf sf]7f / kmfF6 Jojl:yt ¿kdf g/x]sf]

/ csf]tkm kmfF6df sdrf/L ge]l6g] cj:yfn] ubf u|fxsn] em~eml6nf] dx;'; ub5g\ . o;sf nflu sfofnon] gful/s ;xfotfsIf tyf Psåf/ ;]jf ;~rfng ug cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 . o;f] ubf u|fxsn] ;xh ¿kdf ;]jf;DalGw hfgsf/L k|fK‍t ug] / sf]7fsf]7fdf wfpg] em~em6 x6\g] x'Fbf u|fxsn] ;xh dxz'; ug ;S‍5g\ . s]xL ljt/0f s]Gb|n] o;nfO ;~rfngdf NofPsf 5g\ .

lgZsif

cGTodf, e/kbf] / ;j;'ne ljB't cfk"lt u/L u|fxsjuaf6 ljZ‍jf; lhTg ;S‍g' g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] xfn /x]sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] r'gftL xf] . ljt/0f k|0ffnL r':t, b'?:t / e/kbf] geP;Dd xfd|f] ;]jfsf] k|efjsf/Ltf hgdfg;df gb]lvg] ePsfn] klg ljB'tsf] a9\bf] dfu / cfk"ltnfO ;+jf]wg ug] u/L ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO bL3sfnLg / ;dofg's"n kl/dfhg u/L ;]jf k|jfx ug' ckl/xfo 5 .

ctM ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ul/Psf] nufgLn] ;dod k|ltkmn lbg] / a9\bf] pTkfbgnfO ;d]t ;Daf]wg ug] u/L ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ tyf ;~rfng ug / clxn]sf] cj:yfdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ Nofpg dfly pNn]lvt ljifodf g]=lj=k|f=tyf o;cGtutsf ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿n] Wofg lbO ;f]Rg / cjnDag ug cfjZ‍os 5 . l

sdrfƒL b'36gfdf kƒL cfiflw pkrfƒ uƒfPsf] cj‚yfdf jLdf bfjLsf nflu cfjZos sfuhft

n cfjZos ljjƒ0f elƒPsf] jLdf bfjL kmfƒfd

n cfiflw pkrfƒsf ;Dk"0f ;Ssn sfuhft tyf aLnx?

n sfofnon] tofƒ kfƒ]sf] b'w6gf k|ltj]bg -sfofnosf] sfdsf] lznlznfdf b'36gfdf kƒ]sf] cj‚yfdf dfq_

n b'36gfsf] k|xƒL k|ltj]bg

-sfofnosf] sfdsf] lznlznfdf b'36gfdf kƒ]sf] cj‚yfdf dfq_

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jf/ ckm s/]G6 / ljB't ;'/Iffsf] k|Z‍g ;fu/ 1jfnL ;xfos k|aGws, pmhf bIftf tyf r'xfj6 lgoGq0f ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

d kf7s;Fu Pp6f P]ltxfl;s k|;Ësf] rrf ug rfxG5' . dxfg\ j1flgs yf]d; PNjf Pl8;gaf/] g;'g]sf] xfdL lgs sd 5f . xfdLn] clxn] k|of]u ug] bhgf ljB'tLo ;fd|fuLsf hggLaf/] n]Vbf nfdf] >[ªvnf jG5, Tof] of] n]vdf ptf/ ug ;+ej 5g . t/ cfhsn lbgk|ltlbg ;'lgg] ljB'tLo b'36gfsf lj/S‍t nfUg] 36gfsf] k[i7e"lddf dfgj ;Eotfsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s Jofkf/Ls k|of]hgsf nflu ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnL agfP/ ljB't Jofkf/ ug] Pl8;gnfO ;Demg' kg] s'/f eg] w]/ 5g\ .

pgn] pGgfO;f ztflAbsf] cGtlt/, ;g\ !**) df ljB't nfO k|sfz zlS‍tdf ?kfGt/0f ug] k|ljlw cfljisf/ u/] . ;ofF pkfo kf/ gnfu] kl5 pgn] Pp6f sfjf]gfOH8 K‍nfl6gd lkmnfd]G6sf] wfuf]nfO Unf; Eofs'ddf /fv]/ ljB't ;K‍nfO u/] . To;f] ubf lkmnfd]G6sf] wfuf] /ftf] eP/ aNof] t/ kUn]g, j? jl/kl/ k|sfz kmfNof] . pgsf] oxL cfljisf/n]

dfgj ;EotfNffO csf] prfO lbof] . pgsf] of] of]ubfgnfO sltkon] cfw'lgs dfgj Oltxf;sf] cf7fF cfZ‍ro eg]/ ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ .

Jofkf/Ls k|of]hgdf On]lS‍6«s jNj ;kmn x'g ;S‍g] ePkl5 Pl8;gn] …Pl8;g On]lS‍6«s nfO6 sDklgÚ gfdsf] sDklg vf]n] / dfgj Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s ljB't ljt/0f ug] sfd ;'? u/] . ;'?df /f;folgs k|ltlqmof cfwf/sf] Jofl6«;]n jf6 ljB't pTkfbg u/] klg Pl8;gn] !**@ df g nG8gdf ljZ‍jsf] klxnf] l:6d h]g]/]6]8 kfj/ :6];g :yfkgf u/] . h;n] 8fO/]S‍6 s/]G6 -DC Current_ pTkfbg / ljt/0f uYof] . kl5 tfdfsf] tf/ sd k|of]u ug -!)) ef]N6, ),ef]N6 !)) ef]N6_ u/L tLg k|sf/sf ef]N6]h af]s]sf] tf/ 3/3/;Dd k'¥ofP . vf;df !)) ef]N6sf] ljB't 3/df k'¥ofpg !!)

!**) df yf]d; PNjf Pl8;gsf] cfljisf/n] dfgj ;EotfNffO csf] prfO lbof] . pgsf] of] of]ubfgnfO sltkon] cfw'lgs dfgj Oltxf;sf] cf7fF cfZ‍ro eg]/ ;Ddfg u/]sf 5g\ .

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ef]N6df ljB't pTkfbg ul/Psf] xf] . xfn ;+;f/e/ k|of]u x'g] !!) ef]N6, @@) ef]N6 cfbLsf] ef]N6]h ljt/0fsf] dfgs Pl8;gsf] oxL k|of]usf] cfwf/ xf] . cfw'lgs phfsf] ¿kdf ;+;f/e/ qmfGtL Nofpg] Pl8;gsf] of] k|of; ;bf ;Ddfglgo 5 . en Pp6f pTkfbg u[xn] Ps 8]8 lsnf]ld6/ eGbf k/ ljB't ;K‍nfO lbg g;s]klg Tof] kl/ldlt leq rdTsf/Ls / gfnf] ;]jf lbnfP kl5 Pl8;gsf] sDklg dfnfdfn eof] . pgL b]z ljb]zdf p:t zlS‍tzfnL ag] . kqklqsfdf, cfd hgdfg;df pgn] h] jf]n], Tof] ;To x'g] vfnsf] alnof] glts zlS‍t ldNof] .

ljB't ljt/0fdf Pl8;g On]lS‍6«ssf] Ps5q ;fd|fHodf s]xL ;do kl5 pgs cg';Gwfg ;+:yfdf sfd u/]sf lgsf]nf 6]:nfn] r'gftL lbP . elGfG5, Pl8;gn] 6]:nfnfO 7"nf] wf]sf lbPsf lyP . Jofkfl/s :jfysf nflu Pl8;g h] klg u5g\, eGg] cf/f]k 6]:nfsf] lyof] .

vf;df 8fO/]S‍6 s/]G6 ljt/0f x'g] If]qkmn lgs ;fgf] x'g] x'bf To;sf] jbnfdf cN6/g]l6ª s/]G6 jf6 6f9f 6f9f ;Dd sd vrdf ljB't ;K‍nfO;Dej x'G5 eGg] pgsf] wf/0ff lyof] . Toltj]nf ;Dd 6«fG;kmd/sf] cfljisf/ e ;s]sf] lyof] . h;n] ubf ljB'tsf] ef]N6]h n]en ;lhn 36fpg jf j9fpg ;lsGYof] . clxn] xfdLn] k|of]u ug] y|L km]h cN6/g]l6Ë s/]G6sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg], To;nfO ef]N6]h j9fP/ k|zf/0f ug] / ef]N6]h 36fP/ 3/3/df ljB't ;K‍nfO lbg] cflb ljifosf] Jojxfl/s JofVof ug] lgsf]nf 6]:nf x'g . h;n] cN6/g]l6Ë s/]G6n] rNg] df]6/ nufot ljleGg ljB'lto kl/k|of]u klg cfljisf/ u/] .

;g !**$ df cd]l/sf k'u]kl5 pgn] cfkm\gf] kf]nLk]mh ljB't, df]6/, 6«fG;kmd/ cflbsf] K‍of6]G6 hh j]:6Lªxfp; nfO j]r], hf] j]:6Lªxfp; On]lS‍6«s sDklgsf dfnLs lyP . 6]:nfsf] cfljisf/n] jNn 7'nf] nufgLstf kfPsf] lyof] . Pl; s/]G6 ljt/0fsf] s]lx Jojxf/Ls k|of]u ;kmn eP ;+u j]:6Lªxfp;n] P;L s/]G6 jf6 ljB't Jofkf/ ug ;'? ug yfNbf Pl8;gn] !)) j6f eGbf jl9 sDklg dfkmt ;+;f/e/ pHofnf] 5b lyP t/ of] ;j l8l; l;:6d lyof] . To;dfYfL /fhgLlt1, Jofkf/L, kqsf/, sdrf/L ;alt/ Pl8;gsf] /fd|f] ;DjGw lyof] .

ljZ‍j Oltxf;sf] 7\ofS‍s olx ljGb'df cjsf] lJfB't ljt/0fsf] ljZ‍jJofkf/ P;L jf l8l; s'g s/]G6n] rnfpg] eGg] jf/] eoGs/ åGå ;'? eof] . dfG5] b'O w|'jdf afFl8P/ ax;df plqP . of] jx; cd]l/sL /fi6«klt;Dd klg k'Uof] .

ha cfkm\gf] Ps5q ;fd|fHo dfly wfjf af]lnof], Pl8;g

cfkm\gf] ePe/sf] zlS‍t k|of]u u/]/ Pl; s/]G6sf] lj?4 plqP . ;g\ !**^df j]:6Lªxfp; On]lS‍6«sn] cfkm\gf] klxnf] K‍nfG6 hf]8]kl5 Pl8;gsf] egfO lyof] – j]:6Lªxfp;n] 5 dlxgfleq cfkm\gf ;j u|fxs dfg] 5 . lsgeg] olQs P;L s/]G6 ;fdfGo k|of]usf] nflu nfu' ug' g x'Fbg . of] dfgj ;Eotfsf nflu g vt/gfs x'g] 5 .

pgsf] lrGtf o;n] ljB'tLo b'36gfsf] 7"nf] d'No r'sfpg' k5 eGg] lyof] t/ cfnf]rsn] eg] cfkm\\\\\gf] Jofkf/ ;fd|fHo Wj:t x'g nfu]sf] eg]/ jj/fPsf] cYofP .

;g\ !**& ;Dd cfOk'Ubf j]:6Lªxfp;sf] Pl:f l;:6d ^) j6f k'u]sf lyP eg] Pl8;gsf] l8l; l;:6d !@! Jf6f . To;dfYfL yD;g xf]:6g On]lS‍6«s sDkgLn] @@ j6f P;L s/]G6 cfwf/Lt ljB't ljt/0f l;:6d agfPsf] lyof] . log sf/0f klg Pl8;g tgfjdf lyP .

oxL l;nl;nfdf ;g\ !*** df P;L s/]G6df cfwf/Lt ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf 7'nf] b'36gf eof] . s]lx dfG5] xtfxt ePkl5 kqsf/x¿sf] emg 7'nf] ;d'x P;L s/]G6sf] lj?4df cfof] . oxL dfsfsf] kmfObf p7fpb Pl8;g P;L s/]G6 lj?4sf] ;8s k|bzgdf ;xefuL x'g nfu] . Pl8;g 4f/f k|fof]hLt dfG5]x¿n] ;fjhlgs 7fFpdf ljleGg hgfj/x¿nfO P;L s/]G6 nufP/ dfb u/]sf] b]vfOof] . Tolx ;dodf Pl8;gsf] cfu|xdf ljB'lto s';L jgfP/ To;df pRr ef]N6]hsf] Pl; s/]G6 nufP/ d[To'b08 kfPsf dfG5]nfO dfg l;kmfl/; ul/of] . ljB'tLo s';Ldf nufOPsf] ljB't klg j]l:6ª xfp; On]lS‍6«ss h]g]/]6/sf] xf] eg]/ dflg;nfO ljZ‍j:t kf/Lof] .

Oltxf;df …jf/ ckm s/]G6Ú gfd lbOPsf] of] ljB't ahf/sf] n8fOFdf cGtt Pl8;gn] xf/] . !*(# df ;DkGg jN8 sf]NflDjog PS‍kf]hL;gdf ljB't :fK‍nfOsf] sfd j]:6Lªxfp; On]lS‍6«sn] Pl8;gsf] sDklg eGbf cfwf d'Nodf ;sf/] . kl5 p;n] lgou/f kmN; (Niagara Falls) jf6 &) lsnf]jf6 ljB't lgsfNg] sfd kfof] . of] ;+u l8l; jf Pl;dWo] s'g k|sf/sf] ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf nfuL 7Ls xf] eGg] ax;nfO klg lsgf/fdf k'¥ofof] .

Pl8;gsf] sDklgsf] sf/f]jf/ cf]/fnf] nfu]kl5 ;g\ !()@ df h]lk df]ufgn] Pl8;gsf] sDklg / yf]D;g x:6gsf] sDklgnfO Ps jgfP / Pl8;gnfO sfosf/Laf6 x6fP . o;/L jg]sf] gofF sDklgsf] gfd h]g]/n OlnlS‍6«s lyof] . nuQ o;n] klg cfqmfds ¿kdf P;L s/]G6df cfwf/Lt ljB't k|0ffnLdf nufgL u¥of] / qmdzM 7"nf] ;kmntf k|fK‍t u¥of] .

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sltkon] eG5g, …jf/ ckm s/]G6Ú ;lsPsf] nfdf] ;do ;Dd klg Pl8;gn] Pl; s/]G6sf] lj/f]w ug 5f]8]gg . slt ;Dd eg] ;g\ !()# sf] hgjl/ $ df ;s;df k|of]u ul/Psf] Pp6f 6K‍;L (Topsy) gfdsf] kf]yL xflQ nfO ^^ lsnf]ef]N6sf] s/]G6 nufP/ ;fjhlgs :yfgdf df/Lof] . ;s;df cfpg] ltg hgf dfgL;nfO df/]sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] of] xflQ nfO d[t'b08 lbOPsf] b[Z‍onfO Pl8;gsf] ev/ jgfPsf] …Pl8;g Dofg'kmofS‍r/LË d'eL sDklgÚ n] lkmNd jgfpg] p2]Z‍on] lvRof] .

…jf/ ckm s/]G6Úsf] bf/fgdf Pl8;gsf] e"ldsf cfkm\gf] Jofkf/ / ;fdflhs k|lti7f hf]ufpg cfkm\gf] kl/rosf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] eg]/ cf/f]k nUffP klg ljB'tLo ;'/Iff;DaGwL pgsf oL wf/0ffaf/] s;n] k|Z‍g p7fpg ;S‍bg . pgn] eg]sf lyP – ljB'tLo ;'/Iffsf] lx;fjn] cN6/g]l6Ë s/]G6df cfwfl/t ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnL lgs r'gftLk"0f 5 . ljB't ;'ljwf k|fK‍t ug] ;tdf xfdLn] h'g;'s a]nf dfgL;sf] Hofg g vt/fdf kg] s'/fnfO 3/ leq\ofPsf 5f . dfGfL;n] o;sf] 7"nf] d"No r'sfpg' k5 .

Gf]kfndf x/]s xK‍tf h:tf] ;'lg/xg'kg] ljB'lto b'36gfsf 8/nfUbf ;dfrf/ cfpFbf dnfO yf]d; cNjf Pl8;gsf] ofb cfpF5 .

of] n]vsf] ;'?d of] P]ltxfl;s k|;Ë p7fpg'sf] cy s] xf] eg], ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffNfL cfkm+df v]nfRfL ug] ljifo xf]Og / xfdLn] ;r]tgf k'js k|of]u gubf eoGs/ b'36gf x'g ;S‍5 eGg] s'/f of] hGdb p7]sf] csf6\o ts xf] . of] vt/gfs x'g ;S‍5 eg]/ nfdf] ;do ;Dd dfgj ;dfhn] k|of]u ug lxrlsrfPsf] s'/f klg w|'j;To xf] .

g]kfnsf] ljB't ljt/0f k|0ffnL / xfdL pkef]S‍tfsf] x]nr]qmfO ug] dfgl;stfsf] kl/0ffd Pl8;gn] eg] em blgs h;f] ;'lgg] eoª\s/ ljB't b'36gfsf ;dfrf/ x'g .

cem xfdLn] ljB't k|of]u ubf ug] nufgL / Jojxf/ eg] cgf7f] ul/ x'lsPsf] 5 .

xfd|f] zx/L dfgl;stfs s'/f u/f .

dfG5]n] 3/ agfpFbf s/f]8f+ nufgL ub5 . cem @)&@ ;fnsf] e'sDk cfP kl5 3/ jlnof] xf]; eg]/ l;d]G6 / /8 h:tf s'/fdf s'g ;+emftf ubg . 3/ /fd|f] xf]; eg]/ c? ljifodf v'n]/ nufgL ug] dfG5] 3/df ljh'nLsf] tf/ tfGg] j]nfdf eg] lgs ldtJooL b]lvG5 . g t 3/sf] ljB'lts/0fsf]

sfd s'g hfGg] OlGhlgo/nfO b]vfpF5 , g ljB'lts/0fsf] sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 s'g OlGhlgo/;Fu 7Ls eof] ls ePg eg]/ /fo lnG5 . 7]s]bf/x¿n] olQs cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ljB'tsf] sfd ubf cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/sf] u'0f:t/, Ifdtf / l8hfOgsf] ljB'lto ;fdfu|L k|of]u x'bg . ljB't ;'/Iffsf gljgtd k"jfwf/ t hf]l8Ps x'bg . zx/L If]qsf 3/x¿df k'Ubf dn] kfj/ ;s]6 / nfO6 ;s]6df p:t ;fOhsf tf/ / Pdl;le /fv]sf] e]6]sf] 5' . 3/x¿df ljB't tf/ hn]/ cfunfuL x'g'sf] Pp6f sf/0f of] klg xf] . cy lns]h ;ls6 j|]s/, km]h Jofn]G; ;ls6 j|]s/ h:tf dxTjk'0f t/ vf; vr gnfUg] ;'/Iff k|0ffnL /fVbf klg 7"nf] b'36gfaf6 aFRg ;lsG5 . olb /fd|/L ;fjwfg x'g ;lsPg eg] e"sDk h:t ljB't klg hLjgsf nflu p:t vt/fhGo s'/f xf] eGg]

s'/f dgg x'g' h?/L 5 .

slDtdf gu/kfnLsfn] 3/ lgdf0fsf] Ohfhtkq lbFbf ljB't OlGhlgo/n] kf; u/]sf] xfp; jfol/Ë l8hfOg / lgdf0f kl5 7Ls 5 eGg] k|df0f dfq lng ;S‍g] xf] eg] klg 7"nf–7"nf b'36gfaf6 hf]ufpg ;lsg] lyof] .

d a]nfa]nf ljleGg pBf]u / Jofkfl/s u|fxsx¿sf]df hfFbf pgLx¿n] /fv]sf] cfkm\gf] ljB't ljt/0f af]8, :jLr, tf/

cflbsf] cj:yf b]Vbf 8/ nfU5 . h'g 7fpF cGo s'g k|of]hgdf sfd nfUbg, h'g ;aeGbf cWof/f] 5, hxfF ;jeGbf ;f3'/f] 5, plgx¿n] cfkm\gf ljB'lto ;+/rgf Tolx /fV5g\ . ljB't ljt/0f h:tf] dxTjk"0f / vt/fhGo ;+/rgfsf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;+/rgf agfpg' k5 . cfwf tf/ hn]/ k"/ v/fgLh:tf] b]lv+bf klg tf/ km]g] hfFu/ x'Fbg . o:tf 7"nf u|fxsn] a]nf a]nf OghL cl86 u/fpg], cfkm\gf] ljB'tLo ;'/Iffsf] s'/f b]vfpg] / d'Vot ljB'taf/] /fd|/L hfgsf/ dfG5]nfO /]vb]vdf /fVg] ug ;s] ljB't ;6 x'g] s'/f w]/ dfqfdf hf]ufpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf pBf]u Joj;fodf ;'lgPsf ljB't\ b'36gfsf s'/f klg ;'/Iffdf ;fdfGo nufgL ug klg hfu/ gnufP/ xf] .

ca u|fdL0f ljB'lts/0fsf] rrf u/f .

b|'tt/ u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu xfdLn] ;'?b]lv xfd|f] ljt/0f k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/sf] k|Z‍gnfO /fd|/L ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5gf+ . o; klg blIf0f Pl;ofdf ljB'tLs/0fsf] ;jfn 7"nf] /fhgLlts d'2f xf] . 7f]; of]hgf ljgf u|fdL0f :t/df tflgPsf ljB't ljt/0f nfOgx¿ ;j:6];gaf6 lgs 6f9f ;Dd k'u]sf 5g\ . w]/ t /fhgLlts bafadf xr'jfdf

olb /fd|/L ;fjwfg x'g ;lsPg eg] e"sDk h:t ljB't klg hLjgsf nflu p:t vt/fhGo s'/f xf] eGg] s'/f dgg x'g' h?/L 5 .

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tflgPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f If]qdf hfbf wld/fn] vfP/ dlS‍sPsf sf7sf kf]ndf !! lsnf]ef]N6 ;Ddsf] tf/ tfgLPsf] 7fpF klg 5g\ . tf/x¿ emf]lNnPsf 5g . hËndf 3f; bfp/f sf6\g uPsf dflg;x¿ b'36gfdf k/]/ d/]sf] b'vb ;dfrf/ cfpg'sf] sf/0f g dflg;x¿df ljB't b'36gfaf6 s;/L aFRg] eGg]af/] ;r]tgf gx'g', ljB't k|zf/0f nfOgsf] ;'/Iff k|0ffnLn] sfd gug' cflb x'g . sltko :yfgdf :yfgLo lgsfo cfkm+n] klg ljB't nfOg lj:tf/ u/]sf 5g . l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /fd]5fknufot lhNnfdf bfxf]l/O/xg] ljB't b'36gfsf] Pp6f d'Vo sf/0f klg o;/L ha/h:tL tflgPsf ljt/0f nfOg x'g .

clxn] o;/L ;a :6];gaf6 lgs k/;Ddsf lkm8/df cfOkg] ljB't lns]hsf] ;d:of kQf nufP/ kf]naf6 g cfkm+ nfOg sfl6lbg] k|ljlw klg ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . u|fdL0f :t/df ljB't b'36gf /f]S‍g xfdLn] o:tf vfnsf gjLgtd k|ljlw k|of]u ug l9nf ug' x'Fbg .

sf7df8f+ h:tf] a9L hg3gTj ePsf] ;x/sf cfkm\gf syf 5g\ .

d g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] hf]/kf6L ljt/0f s]Gb|df OlGhlgo/ eP/ sfd ubfsf] 8/nfUbf] 36gf ;'gfpF5' .

hf]/kfl6 kf/L dfsnjf/L eGg] 7fpF 5, hxfF eGbf dflyaf6 ^^ s]le k|zf/0f nfOg hfG5 . slt t nfOg d'lg g 3/ agfP/ a;]sf 5g\ . NffOg lS‍nc/]G; k|ofK‍t g5f]8]/ ag]sf 3/ t slt slt . ToxLFg]/ Pshgf dlxnfn] 5tdf sk8f wf]P/ ;'sfpgNffO ;Dd'v kg] ljB't nfOg lt/ kf/]/ sk8f

l5lDsOg\ . b'efUo, l5lDsPsf kfgLsf yf]kf xF'b ^^ s]le nfOg 3/df cfof] . plg t If0fe/d 8Nnf] kl/g . 3/leqsf s'g klg tf/ / ;s]6 afFsL ePgg . wGg cfuf] nfu]g . t/ o:tf 36gfdf cfunfUfLsf] ;+efjgf lgs k|jn x'G5 .

sf7df8f+ h:tf] ;x/df bf]xf]l/O/xg] csf] 36gf xf] – glhssf] ljB't nfOgdf xfjfn] p8fP/ c8\sfPsf] sk8f tfGbf x'g] b'36gf . 3/x¿ ljB't nfOgsf] lgs glhs ag]sf 5g\ . To;dfly dfgL;x¿nfO ljB't lsg vt/gfs xf] eGg]af/] hfgsf/L g 5g .

g]kfndf x/]s jif Ps b'O a;x¿ ljB'tsf] tf/df k/]/ b'36gf ePsf] ;'g]s 5f+ . ljif]ztM 5tdf dfG5] a;]/ nfOg 5'g] of ljx]sf] bfOhf] NofPsf]

;fdfg 5tdf /fVbf tf/ 5'g] cj:yf cfPsf 5g\ . o; afx]s g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf sfd ubf ePsf ljB'tLo b'36gf emg sxfnLnfUbf 5g . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] o:tf b'36gf /f]S‍g 7f]; sbd rfNg k|0f ug'k5 .

Pp6f kfj/ l;:6dsf] ljBfyLsf] ¿kdf sfd ul//xFbf dnfO ljB'tLo ;'/Iff ;r]tgfaf/] /fHon] uDeL/ sfoqmd nfu" ug'kg] af]w ePsf] 5 . xK‍tlkR5] ;'lgg] ljB'tLo b'36gfsf sf/0f s;n] klg yf]d; cNjf Pl8;gn] eg] em cN6/g]l6Ë s/]G6 a/bfg geP/ cleiffksf] ¿kdf JofVof ug gk/f];\ . l

ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf sfd ubf ePsf ljB'tLo b'36gf emg sxfnLnfUbf 5g . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] o:tf b'36gf /f]S‍g 7f]; sbd rfNg k|0f ug'k5 .

n cfjZos ljjƒ0f elƒPsf] jLdf bfjL kmfƒfdn sfofnon] tofƒ kfƒ]sf] b'w6gf k|ltj]bgn zj klƒIf0f k|ltj]bgn b'36gfsf] k|xƒL k|ltj]bgn d[To" btf k|df0fkqn d[tssf] gfulƒstfsf] k|ltlnlkn xsjfnf;Fusf] gftf k|df0fkq

b'36gfsf sfƒ0f sdrfƒLsf] d[To' ePsf] cj‚yfdf jLdf bfjLsf nflu cfjZos sfuhft

@*


…6f;L b]n]s, 6f;L b]n]sÚ

gfdf;]af6 psfnf] r9\b ubf af6f]df e]l6g] :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO xfdL o;f] eGb lx+8Yof+ . pgLx¿ klg k|To'Q/df oxL zAb bf]xf]¥ofpFy] .

6f;L b]n]ssf] zflAbs cy xfdLnfO klg yfxf lyPg . lxhf] a]n'sf dflyNnf] c?0f hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sgaf/] :yfgLo;Fu 5nkmn ug] qmddf e]6 xF'bf oxL zAb af]Ny] . xfdLnfO klg o;sf] cy ef]6 efiffdf gd:sf/ xf]nf eg]/ c8\sn sf6g ufx|f] ePg .

@)&^ h]7sf] clGtd ;ftf cfof]hgfsf] ;fO6 ;+v'jf;efsf] uf]nf, l;j'|d gfdf;] tyf ?sdf hfg] sfoqmd aGof] .

l6ddf cfof]hgfsf tkmaf6 d, ;Gtf]if dxhg, jLgf /fO, k|tLIff clwsf/L / rfnssf] ¿kdf OGb| v8\sf lyof+ . clg jftfj/0f;DaGwL cWoog ug] l6ddf znLn / ljgf]b x'g'x'GYof] . jiff nfUg nflu;s]sfn] jiff ;'? x''g'cufj xfdL uGtJodf k'U5f+, k'UbgfF eGg] b'ljwfd lyofF .

vfFbjf/L hfg n]u'jfaf6 glhs kg] eP tfklg Tof] af6f]df klx/f] cfPsf sf/0f cj?4 lyof] / xfd|f] ofqf bf];|f] lbg lxn]af6 j;Gtk'/ x'Fb ;'? eof] . af6f] lkr eP klg s]xL lbgb]lv k/]sf] kfgLn] s]xL efudf lkrsf] gfdf]lg;fgf lyPg / 7"nf] uf8Lx¿n] agfPsf] 6«ofsdf kmf]/ lJxn nufpFbf klg xfd|f] uf8L g]kfnL l;g]dfsf gfos bofxfª /fO gfr]em+ kmgkmg gfFRYof] .

klxnf] lbgsf] ysfg lxn]df la;fof+ .

xf]6n a's eP kl5 ;fx'gL lbbLn] ;f]lwg\ M …vfgf;Fu lrs]g, d6g s] lng'x'G5 <Ú

xf]6n ;f]r]hlt ;kmf gePsfn] xfdLn] vfgf aflx/ vfg] ;Nnfx u¥ofF / ;fx'gL lbbLnfO cfh oxfF ;fyLsf]df vfg] eg]/ em'S‍ofofF .

s'g clkm;sf] eg]/ ;fx'gLn] k|ltk|Z‍g ul/g\ .

…a+sdf 5 ;fyLx¿Ú eg]/ km]l/ e'm6sf] v]tL u/]F .

…gfd eGg';\ t s]6f ls s]6L < pxfFx¿ t vfhf, vfgf vfg xfdLsdf cfpg' x'G5Ú eg]/ kf] eGg yflng\ .

d Pp6f e'm6 5Ng csf] kl5 csf] em'6sf] ;xf/f lng yfn] .

a]sf/df e'm6f] af]n]5' h:tf] klg nfUof] .

ca, pDsg] axfgf agfpg yfn] . …d]/f] ;fyL t xf]Og, ;Fu cfpg] ;fyLsf] xf] dnfO lg gfd yfxf ePgÚ eg]/ ToxfFaf6 pDs] .

ToxL s'/f ;fyLnfO ;'gfpFbf pxfFx¿sf] klg xfF;f] yfldPg .

Tof] ;fFem sf]xL lxn]sf] t'Djf, ;]s'jf / sf]xL vfgf vfFb lgb|fb]jLsf] sfvdf klN6ofF .

:ju k'lug] gfdf;]sf] psfnf]s'j]/nfn >]i7 ;xfos lgb]zs, dflyNnf] c?0f hnljB't cfof]hgf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

@(


gfua]nL 3'DtL, lxnfDd] / ;f3'/f] af6f], To;dfly OGb|sf] xsfFOn] ubf vfbaf/Laf6 dfly nfu]kl5 t lhGbuL pN6L gx'g] dnfO ;d]t ev/ vfPsf] eft klg aflx/ cfpnf cfpnf h:tf] kf] x'g yfNof] .

…gkmfNg' x, gkmfNg', vfPsf] cfwf 306f lg efÚsf] 5g Toqf] k;f lt/]/Æ ;fyLn] Joª\Uojf0f xfg] .

dnfO lg a]sf/ vfP5' h:tf] klg nfUof] . km]l/ slxn]sfxLF gvfbf kfgL kfgL pN6L x'GYof] . clg OGb|nfO af6f]df kg] ;–;fgf ufpFdf /f]S‍b /fS‍b lrof lkpFb hfpm g x eg] . c? ;fyLx¿ klg d]/ h:tf] /f]un] ynf k/]sfn] gfO eGg] s'/ lyPg .

;fem k/fh'nL bfOsf]df af; a:g k'luof] g'ddf .

c?0f t];|f] cfof]hgf t'lxg' cl3 g wgs'6f, t]xy'd, ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfdf hUufclwu|x0fsf] sfddf hfg] clwsf+z sdrf/Lx¿ Toltv]/ kbn lx+8bf klg k/fh'nL bfOs xf]6n lhGbfjfb /x]5 . ;asf] lrghfg ePsfn] ;'vb'Mv u/]/ klg pgs xf]6ndf al;of] . k'/fgf] 3/sf] k5fl8 gofF 9nfg 3/ ePsfn] klxnf–klxnf h:t 6\jfOn]6 ug jf/Lsf] kf6flt/ wfpg' k/]g .

t];|f] lbg xfd|f] nIo lyof] uf]nf k'Ug] . t/ bf]efg hxfF, clxn]

c?0f t];|f] hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] afFw If]q aGb5, Tof] af6f] eP/ x]bfËgf k'Ug] af6f] klx/f] cfP/ ;jf/L ;fwg rNg g;S‍g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] /x]5 / jf tLg If]qaf6 cfof]hgfsf] PS‍;fe]6/, nf]8/n] g jslNks af6f] agfpFb u/]s]n] s]xL ;do xfdL Tot l8nlt/ cndlnofF / lgdf0ffwLg cfof]hgfsf kmf]6f] / ;]NkmL lng yfNof .

c¿0f gbL

ev/ 8f]h/, Ps;fe]6/n] vg]sf lxnfDd] af6f]df Eofu'tf pk|m]emF xfd|f] uf8L pk|mFn x]bfËgf;Dd k'Uof] . af6f]df kmf§km'§ e]l6g] af]n]/f] afx]s c? ToxfF k'Ug] xl;ot s'g uf8Lsf] klg lyPg . uf8L pk|mFbf ofq'x¿n] 5tdf /fv]sf] emf]nfaf6 s]xL b'/Lsf] km/sdf sxLF kfOG6, sxLF h'Qf sxLF rfprfp / c? ;fdfgx¿ au|]NtL v;]sf e]l6Gy] .

x]bfËgflt/ hlthlt cl3 a9\of], xfd|f] af6f] :j:yfgL syfdf j0fg u/]emF d3's6e gfdsf bfgjsf xf8vf]/ y'lk|P h;/L klx/f] em/]/ lxnf] / df6f] y'lk|Psf] e]l6GYof] . clg nfUYof], xfd|f] uGtJo oxL;Dd dfq xf], oxfFaf6 hfg g;lsg] ef] ca lxF8g'kg] ef] eGg] lrGtf lng gkfpFb OGb|n] klg lji0f'n] dw' s6enfO jw u/]em+ To;sf lhp dfyLdfyL uf8L u'8fP/ ljhosf] em08f kmx/fpFy] / xfdLnfO ltg5s kfl/lbGy] .

;;fgf vf]Nrfvf]NrL, 3'DtLdf t xfdL klg 8/fpg 5f8of+ lsgls, xfdL;Fu OGb| lyof] . xfdL lglZ‍rGt lyof+ ls OGb| eP;Dd ca rGb|sf] lg s]xL nfUbg .

t/, …g]tf eL/Æ eg]kl5 ;asf] dg 9S‍s km'Nof], utjif dsfn' ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIfnufot s]xL JolQmx¿ ToxL 5f]6f] / ;fF3'/f] eL/af6 slxNo gkmsg] ul/ c?0fdf df5f dfg uPsf /x]5g\ .

clxn] Tof] 3'DtL Uofleog hfnL e/]/ km/flsnf] agfOPsf] /x]5 .

pkmfb| k5fb OGb|n] uf8L 7f8]vf]nf k'¥ofP . carflxF oxLFaf6 lxF8g'kg] kS‍sf ef] eg]sf] t OGb| km]l/ ;'l/P . af6f]sf] gfdlg;fgf 5g . 7"nf7"nf 9'ª\ufx¿ clhª\u/em+ klN6Psf 5g\ To 9'ª\ufdfyL vx/] u8u8fpFb 5 . carflxF kml;g] ef] eg]/ kmf]6f] lvRg] jxfgfdf d aflx/ lg:s]+ . OGb|n] ToxfF klg cfˆgf] ;Lk b]vfO 5f8]] . ;lsFbg–;lsFbg eGbfeGb klg lksck vf]nfdf k;fP / kfvfdf ptf/]/ 5f8] .

uf]nf k'Ug'cufj csf] klg Pp6f sfnv08 afFsL /x]5, ev/ cfPsf] klx/f] . Tof] emg\ ;aeGbf v/fa af6f] /x]5,

c?0f gbL

#)


oxfF;Dd t cfOof] ca olQ t xf], oxfF ! jif rNg] uf8L sf7df8f+df !% jif cf/fdn] rN5 eGb OGb|n] rf/kfª\u|f dfq c6g], bfofF–afof nfu] eL/lt/ k'Ug] af6f]df km]l/ uf8L l5/fP . xfd|f] uf8L uf]nf k'Ubf :yfgLox¿ ;a crlDet eP, s;/L Nofpg;S‍g' ef] Tof] eL/af6 uf8L eGb . clg ;lnnhL / ljgf]bhL klg dfg] u'?hL dfg] tkfO+nfO eGb cfOk'Ug' ef] .

ca eg] uf]nf cfOk'luof], of] g df]6/af6f] k'u]sf] clGtd laGb" xf] . uf]nfahf/ glhs dflyNnf] c?0f cfof]hgfsf] Pl866g]nsf] cjnf]sg u¥of+ . %@ ;fnlt/ ;'? x'g'kg] cfof]hgf olt kl5 eP klg aGg nfu]sf] b]v]/ v';L nfUof] . Tof] lbg :yfgLo ?kdf kfOg] ysfO d]6\g] pkfo canDag u/L /fd|/L ;'ltof] .

ef]lnkN6 laxfg kbn ofqf ;'? x'G5, l;j'|d, gfdf;] / sdfsf] nfuL . @ lbg psfnf]–cf]/fnf] lxF8g'kg] lrGtf x'Fbfx'Fb klg gof+F 7fpF gofF dfG5]x¿;Fu x'g] e]63f6n] dg /f]dflGrt eO/xGYof]] . laxfg xNsf gf:tf / lrof vfPkl5 xfd|f] kbn ofqfdf ;lnnhL, ljgf]bhL / af6f] b]vfpg] b'Ohgf :yfgLo efO klg ylkP ldng / lsGs . lsGs efOsf] gfd ;'g]/ xfdL dl/dl/ xfF:of+ s:tf] crdsf] gfd Û :yfgLo efiffdf To;sf] cy klg ;f]Wof+ . s]xL /x]g5 . xNsfxNsf Pshf]/ sk8f kf]sf] kf/]/ n6\7L ;dfpFb Pl86 6g]nsf] af6f] xF'b psfnf] nfUbf lxF8g ;lsPnfh:tf] nfu]sf] lyof] lsgeg] 8f]Nkfsf] sfOufFp / jemfªsf] sfF8fufpF k'u]sf] cg'ej klg d;Fu lyof] . t/ s]xL ;do lxF8\bf glxF8\b d'6' km'6\nfh:tf]], ;f; /f]lsPnfh:tf] kf] ef], ToxfFsf] cg'ej oxfF s]xL sfd nfu]g . kms]/ x]bf ;lnnhL, ljgf]bhL afx]s c?sf] xfnt To:t lyof] . pxfFx¿ Pp6f r/f, ls/f h] b]v]] klg S‍ofd/fsf] n]G; 3'dfOxfNg' x'GYof] .

psfnf]df l56f] lxF8\g g;S‍g] clg o;f] pleP/ ysfO df¥of], gfkLsf cldgn] ufpFufpFdf lkmQf lnP/ hUuf gfk] em+ dfgj uGw kfP/ xf]nf, h'sfx¿ xfdLnfO gfK‍g yflnxfNy] . :k|] u¥of] eg] h'sf nfUbg eg]/ a]ug af]s]sf lyof+, a]ugd kf] Pp6f h'sf 6fFl;Psf] b]v]/ xfdL ;a d/Ld/L xfF:of+ .j]ugn] h'sf df5 eGg]] xfd|f] ljZ‍jf;df ef/L t'iff/fkft eof] .

c;f/sf] dlxgf, :yfgLox¿ laxfg v]tLkftLdf Jo:t x'g] ePsf]n] l;j|'ddf laxfg ug] eg]sf] cGt/lqmof sfoqmd s]xL l9nf x'g k'Uof] . :yfgLox¿ klg vfgf vfPkl5 cfpg] va/n] xfdL klg vfgfsf] hf]xf] ugk6L nfUof+ . laxfg cfn' a]n'sf lg cfn's t/sf/L crf/ vfg] 7fpFdf xfdLnfO dfq s:n] 3/sf]h:tf] vfgf v'jfpnfg\ / h]h:tf] kfS‍5 dL7f] dfgL vfg'sf] ljsNk lyPg . To;/L g vfof+ . ljgf]bhLx¿

klg cfof]hgf;DaGwL Jofg/ 6fFUg Jo:t x'g'ef] .sfoqmd ;'? eof] .

kl/ro u¥of+, Pscfk;df . xfdLn] :yfgLo jfl;GbfnfO cfof]hgfsf] af/]df 5f]6f] hfgsf/L u/fof+ / pgLx¿af6 /fo, ;'emfj, ;Nnfx / u'gf;f] lng yfNof+ .

…cl:t ev/ xfd|f] cn+rL af/Ldf cg'dlt a]u/ cn+rLsf] af]6 kmfF8]/ ;e] u/]5, c?0f k|f]h]S‍6af6 cfPsf] /], sf] /x]5 eg]/ vf]Hb lxF8of+], 8fF8f] sf6]5g\ e]l6Pg . Ifltk"lt rflxof] Ú Pp6L lbbLn] ;'?d u'gf;f] kf]lvg\ .

…xfd|f b]jLb]jtf k'Hg] c?0f vf]nfnfO y'Gg] /], clg xfd|f kxf8df b'nb'nf] agfP/ xfd|f] kfgLsf] d'xfg ;'s] s] ug] <Ú csf]n] zª\sf kf]Vof] .

hUuf kg], 3/ kg]n] d'cfJhf kfpnf, s]xL klg gkfpg]n] s] ug] < xfdLnfO klg k|lt3/ @% b]lv #) nfv lbg'k5 csf] dfu ylkof] .

…l;d]G6 / /8sf] cfo %) jif x'G5 /] Û To;kl5 8\ofd km'6]/ ufpFn] ;anfO aufof] eg] To;sf] lhDdf s;n] lng] < kbLo lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sfn] g csf] zª\sfsf] em6f/f] xfg] .

…cfof]hgf rNg yfn]kl5 cfpg] dfG5]n] kmf]xf]/ u5g\, xfd|f]

dflyNnf] c?0f hnljB't cfof]hgf k|:tfljt ljB't u[x glhs lgdf0ffwLg cl86 6g]n

#!


wd, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f nf]k x'G5 To;sf] lhDd]jf/L s;n] lnG5 <Ú cln lzlIft juaf6 k|Z‍g t]l;of] .

…uf8L cfpgyfn] kl5 /f]uJofw, udL a9\bf, Ifltk"lt kfpg]n] t pkrf/ unf, em'n xfNnf xfdL s] ug] < Tof] dR5/n] d'cfAhf kfpg]nfO dfq 6f]S‍5 / <Tof] dfq la/fdL eP t 7Ls 5 , xfdLnfO klg 6f]S‍nf, xfdLn] klg pkrf/ ug'k¥of] lg . xfdLnfOrflxF Ifltk"lt lbg' kbg <Ú 3'dfp/f] clg ;/n k|Z‍gsf] em6f/f] klg cfOnfUof] .

…af6f] vGbfsf] 9'ª\ufdf6f]n] le/fnf] hUufdf /f]k]sf] xfd|f] cn+rLsf] Ifltk"lt rflxG5, xfd|f] jfFRg] d]n o xf] . gq xfdL d/] e uf] lg ÛÚ csf] ;'emfj egf+ of ghflg+bf] wDsL ylkof] .

…rflxbg xfdLnfO k|f]h]S‍6 ;|f]h]S‍6, xfdL h] 5f+ h:tf] 5f+ o;df v';L 5fÚ eGb Ps hgf bfO t kfv'/f kf] ;'sg yfn] .

…To;f] eg]/ x'Fbg bfO, ljsf; lg rflxG5 xfdLnfO, Ifltk"lt klg c?0f t]>f]n] lbPsf] eGbf cem a9L rflxG5 . clxn] d"No slt al9;s]sf] 5Ú eg]/ j8f;b:on] ;Demfpg] k|of; u/] .

To;k5L xfdLn] lg s]xL k|Z‍g kmfNof+, …clxn] la/fdL xF'bf pkrf/ ug sxfF hfg'x'G5 tkfO+x¿ <Ú eg]/ .

ufpFd 5 lg emfFqmL bfO, p;n] pkrf/ ul/xfN5 lg ePg eg] kf] af]s]/ ^.& lbgdf ;+v'jf;ef nfg], ToxfF klg ePg eg]/ K‍n]g jf uf8Ldf sf7df8f+, lj/f6gu/ nfg] . of6f bfOn] hafkm kmsfP . dfgf+ c:ktfn hfg] eg]sf] clGtd cj:yfdf dfq /x]5 .

af6f] cfPkl5 la/fdLnfO c:ktfn nfg, cfjt–hfjt ug, aRrfaRrLsf] k7gkf7g ug, ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug slt

;lhnf] x'G5 lg t, eg]kl5 pgLx¿n] dfg :jLs[t hgfP .

k|fljlws ljifodf k|fljlws ;fyLx¿n] / hUuf, 3/ clwu|x0f, afnLgfnLsf] Ifltk"ltsf] af/]df hUuf k|fK‍tL P]g– @)#$ df ePsf] Joj:yf af/] :yflgox¿nfO dn] hfgsf/L u/fPF . jftfj/0f, jGohGt', ;fdflhs k|efj cflbsf af/]df jftfj/0fljb\ ;lnnhLn] hafkm lbg'ef] clg s]xL s'/fdf lagf]bhLn] / cfof]hgfn] s]xL Ifltk"lt g glbO pgLx¿sf] hUufhldg, 3/ lnG5 eGg] e|d /x]5, w]/h;f] ufpFn] bfh' efOx¿df / Tof] yfxf kfPkl5 pgLx¿ cfof]hgf t aGg' kg] /x]5 eGg] s'/fdf ;xdt eP .

s'/sf] ;Gbedf, gfdf;] ufpFdf P;=Pn=;L kf; u/]/ :yfgLo :s'ndf sfo/t x]8;/nfO xfdLn] jflifs cnrLaf6 j9L cfDbfgL ug] / ;aeGbf 36L cfDbfgL ug]af/] ;f]Wof+ .

jfkm /] jfkm Û pgsf s'/fn] xfdL Ps–csfnfO d'vfd'v ug yfNof . w]/ cnrL a]Rg]n] jifsf] @) nfv / 36L a]Rg]n]klg % nfv ;Dd a]Rbf] /x]5 .

a]r]sf] k;f a+sdf g/fvL vfN6f] vg]/ /fVg] /] clg s;s;n] ;os8f @$ ;Dd Jofhdf nufpg] /x]5 . x]bf clwsf+; ul/jLsf] /]vf d'lg b]lvg] :yfgLox¿ t lgs wlg kf] /x]5g . lsg a+sdf k;f g/fv]sf] eg]/ ;f]Wof+ xfdLn] .

…Tof] a+ssf] dfG5] xfDn] lrGbg, To;n] cfkm+n] nU5 ls s] yf ÛÚ kf] eG5 .

xfdL plgx¿sf] ;/n / ;f]emf]kg b]v]/ b+u k¥of+ . cem b+u+ t s] s'/fdf k¥of+ eg] cn+rL a]r]sf] k;fn] sf7df8f+df 3/38]/L hf]8]sf / cnL tnsfn] vfFbaf/L, w/fg, O6x/L, la/f6gu/;Dddf 3/ 8]/L hf]8]sf] / kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ sf7df8f+nufot w/fg, lj/f6gu/, vfFbaf/Ldf kl9/x]sf /x]5g\ .

jftfj/0fLo k|efj ;DaGwdf :yfgLox¿;Fu cGt/lqmof sfoqmd x'Fb .

#@


l;j'|ddf :yfgLon] h]h] s'/f p7fP . gfdf;]df / ?sdfdf klg ToxL s'/f bf]xf]l/P . ToxfFrflxF sfoqmd /flt ug'k¥of]–cGt/lqmof . .

:yfgLox¿sf] afS‍nf] pkl:yltn] cfof]hgfk|lt hgrf;f] /x]sf] b]lvof], v';L nfUof] .

rfyf] lbg laxfg, lhpFb :ju hfg] s'/fn] d]/f] dg pb\j]lnt lyof] . dn] of] s'/f atfpFbf ;xofqLx¿ d'vfd'v kf] ug yfn] .

gfdf;]sf] psfnf] h;n] r95 p lhpFb :ju k'u]sf] dflgbf] /x]5 . ;fob 7f8f] / 3'dfp/f] clg cK‍7]/f] af6f] eP/ xf]nf To;f] eg]sf], dn] o:t nv sf6]+ . o;df ;an] dfg ;xdlt hgfP . af6f]df s]xL hf]s ;'gfpFb lxF8bf af6f] cfwf 5f]l6Psf] cg'ej x'GYof] . psfnf] lxF8g lagf / k|ltIffhL klg ;S‍g] /x]5g\ h;f]t;f] $ 3G6fdf dfly b]p/fnLdf k'luof] clg emf]nfdf e]l6Psf] :ofp, bfnd7, rfprfpn] k]6 k"hf ul/of] .

ca psfnf] ;lsof] . dgdf v';L 5fof] . ca cf]/fnf] t xf] lg eGb cf]nb lyof+ . uf]8f t emfFqmL sfd]em+ y/y/ sfDg kf] yfn] . hlt lxF8] lg ?sdfsf] gfs d'v b]lvFbg . psfnf] lxF8bf cf]/fnf] 7Ls, cf]/fnf] lxF8bf psfnf] 7Ls h:tf] kf] x'g yfNof] . of] dgnfO h] u/] klg gx'g] .

cf]/fnf] nfUb ubf ylst eP/ k|ltIffhL d/]+ lg dDdL eGb 3/df ePsf] cfdf ;Demg''x'GYof] . lagfhLrflxF r'krfk . g ddL g 8\of8L s;nfO ;Demg'x'GgYof] . efGhf / drflxF o:tf] hflu/ lg s;n] vfG5 ef]ln g uP/ /fhLgfdf lbg'k5 x eg]/ lh:sfpYof+ . d ;Gtf]ifnfO efGhfafa' eGy]+ lsgeg] pxfFsf] dfdfsf] 3/ d]/f] 3/glhs lyof] .

vfgf vfg c?0fsf] afFwIf]q /x]sf] ufpF ?sdf k'Ug] xfd|f] nIodf r'gf nflu;s]sf] lyof] . vfhf vfg] a]nfdf kf] aNnaNn k'luof] . vfgfkl5 d 6fpsf] b'v]sf jxfgfdf klN6PF . ;xofqLx¿sf] jfWotf lyof] pxfFx¿ k'g ! 306fsf] cf]/fnf] cf]n]/ c?0f vf]nf;Dd k'Ug'ef] . zfob dnfO jfWotf lyPg / kf] xf] ls 6fpsf] b'v]sf] h:tf] efsf] Û

l;Ug]r/, /]8n]an, ANofsn]jan, lao/ t hxfF klg vfg kfOG5 lg, cUoflgs vfg] xf] eGb ;fyLx¿;Fu nf]sn /S‍;L / tf]Ëjf tfGg lt/ nfluof] . cG8f, d'nf, cfn'sf] l;tg;Fu . ;Fu r'nfdfyL ef/df ;'s'6L b]lvGYof] t/ d]/f] dgn] vfg dfg]g . ;fob /fli6«o hgfj/k|ltsf] ;Ddfgn] klg xf]nf . t/ ToxfFsf] wd;+:s[ltn] eg] To;nfO :jLsfYof] .

kfrf+ lbg 3/ kmsg] eP/ xf]nf uf]8fx¿ klg l56f]l56f] rNg yfn]5 . hlt l56f] lxF8] h:tf] nfu] lg b]p/fnLaf6 gfdf;] xF'b j?0f bf]efg kmsg ^.& 3G6 nfUof] xfdLnfO . af6f]df d]nfkft eg lxF8]sf dlxnfx¿n] xfd|f dlxnf ;xofqL lxF8]sf] b]v]/ ljidosf/L gh/ nufpFy] . lxF8g ghfGg] dfG5]x¿ lsg cfPsf xf]nfg, xfd|f ufpFdf eg]/ lvl;6\o'/L uy] . clg vRr8, r/fr'?ª\uLsf] kmf]6f] lvr]sf] klg Pstdf; x]l//xGy] . ;f]Ry] xf]nfg\– o:tf] klg gb]v]sf s:tf ;xl/ofx¿ .

laxfgb]lv lxF8\bf lxF8\bf yfs]sf xfdLnfO jf]n]/f] e]6\bf klg kh]/f] e]6]em+ ef] Û uf]nf cfOk'Ubf klg 3/ cfOk'u]em nfUof] . 3fd nfUbf dfq rNg] CDMA kmf]gsf] ;§f NTC klg rNg yfn]sf] lyof] . @.$lbg ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] kx'Fraf6 6f9f /xFbf lg xfdLnfO jiff+ lat]h:tf] ef], 56k6L ef] . klxnf ;an] cf–cfkmgf] 3/sf] xfnva/ a'emof+ / km];a'ssf gf]6Llkms];g x]g, O–d]n, d];]Gh/df ;fyLx¿ e]6g yfNof+ .

sfofnosf] lhDd]jf/LnfO k|fyldstfdf /fVb xfdLn] g]kfnsf] k"jL e]usf] s'gfs'gf;Dd k'Ug] cj;/ kfof+ . xfdL gyfs]sf] eP ;fob Ps lbgsf] af6f]df kg] g]kfn / rLgsf] l;dfgfdf kg] g]kfnsf] clGtd ufpF lsdfyfGsf k'Ug ;S‍Yof . t/ Tof] cj;/ xfdLnfO h'/]g .

xfdL kms]s /fte/ kfgL k/]/ ;+v'jf;efsf] ;of+ :yfgdf af9L klx/f]n] af6f]3f6f] lauf/]sf] , ufFpdf klx/f] uPsf] ef]lnkN6 ;dfrf/df ;'Gof+ . clg ;lnn / ljgf]bhLnfO xfd|f] e|d0f tflnsfdf ;fy lbg' ePsf]df wGojfb eGof+ . pxfFx¿ cfˆgf] sfoJo:ttfn] e|d0f tflnsfnfO Ps xK‍tf k/ ;f/f+ g eGb x'g'x'GYof], xfdLn] o; ;donfO pko'Qm 7fGof+ / pxfFx¿nfO klg dgfof+ . s]xL lbg l9nf uPsf] eP xfd|f] lhDd]jf/L klg k"/f gx'g] / xfdL klg ;+v'jf;efdf g y'lgg] /x]5f+ . wGg ;don] xfdLnfO ;fy lbof] .

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Pl86 6g]n lgdf0fsf] nfuL jgfOPsf] ljikmf]6s kbfy /fVg] j+s/ tyf cfdL cfjf; u[x

##


k[i7e"ld

/fHozlQmsf] k|of]u ug] qmddf k/fk'jsfnb]lv zlQmnfO s]lGb|s[t ug] g]kfnsf] k|rngcg'?k ;lbof+b]lv s]Gb|df lglxt /x]sf] clwsf/ hgtfx¿ a;]s :yfgdf cyft :yfgLo txd pkef]u ug kfpg] cj:yfsf] ;[hgf ug ljut Ps bzsb]lv d'n'snfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg] k|of; x'Fb cfPsf] 5 . o; k|of]hgsf nflu g]kfnnfO ;ft k|b]z / &%# :yfgLo txdf ljefhg u/L @)&$ h]7df :yfgLo tx / d+l;/df ;+3 / k|b]z :t/sf] cfd lgjfrg ;DkGg eO;s]sf 5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ n] /fHosf lgsfox¿nfO ;+3Lotf (Three Tier Structure– Federal, Province and Local) sf] :j¿kdf nhfg] kl/sNkgf u/] cg'?k lgjfrg kZ‍rft ;+3df ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf / sfokflnsf, k|b]zdf k|b]z Joj:yflksf / sfokflnsf tyf :yfgLo txdf gu/kflnsf tyf ufpFkflnsf :yflkt eO ;s]sf 5g\ . Gofokflnsf -cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo_ ;+3cGtut dfq /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . kl/jltt kl/j]z / ;dofg's"n x'g] u/L ljleGg sfg'gL / ;+:yfut kl/jtgsf k|of; eO/x]sf 5g\ . …ufpF ufpFdf l;+xb/af/Ú eGg] gf/fsf ;fy ljleGg of]hgf, sfoqmdx¿ ;d]t sfofGjogdf NofOPsf 5g\ .

klxn] ;+3cGtut /x]sf /fHosf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿dWo] If]qLo :t/df /x]sf lgsfox¿ xfn k|b]zdf -s]xL vf/]h

ePsf_, lhNnfdf /x]sf sfofnox¿ -xfn lhNnf k|zf;g sfofno, lhNnf k|x/L sfofno, ;/sf/L jlsn sfofno, dfnkf]t sfofno / gfkL sfofno afx]s_ tt\ tt\ :yfgLo lgsfosf] dftxtdf uO ;s]sf 5g\ . sdrf/L ;dfof]hg P]g @)&% hf/L u/]/ lghfdtL sdrf/Lx¿nfO tLg txx¿df ;dfof]hg u/L ;lsPsf] 5 .

/fHosf k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿ Three Tier Structure–Federal, Province and Local df ;dfof]hg ub] hfg] gLlt cg'?k ;/sf/L sfofnox¿sf] ;dfof]hg ;lsPkl5 /fHodf ljBdfg ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx¿tkm klg ;/sf/sf] Wofg lgZ‍ro g hfg]5 .

oxL kl/k|]Iodf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO klg ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nlug] lglZ‍rt k|fo 5 . oBkL o; ;+:yfnfO s:tf] :j¿kdf nhfg] eGg] s'/f ;/sf/ tyf gLlt lgdf0f txdf sfd ug] pRr clwsf/Lx¿sf] lg0fodf e/ kb5 . k|flws/0fnfO dfof ug] / ;bj o;sf] enf] lrtfpg]x¿n] k|flws/0fsf] eljiosf] :j?k s:tf] xf]nf eGg] rf;f] /fVg] u/]sf], g]=lj=k|f=sf k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt k/LIff tyf cGtjftfx¿df ;d]t o; ;DaGwL k|Z‍gx¿ Aff/Daf/ ;f]lwg] u/]sf] x'Fbf g]=lj=k|f=s sdrf/Lx¿n] ;d]t o; ;DaGwdf plrt hfgsf/Lsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] kfOG5 . log tYox¿nfO x[bo+ud u/L ;+3Lotf nfu' x'g' eGbf cl3b]lv x'Fb cfPsf] ;+:yfnfO Unbundling ug] k|of;, s]xL ;/sf/L b:tfj]h / 5fkfx¿df cfPsf ljrf/x¿nfO cfwf/ lnP/ g]kfn ljB't

;+3Lo :j?kdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f M Ps ;dLIffslknrGb| a:tfsf]6Lk|zf;sLo clws[t, dWo d:ofª\bL hnljB't s]Gb|, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

#$


k|flws/0fsf] eljiosf] df]6fdf]6L :j?k o:t xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg u/L k|:t't n]v tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .

k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfdf nhfg] s'/f xfn;Dd ued /x]sfn] k|:t't :j?k ;Defljt :j?k xf] cflwsfl/s xf]Og eGg] ;an] a'em\g' cfjZ‍os 5 .

ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg k'j cfjZos tTj -Pre-Requisites_

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg tkl;nsf cjoj -Component_ k"/f ug' cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 .

!= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfsf] s:tf] :j¿kdf nfg] xf] ;f]xL adf]lhd ‘g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f P]g @)$!’ ;+;f]wg ug' kg] .

@= ;fjhlgs ;+:yfgx¿nfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;DalGwt dGqfno tof/ /xg' kg] .

#= g]=lj=k|f= ;~rfns ;ldlt, g]=lj=k|f=sf] Joj:yfkg tx ;+l3otf sfofGjogdf k|lzlIft x'g'kg] .

$= cleefjsLo e"ldsfdf /x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d]t ;+:yfgsf] ;+3Los/0fdf ;xlhs/0f ug'kg] .

;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] ddcg'?k /fHosf ;ah;f] lgsfo÷c+ux¿ ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nlu ;lsPsf] kl/k|]Iodf g]=lj=k|f= o;af6 c5'tf] /xg ;S‍bg . o;nfO ;+3Lotfdf gnhfg] eGg] k|Z‍g klg ug ;'xfpFbg . a? o;sf nflu /fHo tyf ;DalGwt lgsfon] cfjZ‍os kg] ;a k'j tof/Lx¿ k'/f ug' kb5 . olb hgtfn] ;]jf k|fK‍t ug] ljifo, klxn] eGbf ;xh, ;/n, ldtJooL / k|efjsf/L x'G5 eg] h'g ;'s ;+:yf÷lgsfonfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg' kb5, lsg sL ;+3Lotfsf] d"n dd eg]s hgcfsf+Iffcg'?k ;]jf k|jfx ug' xf] .

g]=lj=k|f=sf] efjL ;Defljt :j?k

!= g]=lj=k|f=nfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg d'Votof oL $ s'/fsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg lbg'kg] b]lvG5 .

-s_ ;+/rgfTds Joj:yfkg

-v_ ;Dklt Joj:yfkg

-u_ cfo Joj:yfkg

-3_ sdrf/L Joj:yfkg

-s_ ;+/rgfTds Joj:yfkg

;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfFbf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfnfO d'Votof # Joj;fodf cfwfl/t agfP/ ;+/rgf tof/ u/] k'Ug] b]lvG5 . atdfgdf a/fa/L xl;otdf /x]sf of]hgf cg'udg, Ol~hlgol/ª, cfof]hgf Joj:yfkg, cy / k|zf;g ;+/rgfdf /fVg' kg] cfjZ‍ostf b]lvFbg . oL c+u÷sfox¿ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] Primary Function leq gk/L Subsidiary Function leq kb5g\ .

k|ydtM ljrf/ ug' kg] s'/f s] xf] eg] ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfFbf xf];\ jf cGo s'g lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf xf];\, ‘g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f’ @)$@ ;fnb]lv lqmofzLn /x]sf]

;+u7g ePsf] / b]zsf] ljB't If]qsf] k"jfwf/sf] d"n vDaf ePsf sf/0f o;sf] gfd …g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fÚ nfO s'g g s'g :j¿kdf lg/Gt/ sfod /flvg' cfjZ‍os 5, xtf;df of] gfd d]l6xfNg' plrt b]lvFbg .

o;n] hgtfdf ;]jf k|jfx u/]sf] # bzs eGbf a9L eO;s]sf] 5, o;sf] clxn]sf] gfd …g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fÚ hgtfsf] d'v d'vdf em'l08O ;s]sf] 5, ;xsfosf l;nl;nfdf y'k| b]z / cGt/fli6«o ;+:yf;Fu of] gfd kl/lrt

eO;s]sf] 5 . oxL sf/0f klg …g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fÚ gfdnfO slxF st hLljt /fVg' cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfFbf d'Votof b]xfo cg';f/ $ lsl;dsf] ;+/rgfTds :j?k lgdf0f ug' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

!= 5ftf ;+u7g

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] 5lj / gfdnfO ;bf;jbf sfod ug …g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fÚ sf] ¿kdf Pp6f 5ftf ;+u7g sfod÷:yfkgf ug] . k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj k|d'v sfosf/L clws[t -CEO_ n] ug] . 5ftf ;+u7g cGtut d'Vo ¿kdf # j6f Jojzfout ;+u7g :yfkgf ug] .

-s_ ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f

-v_ ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f

-u_ ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f

@)$@ ;fnb]lv lqmofzLn /x]sf] ;+u7g ePsf] / b]zsf] ljB't If]qsf] k"jfwf/sf] d"n vDaf ePsf sf/0f o;sf] gfd …g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fÚ nfO s'g g s'g :j¿kdf lg/Gt/ sfod /flvg' cfjZ‍os 5, xtf;df of] gfd d]l6xfNg' plrt b]lvFbg .

#%


k|d'v sfox¿

-c_ dfly s, v, u sf ;+u7gx¿df dxfk|jGws -GM_ lgo'lQm ug],

-cf_ $ j6 ;+u7g -NEA, EGA, ETA, EDA_ df cfjZ‍os clws[t:t/sf sdrf/L egf tyf 5gf6 ug],

-O_ $ j6 ;+u7g -NEA, EGA, ETA, EDA_ x¿ jLr -Psaf6 csf]df_ sdrf/L ;?jf ug],

-O_ # j6 ;+u7g -EGA, ETA, EDA_ sf] ah]6 lgdf0fdf ;xof]u ug] .

-p_ # j6 ;+u7g -EGA, ETA, EDA_ sf] gLlt, of]hgf, sfoqmd lgdf0fdf ;dGjo sfod ug] .

@= ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f -EGA_

clxn] ePsf] pTkfbg lgb]zgfno / To;cGtutsf ljefux¿n] ub cfPsf] sfo;Dkfbg ug s]Gb|Lo txdf …ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0fÚ u7g ug] . k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj dxfk|jGws -GM_ n] ug] .

k|d'v sfox¿

-c_ % d]ufjf6 eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf pTkfbg cfof]hgf -Generation Projects_sf] lgdf0f, ;~rfng / Aoj:yfkg ug]] .

-cf_ 5ftf ;+u7gsf] /fo, ;'emfj, lgb]zgcg';f/ of]hgf tyf sfoqmd th'df ug] .

clwsf/ If]q

-c_ % d]ufjf6 eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] pTkfbg cfof]hgfx¿sf] lgdf0f / ;~rfng,

-cf_ cfkm"cGtutsf sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf / a9'jf -5ftf ;+u7gsf] clwsf/ If]q afx]s_

-O_ yf]s ljB't ljqmL .

:j?k -9fFrf_

ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f -EGA_ s]Gb|Lo :t/ -;+3_ df dfq /fVg] . o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug High Level Manpower / Expert x¿sf] cfjZ‍ostf kg] ePsf sf/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf pTkfbgsf] k|ToIf ;DaGw -Direct Relation_ gx'g] sf/0f klg k|b]z / :yfgLo :t/df o;sf] ;+u7g lj:tf/ ug cfjZ‍os gx'g] .

#= ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f -ETA_

clxn] ePsf] k|;f/0f lgb]zgfno / To; cGtutsf ljefu tyf cfof]hgf Aoj:yfkg lgb]zgfnon] ub cfPsf] sfo;Dkfbg ug s]Gb|Lo txdf …ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0fÚ u7g ug] . k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj dxfk|jGws -GM_ n] ug] .

k|d'v sfox¿

-c_ ^^ s]=eL= eGbf dflysf k|;f/0f nfOgx¿sf] lgdf0f, ;~rfng / Aoj:yfkg ug] .

-cf_ ## / ^^ s]=eL= k|;f/0f nfOgx¿sf] lgdf0f, ;~rfng / Aoj:yfkgdf ;dGjo ug] .

-O_ 5ftf ;+u7gsf] /fo, ;'emfj, lgb]zgcg';f/ of]hgf tyf sfoqmd th'df ug] .

clwsf/ If]q

-c_ ^^ s]=eL= eGbf dflysf k|;f/0f nfOgx¿sf] lgdf0f, ;~rfng / Aoj:yfkg,

-cf_ cfkm"cGtutsf sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf / a9'jf -5ftf ;+u7gsf] clwsf/ If]q afx]s_,

-O_ XjLlnª rfh ;+sng .

:j?k -9fFrf_

-c_ !#@, @@), $)) s]=eL= / ;f] eGbf dflysf k|;f/0f

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f -5ftf ;+u7g_-NEA_

ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f -EGA_

ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f -ETA_

ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f -EDA_

#^


nfOgx¿ s]Gb|Lo :t/ -;+3_ df dfq /fVg] .

-cf_ ## / ^^ s]=eL=sf k|;f/0f nfOgx¿ k|b]z cGtut /fVg]] .

-O_ !! s]=eL= sf ljt/0f nfOgx¿ :yfgLo :t/sf] clwsf/ cGtut /fVg] .

-O_ ## / ^^ s]=eL= nfOgx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f cGtut k|To]s k|b]zdf !÷! j6f ‘k|;f/0f nfOg Joj:yfkg ljefu’ /fVg] .

$= ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f -EDA_

clxn] ePsf] ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfno / To; cGtutsf ljefux¿ tyf If]qLo sfofnox¿n] ub cfPsf] sfo;Dkfbg ug s]Gb|Lo txdf …ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f’ u7g ug] . k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj dxfk|jGws -GM_ n] ug] .

k|d'v sfox¿

-c_ % d]ufjf6 ;Ddsf] ljB't pTkfbg sfosf] ;dGjo,

-cf_ !! s]=eL= nfOgx¿af6 hgtfsf 3/3/df ljh'nL k'¥ofpg] sfosf] Joj:yfkg ug] .

-O_ !! s]=eL= nfOgx¿sf] lgdf0f, !! s]=eL= nfOgsf] Aoj:yfkgdf ;dGjo ug] .

-O_ 5ftf ;+u7gsf] /fo, ;'emfj, lgb]zg cg';f/ of]hgf tyf sfoqmdx¿ th'df ug] .

clwsf/ If]q

-c_ !! s]=eL= nfOgx¿sf] lgdf0f, ;~rfng / lj:tf/,

-c_ % d]ufjf6 ;Ddsf] ljB't pTkfbgsf] gLlt / of]hgf,

-cf_ cfkm"cGtutsf sdrf/Lsf] ;?jf / a9'jf -5ftf

;+u7g tyf k|b]z ljB't k|flws/0fsf] clwsf/ If]q afx]s_

-O_ ljB't dxz'n ;+sng .

:j?k -9fFrf_

;fFrf] :j¿kdf ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf cGtutsf ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿n] hgtfsf] cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/ ufpF ufpF a:tL a:tLdf ljB't ;]jf k'/\ofpg' kg] ePsfn] ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fsf] :j?knfO :yfgLo tx ;Dd nhfg' kg] b]lvG5 . To;sf nflu tLg j6 tx -;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ df sfofnox¿sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug' cfjZ‍os 5, h; cg';f/ k|b]z :t/df & j6f …k|b]z ljt/0f k|flws/0fÚ :yfkgf ug] . :yfgLo :t/÷lhNnfdf cfjZ‍os ;+Vofdf …ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf s]Gb|Ú /xg] .

ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fsf] clwsf/

-c_ % d]ufjf6 ;Ddsf] ljB't pTkfbg sfosf] ;dGjo,

-cf_ !! s]=eL= nfOg lgdf0f / lj:tf/ sfosf] ;dGjo,

-O_ u|fxs ;]jf Aoj:yfkg, ljB't dxz'n c;'nL / sf/jfxLsf] ;dGjo, lgb]zg / cg'udg .

k|b]z ljt/0f k|flws/0fsf] clwsf/

-c_ % d]ufjf6 ;Ddsf] ljB't pTkfbg,

-cf_ !! s]=eL= nfOg lgdf0f / sg]S‍;gsf] ;dGjo .

-O_ ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf s]Gb|x¿af6 x'g] u|fxs ;]jf Joj:yfkgdf ;dGjo,

-O_ cfkm"cGtutsf ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf s]Gb|x¿sf] cg'udg, d'Nof+sg / sf/jfxL,

ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f

! g+= @ g+= # g+= $ g+= % g+= ^ g+= & g+=

k|b]z ljt/0f k|flws/0f

ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf s]Gb|

#&


-p_ dflyNnf] lgsfo -ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f_ df l/kf]l6ª .

ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf s]Gb|sf] clwsf/

-c_ :yfgLo :t/df ljB't ljt/0f,

-cf_ ljB't dxz'n c;'nL,

-O_ !! s]=eL= nfOg lj:tf/ / ddt .

-O_ k|b]z ljt/0f k|flws/0fdf l/kf]l6ª .

-v_ ;Dklt Joj:yfkg

g]=lj=k|f=nfO ;+3Lo :j¿kdf kl/jtg ug s]jn ;+/rgf dfq sfkmL x'Fbg . ;+u7gsf] ljleGg tx -Layer_ tof/ u/]/ dfq k'Ubg a?, oL # j6 lgsfo -s_ ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f -v_ ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f / -u_ ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f x¿ jLr ;Dkltsf] jfF8kmfF8 Goflos tl/sfn] ul/g' kb5 .

;+3Lo :j¿kdf ghfFbfsf] cj:yf;Dd g]=lj=k|f=sf] ;Dkltdf !! xhf/ sdrf/L / g]=lj=k|f=sf ;a lgsfox¿sf] a/fa/ xs / lx:;f /xG5 . To;n] g]=lj=k|f=nfO ;+3Lo :j¿kdf nhfFbf ! vj eGbf a9Lsf] o:tf] ;DklQ a1flgs 9+un], # j6 ;+:yfnfO dsf gkg] / ;an] Win Win dxz'; ug] 9+un] afF8kmfF8 ul/g' kb5 . s] s;/L jfF8kmfF8 ug] eGg] ljifo n]vfsf ;jdfGo l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb5 .

of] sfo ;DkGg ubf xfn ;Ddsf k'/ k'jfwf/x¿sf] Ps Ps d'Nof+sg u/L dflb|s d'No lgwf/0f u/L ;DklQ Aoj:yfkg ul/g' kb5 . yf]/ d'Nof+lst k|flws/0fdf dflb|s Ifltk'lt lbP/ eP klg o;nfO ;Daf]wg ul/g' kb5 . s'g ;+:yf wgL clg s'g ;+:yf u/Lj agfOof] eg] sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;d]t cfsif0f / ljsif0fsf] sf/0f aGg hfG5 .

-u_ cfo Joj:yfkg

5ftf ;+u7g / tLg j6 ;+:yfsf cf–cfkm\g lsl;dsf cfo >f]t x'G5g\ . # j6 ;+:yf -EGA, ETA, EDA_ x¿sf] cfosf] >f]tx¿ s] s] x'g\ < ;a Ps Ps u/L s]nfpb tt\ tt\ If]qaf6 k|fK‍t x'g] cfosf] k'j lglZ‍rttf lgS‍ofn ul/g' kb5 . Pp6 ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf sfo/t ;+u7g x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf cfDbfgLsf] d'n >f]t ljt/0f tyf u|fxs ;]jf xf] . ;/;tL x]bf g]=lj=k|f=sf] xsdf pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] cfo a9L x'g] b]lvG5 . k|;f/0fsf] sd cfo b]lvG5 . t;y cfo Joj:yfkg ubf lgDg tl/sfx¿ ckgfpg' cfjZ‍os b]lvG5 .

!= xfnsf] cj:yfsf] -;+3Lotfdf gnhfbsf]_ lzifs cg';f/ ;a cfDbfgL÷cfosf] >f]t kQf nufpg] .

@= # j6 k|flws/0f -EGA, ETA, EDA_ df sdrf/Lx¿sf] nflu cfjZ‍os tna eQf ;'ljwfsf] dflb|s dfqf kQf nufpg] .

#= # j6 k|flws/0f -EGA, ETA, EDA_ af6 k|fK‍t x'g] cfo / sdrf/Lx¿sf] tna eQf ;'ljwf nufot cGo vr g]=lj=k|f=-5ftf ;+u7g_ n] a'em\g]÷ljZ‍n]if0f ug]

$= g]=lj=k|f=-5ftf ;+u7g_ n] ;a sdrf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf ;dfg ug] u/fpg] g]t[Tj lng] / sfofGjo ug] .

%= sd cfDbfgL x'g] k|flws/0fdf a9L cfDbfgL x'g] k|flws/0faf6 lglZ‍rt jif ;Dd -*÷!) jif_ lglZ‍rt k|ltztsf cfwf/df -cfDbfgL a/fa/ ug] xb ;Dd_ /sd x:tfGt/0f÷n]gb]gsf] Joj:yf 5ftf ;+u7gn] ldnfpg] .

^= # j6 k|flws/0f -EGA, ETA, EDA_ jLr cfo a/fa/L kfg]÷x'g] cGo pkfo cjnDag ug] .

&= ;dfof]hg kZ‍rft sdrf/Lx¿df s+ufn ;+:yfdf kl/P5 eGg] dfgl;stf pTkGg÷ljsf; x'g glbg] .

-3_ sdrf/L Joj:yfkg

g]=lj=k|f=nfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg] d]x]/f]df …sdrf/L Joj:yfkgÚ klg Ps dxTjk'0f cfofddf kb5 . ;a kb b/aGbL kl/k'lt ePsf] cj:yfdf g]=lj=k|f= df !!,!$@ hgf sdrf/L sfo/t /xg] / k|:tfljt $ j6 lgsfo -g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f -NEA_, ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f -EGA_, ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f -ETA_, / ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f -EDA_, df sfoaf]em / b/aGbL cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/ sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;dfof]hg ug' kg] b]lvG5 .

e/x]sf sdrf/Lsf] ;dfof]hg

!= sdrf/L Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL rfFhf]kfhf] 5ftf ;+u7g -g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f_ n] ldnfpg] .

@= tx !) / ;f] eGbf dflysf sdrf/LnfO 5ftf ;+u7g -g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f_ n] cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/ ;dfof]hg ug] .

#= tx ( ;Ddsf sdrf/LnfO k|flws/0f -ljB't

#*


pTkfbg k|flws/0f -EGA_, ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f -ETA_, / ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f -EDA_, /f]Hg] cj;/ lbg] .

$= ldn];Dd /f]h]cg';f/s k|flws/0fdf ;dfof]hg ug] . s'g Pp6 k|flws/0fdf cfjZ‍ostf eGbf a9L jf cfjZ‍ostf eGbf sdn] ;dfof]hg x'g rfx]sf] cj:yfdf a9L ;]jf cjlw ePsf -h]i7_ sdrf/LnfO k|fyldstf lbg] .

%= sdrf/Lsf] :yfoL 7]ufgf, a;f]af; u/]sf] 7]ufgf ;d]tnfO dWogh/ u/L ;dfof]hg ug] .

^= tx ljlxg sdrf/LnfO ;s];Dd 3/ kfos jf glhssf] sfofnodf /xg kfpg] Joj:yf ug] .

&= g]kfn ;/sf/n] xfn sdrf/L ;dfof]hg ubf lnPsf cfwf/x¿nfO ;d]t cjnDag ug pko'Qm x'g] .

sdrf/L egf tyf 5gf6

5gf6 ! -Option 1_

!= clws[t :t/sf sdrf/L egf tyf 5gf6sf] clwsf/ ;+3Lo nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO lbg] .

@= ;xfos :t/sf sdrf/L egf tyf 5gf6sf] clwsf/ ;DalGwt k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]unfO lbg] .

5gf6 @ -Option 2_

!= clws[t :t/sf sdrf/L egf / 5gf6 g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f -5ftf ;+u7g_ n] ug] .

@= ;xfos :t/sf sdrf/Lsf] egf / 5gf6 ;DalGwt k|b]zdf /xg] k|b]z ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fn] ug] .

#= pTkfbg / k|;f/0f cGtut k|fb]lzs ;+/rgfsf] cfjZ‍ostf g/x]sfn] k|b]zsf] clwsf/ If]q -e'ld_ leq /x]sf pTkfbg / k|;f/0fsf sfofnosf nflu cfjZ‍os x'g] sdrf/Lsf] egf / 5gf6 klg o; ;+u7g -k|b]z ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f_ n] ul/lbg] .

a9'jf;DaGwL Joj:yf

!= clws[t :t/sf] kbdf a9'jf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f -5ftf ;+u7g_ n] ug] .

@= ;xfos :t/sf] kbdf a9'jf ;DalGwt k|b]zdf /xg] k|b]z ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fn]] ug] .

#= o; Joj:yfcg';f/ a9'jf ePsf sdrf/L h'g h'g k|flws/0fcGtut a9'jf ePsf] xf] ;f]xL k|flws/0f cGtut dfq kb:yfkg ug] x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

;?jf;DaGwL Joj:yf

!= tx !) / ;f] eGbf dflysf] kbdf ;?jf 5ftf ;+u7g -g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f_ n] ug] .

@= tx ^ b]lv tx ( ;Ddsf] kbdf ;?jf ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f / ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0fsf sdrf/Lsf] xsdf cf–cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ leq oL b'j ;+u7gn] g]kfn e/ ug] . ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fsf sdrf/Lsf] xsdf ;DalGwt k|b]z ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fn]] ug] .

#= ;xfos :t/sf kbdf ;?jf cf–cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ leq ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f / ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0fn] ug] . ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fsf sdrf/Lsf] xsdf ;DalGwt k|b]z ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0fn]] ug] .

cGo Joj:yf

-s_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)&#.)^.@) df cfkm' cGtut Pp6f ‘ljB't pTkfbg sDkgL’ / ldlt @)&@.)#.@& df Pp6f ‘/fli6o k|;f/0f u|L8 sDkgL’ :yfkgf u/]sf] ePklg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf klxNo oL ;+:yfn] ug] sfd ug] ;+u7g -pTkfbg lgb]zgfno, k|;f/0f lgb]zgfno_ sfod /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf Ps lsl;dsf] sfo ;Dkfbg ug /fHos c+usf] ¿kdf @ j6f eGbf a9L ;+:yf ljBdfg /xg' cflrTok'0f x'Fbg . t;y, sfddf bf]xf]/f]kg x6fpg tyf ljB't pTkfbg / k|;f/0fsf] sfonfO Smoothly cufl8 a9fpg ljB't pTkfbg sDkgLnfO ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0fdf / /fli6«o k|;f/0f u|L8 sDkgLnfO ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0fdf ;dfof]hg ldnfg ug] .

-v_ d'n'ssf] ljB'tsf] dfu / cfk"lt -Demand and Supply_ nfO ;Gt'ngdf /fVg Integrated System Operation sf] sfo ug] xfnsf] k|0ffnL ;+rfng ljefu÷ef/ k|]if0f s]Gb|nfO k"0f ;/sf/L lgsfosf] ¿kdf ;~rfng ug pko'Qm x'g] . o;nfO ljB't ljsf; ljefu ;/x ;/sf/L ljefusf] ¿kdf Jojl:yt ug] .

-u_ $ j6 lgsfo -5ftf ;+u7g, ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f, ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f / ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f_

#(


df sfo/t sdrf/Lx¿sf] a[lQ ljsf;sf] k|of]hgsf lgldQ Ps cTofw'lgs tflnd s]Gb| :yfkgf ug] / o;nfO 5ftf ;+u7gcGtut ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug] .

-3_ 5ftf ;+u7gsf] cfˆgf] 5'§ cfDbfgLsf]] >f]t gePsf sf/0f o;sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ug # j6 k|flws/0f -EGA, ETA, EDA_ x¿n] lg/Gt/ cfjZ‍os jh]6 ljlgof]hg ug] .

-ª_ 5ftf ;+u7gnfO cfjZ‍os kg]] sdrf/L # j6 k|flws/0f -EGA, ETA, EDA_ af6 Joj:yf ug] . cfjZ‍os sdrf/L # j6 k|flws/0faf6 lng] / cfjZ‍os gkbf jf abnL ug' kbf tt\ tt\ lgsfodf lkmtf k7fpg] clwsf/ 5ftf ;+u7gnfO k|bfg ug] .

-r_ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ugsf nflu u7g x'g] ;~rfns ;ldlt -Governing Body_ df # j6 k|flws/0fsf dxfk|jGws -GM_ x¿ kb]g ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf ug] . of] Joj:yfn] # j6 lgsfosf gLlt, of]hgf tyf sfoqmddf ;dGjo :yflkt ug ;Dej x'G5 / sfoqmdsf] bf]xf]/f]kgf x6fpg ;lsg] x'G5 . o;f] ubf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fsf] gLlt tyf of]hgfnfO ;dGjofTds 9+un] cufl8 a9fpg ;d]t ;Dej x'G5 .

-5_ # j6 k|flws/0f -EGA, ETA, EDA_ nfO of]hgf th'df, ah]6 th'df, sfoqmd sfofGjogsf nflu k"0f :jfoQtf, :j–;+rfngsf] clwsf/ lbg] . g]kfn ;/sf/ / 5ftf ;+u7gsf] ufO8nfOg dfq cg'z/0f ug' kg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

-h_ k|:t't n]vdf 5ftf ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf /xg] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f cGtut # j6f k|flws/0fx¿ -ljB't pTkfbg k|flws/0f, ljB't k|;f/0f k|flws/0f / ljB't ljt/0f k|flws/0f_ sf] :yfkgfsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] eP klg kl5 ;+;f]wg x'g] g]=lj=k|f= P]g / ;/sf/sf] lg0fo adf]lhd oL # j6 ;+:yf -EGA, ETA, EDA_ nfO sDkgL P]gsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ sDkgLsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug ;lsg] . sDkgL P]gsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/

:yfkgf ug]] lg0fo ePdf logLx¿sf] gfd qmdzM ljB't pTkfbg sDkgL ln=, ljB't k|;f/0f sDkgL ln=/ ljB't ljt/0f sDkgL ln= /xg ;S‍g] .

-em_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf jg, lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif tkmsf xhf/f sfofno tyf OsfO sfofnox¿ cd's cd's :yfgLo tx -ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsf_ dftxtdf

cfO;s]sf] egL ljB'tsf zfvf jf ljt/0f s]Gb|nfO klg :yfgLo tx dftxtdf Nofpg' kg] rrf kl/rrf rln/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf of] eGg ;lsG5 ls g]=lj=k|f=sf zfvf jf ljt/0f s]Gb|x¿nfO :yfgLo txsf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf /fVg pko'Qm b]lvFbg lsg ls g]=lj=k|f=sf sfofno tyf sdrf/Lx¿sf] ah]6 g]=lj=k|f= n] cfˆg cfDbfgLaf6 Joj:yf u5 . …sdfp / ;~rflnt xf]pmÚ sf] l;¢fGtdf cfˆgf] vrsf] hf]xf] cfkm ug' kg] ;+:yfn] s;/L csf] lgsfo÷c+usf] sfoqmd nfu' ug ;S‍5 < olt ;Dd ug ;Dej x'G5 ls s]jn sfoqmddf ;fdf~h:otf -Compatibility_

sfod ug ;lsG5 / tL :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] gLlt ljk/Lt gx'g] u/L sfoqmd th'df / ;~rfng ug ;lsG5 .

-`_ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg] lg0fo ug' cufl8 ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu Jofks 5nkmn / ax; ul/g' cfjZ‍os 5 . ljz]if u/L k|flws/0fdf sfo/t sl/a !),))) sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u / ;dk0f ljgf of] sfo ;Dej x'g] b]lvFbg . tdfd sfo/t sdrf/Lx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf Jofks 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ljgf g]=lj=k|f=sf] :j?k kl/jtg ug vf]Hg] k|of; cfkm+ c;kmn eP/ hfg] hf]lvd plQs 5 . o;sf nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] gLlt lgdf0f / sfofGjogsf kfOnf kfOnfdf ;xeflutf h'6fpg ;s]df eg] ;+l3o :j¿kdf g]=lj=k|f= nfO nhfg] gfgL;/x x'g] s'/fdf b'Odt b]lvFbg .

;xof]uL ;|f]t ;fdu|L

!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg .

@= ljB't ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt, P]g tyf lgodfjnLx¿ .

#= ljleGg lj1x¿sf] …;+3LotfÚ ;DaGwL n]vx¿ .

$= g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf ljleGg ljlgodfjnLx¿ .

%= A Year in Review 2017/18, g]=lj=k|f= .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO ;+3Lotfsf] :j¿kdf nhfg] lg0fo ug' cufl8 ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox¿;Fu Jofks 5nkmn / ax; ul/g' cfjZ‍os 5 .

$)


tgfj Joj:yfkgsf ;Gbedf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fo1s'df/L Gofkfg]n]vf clws[t, df6f], 9'ª\uf tyf s+lqm6 k|of]uzfnf, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

tgfj s] xf] t<

"Stress is a mental cancer and it kills people unknowingly"

clglR5t Jojxf/sf] sf/0f dflg;sf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf cfpg] kl/jtg g tgfj xf] . gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf o;sf] k|of]u, ;]jfu|fxLsf a9\bf ck]Iff tyf ;]jfu|fxL pGd'v ;]jf ljt/0f ug kg] cj:yf, ;]jf ljt/0fdf ;]jf k|bfos lar x'g] k|lt:kwf, hgbjfj, ;x'lnot ljt/0fdf x'g] c;Gt'ng h:tf kl/l:yltsf] sf/0f ;+u7gdf tgfa l;hgf ePsf x'G5g\ . tgfjn] sfo pTk|]/0ffdf x|f; Nofpg'sf ;fy dfgjLo :jf:Yodf k|lts'n k|efj kfg] ePsf] xF'bf tgfjnfO ;fdlos ¿kdf Joj:yfkg u/Lg'kb5 .

tgfjsf] k|s[lt s:tf] x'G5 t <

tgfjnfO ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds u/L b'O k|sf/df afF8g ;lsG5 . lglZ‍rt tx ;Ddsf] tgfjnfO ;sf/fTds tyf :jf:Yo tgfjsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] x'G5 . tgfjn] JolQmsf] ;Ifdtf clej[l4 ub5 eg] o:tf] tgfjnfO ;sf/fTds k|s[ltsf] tgfj elgG5 . tgfjsf] sf/0f JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ b]lvg yfNg] cj:yf, gsf/fTds ;f]r lgdf0f x'g] cj:yfnfO gsf/fTds k|s[ltsf] tgfjsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 .

;sf/fTds k|s[ltsf] tgfjsf] cj:yfdf dflg;n] tgfjnfO Pp6f r'gftLsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/L cfTdfljZ‍jf; clej[l4 ub To;nfO cj;/sf] ¿kdf lnP/ ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] af6f] tof/ ug ;Ifd x'G5, h;af6 JolQm :jo+ pTk|]l/t eO sfo;Dkfbg :t/df j[l4 x'G5 . ;sf/fTds k|s[ltsf] tgfjn] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgofkg ug tyf ;+u7gfTds k|efjsfl/tf xfl;n ugdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;sf/fTds tgfj JolQmsf] zlIfs of]Uotf, kfl/jfl/s k[i7e"ld, zf/Ll/s cj:yf, ;sf/fTds ;f]r k|j4g ug] dfgl;stf, k|lt:kwL efjgf, lhDd]jf/L jxg ug ;S‍g] Ifdtf cflbdf e/ kb5 .

gsf/fTds k|s[ltsf] tgfjn] pTk|]/0ff clej[l4 u/fpg] eGbf gsf/fTds ;f]r / dfgl;stf clej[l4 u/fpg an k'¥ofpF5 . o; k|sf/sf tgfj, JolQm, ;dfh tyf ;+u7gsf] lxtsf] lglDt xflgsf/s x'G5 .

JolQmTj ljsf;sf] afwssf] ¿kdf ljZ‍n]if0f ul/g] o; k|sf/sf] tgfjnfO ;fd'lxs ¿kdf lgoGq0f u/]/ ;+u7gdf k|efjsf/Ltf Nofpg' kb5 . hj JolQmdf sfo ;Dkfbgdf clgR5f, zf/Ll/s ;d:of, dfgl;s ¿kdf pbf;, xtf; Pj+ xLgsf] efjgf cfpg', ;+u7gfTds ls|ofsnfkdf Go"g rf;f] b]lvg' h:tf nIf0fx¿ b]lvg yfNb5g\ o:tf] cj:yfdf gsf/fTds k|s[ltsf] tgfj /x]sf] ;xh cf+sng ug ;lsG5 .

$!


tgfjsf nIf0f s] s:tf x'G5g\ <

tgfj cgk]lIft Jojxf/ xf] . tgfjn] JolQmsf] ;fdfGo cj:yfnfO kl/jtg ul/ ;f]rnfO gsf/fTds u/fpg jfWo t'NofFp5 . tgfjn] d'v ;'Vvf x'g], pRr /Qmrfksf] ;d:of, 6fpsf] b'Vg], x[bo /f]usf] ;+efjgf, xf]; x/fpg] cflb h:tf zf/Ll/s nIf0fx¿, xLgtfjf]w, clwstd lg/fzf, lrGtf, 8/, åGå, /L;, cfTdfljZ‍jf;sf] sdL h:tf dfgl;s nIf0fx¿, sdhf]/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;fdflhs ls|ofsnfk Pj+ hd36df kftnf] pkl:ylt h:tf ;fdflhs nIf0fx¿ / Go"g sfo ;Dkfbg :t/, sfd tyf sdrf/L k|ltsf] gsf/fTds ;f]r, cGo JolQmx¿ k|lt cToGt cfs|fds :jefj, Go"g cfTdf;Ddfg, cjf:tljs nIo tyf dfu h:tf ;+u7gfTds nIf0fx¿ b]vf kfb5g .

tgfj Joj:yfkg s] xf] t <

tgfjaf6 l;hgf x'g] clglZ‍rt jftfj/0fnfO u|x0f ub To;sf] ;sf/fTds kIfsf] pkof]uaf6 zf/Ll/s Pj+ dfgl;s ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg] / tgfjnfO zlQmsf] ¿kdf ?kfGt/0f ug] sfo g jf:tadf tgfj Joj:yfkg xf] . jftfj/0fdf b]lvPsf] kl/jtgn] JolQmsf] dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s Ifdtfdf b]lvg ;S‍g] cj/f]wx¿nfO Jojl:yt / of]hgfa4 9+uaf6 k|lt/f]w ug] sfo g jf:tadf tgfj Joj:yfkg xf] . tgfjaf6 l;hgf x'g ;S‍g] gsf/fTds c;/nfO Go"lgs/0f ub JolQm / ;+u7gsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug] k|lqmofdf pkof]u ug' g tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] d"n cfzo xf] . ;+u7gdf lqmofzLn hgzlQmsf] pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ugsf nflu tgfj Joj:yfkg ul/g' kg] ;Gbedf Joj:yfksLo pQ/bfloTj jxg ug] JolQmdf tgfj Joj:yfkg ug] ;Ifdtf ;d]t cGQ/lglxt /xg' kb5 .

cfkm\gf] OR5fcg'?ksf] j[lQ k|0ffnL 5gf6 ub ;f]xL dfudf cfˆgf lqmofsnfk lgb]lzt ug', lgoldt Jofofd / zf/Ll/s cEof;, c;n Jojxf/ / ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] k|j4gn] JolQm :jo+n] tgfj Joj:yfkg ug ;S‍5 .

To:t ;+u7gsf Joj:yfksn] cfkm" cGt/utsf sdrf/Lx¿nfO ;+oldt / ;Gt'lnt Jojxf/ k|bzg ug], u'gf;f ;dfwfgsf] k|of; ug], ;xeflutfd"ns s[ofsnfk ;+rfng ug], sfo;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf cfjZ‍os dfubzg ug], sdrf/Lk|lt plrt Jojxf/ k|bzg ug], l;hglzn aGg k]|l/t ug]] h:tf lqmofsnfk ;+rfng u/L tgfj Joj:yfkg ug ;S‍b5 . tgfjnfO ;fdlos ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf o;sf] k|efj lgs xflgsf/s / b'MvbfoL x'g ;S‍b5 .

tgfj Joj:yfkg s;/L <

tgfjnfO JolQmut k|of;df / ;+:yfut jf ;f+u7lgs txdf ul/ b'O txdf Joj:yfkg ug ;lsG5 .

JolQmut k|of;

o; cGtut JolQmsf] ;fdflhlss/0f / hLjg:t/df u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ug], cfxf/, Jojxf/ / :jf:Yo k|ltsf] ;hutfsf] cj:yf lgdf0f ug], ;sf/fTds lrGtg / cGt/ls|ofTds Jojxf/df hf]8, v]ns'b / dgf]/Ghgsf] pkof]u, of]ufWofg, xf;f]o'Qm sfoznL / dWokfg tyf w'd|kfg ljlxg cfr/0f, kl/jtgnfO cfTd;fy ug] / kl/jtg;u rNg ;S‍g] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug] h:tf kIfx¿ kb5g .

Joj:yfksLo k|of;

o; cGtut k"jfg'dfgof]Uo j[lQ k|0ffnL / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf ljifo, b08 k'/:sf/sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg, >f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkg, sfojftfj/0fdf ljz]if hf]8, cltl/Qm ls|ofsnfk / k/fdzsf] Joj:yf, sfo:ynsf] :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] laifo, k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ Joj:yf, JolQmTj ljsf;df jslNks If]qsf] pkof]u tyf /fo k/fdz ;Nnfx h:tf laifox¿ kb5g\ .

g]kfn ljB''t k|flws/0f / o;df tgfj pTkGg x'g'sf sf/0f s] s] x'g\ t <

g]kfndf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fnfO ;Ifd, e/kbf] / ;j;'ne ul/ ;xh / ;/n ¿kdf gful/s dfem ljB't cfk"ltsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug] a[xt p2]Z‍osf ;fy g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;n] phf If]qsf] bL3sflng tyf cNksflng of]hgf tyf gLlt tof/ ug g]kfn ;/sf/nfO ;'emfj lbg] ub5 . k|flws/0fsf] o:tf] hl6n / k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] sfo ug lqmoflzn sdrf/Lx¿sf] ck]Iff / pknAwLsf larsf] c;Gt'ng g tgfjsf] d"Vo sf/0f xf] . lglZ‍rt ljGb';Ddsf] tgfjn] sfo;DkfbgnfO pTk|l/t ub sfojftfj/0fdf cg's"n k|efj kfb5 eg] ;Ldf dflysf] cyft cToflws tgfjn] zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf Iflt k'¥ofpb5 . tgfj ljz]ifu/L /fhgLlts, cflys, k|fljlws, jftfj/0fLo, ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs cj:yf tyf JolQm JolQm ljrsf] km/s-km/s ;f]rsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ub5 .

d'VotoM k|lws/0fdf sfo/t sdrf/Lx¿df pTkGg x'g]

$@


tgfjsf sf/0fnfO a'Fbfut ¿kdf tkl;n jdf]lhd k|:t't ug ;lsG5 .

l sdrf/Lsf] Go"g tnj tyf cGo ;'ljwfsf sf/0f hLjg lgjfx g sl7g

l cl:y/ Pj+ clglZ‍rt j[lQ k|0ffnL, j[lQsf ljifodf k"jfcg'dfg ug sl7g

l a9\bf] dxuL tyf s/sf ef/x¿sf] j[l4M

l a9bf] /fhgLlts bjfj, :jfoQ sfo;+rfngdf ;d:of

l :ki6 sfo ljj/0fsf] cefjn] ubf sfo;Dkfbgdf c:ki6tf, bf]xf]/f]kgf

l gLltut cl:y/tf, :jfYf k|]l/t gLlt lgdf0f x'g'

l >f]t ;fwgsf] ckofK‍ttf

l s]lGb|s[t lg0fo k|s[of laBdfg /xbf ljs]lGb|t sfo ;+:s[tLsf] cefj, ljs]lGb|t sfo k|0ffnL gf/fdf dfq ;Lldt

l ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] cefj, lgoGq0fd"vL sfoznL

l pTk|]/0ff tyf dgf]jnsf] sdhf]/ cj:yf

l k|fljlws tyf k|zf;lgs sdrf/L ljrsf] bG4, Psn] csf]nfO bjfpg] k|j[lt

l ckf/bzL ;?jf tyf a9'jf k|ls|of, plrt b08 k'/:sf/sf] cefj

l plrt tyf j:t'lgi7 sfo d"Nofs+g k|0ffnLsf] cefj

l sfofnosf] nIo tyf sdrf/Lsf] e"ldsfdf c:ki6tf

l pko'Qm tyf ;do;fk]lIft tflnd tyf k|lzIf0fsf] cefj

l k|efjsf/L tyf bf]xf]/f] ;+~rf/ k|0ffnLsf] cefj

l gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u jf k|ljlwdf x'g] kl/jtg / kl/jtgnfO k|lt/f]w ug] k|j[lt

l jftfj/0fLo ljgf;, jfo" k|b"if0f tyf hnjfo' k/Ljtg / o;n] kofj/0fdf kfg] gsf/fTds c;/

l k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf ljgfz tyf o;af6 x'g] clglZ‍rttf

l sfo:ynsf] :jf:Yo tyf ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf] cefj

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu ePsf Joj:yf

s]lGb|s[t ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Go"gtf, >f]tsf] cefj cflb sf/0fn] ;+u7gdf tgfj cjZ‍oDefjL 5 . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf tgfj Joj:yfkg ;DjGwdf k|flws/0f ;DjlGw P]g, lgod tyf ljlgoddf :ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v gul/Ptf klg P]g, lgod tyf ljlgodfjnL leq pNn]v ul/Psf lgDg Joj:yfx¿nfO tgfj Joj:yfkgs

;Gbedf JofVof ug ;lsG5 .

$#


l sdrf/Lsf] u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO ;DjGwL Joj:yf

l sdrf/LnfO lhDd]jf/L glbO nfdf];do ;Dd /fVg gx'g] Joj:yf

l tnj, eQf, tyf ladf, pkbfg, lgj[lQe/0f nufotsf cGo dflb|s ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf

l 3/ ljbf, lj/fdL ljbf, c;fwf/0f ljbf, j]tnlj ljbf nufotsf laleGg lsl;dsf labfsf] Joj:yf

l sdrf/L sNof0f sfoqmdcGtut ;x'lnotk"0f ;fk6Lsf] Joj:yf

l ;]jf ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf

l ;?jfsf] lglZ‍rt tflnsfsf] Joj:yf

l a9'jf pk/ ph'/L lbg ;lsg] Joj:yf

l k|;'tL labf tyf k|;'lt :ofxf/;DaGwL Joj:yf

l sdrf/Lsf kltkTgLnfO ;s] ;Dd Pp6 lhNnfdf ;?jf ug] Joj:yf .

l dx+uL eQf tyf sdrf/L sNof0fsf] sf]ifsf] Joj:yf .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;]jfleq /x]sf pk/f]Qm kIfx¿n] tgfj Joj:yfkg ug] ;4flGts cfwf/ k|bfg u/]sf] ePtfklg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf tgfj Joj:yfkgnfO k"0f ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug] cj:yf tyf pQm cj:yfnfO ;Djf]wg ug gLlt tyf ;f] cg';f/ sfoqmd aGg ;s]sf kfOFbgg\ . dfh'bf e"ldsf, sfoznL / jftfj/0fsf] cfwf/df ljZ‍n]if0f ubf cem klg tgfj l;hgf ug] kIfx¿ sfod /x]sf kfOG5g\ . clwsf/ If]qsf] :ki6 l;dfËgsf] cefj, ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] Go"gtfsf] cj:yf tyf ;f]sf] ljt/0f ug] sdhf]/ k|0ffnL, ;xefuLtfd"ns sfoznL cjnDjg ug] tTk/tf, P]g sfg'gsf] lje]bsf/L sfofGjog h:tf kIfn] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf tgfjsf] l:ytL hLjGt /x]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk kl5Nnf lbgdf ljsl;t dfGotf, wf/0ffaf6 ljsl;t sfoznLn] tgfjnfO k|ToIf Pj+ k/f]If ¿kdf ;+af]wg ug k|of; u/]sf] k|ltt x'G5 .

g]kfn ljB''t k|flws/0fdf tgfj Joj:yfkgsf nflu ug'kg] ;'wf/

l kofK‍t tyf cfwf/e"t cfjZ‍ostf kl/k"lt ugsf nflu

k'Ug] tna tyf cGo ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf u/]/ .

l k"jfg'dfgof]Uo j[lt k|0ffnL sf] ;'lglZ‍rttf

l kb cg';f/sf] :ki6 sfoljj/0fsf] lgdf0f ul/ :jtGq¿kdf sfo;Dkfbgsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug] .

l sdrf/L Joj:yfkgdf Right Men In Right Place sf] cjwf/0ff nfu" ul/ xfd|f] eGbf /fd|f]nfO k|fyldstf lbg] Joj:yf sf] ljsf; u/]/ .

l :ki6 tyf bL3sflng ;f]rdf cfwfl/t gLlt lgdf0f tyf sfofGjog ug] .

l sfo;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t b08 tyf k'/:sf/ k|0ffnLnfO j:t'lgi6 agfpg] .

l ;+rf/ k|0ffnLnfO bfxf]/f] tyf k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

l kl/jtgnfO cfTdf;fy ug] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug] .

l nrsbf/ sfo;do (Flexi Time) sf] lgdf0f ul/ sfofGjog ug] .

l ;]jf k|j]z, k'gtfhsL tyf ;]jfsflng tflnd dfkmt hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; sfoqmd ;+rfng ug] tyf TNA (Training Need Assessment) sf] cfwf/df cfjZ‍os tflnddf ;xeflutf u/fpg] .

lgisif

Pp6f :jtGq dflg; t tgfj /lxt x'g ;S‍bg eg] ;+u7gdf cfj4 dfgj tgfj /lxt x'g] s'/ ePg, tgfj dfgj hLjgdf cjZ‍oDefjL 5, Joj:yfkg x'g g;s] tgfj ljif xf] eg] ;xL ¿kdf Joj:yfkg x'g ;s] o;n] lbg] glthf ;sf/fTds x'g ;S‍5 . cGo If]q h:t g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf sfo/t sdrf/Ldf ;d]t ;Lldt ;|f]t;fwg tyf ;dodf ;]jfu|fxLsf c;Lldt dfu k"lt ug'kg], JolQmut bfloTj tyf ;+u7lgs e"ldsf axg ug'kg] / /fhglts tyf jftfj/0fLo bjfa em]Ng'kg] nufotsf sf/0f tgfj pTkGg x'g hfG5 . o;/L l;lht tgfjnfO

JolQmut tyf ;+fu7gLs ;ls|otf4f/f ;sf/fTds ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug' h?/L 5 . tgfj ;lx ¿kdf Joj:yfkg x'g ;s] o;n] ;f+u7gLs pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj tyf ;+u7gsf] nf]slk|otfnfO a9jf lbG5 . l

dflg; t tgfj/lxt x'g ;S‍bg eg] ;+u7gdf cfa4 dfgj tgfj /lxt x'g] s'/ ePg, tgfj dfgjhLjgdf cjZ‍oefjL 5, Joj:yfkg x'g g;s] tgfj ljif xf] eg] ;xL ¿kdf Joj:yfkg x'g ;s] o;n] lbg] glthf ;sf/fTds x'g ;S‍5 .

$$


g]kfnsf] hnljB't ljsf; / ljB't lgodg cfof]u/ldnf sf]O/fnfk|zf;sLo clws[t, ljB't Jofkf/ ljefu, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

ljifo k|j]z

ljB't eGgfn] kfgL, vlgh t]n, sf]Onf, Uof;, ;fo zlQm, jfo' zlQm, cf0fljs zlQm jf cGo s'g ;fwgaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ljB't zlQm ;Demg' kb5, hxfF hnljB't kfgLaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ljB't zlQm xf] . hn>f]t g]kfnsf] cflys ljsf;sf] lgldQ Ps dxTjk"0f k|fs[lts ;+;fwg xf] . hn>f]tsf] k|r'/ pknAwtf / efuf]lns agf6n] g]kfndf hnljB't pTkfbgsf] ;Defjgf k|z:t 5 . d'n'ssf] sl/a $#,))) d]ufjf6 ljB't pTkfbgsf nflu cflys k|fljlws b[li6sf]0faf6 ;DefJo b]lvPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ljB't ljsf;sf] ofqf lj=;+= !(^* b]lv z"? ePsf] ePtf klg ljQLo pTk|]/0ff ;lxtsf] nufgL gLltsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo / lgdf0f Ifdtfsf] cefjn] ;Defljt Ifdtfsf] Go"g dfqfdf pTkfbg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .cflys jif @)&%.&^df s'n hl8t Ifdtf sl/j !!*# k'u]sf] 5 , ;fy k|ltJolQm ljB't vkt pkef]u sl/j @)) lsnf]jf6 306f /x]sf] 5 .

cflys ;j]If0f @)&%/&^ cg';f/ @)&% kmfu'g ;Dd s"n hg;+Vofsf] &&=* k|ltzt /fli6«o u|L8 hl8t hg;+Vofdf ljB't ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . s"n ljB't pTkfbg !,!*# d]ufjf6 /x]sf] tyf s"n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a !* k|ltzt hg;+Vofdf gljs/0fLo phf >f]taf6 ljB't ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . k|b]z g+=

# sf ()=# k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] ljB't ;]jf k|fK‍t u/]sf 5g\ eg] s0ffnL k|b]zsf @&=)# k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] ljB'tdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . k|b]zut ¿kdf ljB'tdf kx'Frsf] cj:yf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 .

k|b]z ljB'tdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] hg;+Vof k|ltzt

k|b]z g+ ! &%=() k|ltzt

k|b]z g+ @ &(=&& k|ltzt

k|b]z g+ # ()=#) k|ltzt

u08sL k|b]z *&=#( k|ltzt

k|b]z g+ % *!=)# k|ltzt

s0ffnL k|b]z @&=)# k|ltzt

;'b"/klZ‍rd k|b]z %*=() k|ltzt

g]kfndf lj=;+= !(^* df a]nfot;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf %)) lsnf]jf6 Ifdtfsf] kmlkË hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] lgdf0f kZ‍rft hnljB't If]qsf] ljsf;sf] z"?jft ePkl5 /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo;Fu @)!# ;fnaf6 lqjifLo / k~rjifLo of]hgfj4 ljsf;sf] z"?jft eof] . o;;Fu of]hgfj4 ljleGg hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿sf] klg qmdzM ljsf; x'Fb uof] . hnljB't ljsf;sf] ;Gbe;Fu ljleGg P]g, sfg"g / gLltx¿ klg aGb uP .

$%


ljB't lgodg cfof]u

lj=;+= @)$@ dfljB't k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf eP;Fu hnljB't If]qsf] ljsf;;Fu d'n'sn] k"jfwf/ ljsf;df km8\sf] df/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljB't If]qdf ljleGg P]g, lgod sfg"g;Fu ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0f ug ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0f cfof]u, @)^# sf] klg Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .

To; qmddf ljB't P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf $) sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0f cfof]unfO :jtM vf/]h u/L ljB't pTkfbg, k|zf/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/nfO ;/n, lgoldt, Jojl:yt tyf kf/bzL agfO ljB'tsf] dfu / cfk"ltdf ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg, ljB't dxz'n lgodg ug, ljB't pkef]Qmfsf] xs / lxt ;+/If0f ug, ljB'tsf] ahf/nfO k|lt:kwfTds agfpg tyf ljB't ;]jfnfO e/kbf], ;j;'ne, u'0f:t/o'Qm tyf ;'/lIft agfpg @)&$ ef› !( df ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]gsf] Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lyof] / o;sf] nuQ lgodfjnL @)&%ef› !! df hf/L eof] .

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] u7g @)&^ a;fv @# ut] ePsf] lyof] . pQm cfof]udf cWoIf >L l8NnL axfb'/ l;+x, ;b:ox¿df 8f >L /fdk|;fb lwtfn, >L /fds[i0f vltj8f, >L /fd]Z‍j/ k|;fb snjf/ / >L elu/yL e§/fO 1jfnL x'g'x'G5 .pxfFx¿n] dfggLo phf hn>f]t tyf l;+rfO dGqLHo"af6 @)&^.)!.@% df zky u|x0f u/L @)&^.)!.@^ ut] b]lv sfof/De ug'ePsf] 5 .

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf sfd, stJo clwsf/

ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g @)&$ tyf ljB't lgodg lgodfjnL @)&% df b]xfo adf]lhdsf sfd, stJo / clwsf/x¿ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M

-bkmf !@_ k|fljlws Joj:yfkg ug] M ljB't pTkfbg, k|zf/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/nfO lgodg ug cfof]un] k|fljlws Jofj:yfkgsf] nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf sfo ug]5 M

l ljB't ;]jfsf] u|L8 ;+lxtf / ljt/0f;+lxtf agfO sfofGjog tyf To;sf] cg'udg ug] .

l ljB't ;]jfsf] ;~rfng, ddt;Def/sf] :t/ tyf sfoljlw lgwf/0f / sfofGjog ug] .

l /fli6«o ljB't k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff:t/sf nflu

dfkb08 tof/L u/L nfu' ug] .

l ljB't k|0ffnL ;~rfnssf] bfloTj lgwf/0f u/L sfofGjogsf] cg'udg ug] .

l ljB't ;]jf aGb ug ;S‍g] cj:yf, To;sf] cfsf/ / k|fyldstf lgwf/0f ug] .

l ljB't ;]jfsf] cfGtl/s dfu / cfk"ltsf] nflu Go"gtd\ nfut lj:tf/ sfoof]hgf agfO sfofGjog ug], u/fpg] .

l u|L8 ;+lxtf / ljt/0f ;+lxtf agfpFbf cGt/b]zLo ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf cfj4 u|L8 / cGt/fli6«o:t/sf] u|L8;Fu tfbDotf x'g] u/L agfpg' kg] . -h:tM Indian Grid Code ;Fu tfbTDotf x'g] u/L u|L8 ;+lxtf / ljt/0f ;+lxtf agfpg]_;+lxtf tof/ ubf ;/f]sf/jfnf / lj1;Fu k/fdz ug ;S‍g] .

l cg'dlt k|fK‍t JolQmn] kfngf ug'kg] sfo;Dkfbg, /fli6«o ljB't k|zf/0f k|0ffnLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf ;'/Iff:t/ / ljB't k|0ffnL ;~rfnssf] bfloTj lgwf/0f ug dfkb08 agfpg].

-bkmf !#_ ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0f ug] tyf ljB't vl/b ljqmLsf] lgodg ug] M cfof]un] dxz'n lgwf/0f ug] tyf ljB't vl/b ljlqmsf] lgodg ug] ;DaGwdf b]xfojdf]lhdsf] sfo ug]5 M

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmn] ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0fsf nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg] / cfjZ‍os ePdf cfof]un] yk sfuhft ;d]t dfu ug ;S‍g] .

l cfof]un] ljB't vl/b ;Demftf,g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt, pkef]Qmf d"No;"rL, /fhZ‍j b/, x|f;s§L b/,;~rfng vr, ddt ;Def/, C0fsf] Jofh, OGwg, d"No, nufgL k|ltkmn, ljB't ;+/rgfsf] lgdf0f / ;~rfng tl/sf, k"glgdf0f / k"g;\yfkgf,ljB't pTkfbgsf] ;LdfGt nfut, ljlgdo b/, pTkfbs / C0f k|bfos jLrsf] ;Demftf,cGo pko'Qm cfwf/ lgwf/0f u/L To;sf cfwf/df pkef]Qmfn] j'emfpg' kg] dxz'n lgwf/0f ug] .

l ljB't vl/b lalqmsf] yf]s ahf/ :yfkgf geP;Dd ljt/0f cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQm, pTkfbg cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQm jf Jofkf/ cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQm jf k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;Ël7t ;+:yfaLr x'g] ljB't vl/b laqmL b/ / k|s[of lgwf/0f lgwf/0f ug] .

$^


l pTkflbt ljB't vl/b ljqmL ug cg'dlt k|fK‍t JolQmx¿ ljr ljB't vl/b ljqmL ;Demftf ug ;xdlt lbg] .

l ljB't d"Nosf] nfut Go"gtd jgfpg cfaZ‍os pkfosf] klxrfg u/L nfu" u/fpg] .

l k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f b:t'/ -lJxlnª rfh_ lgwf/0f ug].

l ljz]if kl/l:yltdf ljB't ;]jf ;Fu ;DjlGwt ljifodf lglZ‍rt ;dosf nflu ljB't dxz'ndf cltl/Qm dxz'n -;/rfh_ lgwf/0f ug] .

@= cfof]un] pkbkmf-!_adf]lhd dx;'n lgwf/0f ;Dk"0f sfuhft k|fK‍t ePsf] ldltn] ;f7L lbgleq ul/;S‍g' kg]5 .

#= cfof]un] pkbkmf-!_adf]lhd dx;'n lgwf/0f u/]kl5 /fli6«o :t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sfzg ug'kg]5 .

$= o; bkmf adf]lhd dxz'n lgwf/0f ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif leq k'gM ljB't dxz'n lgwf/0f ul/g] 5g .

-bkmf !$_ k|lt:kwf sfod ug] tyf pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug] M cfof]un] ljB't ahf/df k|lt:kwf sfod ug tyf pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0f ug b]xfosf sfo ug]5 M

l pkef]Qmfsf] lxt ;+/If0fsf] cfjZ‍os pkfo klxrfg u/L sfofGjog ug] u/fpg] .

l ljB't vl/b laqmLsf] b/df k|lt:kwfsf] jftfj/0f sfod u/fpg] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmx¿aLr ljB't dx;'n b/df k|lt:kwf u/fpg cfjZ‍os pkfosf] klxrfg u/L nfu" u/fpg] .

l ljB't dx;'n b/df Psflwsf/ -l;l08s]6_ x'g gkfpg] Joj:yf ug] .

l ljB'tsf] yf]s ahf/ :yfkgf, ;~rfng tyf vl/b laqmL k|lqmof lgwf/0f ug] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmx¿ cfk;df ufleg -dh/_, ldNg, PS‍n jf cfˆgf] ;xfos sDkgL;Fu ldnL To:tf] JolQm /x]sf] sDkgLsf] %) k|ltzt jf To;eGbf a9L z]o/ vl/b ug, ;+/rgfsf] vl/blaqmL -;]n ckm K‍nfG6_, k|flK‍t -PS‍jLlhzg_ jf u|x0f -6]s cf]e/_ ug cfjZ‍os dfkb08 agfO sfofGjog ug] jf u/fpg] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmx¿ cfk;df ufleg, ;+/rgfsf] vl/b laqmL -;]n ckm K‍nfG6_ tyf k|flK‍t -PS‍jLlhzg_ jf u|x0f -6]s cf]e/_ ug ;xdlt lbg] .

l ljB'tsf] Jofkf/ ubf kfngf ug'kg] ztx¿ tf]S‍g] tyf To;sf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug] .

l k|;f/0f nfOgdf alx/x]sf] ljB'tsf] u'0f:t/ sfod /fVg lgoldt hfFr/k/LIf0f ug] u/fpg] .

l ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf v'Nnf kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug] .

-bkmf !%_ ;Ë7gfTds Ifdtf clej[l4 ug] M cfof]un] cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] ;Ë7gfTds Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg b]xfosf sfo ug]5M–

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] sfoIfdtf d"NofÍgsf] :t/ tyf cfwf/ lgwf/0f ug] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] sfdsf/afxLnfO doflbt agfpg cfrf/;+lxtf agfO nfu" ug] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmnfO ljB't ahf/ k|j4g, lj:tf/ tyf ljljwLs/0f ug pTk|]l/t ug] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f, n]vf k|0ffnL, n]vfk/LIf0f ljlwdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug dfkb08 agfO nfu" ug] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t ;Ël7t ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L tyf cGo kbflwsf/Ln] To:tf] ;+:yfnfO hfgsf/L u/fpg' kg] ljifo lgwf/0f u/L To;nfO kfngf ug nufpg] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] n]vf k|0ffnLsf] cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/ cfsl:ds hfFr ug] .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] sfd sf/afxLdf ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg cfjZ‍os lgb]zg lbg] tyf dfkb08 hf/L ug] .

-bkmf !^_ gLltut ;'emfj lbg] tyf l;kmfl/; ug] M ljB'tsf] pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO e/kbf] / k|efjsf/L agfpg ug' kg] gLltut ;'wf/sf ;DaGwdf cfof]un] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO cfjZ‍os ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg]5 .

-bkmf !&_ hfFra'em tyf lg/LIf0f ug] M

!= cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmn] of] P]g, o; P]gcGtut ag]sf]

$&


lgod, ljlgod, lgb]lzsf jf dfkb08 tyf k|rlnt cGo sfg"g jf cg'dltkq k|bfg ubf lgwfl/t ztadf]lhd sfo u/], gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf cfof]un] cfjZ‍os hfFra'em tyf lg/LIf0f ug u/fpg ;S‍g],

@= pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hfFra'em tyf lg/LIf0f ubf cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQm;Fu n]vf, clen]v, ljj/0f cflb dfu ug jf :ynut ¿kdf hfFra'em tyf lg/LIf0f ug;lsg]5 .

#= pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd hfFra'em tyf lg/LIf0f ug] kbflwsf/L/sdrf/Ln] To;sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L cfof]u ;dIf k]z ug'kg]5 / ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df cfof]un] ;DalGwt cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmnfO cfjZ‍os cfb]z tyf lgb]zg lbg;S‍g]5 .

$= pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhd lbPsf] cfb]z tyf lgb]zg cg'dlt kq k|fK‍t JolQmn] kfngf gu/]df cfof]un] To:tf] cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmnfO bkmf !( sf] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hl/afgf ug ;S‍g]5 .

-bkmf !*_ ljjfb ;dfwfg ug] M

!= cfof]un] lgDg ljifodf pTkGg ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]5 M

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmx¿aLr pTkGg ljB't ;DaGwL ljjfb .

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmn] u/]sf] s'g lg0fodf lrQ ga'em]sf] jf lghn] u/]sf] sfoaf6 cfkm'nfO dsf k/]sf] s'/f pNn]v u/L To; afktsf] Ifltk"ltsf] bfaL u/]sf] ljifo .

@= pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ljjfb / ljifodf cg'dlt k|fK‍t JolQm / pkef]Qmfn] cfof]u ;dIf ph"/L lbg ;S‍g]5 / ph"/L pk/ cfof]un] () lbgleq ;'g'jfO u/L lg0fo ug' kg]5 .

#= cfof]u ;dIf k/]sf] ph"/Lsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ubf cfof]unfO k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd cbfntnfO eP ;/x b]xfo adf]lhdsf] sfo ug] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

l s'g JolQmnfO cfof]u ;dIf pkl:yt u/fO aofg jf hfgsf/L lng],

l ;fIfL a'‰g],

l g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ jf :yfgLo txsf] s'g lgsfo jf ;fjhlgs ;+:yfdf /x]sf] s'g lnvt sfuhft k]z ug cfb]z lbg],

l :ynut lg/LIf0f ug], u/fpg] tyf b;L k|df0f k]z ug cfb]z lbg].

$= pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd cfof]un] u/]sf] lg0fodf lrQ ga'‰g] JolQmn] To:tf] lg0fo ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq pRr cbfnt, kf6gdf k'g/fj]bg ug ;S‍g]5 .

%= pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ljifodf cg'dlt k|fK‍t JolQmx¿aLr ePsf] ;Demftfdf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf] 5'§ Joj:yf ul/Psf] /x]5 eg] To:tf] ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ;f]xL ;Demftf adf]lhd x'g]5.

-bkmf !(_ hl/afgf ug ;Sg]

!= cfof]un] bkmf !& sf] pkbkmf -#_ jf bkmf #& adf]lhdsf] cfb]z jf lgb]zg, bkmf !* sf] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] lg0fo jf of] P]g / o; P]g cGtut ag]sf] lgod adf]lhdsf] s'g ljifo kfngf gug] jf k"j ;"rgf glbO ljB't ;]jf cj?4 ug],u/fpg] cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmnfO kfFr nfv ¿kofF;Dd hl/jfgf ug;S‍g]5 .

@= pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd hl/jfgf /sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;l~rt sf]ifdf bflvnf ul/g]5 .

#= pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf] hl/afgf afkt a'emfPsf] /sd dx;'n lgwf/0f ug] k|of]hgsf] nflu cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmsf] vr jf nufgLsf] ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug kfOg] 5g.

$= pkbkmf-!_ adf]lhd cfof]un] u/]sf] hl/jfgf pk/ lrQ ga'‰g] cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmn] o:tf] hl/jfgf ePsf] ldltn] #% kFtL; lbgleq pRr cbfnt, kf6gdf k'g/fj]bg ug] .

-bkmf @)_ ;]jf z'Ns lng ;Sg] M cfof]un] b]xfosf ljifodf cg'dlt kq k|fK‍t JolQmaf6 tf]lsP adf]lhd ;]jf z'Ns lng ;S‍g]5 M

l lu|8 / ljt/0f ;+lxtf :jLs[t ubf,

l ljB'tsf] yf]s vl/b laqmL b/ lgwf/0f ubf,

l ljB't vl/b ;Demftfdf ;xdlt lbFbf,

l k|;f/0f tyf ljt/0f b:t'/ -lalnª rfh_nufotsf cGo dx;'n jf b:t'/ lgwf/0f ubf,

l cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmx¿ cfk;df ufleg, ;+/rgfsf] vl/b laqmL -;]n ckm K‍nfG6_, k|flK‍t -PS‍jLlhzg_ jf

$*


u|x0f -6]s cf]e/_ ug] ;xdlt lbFbf,

l bkmf !* adf]lhd ljjfb ;dfwfg ubf, t/ ufx:y pkef]Qmfn] ph'/L lbFbf s'g z'Ns a'emfpg kg] 5g.

l cfof]un] tf]s]sf] cGo ljifodf .

-bkmf @!_ ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO ug' kg] M

!= cfof]un] bkmf !# adf]lhd dx;'n lgwf/0f ug'k"j tf]lsPadf]lhd ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO ug' kg]5 .

@= cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd sf/afxL;Fu ;DalGwt cGo ljifodf ;d]t cfjZ‍ostf cg';f/ ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfOsf] Joj:yf ug ;S‍g]5 .

#= cfof]un] pkbkmf -!_ jf -@_ adf]lhd u/]sf] ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfOsf] clen]v /fVg' kg]5 .

-bkmf @@_ k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL Joj:yf

!= s'g JolQm jf ;+:yfn] cfof]usf] lg0fo k'g/fjnf]sg x'g'kg] 7fg]df To:tf] lg0fosf] hfgsf/L ePsf] ldltn] kG„ lbgleq k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu cfjZ‍os sfuhft;lxt cfof]udf lgj]bg lbg ;S‍g]5 . t/ cfof]un] bkmf !( adf]lhd hl/afgf ug] u/L u/]sf] lg0fosf] xsdf of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5g\ .

@= pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg k/]df cfof]un] kG„ lbgleq ;fljssf] lg0fo sfod /fVg] jf ;+zf]wg ug] lg0fo ul/;S‍g' kg]5 .

#= cfof]un] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ;fljssf] lg0fo ;+zf]wg ug] lg0fo u/]df ;fljssf] lg0fo sfofGjog gug cfb]z lbg]5 .

$= o; P]gdf cGoq h'g;'s s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cg'dltkq k|fK‍t JolQmn] unt sfuhft k]z u/]sf] jf s'g sfuhft n'sfPsf] hfgsf/L s'g ;|f]taf6 k|fK‍t x'g cfPdf jf yk sfuhft k|fK‍t x'g cfPdf cfof]un] To:tf] ljifodf k'gM lg0fo ug ;S‍g]5 .

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf ljljw ljifo

l pk;ldlt jf sfo6f]nL u7g ug ;S‍g],

l lgb]zg lbg ;S‍g],

l jflifs k|ltj]bg,

l clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg,

l lgod agfpg] / ljlgod agfpg ;S‍g] clwsf/,

l lgb]l\zsf, dfkb08 jf ;+lxtf agfO nfu" ug ;S‍g] clwsf/,

l z]o/ ;+/rgfdf % k|ltzteGbf a9L kl/jtg ug cfof]usf] k"j:jLs[lt lng' kg],

l Go"gtd nfut lj:tf/ sfoof]hgf,

l cfof]u kbflwsf/Lsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf,

l # cflys jifsf] cfift ;~rfng vrsf] !%) k|ltzt eGbf a9L hDdf ePdf ;+3Lo ;l~rt sf]ifdf /sd hDdf ug' kg],

l g]kfn ;/sf/nfO cflys ef/ kg] ljifodf cy dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lng' kg] .

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] p2]Zo

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf p2]Z‍o lgDg /x]sf 5G

l ljB't pTkfbg, k|zf/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/nfO ;/n, lgoldt, Jojl:yt tyf kf/bzL agfpg],

l ljB'tsf] dfu / cfk"lt ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg],

l ljB't dxz'n lgodg ug],

l ljB't pkef]Qmfsf] xs / lxt ;+/If0f ug],

ljB't ahf/nfO k|lt:kwfTds agfpg] tyf ljB't ;]jfnfO e/kbf], ;j;'ne, u'0f:t/o'Qm tyf ;'/lIft agfpg], ljB't pTkfbg, k|zf/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/nfO lgodg ug] ljB't lgodg cfof]usf p2]Z‍ox/x]sf 5g\ .

ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g lgodsf ljif]iftf

ljB't lgodg cfof]usf ljz]iftf lgDg /x]sf 5g\

lgofds M ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/sf] lgodgsf/L lgsfo

lgoGq0f M hl/jfgf / hfFra'em ug ;S‍g] Pj+ cfGtl/s / afXo lgoGq0fsf] clwsf/

cfw'lgs M ljB't lgodg ;DaGwL ;a ljifo -pTkfbgb]lv pkef]u;Dd_ ;dfj]z ePsf], ;a kbflwsf/L k"0fsfnLg .

ultzLn M dfl;s ¿kdf a7s a:g'kg], ljz]if1 lgo'Qm ug ;S‍g], clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, lgod, dfkb08 lgb]l\zsf hf/L

$(


ug ;S‍g] .

kf/bzL / lgikIf M jflifs k|ltj]bg ;fjhlgs ug], ;fjhlgs ;'g'jfO, Conflict of Interest nfO lg?T;fxg .

pkef]QmfjfbL M ljB't pkef]Qmfsf] xslxt ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljifo ;d]l6Psf] .

;dfj]zL M dlxnf k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZ‍rt ePsf] cfof]u ;b:o Pshgf dlxnf /xg] .

gLltut Joj:yf M gLlt, of]hgf, ah]6 tyf sfoqmd th'df / ;~rfngsf cfwf/ lgwf/0f

z"Ns b:t"/ lgwf/0f M ljB't z"Ns, vl/bljqmL b/ Pj+ b:t"/x¿ / cfwf/ lgwf/0f

lgodg M ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/sf] lgodgsf yk cfwf/ lgwf/0f, vl/b laqmL, k|flK‍t / dh/sf] k|lqmof lgwf/0f

sfo;~rfng M cfGtl/s sfo;~rfng / lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgwf/0f, n]vf / n]vfk/LIf0fsf] Joj:yf

cg'zfl;t k|zf;g M cfof]u kbflwsf/L / sdrf/Lsf] cfr/0f / ;Ldf lgwf/0f, cflys cg'zf;g

ultzLn M yk cfjZ‍os Joj:yf ug;S‍g], clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg, dfkb08 lgb]lzsf hf/L ug ;S‍g] .

pQ/bfoL M cfof]usf cWoIfnufotsf kbflwsf/LnfO pQ/bfoL agfPsf] .

lgZsif

d'n'ssf] ;jfª\uL0f ljsf; / ;d[l4sf nflu ljB't ljsf; ckl/xfo /x]sf] 5 . t;y, hnljB'tsf] ljsf; ubf pknAw hn;|f]tnfO a9LeGbf a9L pkof]u ug] ax'p2]Z‍oLo

cfof]hgfsf] ljsf;, nfesf] pko'Qm afF8kmfF8, ;fjhlgs Pj+ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf, cfGtl/s Pj+ afx\o ahf/sf] pkof]u Pj+ lghL If]q;Fu x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfkdf :ki6tf Pj+ kf/blztf cflb dxTjk"0f ljifodf Wofg lbg' cfhsf] cfjZ‍ostf xf] .

ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f, ljt/0f jf Jofkf/nfO ;/n, lgoldt, Jojl:yt, tyf kf/blz jgfO ljB'tsf] dfu / cfk"ltdf ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg, ljB't dxz'n lgodg

ug, ljB't pkef]Qmfsf] xs / lxt ;+/If0f ug, ljB'tsf] jhf/nfO k|lt:kwfTds agfpg tyf ljB't ;]jfnfO e/kbf], ;j;'ne, u'0f:t/o'Qm tyf ;'/lIft agfpg ljB't lgodg cfof]usf] Joj:yf ul/Psfn] o; cfof]un] cjsf lbgx¿df ljleGg gLltut, ;+:yfut, Joj:yfksLo Pjd\ Jojxfl/s r'gftLnfO lrb Pp6f s'zn Joj:yfkssf] ¿kdf dl:t:sdf ;dembf/L, sfwdf lhDd]jf/L / x[bodf OdfGbfl/tfnfO x[boËd u/L kf/bzLtf;fy ljB't If]qnfO cufl8 a9fpg' o'lQm;+ut b]lvG5 .

;Gbe ;fdfu|LljB't P]g, @)$(hnljB't ljsf; gLlt, @)%*ljB't lgodg cfof]u P]g, @)&$ljB't lgodg lgodfjnL, @)&%kGwf of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq, @)&^.&&cflys ;j]If0f, @)&%.&^ljB't ljsf; ljefuåf/f k|sflzt 5AaL;f+ aflifsf]T;j :dfl/sf, @)&^

hnljB'tsf] ljsf; ubf pknAw hn;|f]tnfO a9LeGbf a9L pkof]u ug] ax'p2]Z‍oLo cfof]hgfsf] ljsf;, nfesf] pko'Qm afF8kmfF8, ;fjhlgs Pj+ lghL If]qsf] e"ldsf, cfGtl/s Pj+ afx\o ahf/sf] pkof]u Pj+ lghL If]q;Fu x'g] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfkdf :ki6tf Pjd\ kf/blztf cflb dxTjk"0f 5 .

%)


ljifo k|j]z

c;n zf;g g ;'zf;g xf] . P]g, lgod tyf sfg'gsf] k"0f ?kdf kfngf u/L zf;gJoj:yf ;~rfng ug' ;'zf;g xf], h;n] ubf ;f] If]qdf a:g] hgtfsf] zflGt–;'/Iffsf] cg'e"lt ub5g\ . o;df dfgjclwsf/sf tyf :jtGqtfsf] k"0fk|Tofe"tL, zlQm k[ylss/0f, /fHozlQm / /fHodf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] kl/rfng a[xt\ ;fjhlgs lxtsf nflu ul/g'k5 / ;fjefd hgtfk|lt hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZ‍rt ug k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] x'g'kb5 .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f g]kfndf ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0f ug] clwsf/ k|fK‍t ;+:yf xf] . o;n] k|bfg ug] ;]jfx¿ u|fxs;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw x'g] ePsfn] / k"0f ?kdf ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;fjhlgs ;+:yfg ePsfn] o;n] cfˆgf] gfkmfeGbf klg ;]jfnfO k|fyldstf lbg] ePsfn] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;+:yfut ;'zf;g cfjZ‍os kb5 .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf cg';f/ ;'zf;gsf lgDglnlvt ljz]iftfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M

l ljlwsf] zf;g (Rule of Law)

l ;dtf Pj+ ;dfj]zL (Equity and Inclusiveness)

l ;xeflutf (Participation)

;+:yfut ;'zf;g / g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fafns[i0f kf]v/]n;xfos n]vfkfn, a'6jn If]qLo sfofno, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f

l cg'lqmotf (Responsiveness)

l ax'dt (Consensus Oriented)

l k|efjzLntf bIftf (Effectiveness and Efficiency)

l kf/bzLtf (Transparency)

l hjfkmb]xLtf (Accountability)

l lgikIf cfjlws lgjfrg

/fHosf] x/]s ;+oGqnfO hgd'vL agfO hgtfsf] cfjZ‍ostfcg';f/ ;]jfk|jfx ug' tyf /fHok|0ffnLdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;lqmo Pj+ ;fys ;xeflutf u/fO /fHon] gful/snfO pknAw u/fpg] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ l56f]5l/tf] ;/n Pj+ Goflos ?kdf pknAw u/fO cfdgful/snfO zf;gsf] ;'vb cg'e"lt lbnfpg'nfO g ;'zf;g elgG5 .

ljifoj:t'

;+:yfut ;'zf;g Tof] k|lqmof xf] h;åf/f ;+:yfsf z]o/xf]N8/ / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿lar lgb]lzt x'G5 . o;df ;Dk"0f lqmofsnfk ;+:yf leqaf6 / ;+:yf aflx/af6 x'g] lgb]lzt x'G5g\ . ;+:yfleqaf6 x'g] lgb]lztcGtut ;~rfns ;ldltsf] k|s[lt tyf ;+/rgf, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL, Joj:yfkg cflb kb5g\ . jfXo lgoGq0fcGtut ljleGg P]g tyf lgodsf] kfngf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj tyf glts lg0fox¿ kb5g\ .

%!


;+:yfut ;'zf;g;DaGwL dfkb08 (Corporate Government code) x¿ hf/L ug] ;+:yf -Organization For Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD)sf cg';f/ ;+:yfut ;'zf;g eg]sf] ;~rfns ;ldlt, nuflgstfx¿ / cGo kIfx¿ aLrsf] ;DaGw xf] .

;+:yfut ;'zf;gn] ;+:yfsf] o:tf] ;+/rgf k|bfg ub5, h;åf/f ;+:yfsf] p2]Z‍o lgwf/0f ug / pQm p2]Z‍o k"ltsf nflu cfjZ‍os ;fwgsf] ;d"lrt -k|efjsf/L_ kl/rfng ug ;xof]u u5 . c;n ;:+yfut ;'zf;gn] sDklgsf] ;~rfns ;ldlt tyf Joj:yfkgnfO ;+:yf, z]o/xf]N8/ tyf ;]jfu|fxLsf] lxtdf p2]Z‍o lgwf/0f ug ;xof]u ug' kb5, h;n] ubf ;+:yfsf] ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug ;lsof];\ .

;+:yfut ;'zf;g ljutsf b'O bzsdf cd]l/sf tyf a]nfotdf ePsf sDkgLx¿sf] c;kmntfsf sf/0f ljz]if rrfdf cfpg yfn]sf] xf] . ;g\ !(*) / ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf Peck / Pension Fund of Maxwell Communication Group cflb ;+:yfn] caf+ kfpG8 u'dfPkl5 ;+:yfut ;'zf;g hNbf]aNbf] ljifo x'g k'u]sf] xf] . g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf klg ljutsf lbgx¿df 7"nf] 3f6fdf hfg' klg sdhf]/ ;+:yfut ;'zf;g xf], h;n] Negative Net Worth sf] ;d:of a]xf]/]sf] lyof] . ;+:yfut ;'zf;gnfO cem k|efjsf/L ?kdf a'´\g lgDg b'O l;4fGt a'´\g h?/L 5 .

Ph]G;L (Agency) l;4fGt

ha Ps kIf dflns jf Principle n] csf] kIf Ph]G6 Agent nfO cfˆgf] s'g sfd ug cg'aGwg ub5 eg] ToxfF Ph]G;L (Agency) l;4fGtn] sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . k'/ftgsfndf dflns / ;~rfns Ps kIf eP tfklg xfndf o:tf] 5g . z]o/xf]N8/x¿ cfˆgf] ;DktLsf] d"No clwstd (Wealth maximization) kfg rfxG5g\ eg] ;~rfnsx¿ cfˆgf] JolQmut kmfObf clwstd kfg rfxfG5g\ .

cfhsf] ljZ‍j Joj;fodf 7"nf] cª\u k|fOe]6 ln= sDkgL / klAns ln= sDkgLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . ;]o/ ahf/df ;"lrs[t clwsf+z sDklgx¿sf] 7"nf] /sd nufgL x'g], w]/ ;+Vofdf z]o/xf]N8/ /xg] ePsfn] o;sf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf hl6n x'g' :jefljs xf] . z]o/xf]N8/n] cfˆgf] sDkgL ;~rfng ug] lhDdf ;~rfnsnfO lbO cfˆgf] e"ldsf lgliqmo

kfb5g\ cyft sDklgsf] :jfldTj z]o/xf]N8/df eP tfklg lgoGq0f ;~rfnsdf x'G5 .

:6]sxf]N8/ (Stack holder) l;4fGt M

z]o/xf]N8/sf cltl/Qm sDkgLdf cGo ljleGg lgsfox¿ ;DalGwt x'G5g\ h;n] sDkgLdf s'g g s'g ?kn] c;/ kf/]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿n] sDkgLdf ljlQo jf u/ljQLo s]xL lng'kg] jf lbg'kg] x'G5 cyft\ sDklgsf] lg0foaf6 To:tf lgsfox¿ k|efljt x'G5g\ tyf To:tf lgsfosf] lg0foaf6 sDkgL k|efljt x'G5 . t;y, ;+:yfut ;'zf;gdf :6]sxf]N8/sf] dxjk"0f e"ldsf /xG5 .

:6]sxf]N8/nfO cfGtl/s / jfXo u/L @ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 . cfGtl/s :6]sxf]N8/df ;~rfns ;ldlt,

pk–;~rfns ;ldlt, sDkgLsf] sfosf/L k|d'v, sdrf/L o'lgog, sdrf/L cflb kb5g\ . cfGtl/s :6]sxf]N8/sf] ;+:yf ;~rfngdf cfˆg e"ldsf / cnUu :jfy tyf ;:+yfut ;'zf;gdf klg cfˆg e"ldsf /xG5 . h:tM sDkgLsf] ;~rfnsn] ;a :6]sxf]N8/sf] lxtdf ;+:yf ;~rfng ug] e"ldsf v]Nb5 eg] ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] nflu ;a kIfsf] lxtdf sDkgL lgoGq0f ug] e"ldsf v]Nb5 . ;~rfnsn] sDkgLaf6 kfl/>lds, OHht, clwsf/ / gfkmfsf] cg'kftdf af]g; ck]Iff ub5 . To:t sdrf/Ln] klg Joj:yfkgsf] cfb]zcg'?k sfo ug] ub5

eg] ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf nflu sDkgLsf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0fnLsf] kfngf tyf To;sf] pNnª\3g ePdf ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L lbg] ub5 .

To:t, afXo :6]sxf]N8/df n]vfk/LIfs, lgodg lgsfo, lwtf]kqaf]8, ;fgf tyf 7"nf nuflgstfx¿ kb5g . afXo :6]sxf]N8/sf] sDklgdf cf–cfˆgf :jfy tyf e"ldsf /xG5g\ . h:t ;/sf/n] sDkgL lgod;Ddt rn]sf] grn]sf] cg'udg ub5 eg] ;/sf/ sDkgLn] /fhZ‍j lt/f];\ eGg] tyf b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf l;hgf u/f];\ eGg] klg rfxG5 . To:t, n]vfk/LIfsn] sDkgLsf] lgikIf n]vfk/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]z ug] sfo ub5 eg] sDkgLaf6 z'Ns, Voflt tyf n]vfk/LIf0f sfodf rflxg] cfjZ‍os ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub5 .

;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] cfjZostf

;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] cfjZ‍ostfnfO tn aF'bfut ¿kdf k|:6 kfl/G5 .

;+:yfut ;'zf;gn] ;+:yfsf] o:tf] ;+/rgf k|bfg ub5, h;åf/f ;+:yfsf] p2]Z‍o lgwf/0f ug / pQm p2]Z‍o k"ltsf nflu cfjZ‍os ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug ;xof]u u5 .

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l cglts lqmofsnfknfO b'?T;flxt ug .

l sDkgLsf] k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf] nflu gLltlgod tof/ u/L ltgsf] k"0f ?kdf kfngf ug .

l gLltlgodsf] kfngf eP–gePsf] ;'lglZ‍rttf ug .

l ;Dk"0f :6]sxf]N8/ -;fx', c;fdL, sdrf/L, ;]jfu|fxL cflb_ sf] lxt ;+/If0f ug .

l ;]o/xf]N8/sf] clwsf/ klxrfg u/L ;–;fgf nufgLstfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZ‍rt ug .

l ;+yfsf] n]vfk/LIf0f k|rlnt P]g÷lgod tyf cGt/fli6«o dfkb08cg';f/ u/fpg .

l ;+:yfdf cflys cg'zf;g sfod ug k|efjsf/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL th'df u/L sfofGog ug .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;Gbedf ;'zf;g lbnfpg] kIf

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;'zf;g k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] -cfGtl/s / jfXo_ kIfsf] ¿kdf lgDg sfo eP u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

l nfdf] ;dob]lv !* 306f;Dd ljB't hfg] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t ;]jfu|fxLnfO ;f] ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm u/fO Quality Electricity Supply cg'e"tL u/fOPsf] .

l ljutsf jifdf 3f6fdf /x]sf] g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f gfkmfdf hfg yfn]sf] .

l lgDg:t/sf u|fxsnfO lgMz'Ns ljB't ld6/ ljt/0f ul/Psf] .

l ljleGg ;'/Iff pks/0f k|of]u u/L ljB'tLo b'36gf Go"lgs/0f ePsf] .

l Joj:yfks;Fu sfo;Dkfbg / ;f]xLadf]lhd d"Nofª\sg u/L nIopGd"v agfpg] sfosf] yfngL ePsf] .

l sdrf/Lsf] gd| Jojxf/af6 r':t b'?:t ;]jfk|jfx ul/Psf] .

l ;?jfsf nflu sdrf/Lsf] /f]hfOcg';f/sf] sfofnosf] lgldQ $ cf]6f jslNks option ;lxt :jod\ sdrf/Ln] lgj]bg lbg kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] .

l sfhdf /x]sf] a]lylt x6fpgsf nflu sfh k|dfl0ft ug'kg] clgjfotf /x]sf] cGoyf sfh ;b/ gx'g] .

l ;Dk"0f sfofnodf ljB'lto xflh/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] tyf lgs6 eljiodf xflh/LnfO s]lGb|s[t ug] nIo lnOPsf] .

l nfdf] ;dob]lv ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf sfd o;kfnL ;DkGg ul/of] . h:tM Transformer vl/b, kf]n vl/b tyf Line Materials vl/b sfo cflb .

l cflys ?kn] kf/bzLtf Nofpgsf nflu IFRS df cfwfl/t ljlQo ljj/0f tof/ u/L NFRS cg';f/ n]vf k/LIf0f u/fpgsf nflu cfjZ‍os sf/afxL ;'? ul/Psf] . h:tM ;DklQ k'gd"Nofª\sg / dfHbft k'gd"Nofª\sg sfox¿ ul/Psf] .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] dxTj

lxhf]–cfhsf] ;dodf ;+:yfut ;'zf;g hNbf]aNbf] ljifosf] ?kdf cfPsf] 5 . ;+:yfut ;'zf;g gePsf w]/ ;+:yfx¿ w/f;foL ePsf y'k| pbfx/0f 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f:jfldTj ePsf] / ljB't pTkfbg, k|;f/0f / ljt/0fsf] k"0f?kdf lhDdf kfPsf] g]kfnsf] Ps dfq ;fjhlgs ;+:yfg g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] dxj lgDg 5g\ .

l g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ljB't;DaGwL sfd ul/g] x'gfn] ;f] sfd ;DkGg ubf ljB'tLo b'36gf x'G5g\ . ;Defljt ljB'tLo b'36gfaf6 aRgsf nflu ljleGg ;'/Iff pks/0f k|of]u ug / lglZ‍rt dfkb08 agfP/ ;f]xLcg';f/ sfd ug .

l cflys cg'zf;g sfod ug, g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;DklQ lxgfldgf x'gaf6 arfpg, ljB't r'xfj6 tyf ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f ugsf nflu Jojl:yt cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ckgfO nfu" ug .

l cfˆgf] gfkmfnfO eGbf klg cfˆgf u|fxsnfO ;/n, ;xh tyf ;x'lnot ?kdf ;]jf k|bfg ug .

l g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 ;~rflnt cfof]hgfx¿ Tff]lsPs ;do / Tff]lsPs nfutdf ;DkGg ug .

l sdrf/LnfO sfddf nufpFbf h'g ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"x xf], ;f]xL ;]jf, ;d"x / pk;d"xdf sfddf nufpg] cyft\ Right Man in Right Time in Right Place cjwf/0ff cjnDag ug], h;n] ubf sdrf/Lsf] dgf]an tyf sfo ;Dkfbg :t/ a9f];\ .

l sfo ljj/0f (job description) ;lxt sdrf/LnfO sfddf nufpg .

l sdrf/Lsf] sfo;Dkfbg :t/ a9fpgsf nflu pTk|]/0ffsf ljleGg tl/sf cjnDag ug] .

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g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fdf ;+:yfut ;'zf;g sfod ug lgDg s'/f kl/dfhg / yk ug'kg] b]lvG5 .

l b]zsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] ;+/rgf agfpg' kg] .

l ;?jf, a9'jf, labfh:tf s'/fx¿ :jod\ sdrf/Ln] x]g kfpg] u/L Online k|0ffnLaf6 ug'kg] .

l ;jf/L ;fwgsf] nflu 7]S‍sf k|lqmofaf6 s/f/ ;]jfdf nufpg' kg] .

l ;jf/L ;fwgdf /flvg] OGwgsf] lglDt ljw'tLo S‍LIP ;lxt coupon dfkmt dfq e'QmfgL ug] .

l TOD ld6/sf] xsdf ;DalGwt If]= sf= df programming / reprogramming sf] Aoj:yf ul/g' kg] .

l g]=lj=k|f= leqdf Force Leave sf] lgb]lzsf tof/ u/L ¡ffg x:tfGt/0f (knowledge Transfer) / pQ/flwsf/L of]hgf nfu" ul/g' kg] .

l u|fxs;Fu ;DalGwt nfutnfO cgnfOgdfkmt\ kmf/d eg] / u|fxsnfO emGem6d'Qm ;]jf lbg] tyf xfn ePsf nutx¿nfO Central Data Bank df k7fpg] .

l g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf ljleGg ;DklQnfO Numbering u/L Data Store ug'kg] / ;f]xL cfwf/df Future planning ul/g' kg] .

l ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf s'/f, ljB'tLo ;'/Iff /

Ifltk"ltsf ljifosf] ;DaGwdf klg ljB't k|flws/0fn] :ki6 wf/0ff agfO ;fjhlgs ug'kg] .

l ljB't ;]jfdf u'0f:t/oLtf / k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg kxn ul/g'kg] .

;f/f+z

cGttM ;+:yfsf ultljlwx¿nfO ;a kIfsf] lxtdf lgb]lzt tyf lgoGq0f ug] ;Dk"0f lqmofsnfkx¿ ;+:yfut ;'zf;gcGtut kb5g\ . Joj;fosf] ablnFbf] :j?kcg';f/ dflns / ;~rfns cnu–cnu x'g] tyf sDkgLsf] bL3sfnLg ;kmntfsf] nflu z]o/xf]N8/sf] cnfjf sDkgL;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f kIfsf] lxtdf sDkgL ;~rfng ug'kg] ePsfn] ;+:yfut ;'zf;gsf] dxTj lbg–k|ltlbg a9\b uPsf] 5 .

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Bhakra Dam, a British ConceptThe Bhakra Dam concept on the River Satluj was first conceived in 1908 by Sir Louis Dane, Lt. Governor of Punjab, during the Imperial British India era. After visiting the princely state of Bilaspur, now in Himachal Pradesh, he was travelling leisurely down the Sutlej River in a boat. The Governor, the British that he was, noticed the narrow gorge, high abutments on both sides and deep water to conceive that Bhakra was an ideal site for dam to store water and generate hydropower. The Governor, again being a British, immediately sent his written views to

Story Behind Bhakra Nangal1 Dam

Santa Bahadur Pun2

Harbinger of India's Green and White Revolutions !

PrologueBhakra Nangal Project is something tremendous, something stupendous, something which shakes you up when you see it. Bhakra, the new temple of resurgent India, is the symbol of India’s progress.

- Jawaharlal Nehru

the Punjab Irrigation Department. After a good deal of time and further explorations, HW Nicholson, the executive engineer, prepared a plan envisaging the construction of a dam at Bhakra across the Sutlej, 390 feet high, impounding 2.5 Million Acre Feet (MAF) of water to extend irrigation to famine-prone areas of Hissar, Rohtak and the adjoining states of Patiala, Jind, Faridkot and Bikaner.

Interestingly, around the same time in Nepal, the shrewd Chandra Shumshere was already well entrenched as the Prime Minister of Nepal, having disposed-off his elder brother, Dev

1. While Bhakra is the main dam on the Satluj, Nangal is the re-regulating dam downstream from where the Main Bhakra Canal and later the Satluj-Yamuna Canal emerge. Though commissioned in 1963, it still is India’s second highest dam at 226 meters after the 2006 commissioned Tehri at 261 meters. Bhakra’s gross reservoir capacity at 7.5 Million Acre Feet (MAF) is also second only to Nagarjuna Sagar Dam’s 9.4 MAF on the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh. It may be pertinent here to also note the installed hydropower capacities of these three dams: i) Bhakra – 1,325 MW ii) Tehri – 1,000 MW and iii) Nagarjuna – 816 MW. The main menu of these dams is precious freshwater that ushered Green and White Revolution in North India. Electricity is a mere by-product!

2. The writer acknowledges with thanks that his article has many verbatim quotes, particularly on Khosla and Slocum, from Jagman Singh’s book Bhakra and Beas: My Tryst with the Projects, 1999, Uppal Publishing House, New Delhi.

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Shumshere, to Dhankuta and then on to British India’s resort, Mussourie. Unlike Sir Louis Dane, Chandra Shumshere had already in 1908 initiated construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Nepal: irrigation from Trijuga River (Chandra Nahar) in Saptari and 500 KW hydropower at Pharping. The fundamental difference between Sir Dane and Prime Minister Chandra Shumshere was, while the former envisioned keeping the restive Indians content and at the same time increase the British Government’s revenues, the latter was content merely with supplying electricity to the many luxurious mushrooming Rana Durbars and houses of his close confidants in Kathmandu. Irrigation facilities were also provided but only for that part of Terai which supplied the necessary granaries to feed the Kathmandu Durbars.

Sir Louis Dane’s concept and HW Nicholson’s project made no headway in the 1920s. The man who relentlessly pursued the Bhakra dam project was Chhotu Ram, leader of the Unionist Party from Rohtak district. Without a strong political will and commitment, no projects of such magnitude and complexity can move forward. With the coming of Chhotu Ram’s party into power in 1937, he began to champion the cause of Bhakra. As a result, the Punjab government sent two senior engineers, Ajudhia Nath Khosla and Kanwar Sain to USA to discuss the design and related details of the dam with the engineers of the Bureau of Reclamation in 1942. USA, having already built massive dams like Hoover, Grand Coulee etc. during President FD Roosevelt’s New Deal in the 1930s’ depression years, had acquired large dam building knowhow. JL Savage, Chief Design Engineer of the Bureau of Reclamation and FA Nickell, geologist, from USA came to India at the invitation of the Punjab government to make a comprehensive study of the dam plan and geology of the site.

AN Khosla: Who Builds Bhakra in India’s National Interests? A debate then ensued as to who should build the dam. Did the Indian engineers possess the requisite skills and experiences to construct a dam of such vast magnitude and technical complexities? Could they do it alone? Or, did they need the guidance and help of foreign experts. Could the dam be built by

the Public Works Department (PWD)? Or, should its execution be entrusted to experienced foreign firms? This fierce controversy further delayed the project.

The visionary engineer, Adhujia Nath Khosla, who understood the problems, laid down three vital guiding principles: i) Bhakra must be constructed by PWD under the guidance of foreign experts arguing that entrusting the building of dam to a foreign firm would not be in the larger interest of the nation; it might even prove suicidal. Such a course would make the Indian engineers permanently dependent upon foreigners and thus retard their growth as efficient, capable and self-reliant technical personnel. ii) Government of India should play a far more effective and helpful role in the building of this stupendous dam, the like of which had never been built in the country. Bhakra, Khosla argued, should not be treated purely as a provincial project; it ought to be financed from the funds of the Central Government. iii) Since the matter was of inter-provincial importance and the aim was to meet the water requirements of three states viz. Punjab, Pepsu and Rajasthan the height of the dam should be increased by about 100 feet. This last suggestion gave birth to Bhakra Control Board, an agency to supervise and monitor the progress of the project. Later in 1952, a Board of Consultants under AN Khosla was set up to advise the government on complex technical matters as and when brought before it.

Conditions in terms of planning, design, equipment and experience for the construction of Bhakra dam were nearly non-existent. Sarup Singh, the Chief Engineer and his team of engineers were groping in the dark. Two more vital decisions were also taken: i) One was to build the Bhakra Canal System first in preference to Bhakra Dam – This was Kanwar Sain’s vision so that non-perennial supply of water might be available to the farmers as early as possible. This was an extremely important decision as Punjab suffered the most from the 1947 Partition. Bhakra canal system was, hence, inaugurated by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 7th July 1954 – and ii) construct the dam departmentally with the help of foreign experts, especially MH Slocum, the American dam-builder. This was AN Khosla’s intervention as the East Punjab Government (Chief Minister Dr. Gopi Chand Bhargava) regarded

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construction of the dam departmentally ‘risky experiment’ and had already tendered out the bids for building Bhakra Dam. It was rumoured at Nangal that the award would go to a French firm as some French engineers had already arrived at Nangal Township and there was unwritten instruction from the seniors to obey them. In fact, Chief Engineer Sarup Singh along with other engineers was confident that the decision to award the bid to the French company was a matter of days only. AN Khosla was of the opinion that entrusting Bhakra to foreign contractors would be suicidal and retrograde step. He argued this would place the Indian engineers under permanent handicaps, they would never learn anything about dam-building. It would be an everlasting dependence on outsiders in a field where India had to build many similar dams in years to come. Such a step would dampen Indian engineer’s spirits, weaken their will and erode their self-confidence.

Hiring the American, M Harvey Slocum NV Gadgil, Union Minister for Works, Mines and Power, was quick to see the unassailable logic of Khosla’s arguments. He did not lose much time in conveying this view that Bhakra should be built departmentally even if it involved some additional expenditure. The Punjab government accepted his views. Now AN Khosla was eager to hire the services of the American MH Slocum3, then perhaps the greatest dam-builder in the world. When approached Slocum declined principally because he was pressed for time. Khosla did not give up and persuaded him to at least visit India for a few days and see the project personally. Slocum came to India in 1949 to make a on the spot study of Bhakra: characterizing the set-up at Bhakra ‘most disorganized and poorly managed’, calling the Chief Engineer Sarup Singh ‘inefficient and incompetent’ to handle such a stupendous task and sending a copy of his report to Chief Engineer Sarup Singh as well. When Slocum visited the dam site he asked for safety shoes, safety hat and safety glasses. None of these were available there!

AN Khosla was convinced that Slocum alone could build Bhakra, the pride of India. He was determined to hire his services and for this he and MR Chopra went to USA to tempt, pester and appeal him. To get rid of the two Indians, Slocum asked the American legal luminary, Anderson, to first dissuade them from hiring the ill-tempered, abrasive and abusive Slocum. And if that failed then draft a legal contract document that no sane government on earth could accept it – Slocum’s expenditure would be impervious to Indian audit and he will enjoy unlimited financial powers. Both Slocum and Anderson believed that such impossible clauses would not be accepted by the Indian Government. When the impossible terms were indeed accepted, Anderson was forced to advise Slocum to put in his signature. When that was done, Anderson wryly commented ‘Harvey, now you are in the Indian net, a slave of the Government of India!’ Slocum came to India in 1952. As Chief Engineer of Bhakra Dam, he had unfettered authority in all matters relating to the building of the dam. In the intense heat and cold of Punjab, he labored “as a slave of the Government of India” for 8 long years on the great Bhakra Dam only to die at Nangal itself on 9th November 1960.

Bhakra Symbol of Free Resurgent IndiaBhakra in 1950s and 1960s was the symbol of free and resurgent India and thus invariably in the itinerary of all foreign leaders visiting India from Colonel Nasser President of Egypt to Prince Philip Duke of Edinburgh and Chinese premier Zhou-Enlai. When President Joseph Tito of Yugoslavia visited Bhakra in 1956, in reply to the question about ongoing projects in his own country, Tito said4: We have a number of projects at hand but certainly not as big as Bhakra. You have a great opportunity of learning from this gigantic dam. Later you will not need to hire American experts. Ho Chi-Minh, President of North Vietnam, also visited Bhakra in 1958. When asked to get into the car to drive to the nearby aggregate processing plant, North Vietnam’s President replied5: Let us walk. I

3. The flamboyant and abrasive MH Slocum had gained international repute as a dam builder. During the Grand Coulee Dam construction, he was merely a construction Supervisor.

4. Jagman Singh, Bhakra and Beas: My Tryst with the Projects, 1999, Uppal Publishing House, New Delhi. 5. Op. cit. Footnote 4.

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am used to walking. Neither I nor my country can afford this luxury (of cars)! Nations can be built only through such men of vision and fibre.

Bhakra Dedicated to the NationAt a simple impressive ceremony, Bhakra was dedicated to the nation on October 22, 1963 by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The construction of the dam is a saga of grim determination, courage and perseverance. The massive 746 feet (226 meters) high concrete structure epitomizes the vision and soul of the nation in which are embedded not only steel and cement but sweat, blood and toil of thousand of workers and engineers. Adhujia Nath Khosla, then Vice-Chancellor of Roorkee6 University and the principal architect of the project, spoke in English underlining the fact that the axis of the dam, fixed about 25 years back by Indian engineers, had remained unchanged.

Khosla did not fail to utter that pride of Indian-ness. Punjab governor, Pattum Thanu Pilai, also speaking in English thanked Khosla for solving his difficulty as he was unclear in which language to speak in. Shattered by the recent 1962 Indo-China border conflict, Nehru looked old and worn out.7 He spoke in Hindustani reminding the people that Bhakra was the new temple of modern India – a new symbol

of the freedom of India, unfettered by the traditions of the past, an expression of the nation’s faith in future. Nehru paid glowing tributes to the Indian engineers and workers who helped in building one of the greatest dams in the world. He, however, failed to mention the name of the American, MH Slocum. Only two years back on 9th November 1961 on the inauguration of the left bank powerhouse, he described Slocum as “a remarkable man of his own kind.” Slocum suffered a heart attack in July 1960 while he was at the project site. He died – a slave of Indian Government – on November 9, 1960 while feebly sipping orange juice in the lap of his wife who had just arrived in Nangal from USA.8

Epilogue: India’s Green and White Revolution and “Nepal ko Pani”After Sir Cyril Radcliffe of the Boundary Commission partitioned India and Pakistan with his pencil on the map, Punjab on both sides of the border suffered the most traumatic human sufferings in history. It is believed the August 1947 riots of Amritsar started the Punjab massacres that spiraled out of control resulting in the traumatic mass migration exodus. Based9 on the census of 1951:

Muslims to Pakistan from India 7,226,000

6. This is the University where, with the World Bank ready to finance the 10,800 MW Karnali Chisapani Multipurpose Project, the UNDP financed the studies of 410 Nepalese engineers for the project from the early 1980s in batches of 50 students per year. When the Karnali Chisapani Project failed to materialize, these engineers ended up with no jobs at all. Many were forced to migrate abroad, the few who did get the jobs in Nepal are presently on the verge of retiring !

7. On May 27, 1964 Neharu died of heart attack at his Teen Murti House in New Delhi. That same afternoon, his Cabinet Minister, C Subramaniam, informed the Lok Sabha, "The light is out!" - the same words that Nehru himself used when Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by Nathuram Godse on January 30, 1948.

8. Op. cit. Footnote 4. 9. Manohar Malgonkar, The Men Who Killed Gandhi, 1978, The Macmillan Company of India Limited, Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta,

Madras. As part of that traumatic human sufferings and mass migration of 1947 Partition, the writer wishes the readers to undergo that experience through the following two quotes:

i) “The day before I left Ranchi for good, Inayat Khan, one of my staff-car drivers, came to me to say goodbye as he was going off to Pakistan. His home was in Jullundur in the Indian Union. It had been destroyed with all his property. His father had died some years before. His grandfather tried to get his mother and sister away to Pakistan but the old man was waylaid by Sikhs and disappeared. His mother escaped and wrote to say that his fifteen-year old sister had been taken as a concubine by a Sikh. To leave the Indian Army with this as the last sight of my own soldiers and friends was deeply painful.” Lieut.-General Sir Francis Tuker KCIE, CB, DSO, OBE, While Memory Serves, Cassell and Company Ltd, London, First published 1950 by Butler and Tanner Ltd, Frome and London.

ii) Rasgotra (India’s former ambassador to Nepal) was teaching at the Arya Degree College Ludhiana when India was partitioned, leaving his entire family stranded in Pakistan. “After a couple of weeks of futile efforts to get some news of their safety, in utter despair I addressed a letter marked personal to Prime Minister Nehru pleading for his help. Within days I received a simple acknowledgement of my letter and a few days later, I was informed that my parents’ party had moved out of Shakargarh with a group of other Hindus from the area who had been forced out of their homes. They had been found walking towards the Jammu border escorted by a jeep-load of Gurkha soldiers led by a British officer.” Rasgotra, Maharajakrishna, A Life in Diplomacy, 2016, Viking, a Penguin Random House Company, Gurgoan, Haryana, India.

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Hindus and Sikhs to India from Pakistan 7,249,000Total 14,475,000Deaths: Estimates range from 1-2 million

Despite the 1-2 million deaths from communal violence and despite the mass migration of over 14 million people, construction of the Bhakra Nangal Dam continued unabated with the abrasive Slocum as Chief Engineer. Furthermore, the 1960 Indo-Pakistan Indus Treaty allocated India the three Western Rivers of Satluj, Beas and Ravi permitting India to build two more dams Pandoh and Pong on the River Beas. Though Pandoh has a live capacity of only 0.033 MAF of water, it diverts 256 cumecs of precious Beas water into Satluj’s Bhakra. Pong, on the other hand, has a larger live storage capacity of 5.9 MAF. In October 1963, Prime Minister Nehru dedicated the Bhakra Nangal Dam to the nation. Bhakra Nangal and Beas Projects annually supply10 28 MAF (34.5 billion cubic meters) of water to the three States of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan irrigating 135 lakh acres (54.6 lakh hectares) of thirsty farmland. This ushered-in not only India’s much acclaimed Green Revolution that transformed the food importing nation to an exporting one but also the White Revolution – massive increases in milk production. It was water, freshwater of Ravi, Beas and Satluj impounded by Bhakra, Pong

10. India Today August 21, 2017: Bhakra-Nangal Dam irrigates both Green and White Revolutions11. The 214 km Satluj-Yamuna Link, planned to augment the Yamuna flows, is still incomplete – embroiled over water sharing dispute

at the Supreme Court between Punjab and Haryana. The importance of water in India is typically exemplified by the February 2016 incident when Haryana’s upper caste anger over “reservations” led to the blowing up of the Munak Canal. This 102 km long Munak Canal from Yamuna supplies valuable Drinking Water to one-third of Delhi’s 17 million people. Lack of drinking water in Delhi became so serious that the Indian army had to be called to repair the sabotaged canal.

and Pandoh, that transformed the lives of tens of millions of partition-ravaged North Indians.

To conclude, while our clarion call “Nepal ko Pani, Janata ko Lagani” is being vociferously trumpeted for hydropower development in my own country, it is, perhaps, still not late for us all to chew the principles behind the Bhakra Nangal Dam construction. The waters from the Bhakra Nangal and Beas Projects irrigate11 vast thirsty fields of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan ushering in not only Green but White Revolution as well. Are we then barking up the wrong tree? The concept of Bhakra Nangal Dam was embedded by the colonial British Governor of Punjab, Sir Louis Dane, the implementing plan envisaged in entirety by the great Indian engineer, AN Khosla and implemented faithfully by the American dam builder, MH Slocum. For the last 60 years, the people of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan are reaping the rich dividends of Bhakra Dam that has uplifted their quality of life through the much acclaimed Green and White revolutions.It is also worth chewing and cudding the questions Ajudhia Nath Khosla struggled with 70 years ago regarding his country’s vital national interests. Besides, let us also not forget the wise words uttered by the two stalwart Presidents, Joseph Tito of Yugoslavia and Ho Chi-Minh of North Vietnam!

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Context Setting

Market gives value to electricity and there is different value of electricity at different times of a day and a season. However, market needs to be either created through Government policy interventions or explored and may be available within a country or beyond the border.Though electricity changes the life of the people and the shape or characters of the economy, lacking long term planning and visionary roadmaps into the future of the country associated with level of energy consumption has left Nepal in the tumultuous state of energy crisis marked by hard-core load-shedding in the past. It shows not only a huge mismatch between power/energy availability and our actual requirement, but also mismanagement of available power/energy through faulty principles adopted in operating the power system and assigning low priority to domestic consumers. However, Nepal power system is witnessing dynamism and seeking market these days to sell its power as many hydropower projects are going to be commissioned in this fiscal year 2019/20 leading to almost double the present installed capacity of our generation plants. NEA has signed Power Purchase Agreements with Independent Power Producers for the capacity of more than 6000 MW as of now and the applications

The Leapfrogging Energy Dynamics of Nepal and Emerging Prospects for Cross Border Power Trading in South AsiaPrabal AdhikariChief, Power Trade Department, NEA

of another 6000 MW approximately are in pipeline for PPA at NEA.

In Nepal’s context, the expansion of domestic power market is highly awaited as access to grid-connected electricity to our people is about 78% only and the figure may rise by about 10-12% when the off-grid solutions are considered as well. Further, electricity generation is contributed by both public and private sector, whereas NEA still operates under the traditional model of a vertically integrated utility with generation, transmission and distribution business bundled together. Policy debates have been in place since long back to unbundle it though unbundling only cannot be the ultimate solution in the country like Nepal where the size of power system is very small compared to those of other countries like India and Bangladesh.The agenda of power sector reform and power market reform in Nepal are also being pushed through the support of international agencies like the World Bank so that Nepal could construct its power sector, market and power system taking into account lessons learned from the success stories in different parts of the world. Further, Nepal power sector has entered into the regulatory regime after ERC Act and ERC Regulations in place in August 2017 and July 2018 respectively along with the

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functioning of the Commission since May 2019, whereas this institution is already in place with different names under different names such as regulatory commissions in India and Bangladesh as in our case, regulatory authorities in Bhutan and Pakistan, and public utility commissions in Sri Lanka.

Energy Sector Development and DPC2

The operation on the power sector development of Nepal is afoot through Nepal Energy Sector Development Policy Credit (DPC) under two pillars, namely, improving the financial viability of the electricity sector and improving the governance of the electricity sector. Through this Word Bank-financed credit, it has been envisaged towards the first pillar that financial viability of NEA will be improved through the ERC’s adoption of increased consumers’ tariff rates that have not been reviewed since September 2016 and implementation of NEA’s Financial Viability Action Plan (FVAP) associated with the amelioration of the financial sustainability of NEA. Energy efficiency and demand side management may also be integrated into it to accomplish the goals.

Several institutional measures have been implemented to reduce technical and non-technical losses of the system and that’s how the system loss of NEA has come down to slightly below 16% in the last fiscal year 2018/19 contrary to about 26% in 2016. While the dropping trend is highly encouraging, NEA has also been keen to work towards the further initiatives under the plan called DLRMP (Distribution Loss Reduction Master Plan) which will have been hopefully finalized by December 2019.

The second pillar associated with improving the governance of the electricity sector needs adoption of a sector strategy and legal framework and expects, at the current stage of DPC2, the new Electricity Act which is under the draft process in consultation with stakeholders and also with the WB-like

international agencies which are enthusiastically partnering with us in this sector. The Act is supposed, among many others, to enable open access to the transmission network, herald restructuring power sector and market reforms and recognize power trading as a separate licensed activity, without which newly created first power trading company of Nepal, NPTC (Nepal Power Trading Company) has not been operationalized yet. DPC2, under the second pillar, incorporates activities such as tariff-setting guidelines to be be issued by ERC, initiating NEA’s transition towards electricity market for competition through the cabinet-level resolution on the sequence, timeline and milestones for the restructuring of NEA, approving Business Plan which is under finalization with the assistance of the World Bank, for the operationalization of NPTC and issuing competitive bidding directives by NEA Board.

Rise of Private Sector in Power Generation

Nepal Electricity Authority Act, 1984 has empowered NEA through the provision stipulated in Clauses(d) and (f) under Sub-Section (1) of Section 20 to sell electricity to foreign countries or to purchase it from them as well as from the domestic private sector. Further, the Electricity Act 1992 and subsequently issued Hydropower Development Policy 1992 allowed private sector to invest in hydropower development of Nepal. It started attracting private sector to build hydropower projects in Nepal and it has been a long journey of NEA with IPPs since the first PPA was signed in 1996 with Himal Power Limited for the purchase of electrical energy from FDI-based and BOOT-modeled Khimti Hydropower Project (60 MW) which was commissioned on July 5, 2000.

As of the end of the fiscal year 2018/19. the PPA capacity has risen to 6044.05 MW out of which 83 projects have already been commissioned with their total installed capacity of 560.78 MW. The overall PPA summary is as follows:

Project Status ROR (MW) PROR (MW) Storage (MW) Total Hydro (MW) Solar (MW) Bagasse (MW) Total (No.) Total Capacity (MW)Operation 537.04 22.10 0.00 559.10 1.64 0.00 83 560.78

Construction 2030.50 550.90 0.00 2581.40 32.50 0.00 120 2613.90

Pre-Construction 2367.18 337.20 140.00 2704.40 19.00 6.00 137 2869.38

Total 4934.71 910.20 140.00 5844.90 53.14 6.00 340 6044.05

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bagasse-based power. The overall PPA summary that reflects the rising contribution of private sector in Nepal’s electricity generation is as follows:

Evolution of Power Trading in Nepal

Power sector of Nepal has undergone a slow evolution. Generators are many, but buyer is still NEA only. There are no spot markets on exchanges and auction markets. NEA purchases

Milestones Description

Power Exchange between Nepal and India, 1971- 2018

Power exchange under bilateral Power Exchange Committee between Nepal and Indian States of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand through 132, 33 and 11 KV links

Electricity Act 1992

Import and export of electricity was allowed to the distribution licensee with the prior approval of Nepal Government or entering into an agreement with Nepal Government. (Section 22, Sub-section 1&2)Sale of generated electricity allowed to private sector developers so as to purchase or cause to purchase it to national grid (Section 21, Sub-section 1)

Hydropower Development Policy 1992

Hydro electricity project established by private sector not to be nationalized during the period of validity of the license :NEA’s monopoly in generation only for the period 1985-1992

Nepal Electricity Authority Act 1984 (Amended 1992)

NEA executing the power of NEA to sell electricity to foreign countries or to purchase it from foreign countries and the (domestic) private sector [Section 20, Sub-Section (1), Clauses (d) and (f)]Power Trade Department under NEA carrying out the function of buy and sale of power accordingly, but power trading not yet recognized as a separate business in the Electricity Act.

First PPA between NEA and IPP, 1996

Signed between NEA and Himal Power Ltd for Khimti Khola (60 MW) on January 15, 1996, the first FDI HEP; Commissioned on July 11, 2000

PPA with Private sector, 1996 (till now)

NEA signed PPA for 5319 MW till date. Applications for 5834 W are in pipeline for PPA.

PPA with NTPC Vidyut Vyapar Nigam (NVVN), 2016

NEA signed PPA with NVVN in February 2016 for 80 MW of power through the first 400 KV Dhalkebar-Mujaffarpur Cross-Border Transmission Line charged at 132 KV. The quantum has now been increased to about 250 MW at 220 KV.

Nepal Power Trading Company Limited, 2017

NPTC was incorporated on March 9, 2017 as per the prevailing Company Act of Nepal

Power Trade Department under NEA carrying out the function of buy and sale of power accordingly, but power trading not yet recognized as a separate business in the Electricity Act.

Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 2017 (September 4)

Power trading is recognized as a separate activity in addition to generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The Commission is in the process of formation.

Establishment of Electricity Regulatory Commission

The commission has been established in May 2019.

Power Trading through Power Exchange Market (DAM), 2019

Power exchange agreement has been signed with Indian Power Trader, NVVN for power exchange at both online power trading platforms of India—IEX and PXIL. Conduct of Business Rules (CBR) is awaited for issuance by Central Electricity Authority of India.

power through long term contracts called Power Purchase Agreements. Power purchase rates used to be negotiated between buyer and sellers, but NEA has been adopting posted rates for different schemes of hydropower projects—ROR, PROR and storage for many years. The latest posted rates for all types of hydropower projects and solar/wind plants have been fixed through the decision of NEA Board following the policy direction of the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation. The evolutionary chronology is summarized below:

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Operationalization of Power Trading Company

The first power trading company of Nepal, NPTC (Nepal Power Trading Company), was incorporated in Nepal with the following objectives:

l To buy and sell power generated and sold by domestic/foreign generators and suppliers;

l To import power from foreign private or public sector entity, government entity or international organization/entity and sell or cause to sell it in Nepal;

l To export and sell power purchased from domestic private or public sector generators;

l To buy and sell power generated by domestic power producers directly or as their representative;

l To carry out research and organize seminars/workshops regarding the purchase, sell, import and export of power and the electricity market;

l To promote power trading at domestic, regional and international levels;

l To develop efficient and competitive electricity market through optimum utilization of electricity resources and promote energy security;

l To carry out activities associated with the promotion of power exchange and trading with neighboring countries or at regional level; and

l To implement or cause to implement energy banking.

NEA as the major share holder of the Company can be its strength by virtue of NEA’s experience of power trading with domestic IPPs and power traders/state distribution utilities of India. The proposed share structure of NPTC is as follows:

However, NTPC has not been operationalized yet because of the legal issue associated with the issuance of power trading license. Electricity Act, 1992 is silent about “power trading” as a licensed activity while Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 2017 defines power trading as a licensed activity. The issue may be solved either by some interim decisions of Government of Nepal through the positive interpretation of the existing Electricity Act or the promulgation of the new Electricity Act which is currently at draft stage. In addition to the legal issue, other issues related to operationalizing NPTC are as follows:

l Harmonization of existing laws and policies to facilitate power trading is required.

l Nepal has to issue its own cross-border guidelines for power trading.

l ERC has yet to frame the specific Regulations for power trading.

l Options of transition strategy from NEA to trading company needs clarity:

a. Whether NPTC should carry existing PPAs signed with NEA, or

b. NPTC should handle new PPAs only.

l Capacity building involved with power trading is not adequate.

l Business Plan which is almost at final state with the assistance of the World Bank is yet to be approved by NPTC board.

l NEA is required to provide backup support to NPTC while buying power from other entities.

l Open access for the transmission network may be an issue because of transmission bottlenecks and NEA’s ownership over the transmission network.

S. No. Share Holders Share %

1 Nepal Electricity Authority 51

2 Electricity Generation Company Limited 17

3 National Transsmission Grid Company Limited 17

4 Hydroelectricity Investment and Development Company Limited 15

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Power Trading with India

Since Power Trade Agreement (PTA) was signed between Nepal and India in 2014 for non-discriminatory power trading between the two countries, the joint mechanisms called Joint Working Group (JWG) co-chaired by Joint Secretaries of Energy/Power Ministries and Joint Steering Committee (JSC) co-chaired by Secretaries of Energy/Power Ministries of the respective countries are in operation through regular meetings. These mechanisms have approved cross-border transmission master plan for the development of high voltage transmission interconnections between the pooling stations of the two countries. This master plan has identified 11 cross-border lines between the two countries in 6 different corridors for the evacuation of power generated from different hydropower projects in Nepal to be commissioned in different timeframes. The first cross-border transmission line, Dhalkebar-Mujaffarpur 400 KV Line, has already been commissioned in 2016 and is in operation now at 220 KV level. It will be further upgraded to 400 KV level by December 2019 so that line can be fully utilized.

The 5th India-Nepal Joint Operation Committee (JOC) has already approved the implementation plan for the installation of Special Protection System (SPS) at major substations of Nepal as a pre-requisite for the synchronization of Nepal grid and the Indian grid. The synchronous operation of the two grids is important for the transfer of large quantum of power with system stability and is expected to take place when installation of SPS and communication equipment is completed.

Nepal and India are engaged now to finalize implementation and funding modalities for the development of the second 400 KV cross-border transmission line, New Butwal-Gorakhpur (Quad Moose), for which DPR has already been approved by JSC/JWG. As per the current estimate at December 2018 price level, the costs for the India

portion and the Nepal portion of the transmission line are 590.43 and 231.58 Crores of Indian Rupees respectively.

Power Trading with Bangladesh

Nepal and Bangladesh have been closely working now for exploring the ways of power trading between the the two countries. Following the MoU signed between the two countries on the cooperation in the field of power sector on August 10, 2018, the Energy/ Power Secretary level Joint Steering Committee (JSC) and the Energy/ Power Joint Secretary level Joint Working Group (JWG) meetings have been subsequently held in Kathmandu, Nepal and Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh. The second JSC meeting Held on June 21, 2019 in Bangladesh instructed Joint Technical Team - Transmission (JTT-T) to explore the options for having dedicated transmission lines between Bangladesh and Nepal for long term power transaction as provisioned in the Guidelines for Import/Export (Cross Border) of Electricity - 2018 issued by Government of India. The two countries also agreed in the meeting to share their generation plans with each other which will help them to identify timely procurement of power through cross border power trading. The two countries also have the seasonal complementarity of demand and supply of electricity leading to the suitable reason to undergo energy banking.

Regional Power Trading in South Asia

The following tables show the installed capacity and per capita consumption in South Asian countries and will be helpful in understanding the need of regional power trading among them:

South Asian countries have been blessed with diverse resource endowment. Nepal and Bhutan are hydropower-based in terms of electricity resources. India and Pakistan are increasingly becoming more

Country India Bangladesh Bhutan Pakistan Afghanistan Nepal Sri LankaInstalled Capacity (GW) 350.1 22 1.62 21.1 1.34 1.2 3.89

Country India Bangladesh Bhutan Pakistan Afghanistan Nepal Sri Lanka

Per Capita Electricity Consumption (kWh)

1149.0 464 3429.00 419.0 149.00 200.0 523.00

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dependent on fossil fuels though they depend on a mix of hydro and fossil fuels. Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives are largely dependent on fossil fuels. Afganistan is rebuilding its hydropower capacity and is importing electricity through trans-border linkages. India and Bangladesh have made aggressive plans to generate renewable energy in recent years. India’s solar power installed capacity has reached 29.4 GW as of June end, 2019 and, due to increasing contents of variable renewable energy into the system, Nepal’s and Bhutan’s hydropower electricity will have more importance to India in coming years from the perspective of grid stability.

South Asia has undergone significant progress in cross border electricity trading and shows a strong background to turn the dream of constituting the regional power pool into a reality in future.The following events have prepared the background in this regard:

l India-Bhutan Agreement on Development of JV Project, April 2014

l Nepal-India Agreement on Electric Power Trade, Cross Border Transmission Interconnection and Grid Connectivity, October 2014

l SAARC Framework Agreement for Energy Cooperation (Electricity), November 2014

l BBIN Sub-regional Cooperation, October 2015

l BIMSTEC Grid-Interconnection MoU, 2017-18

l Guidelines for Import/Export (Cross Border) of Electricity- 2018 issued by MoP, GoN, December, 2018

l CERC Cross Border Regulations, March 2019

l Nepal-Bangladesh MoU on Cooperation in the

Field of Power Sector, August 2019

l 1st-9th South Asia Power Secretaries Roundtable, the recent one in Singapore, July 2019

Way Forward

Cross border electricity trade in South Asia is required to ensure energy security and energy sustainability in the region. The constitution of a South Asia regional power pool will lead to several benefits to its member countries like reduced investment cost and electricity tariff, fuel savings, better utilization of capacity resources, greater reliability, higher competition, grid stability, different timing peak load, minimum spinning reserve, decarbonization by reducing CO2 emission due to increased use of hydropower potential and integration of other renewable energy sources. It is hoped that bilateral power trading in BBIN sub-region taking place between Nepal and India, India and Bhutan/Bangladesh will one day lead to the regional power trading through the South Asia power pool.

References :

Minutes of Meeting of JSC/ JWG between Nepal and India/ Bangladesh

MoU between Nepal and Bangladesh on Cooperation in the field of power sector

Various policy documents of Nepal, India and Bangladesh

Various presentations in SARI/EI “Workshop on Power Trade through Power Exchange”, 23 July, 2019, Kathmandu

Sustainable Energy Security in South Asia, Prospects and Challenges of Cross Border Electricity Trade - Bangladesh Perspective, A presentation in the 9th South Asia Power Secretaries Roundtable, 27July, 2019, Singapore

https://data.worldbank.org

https://www.worlddata.info

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Contract Termination Under Fidic Contract

Achyut Babu GhimireManager, NEA

The construction industries in the developing countries are facing uncertainty due to the unprecedented rise in cost of construction

materials and consequent increase in the project cost causing the unsatisfactory implementation of the Contract. In such situation, the issue of Contract termination sometimes becomes foremost on the minds of contracting parties. Employers may be intending to terminate the Contract due to poor performance of the Contractors and the Contractors may be intending the termination because of

possible loss due to lack of proper estimate of the cost of the Project during the bid preparation. Ultimately, the situation may lead the Contract to the termination stage.

The “Contract Termination” seems simple at first look; however it is a complex matter of contract administration in reality. Any attempt to terminate a contract must be done with the utmost care and strictly in accordance with the procedural requirements of the Contract and prevailing laws.

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Failure to do so can result in extremely serious consequences and a potentially large claim for damages. The article is more focused on the analysis of consequences of termination rather than describing the contractual background reasons for terminating the Contract.

Basically, the Contract termination could occur in three ways:

l Termination by the Employer due to default by the Contractor

l Suspension and Termination by the Contractor due to default by the Employer

l Termination by the Employer for convenience

The ways of Contract termination in FIDIC Contract has been clearly depicted in the following block diagram.

If the first party (either the Employer or the Contractor) fails to carry out certain specified obligations under the Contract, the second party may by notice require the first party to make good the failure and to remedy it within a specified reasonable time. If the first party fails to comply with this notice, the second party shall be entitled to terminate the Contract.

Following the termination of the Contract, the terminating party may register any Claims against the other party. After receiving the Claims (either the Employer or the Contractor), the Engineer fairly performs the determinations for the agreement of both parties. The determination is the process of valuation of the works executed by the Contractor till the date of contract termination. If the parties do not agree with the Engineer’s decision, the matter may be referred by either party to the dispute board (DB) for its decision. After receiving such reference, the DB gives its decision within the period agreed in the Contract; which is binding on both parties. The parties shall promptly put the DB decision into effect unless and until it is revised by an amicable settlement or an arbitral award. Finally, the termination is settled by institutional arbitration.

The decision to terminate, either by the Employer or the Contractor, should not be taken in circumstances where is minor breach or no breach at all (convenience). The decision to terminate should

only be exercised in the event of a major breach or an incident occurring which is the fault of neither party e.g. events constituting force majeure.

Termination by Employer due to Default by the Contractor

This article is focused on the Employer’s termination. FIDIC Contracts have envisioned certain conditions as ground for termination by the Employer. Different FIDIC Books (Red Book, Yellow Book, Silver Book, Pink Book etc.) have provisioned the basis for the Contract termination, however, certain grounds are common for these FIDIC Contracts.

The commonly followed procedure before termination of a construction Contract due to Contractor's default is issuance of a “Notice to Correct (NTC)”. The NTC is issued to give a chance to the Contractor to comply with its contractual obligations. The period given for correction of the default in “NTC” should be a “specified reasonable time”. Here, the “specified reasonable time” would have an important meaning during the arbitration process. It will be analyzed whether or not the Contractor was provided sufficient time to rectify the defect during after issuance of NTC. If the arbitrator has considered that the time provided in the “Notice to Correct” was not practically possible, it would be construed that the intention of the Employer was to terminate the Contract instead of giving the Contractor an opportunity to rectify the defect. The case may not be held in favor of the party who is terminating the Contract. For example, the Contractor fails to commence the foundation works as per schedule and construction equipment are not brought to site till the date of issuance of “NTC”. If, the Employer issue the “NTC” with one week period to commence the foundation works mobilizing construction equipment but those equipment are required to be imported from abroad. Then, it may not be possible to start the work within the specified time as stated in “NTC”. The arbitrator will decide that the intention of the Employer was to terminate the Contract instead of giving the Contractor an opportunity to correct the default. The decision could go against the party terminating the Contract.

If the Contractor fails to correct its default within the period as specified in the “NTC”, the Employer

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may issue a termination letter to the Contractor “to be effective after certain days”. In FIDIC Red Book-1999, FIDIC Pink Book and FIDIC Silver Book, the Employer may, upon giving 14 days notice to the Contractor, can terminate the Contract and expel the Contractor from site. The requirement to give 14 days’ notice gives the Contractor a final opportunity to comply with the relevant obligation or discuss the issue with the Employer. It is still debatable whether the notice has automatic effect; that is, whether the Contract is terminated automatically 14 days after a valid notice has been given under Sub-Clause 15.2 or whether the Employer must give a further notice of termination. To be on the safe side, it is advisable

for the Employer to give the Contractor a notice

that the Contract has been terminated on the expiry

of the 14 days period. The sub-paragraph does not

mention whether the Employer’s right to terminate

is lost after giving the required 14 days’ notice if

the Contractor resolves the event or circumstances

giving rise to the notice. This is a potential area

of dispute and the parties should clarify it before

concluding the Contract.

Following pictorial representation in a flow chart

would be clearer for the representation of Clause 15

Termination of Contract by the Employer.

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It should be kept in mind that the Notice to Correct is issued by the Engineer and notice of termination is issued by the Employer.

In the fourth edition of FIDIC (i.e. FIDIC 1987), the Engineer’s certification was required for termination, but in FIDIC 1999 version, the Employer can terminate the Contract even without the certification of the Engineer. The termination of Contract by the Employer is related to default by the Contractor on technical or contractual or financial issues but the termination by the Contractor depends only on the financial conditions and/or financial obligations of the Employer.

Termination by the Employer for Convenience

The Employer shall be entitled to terminate the Contract at any time for the Employer’s convenience, by giving notice of such termination to the Contractor. The termination shall take effect 28 days after the later of the dates on which the Contractor receives this notice or the Employer returns the Performance Security. The Employer shall not terminate the Contract under this Sub-Clause in order to execute the Works himself or to arrange for the Works to be executed by another contractor or to avoid a termination of the Contract by the Contractor. However, in FIDIC Contracts, the Contractor is not allowed to terminate the Contract for his convenience.

Suspension and Termination by the Contractor on Default of the Employer

If the Employer fails to execute in accordance with the Contract, the Contractor may, after giving a notice to the Employer, suspend the work or reduce production output. After giving this warning notice, he shall be entitled to terminate the Contract due to Employer’s default. Also the Contractor can get all the compensation earned on the condition of Employer’s default. The procedure for Contract Termination by the Contractor has been analyzed below.

Clause 16 of the FIDIC Contracts (Red, Yellow or Silver) deals with suspension and termination by the Contractor. Sub-Clause 16.1 deals with the Contractor’s right to suspend work in the event that

the Engineer fails to certify in accordance with Sub-

Clause 14.6 [Payment Certificates] or the Employer

fails to comply with Sub-Clause 2.4 [Employer’s

Financial Arrangements] or Sub-Clause 14.7

[Payment].

Prior to the Contractor suspending work it must

give 21 days’ notice. The right to suspend does not

affect the Contractor’s entitlement to terminate

or claim financing charges. In the event that

the Contractor suffers delay or cost as a result of

suspension it must give notice under Sub-Clause

20.1 [Contractor’s Claims]. Sub-Clause 16.2 deals

with the Termination by the Contractor.

There are seven grounds specified. In most cases

the Contractor may give 14 days’ notice if it intends

to terminate the contract; however, where there has

been a prolonged suspension under Sub-Clause 8.11

[Prolonged Suspension] or, bankruptcy, liquidation,

insolvency or receiving or administration orders

have been made against the Employer, then the

Contractor may by notice terminate the Contract

immediately. Sub-Clause 16.3 deals with Cessation

of Work by the Contractor and Removal of the

Contractor’s Equipment.

This Sub-Clause applies where the termination

takes place under Sub-Clause 15.5 [Employer’s

Entitlement to Termination]; Sub-Clause 16.2

[Termination by Contractor]; or Sub-Clause

19.6 [Optional Termination, Payment and

Release]. Sub-Clause 16.4 deals with Payment on

Termination. Once termination under Sub-Clause

16.2 [Termination by Contractor] has taken effect

then the Contractor is entitled to the return of the

Performance Security; payment in accordance with

Sub-Clause 19.6 [Optional Termination, Payment

and Release] and loss of profit or other loss and

damage sustained by the contractor as a result of

termination.

Conclusion

The decision to terminate a Contract is very

important step of Contract administration and

should not be taken lightly. The grounds for

termination and procedures followed during the

termination are very important because arbitration

is mainly based on these two factors.

l

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Roles, Responsibilities and Importance of Electricity Regulatory CommissionRanju PandeyManager, Power Trade Department, NEA

Regulation

Power is a basic human need. It is the critical infrastructure on which modern economic activity is fully dependent. In today’s era of globalization, it is very important to have good quality electricity at reasonable rates for economic activity so that competitiveness will increase and economy will boom. Furthermore, the good quality electricity will have direct effect on the GDP growth per annum, employment generation and poverty alleviation. Since the reliable, clean and affordable energy is basic necessity for the economic development and so supplying good quality and reliable electricity to consumers should be the most essential priorities. Therefore, to have the competition in the electricity market, and to serve the consumers with the good quality electricity at reasonable rates, regulation in the power sector is very much essential.

According to the Collins English Dictionary “Regulation is the controlling of an activity or process, usually by means of rules.” In the context of electricity utilities, regulation means “ the supervision and oversight exercised on the utilities through a well-defined regulatory framework, supported by legal

powers, so as to ensure that interest of all relevant stakeholders are protected in an efficient and socially beneficial manner”.

Hence, under regulation, utilities are given the opportunity to recover their costs and also earn a “fair and reasonable” return on their investments by setting the tariffs. Major reason for the regulation in the power sector is to limit the monopoly in the power sector by obligatory suppliers. Further it paves the way to provide incentives for operating efficiency and quality of service. This regulation in the sector optimizes the structure of the sector and promotes least – cost system expansion (with private capital investment from independent power producers).

Apart from that, regulatorybody serves as a watchdog to ensure that utilities are responsive to customers’ needs, and that their service is adequate and reliable. The major role of the regulation is to limit the monopoly in the power sector .Therefore, regulation will ensure a reliable and secure energy supply, will promote effective competition in the energy market and will develop a dynamic energy sector.

The major objectives of regulation is to

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l Protect interests of consumers

l Protect interests of service providers

l Provide transparency, independency and public

participation

l Prevent exploitation, restrictive and unfair

practices

l Ensure quality of service to consumers

History of regulation in electricity industry

History of electricity utility industry started with

the opening of Pearl Street station in New York in

1882. The 100 KW station supplied mainly lighting

power in the lower Manhattan area.

The regulation of electricity industry followed the

growth of the industry. In the initial years, regulation

was mainly through franchise agreements that the

utilities had to sign with the municipalities, for

obtaining permission to dig up streets and install

wires.

The franchise agreements had either price ceiling

clauses, or required the prices to be arrived at

based on mutual consent between utilities and the

municipalities.

After some time, utilities started viewing the control

exerted by municipalities as excessive, and there

were also allegations of corruption.

In 1907, the states of Wisconsin and New York

started regulating the electricity industry through

state Commissions. Between 1907 and 1922, nearly

thirty states in USA created statewide commissions

to regulate public utilities.

Why the Electricity Regulation Commission is Important

Creating independent regulatory agencies has

become a key element of utility sector reforms

around the world. This agencies insulate decision

making from improper pressures and foster technical

expertise. Furthermore, it limits monopoly in power

sector and addresses the conflict of interest and

provides the predictability in the sector through the

clear framework and guidelines. This also helps to

protect the interests of all stakeholders. Themajor

tasks performed by the Electricity Regulation Commission are described below:

To Limit Monopoly Power And Remove Conflict Of Interest

l Public utilities, especially network based utilities such as those relating to wires and pipelines, are natural monopolies

l When monopolies flourish, customers suffer—monopolies typically do not have adequate incentives to improve their efficiency or provide better services

l Regulation introduces some amount of competition, and also introduces penalties and incentives on the monopolies to improve their performance and reduce costs.

l Public utilities are mostly owned by Government, and there is thus a clear conflict of interest in the Government also determining utility rates and related aspects

To Provide Predictability

l A regulator can provide predictability in sector regulation by issuing clear framework and guidelines.

l Predictability may cover rules for market access, pricing mechanisms, customer service standards etc.

l Predictability aids in the growth of private investment in the sector.

To Protect Interests Of All Stakeholders

l A regulator protects the interests of all stakeholders – Government, consumers, utilities, investors etc.

l Customers are the most vulnerable of all stakeholders. They cannot protect themselves from the much stronger government and state-owned utility. Regulator empowers them and provides them a voice in decision making process.

Role of Electricity Regulation Commission

The key goals of a regulator are to protect the right of major stakeholders. The major stakeholders are Government, utility / service providers, end use

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consumers, society and environment. Furthermore, it operates transparently and promotes the competition in the market.

To work towards the above mentioned goals it performs activities like price determination, fixing service standards, and dispute resolution and licensing in some counties, too. The regulator has various tools at its disposal including public hearings, discussion papers, issue of sub-legislation (regulations/ directives), framing of guidelines and issue of orders. In some legal frameworks, regulators also have judicial/quasi-judicial powers including powers to summon witnesses, to require the production of documents, and to order imprisonment of officials, if needed.

Principles Of Regulation

There are few major regulation principles which are applied in almost all regulatory bodies around the world that are mentioned below:

Independence: Regulatory autonomy or independence usually means having a regulatory body free from influence from external sources in its decision making. This often means independence or autonomy from Government.

Further, the only way a regulator can be truly independent is if it has been provided with the tools and resources essential for delivering on its mandate. A weak regulator, for example, in terms of financial or human resources, will find it very difficult to remain autonomous.

Transparency: Transparency means transparent regulatory decision-making and robustness, expediency, quality and predictability of regulatory decision-making.

Transparency is defined as “tools and measures that foster confidence in and understanding of the regulatory processes and decisions by all stakeholders”. Regulatory transparency is more important in weak institutional environments with less investor confidence. The major idea of transparency is the openness of the regulatory process to the stakeholders that lead to the legitimacy from all the stakeholders. Therefore transparency is very much crucial to the legitimacy of the regulatory process and is the key to attracting and retaining efficient investment environment. It

furthermore creates confidence and commitment from the regulator to a set of fair policies both for the present and to the future. In contrary, the financial impact of the absence of regulatory transparency is potentially vast and could severely weaken the investor's confidence and lead to destruction of the market and flourishof monopoly.

The regulator should promotetransparency through preparation and distribution of annual report on sector performance, it should provide audit reportsto stakeholders and the general public on regular basis

Investor and Consumer Protection: The basic role of a regulator is to balance the interests of the major three stakeholder groups. They are the government, electricity (or energy) service suppliers and customers. No wonder, each of these groups has potentially conflicting interests. For example the Government is subject to short-term political pressures from various constituencies. For investors to commit to long-term investments, the regulator must be free from undue influence. For example suppliers want high returns, and an unchecked monopolist will charge too high a price. Customers, conversely, want reliable electricity at low prices.

Therefore a key element of the regulator’s role is striking the balance between all the major stakeholders. Regulatory bodies should encourage investors to invest in this sector and protect consumers’rights and fulfill the government objectives. The regulator should ensure that both suppliers and consumers uphold their obligations relating to commercial operations. Utilities have an obligation to provide a service under the approved tariffs and quality standards. Consumers have an obligation to pay for that service to ensure the financial viability of the sector.

For example, the review of tariffs and costs is one of the core functions of a regulator. Furthermore, it should protect the consumers’ rights and facilitate the healthy investment in the sector. The regulator must also be cautious of the emergence of monopolies that could have enough influence to set higher than market prices.

Therefore, the major purpose of regulation is to ensure optimization of the price with the best

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service in the given mandates of the quality and reliability standards.

Hence, the role of the regulator is to promote the long-term objectives established by the Government, while balancing the interests of all three stakeholder groups-Government, suppliers, and consumers. Nevertheless, the long-term sustainability of the sector depends on looking beyond the immediate interests of each of the groups.

Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of Nepal and Its Role

The Government with the vision to regulate electricity generation, transmission, distribution and trade has promulgated the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 2074. Similarly, to implement the Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 2017 Electricity Regulatory Commission Rules, 2018 has also been issued by Government of Nepal.

Moreover, As per a provision of the Act, the commission will develop grid code and distribution code and operation and maintenance guidelines for generators, transmission companies and distribution utilities. Function of the commission is to monitor and maintain the quality and security standard of the national grid system, formulate necessary policy and work plan for making generation, transmission, distribution and supply of electricity reliable and effective. The commission’s other functions include fixing wholesale tariff rate of electricity, consumer tariff, buying and selling rate of electricity, wheeling charge for transmission and distribution of electricity, providing consent to the power purchase agreements, to end monopoly in the power market and make it competitive and sustainable.

Conclusion

Under regulation, utilities are given the opportunity to recover their costs and also earn a “fair and

reasonable” return on their investments. Apart from regulation of costs and tariffs, regulators serve as watchdogs to ensure that utilities are responsive to customers’ needs, and that their service is adequate and reliable. A regulatory commission implements its decisions through issue of sub-legislation and orders. The orders may be generic, or restricted to a specific purpose such as tariff orders and dispute resolution orders. The regulator is required to review the utilities’ costs and reward them for efficient performance (or penalize for failure to efficiently perform). The regulator typically approves a rate of return on the regulatory asset base to incentivize capital investments.Tariff determination by the regulator relies on concepts such as cost of service, subsidy and cross- subsidy.

References :

http://indianpowersector.com/home/electricity-regulation/

https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/ElectricityandItsRegulation.html

https://www.nap.edu/read/21919/chapter/4#33

siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTFINANCIALSECTOR/Resources/.../128smith.pdf

regulationbodyofknowledge.org/faq/market-structure/regulator-role-what-is-the-appropriate-role-of-regulators-in-the-implementation-of-a-new-market-structure-and-in-evaluating-mitigating-the-impact-of-such-changes/

http://africa-toolkit.reeep.org/modules/Module5.pdf

Structure, composition and role of an energy regulator pdf

http://www.nepalenergyforum.com/tag/electricity-regulatory-commission-act/

Articles%20on%20regulation/english_enc--451stissue_(26_march-_1_april,_2016).pdf

http://www.moewri.gov.np/images/category/electricity_regulatory_commission_act-2074.pdf

http://www.moewri.gov.np/images/category/electricity_regulatory_commission_act-2074.pdf

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Majority of hydropower plants in Nepal are

of Run-Of-River type. Most of them are

Peaking ROR Type so far.Only Kulekhani

is a storage type . Our river’s ‘Flow Duration Curves’

are very ‘steep’, it implies that flow variation of our

river system is in wide rang. In some cases, inflow

recedes even up to 20%, during dry season. This gives

the clear insight, that we are facing power as well as

energy deficit in our network system throughout the

year. Balanced national grid requires new storage

type candidate schemes to be floored very shortly.

In addition to above mentioned situation poor

handling of sediment and dam regulating of our

hydropower plants, have substantial role to play in

curtailing power generation. Here, we will discuss,

on handling of sediments together with regulating

dams and weirs.

In general, catchment of our river system can be

categorized in two ways.

l Semi arid, high Himalayan region. It covers

southern part of Tibetan Plateau.

l Humid subtropical lesser Himalayan region. It

comprises southern Himalayan front with steep

slope to Ganges forelands.

Uppermost part of catchment has less rainfall. So, most of the soil erosion is caused due to bed rock mass wasting. Whereas, southern steep slope Himalayan front is subjected to 80% rainfall of the region and is dominant factor of soil mass wasting. So, besides tectonic activities, monsoonal rainfall is prime source of sediment ingress to our river system. Excessive bed slope in this region, induce enough boundary shear resulting increased erosion mechanism.

In order to have sediment management in cost effective way, one has to focus on the following stages.

Design Phase Consideration. It ensures that the intake location is very much close to bed load sluicing facility. Size and Number of intake should be kept minimum. If design discharge is higher, intake should be provided with under sluicing provision.

Minimize Sediment Load Entering Reservoir. Priority is given to watershed management. It implies to run soil and water conservation program software’s like RIOS, SWAT program are available at market. The software programs are developed to consider and locate various hot-spots that trigger erosion mechanism. In addition to this, all the

Handling of sediment and Dam RegulationRaj Bista Deputy Manager, Uttar Ganga Hydropower Company, NEA

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affecting factors are loaded for processing and conclusions are drawn for mitigation of erosion.

Reservoir Sedimentation Monitoring. The activities under reservoir sedimentation monitoring are :

l Keeping reservoir water level @ minimum and sluicing continuously

l Density current venting

l Mechanical dredging of reservoir, falls.

All the power plants owned by NEA & IPP, are facing undesirable power outage, caused due to improper sediment handling and violating of dam regulation

as mentioned in the operation manual.

Author of this article, has witnessed, that about two-third of 6 meter volume of reservoir under peak in Kali Gandaki. A Hydroelectric plant was filled with sediment. This is mainly because of violation of the guidelines, to operate the dam during rainy season. The case with Chamelia hydropower plant was even worse. 8m of reservoir volume under peak was all filled with debris. The plant was then completely shut off, after mere five months of its commercial generation. Operation manual was not even prepared.

So, sediment management during operation is very important. The check points to be kept in mind during operation hours are given below.

l Monitor river inflow and sediments concentration in daily basis.

l In general, LDC dictates the generation of all power plants. It implies, headwork components are operated according to LDC requirements.

l In case of high flood operation of headwork components should be as according to the flow parameters, not LDC.

l Reservoir& sedimentation basin should be flushed periodically.

l Comply strictly with operation manual/preventive maintenance software provisions.

Siltation in front of Intake

Choking of trash screen

General Layout of ROR Plants

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Reactive Power Compensation in Distribution NetworkPramod Rijal Deputy Manager, Energy Efficiency and Loss Reduction Department, NEA

Background

In power system, the power that we are consuming is a combination of two types of powers, one is Active Power measured in Kilo Watts (kW) or Mega Watts (MW) and the other one is Reactive Power measured in Kilo VAR or Mega VAR. Active power has to be provided by power plants, whereas reactive power can be provided either by power plants or other means of VAR compensation. The demand of reactive power is mainly originated from inductive loads connected to the system. These inductive loads are generally electromagnetic circuit of electric motors, transformers, inductance of transmission and distribution networks, induction furnaces, fluorescent lightings etc. Reactive power should be properly compensated otherwise, the ratio of actual power consumed by the load, to the total power i.e. power factor becomes quite less.When the demand of Reactive power increases beyond the desired value then there is a chance of voltage drop at the load end. If this voltage drops below a certain specified level then there is a chance of power failure and it may lead to Black Out. So for the prevention of this problem we must compensate for the Reactive power supply to the load. Reactive power compensation with capacitors is by far the most cost effective way to meet reactive power

requirements of consumer loads.

Fig. aside shows the effect of shunt capacitors on thermal loading. The addition of capacitor Qc improves the power factor thereby reducing thermal loading from kVA1 to kVA2, thus enabling the system to serve an equivalent amount of

additional load. Apart from the consumer loads, long distribution lines have their own requirements of reactive power.

If all the reactive power requirements were to be supplied from the generating stations the total current would need to be produced by the generators and transmitted via the transmission and distribution networks to the loads. Therefore the transmission/distribution lines and associated

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equipment (conductors, transformers, switchgear etc.) would need to be larger to carry all the current. Simply put, shunt capacitor banks reduce the total current that needs to be transmitted through the distribution network and associated equipment.

Economic Justification for Capacitors

When reactive power is provided only by power plants, each system component (i.e.,generators, transformers,transmission lines and distribution feeders, switch-gear, and protective equipment) has to be increased in size accordingly.Capacitors can mitigate these conditions by decreasing the reactive power demand all the way back to the generators.The addition of shunt capacitors releases thermal capacity in the power system components by reducing current flowing through the networks. Line currents are reduced from capacitor locations all the way back to the generation equipment. As a result, losses and loadings are reduced in the distribution feeders, substation transformers and transmission lines. Depending upon the uncorrected power factor of the system, the installation of shunt capacitors can significantly increase the load bearing capability of all these system components.

In general, the economic benefits that can be derived from capacitor installation can be summarized as :

l Benefits due to released capacity of generation, transmission and distribution system components

l Benefits due to reduced voltage drops (voltage improvement)

l Benefits due to reduced energy losses

l Benefits due to reduction in capital investment per Mega Watt of the load

UtilityPerspective of Reactive Compensation

A large part of consumer load is inductive in nature because of the use of induction motors. This causes low power factor (lagging). Thus compensating a major part of the inductive loads using shunt capacitors results in improved power factor close to unity. This improvement of power factor fulfills the requirements of the power supply utilities.

Low power factor loads draw more current from supply than same active load with high power factor and hence cause increased power loss in the supply line. This increase of power loss is a waste for the supply company. Furthermore, supply companies need to install higher size transmission / distribution equipment to supply the additional load current because of the low power factor. To prevent these, usually the penalty for low power factor is imposed.

In the NEA's Electricity Distribution By-Law 2069, there is a mandatory provision for consumers to install a suitable size of shunt capacitor as per the given tables for an approved load above 5 HP of Electric Motors and Welding Machines. However there is no any provision yet to penalize the consumers for not installing such shunt capacitors or operating their loads at low power factor.

Use of Reactor in Capacitor Bank

When a capacitor in a bank is switched on from its discharged condition, it offers a short circuit at the instant of switching, which can damage the capacitors as well as other associated switchgears.

To avoid this situation, a reactor is connected in series with each capacitor in the bank. The reactor opposes any sudden change in current and whole equipment and switchgear are thus protected from high inrush current when capacitor is switched on.

Harmonic Mitigation

Harmonics are produced in the operation of non-linear loads in a network such as rectifiers, inverters for drives, welding apparatus, uninterruptible power supplies etc.By definition, harmonics are sinusoidal voltages and currents with higher frequencies, in multiples of the fundamental frequency. Harmonics give rise to parallel or series resonance conditions in the electrical system and can be hugely damaging to the loads.Harmonics are a frequent cause of power quality problems in grids and require mitigating actions to ensure high network power quality.

Power supplied by 3 phase system is 120 degrees apart. In this scenario, the three currents add into a neutral wire and will cancel each other out. However, when harmonics are generated by the

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loads, the currents will not add to zero.This then leads to an oscillating current in the neutral wire which may be dangerous particularly in the cases where neutral wire is designed to carry minimal current.

Voltage harmonics are caused by current harmonics. The current harmonics distort the voltage source due to the source impedance.

Effect of Harmonics on Capacitors

Once harmonics are generated in the system, the need to mitigate their effect arises. A simple equation can help us understand the effect of harmonics on a network.

Xc = 1 / 2πfC,

Where Xc refers to the impedance in Ω

f is the system frequency in Hz

C is the capacitance in µF

If the frequency increases as a result of harmonics, then the impedance reduces, causing the current carried by the load and the voltage impressed on the load to increase.

This will damage the dielectric of the capacitors and ultimately cause resonance.

Harmonic Mitigation can be achieved by the use of Detuned Reactors. Detuned reactors are actually inductors made of copper or aluminum wound on single or three phase high permeable iron core.

Detuned Reactors, also called as Harmonic Filters, are used in series with capacitor banks in power factor correction units to mitigate the effect of harmonics and resonance in electrical networks. The resonance frequency is modified to ensure that the prevalent dominant harmonics do not result in large inrush currents that may damage the capacitors. Since the reactors shift the frequency of resonance to levels where harmonics do not exist, they are referred to as detuned reactors.

By performing the harmonic analysis of the system and choosing the tuning frequency according to the dominant harmonic current order, it is possible to avoid following negative effects on the system by the use of detuned reactors:

l Overcurrent during switching of the capacitor banks

l Overload of capacitor banks because of the harmonic resonance

l Short lifetime of capacitors

l Overheating of the utility transmission cables and distribution transformers

l Unintended triggering of the protective devices

l Distortion of utility voltage waveform and problems on voltage sensitive devices

l Interferences on data transmission systems

l Unexplainable faults in electronic boards

It is to be noted that Harmonic filter (detuned) reactors do not destroy harmonic components in the system. It only prevents the harmonic current from increasing in amplitude.

Detuned Reactors are commonly referred to as 5.67%, 7% or 14% as a rating.This basically means that the reactance of the 7% detuned reactor is 7% of the capacitor’s reactance.For example, when using a 7% detuned reactor, the reactor and capacitor together change the resonance frequency to 189 Hz. This means that the circuit acts as capacitive for harmonic currents under 189Hz and inductive above 189 Hz.

As a thumb rule, 7% detuned reactors mitigate the effects of 5th harmonic and above while 14% detuned reactors are required if the 3rd harmonic is to be mitigated as well.

NEA's Initiatives

NEA's Energy Efficiency Divisionhad conducted a sample study of distribution transformers from inside and outside Kathmandu valley, which showed low power factor as well as the presence of huge amount of 3rd harmonic components, leading to significant neutral current in many cases. So, it was planned to install shunt capacitors in the LV side of distribution transformers. A contract for 325 nos of Automatic Power Factor Correction (APFC) Panel Boards has already been awarded. Distribution transformers of 200 kVA and higher ratings with low power factor shall be selected throughout the country for installation of APFC. The microprocessor

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based pf controller technology used in this APFC project enables sensing the existing power factor and automatic switching of capacitor units to meet the target power factor thereby preventing the leading pf status. Technical data like transformer loading in kVA, reactive power in kVAR, power factor, information about the number of steps of switched capacitors will be reported in real time to a central server using 3G/4G network. Status of power factor improvement in all the installed locations can be viewed in real time from anywhere using IoT technology. To mitigate the effect of dominant 3rd harmonics, 14% detuned reactors have also been used in series with the capacitors to build a compact modular APFC for easy installation by the side of distribution transformers.

Way forward

In the next step, EE division plans to use active filters in the LV network for pf improvement using IGBT or other latest and efficient technology.

Though higher in cost, its use would be justifiable as it helps destroying the harmonic components in the distributionnetwork besides performing the pf improvement.It has also been planned to achieve reactive compensation in the distribution network by installing APFC in the 11 kV bus of 33/11 kV Distribution Substations.

In order to effectively manage reactive power in the distribution network, a policy intervention from the government is expected to enforce some mandatory provisions such as kVAH billing in place of kWH billing, maintaining at least 0.9 as the standard power factor and penalizing the consumers with power factor lesser than the predefined standard power factor.

All these efforts of reactive compensation are believed to act as important milestones in NEA's move towards achieving high quality power distribution system.

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Snaps of enclosure and inner components of Schneider made APFC Panel

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Meaning

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in a business by an investor from another country for which the foreign investor has control over the company purchased. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) flows record the value of cross-border transactions related to direct investment during a given period of time, usually a quarter or a year. Financial flows consist of equity transactions, reinvestment of earnings, and intercompany debt transactions. Outward flows represent transactions that increase the investment that investors in the reporting economy have in enterprises in a foreign economy, such as through purchases of equity or reinvestment of earnings, less any transactions that decrease the investment that investors in the reporting economy have in enterprises in a foreign economy, such as sales of equity or borrowing by the resident investor from the foreign enterprise. Inward flows represent transactions that increase the investment that foreign investors have in enterprises resident in the reporting economy less transactions that decrease the investment of foreign investors in resident enterprises. FDI creates stable and long-lasting links between economies.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from the viewpoint of the Balance of Payments and the International

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Hydropower Development of Nepal

Pushkar Raj BhattaraiAssistant Director, Nepal Rastra Bank.

Investment Position (IIP) share a same conceptual

framework given by the International Monetary

Fund (IMF). The Balance of Payments is a statistical

statement that systematically summarizes, for a

specific time span, the economic transactions of an

economy with the rest of the world (transactions

between residents and non-residents) and the IIP

compiles for a specific date, such as the end of a

year, the value of the stock of each financial asset

and liability as defined in the standard components

of the Balance of Payments.

The Organization of Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) defines control as owning 10%

or more of the business. Businesses that make foreign

direct investments are often called multinational

corporations (MNCs) or multinational enterprises

(MNEs). An MNE may make a direct investment by

creating a new foreign enterprise, which is called

a greenfield investment, or by the acquisition of a

foreign firm, either called an acquisition or brown

field investment. Foreign direct investment can

be defined as an investment done by an individual

or an organization of one country into another

organization/company of another country. This

happens when an organization wants to expand into

another country or want to have a ‘lasting interest’

in the company of another company.

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Foreign Investment and its Forms

Foreign Investor: The definition of foreign

investor has included Non-resident Nepali along

with foreign person, firm, company, government as

well as international institutions. Thus, investment

made by a Non-resident Nepali will also be regarded

as foreign investment under the current regime.

Forms of foreign investment: The Previous Act

limited the form of foreign investment to (i) share

investment in foreign currency, (ii) re-investment

of dividends and (iii) investment made in the form

of loan or loan facilities. In contrast, by listing

the following investment as foreign investment,

the FITTA has broaden the scope of foreign

investment:

l Share investment in foreign currency

l Re-investment of dividends

l Lease finance in aircraft, ship, machinery and

equipment, construction apparatus or similar

apparatus

l Investment in venture capital fund

l Investment in listed securities through

secondary securities market

l Investment made by acquiring shares or assets

of a company incorporated in Nepal

l Investment received after issuing securities in

foreign capital market by a Nepalese entity

l Investment made through technology transfer

l Investment maintained by establishing and

expanding an industry in Nepal.

Positive List and Negative List: Foreign

investment is only allowed in industrial activities

and not in trading activities. Moreover, it is only

permissible in sectors that are (i) classified as

an industry under IEA (the “Positive List”) and

(ii) sectors that are not included in the restricted

sectors provided under Schedule of the FITTA

(the “Negative List”). So, even if a sector is not

included in the Negative List, if it is not classified

as an industry under the Positive List then

foreign investment in such sector is not allowed.

Moreover, the FITTA provides for more restrictive

regime than the Previous Act as business of mass

communication, travel agency, primary sectors

of agricultural productions and others have been

added in the Negative List. Besides, the Negative

List is applicable in the case of investment and

loan, however, it is not applicable in the case of

transfer of technology in industry set up with local

investment.

Maximum limit of foreign investment: FITTA

provides that the maximum limit of the amount

and proportion of foreign investment is not be

determined, except in the following two cases:

l Maximum limit of foreign investment in

equity of service industry may be prescribed

so that the foreign investment is not less than

the commitment made by Nepal at the time

of obtaining membership of World Trade

Organization; and

l Maximum limit of foreign investment in

securities transaction may also be prescribed.

Financial Instruments of Foreign Direct Investment

Equity: Comprises: i) equity in branches; ii) all

shares in subsidiaries and associates (except non-

participating, preferred shares that are treated as

debt securities and included under direct investment,

debt instruments); and iii) other contributions of

an equity nature. Ownership of equity is usually

evidenced by shares, stocks, participations,

depositary receipts or similar documents. Shares

and stocks have the same meaning while depositary

receipts are securities that represent ownership of

securities by a depositary. This category includes

proprietors’ net equity in quasi-corporations, as

well as shares and equity in corporations. It also

includes preferred stocks or shares that provide for

participation in the residual value on dissolution

of an incorporated enterprise. Reinvestment of

earnings comprises the claim of direct investors (in

proportion to equity held) on the retained earnings

of direct investment enterprises. Reinvestment of

earnings represents financial account transactions

that contribute to the equity position of a direct

investor in a direct investment enterprise.

Deposits: Typical forms of deposits include savings

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deposits, term deposits, transferable and non-

transferable depositsin local or foreign currencies.

Debt securities: Include non-participating

preferred shares, bonds, debentures, commercial

paper, promissory notes and other non equity

securities.

Loans: Loans are financial assets that are created

when a creditor lends funds directly to a debtor

through an instrument that is not intended to be

traded. This category includes all loans and advances

(except accounts receivable/payable which are

treated as a separate category of financial assets).

It also covers the treatment of financial leases and

repurchase agreements.

Trade credit (receivables and payables):

between FDI related enterprises. It represents

short-term credit in the ordinary course of business

by suppliers/buyers of goods and services. These

credits are registered from the time the goods or

services are provided until payment is received (or

vice versa).

Other accounts receivable/payable: includes

advances and deferred payments in respect of

exchange of non-produced assets.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is made into a business

or a sector by an individual or a company from another

country. It is different from portfolio investment,

which is made more indirectly into another country’s

economy by using financial instruments, such as

bonds and stocks. There are various advantages

and disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment in

developing countries like Nepal.

Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment

Economic Development Stimulation

Foreign direct investment can stimulate the target

country’s economic development, creating a more

conducive environment for the investor and

benefits for the local industry.

Easy and Huge International Trade

Commonly, a country has its own import tariff, and

this is one of the reasons why trading with it is quite

difficult. Also, there are industries that usually

require their presence in the international markets

to ensure their sales and goals will be completely

met. With FDI, all these will be made easier.

Employment Generation and Economic Growth

Foreign direct investment creates new jobs, as

investors build new companies in the target

country, create new opportunities. This leads to an

increase in income and more buying power to the

people, which in turn leads to an economic growth

and development.

Development of Human Capital Resources

One big advantage brought about by FDI is the

development of human capital resources, which

is also often understated as it is not immediately

apparent. Human capital is the competence and

knowledge of those able to perform labor, more

known to us as the workforce. The attributes gained

by training and sharing experience would increase

the education and overall human capital of a

country. Its resource is not a tangible asset that is

owned by companies, but instead something that is

on loan. With this in mind, a country with FDI can

benefit greatly by developing its human resources

while maintaining ownership.

Tax Incentives

Parent enterprises would also provide foreign direct

investment to get additional expertise, technology

and products. As the foreign investor, you can

receive tax incentives that will be highly useful in

your selected field of business.

Knowledge and Technology Transfer

Foreign direct investment will allow resource

transfer and other exchanges of knowledge,

where various countries are given access to new

technologies and skills.

Reduced Disparity between Revenues and Costs

Foreign direct investment can reduce the disparity

between revenues and costs. With such, countries

will be able to make sure that production costs will

be the same and can be sold easily.

Increased Productivity The facilities and equipment provided by foreign

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investors can increase a workforce’s productivity in the target country.

Increase in Income and Saving

Another big advantage of foreign direct investment is the increase of the target country’s income. With more jobs and higher wages, the national income normally increases. As a result, economic growth is spurred. Take note that larger corporations would usually offer higher salary levels than what you would normally find in the target country, which can lead to increment in income.

Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment

Hindrance to Domestic Investment

As it focuses its resources elsewhere other than the investor’s home country, foreign direct investment can sometimes hinder domestic investment.

Risk from Political Changes

Because political issues in other countries can instantly change, foreign direct investment is very risky. Plus, most of the risk factors that you are going to experience are extremely high.

Negative Influence on Exchange Rates.

Foreign direct investments can occasionally affect exchange rates to the advantage of one country and the detriment of another.

Higher Costs

If you invest in some foreign countries, you might notice that it is more expensive than when you export goods. So, it is very imperative to prepare sufficient money to set up your operations.

Economic Non-Viability and Expropriation

Considering that foreign direct investments may be capital-intensive from the point of view of the investor, it can sometimes be very risky or economically non-viable. The political changes can also lead to expropriation, which is a scenario where the government will have control over your property and assets.

Negative Impact on the Country’s Investment

The rules that govern foreign exchange rates and

direct investments might negatively have an impact on the investing country. Investment may be banned in some foreign markets, which means that it is impossible to pursue an inviting opportunity.

Modern-Day Economic Colonialism

Many third-world countries, or at least those with history of colonialism, worry that foreign direct investment would result in some kind of modern day economic colonialism, which exposes host countries and leave them vulnerable to foreign companies’ exploitations.

Foreign Direct Investment in Hydropower Development in Nepal

Nepal took on a liberalization strategy in the early 1990s. The Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act (FITTA), 2019 came into place to encourage FDIs into the country. There is a huge potential in the hydro-power sector of the country with a feasible generation capacity of 42,000 MW. However, only a very small amount of it has been utilized so far leaving huge untapped potential for hydropower energy. Current production has not even met local demand. It is well known fact that FDIs and economic growth have a strong relationship. Hydro-electricity produced in Nepal can also cater to the growing energy demand of neighboring countries. Nepal’s unique mountainous terrain and rich water resources gives foreign investors a great advantage by virtue of its location for investing in energy to supply to rapidly growing India and China.

FDI has the ability to sustain a high trajectory of economic growth in a host country.Nepal has potential to meet its commercial and domestic energy requirements through clean energy as it has huge resources of hydropower and has suitable gradient for producing 83,000 MW of electricity. One of the major targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 is to produce 15,000 MW of electricity by 2030 (NPC, 2017a). While developing hydropower plants for generating electricity, a lot of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled employment opportunities will be created in remote parts of Nepal. Furthermore, the development of power plants also brings local development such as the construction of roads, bridges, and electricity and telecommunication

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infrastructure to local communities. According to Department of Industry, the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in energy sector is increasing gradually,

The above table indicates that the foreign direct investment in energy sector is increasing gradually. The amount of foreign investment in total capital is also growing and it is the symptom of capitalizing the water resources which ultimately contributes in economic growth and national income.

Problems and challenges of Hydropower Development in Nepal

Nepal faces a daunting challenge in terms of technology, skilled manpower and financial resources to provide adequate, quality and affordable energy to its citizens in a sustainable manner. The major challenges in hydropower development in Nepal are explained as follows:

l Largest Hydropower Investment Requirements

Fiscal Year

No. of Industries

Total Capital (Rs. in Million)

Fixed Capital (Rs. in Million)

Working Capital (Rs. in Million)

2065/66 301 26,961.36 22,526.92 4,915.94

2066/67 258 39,245.35 34,352.81 4,892.34

2067/68 242 90,415.58 77,913.17 12,502.40

2068/69 279 84,427.39 79,361.86 5,065.42

2069/70 446 119,601.13 107,983.27 11,617.86

2070/71 370 287,807.65 275,218.77 12,588.88

2071/72 466 138,751.27 128,602.84 10,148.43

2072/73 409 121,007.22 103,967.59 17,039.62

2073/74 510 163,174.40 145,120.65 18,053.75

2074/75 496 350,588.84 329,261.22 21,327.63

Fiscal year

Category No. Of industry

Total Capital(Rs.in million)

Fixed capital(Rs.in million)

Working capital(Rs.in million)

2073/74 Energy Based 20 82,400.44 80,473.28 1,927.16

2074/75 Energy Based 39 233,915.65 231,896.68 2,018.96

Fiscal Year 2073/74 2074/75Total Capital (Rs.in million) 163,174.40 350,588.84

Investment in Energy Sector (Rs.in million) 82,400.44 233,915.65% on Total Capital 50.49% 66.72%

No. Of Energy Based Industry 20 39% increase in number of industry 95%

Source: Industrial Information 2074/75, Department of Industry, Nepal

l Demand and aspirations of local people; ownership, employment, adequate compensation

l Lack of political will and commitment for hydropower generation

l Lack of prompt decision making for Foreign Direct Investment

l Lack of effective and efficient one stop service center

l Insufficient Investment from private sector

l Lab, Labor and limited capacity of the project

l Delay in construction of transmission lines

l Huge leakages in the distribution system of hydropower

l Shortage of proper planning for hydropower development.

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Way to Promote FDI in the Hydropower Development in Nepal

Nepal needs rapid hydropower development to meet its power demand, which is growing at the rate of about 10% every year. However, this growth can be higher once the power is readily available at an affordable price. The bulk of the demand at present is for lighting. In the future, the industrial and domestic electricity demand will grow.

Bilateral Agreements

Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) should be signed with those countries from where there are higher chances of inflow and outflow of large investments, especially in hydropower. It also gives a positive message to other foreign investors, showing that the host country is seriously committed to safeguarding the interests of foreign investors.

Power Trade Agreement

Power Trade Agreement (PTA) signed with India should be implemented as per its spirit . It creates the necessary environment for the construction of large hydropower projects in Nepal as it leads to market assurance .

Easy process for Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and Power Development Agreement (PDA)

Foreign investors should be encouraged to put money into the country’s hydropower projects by simlplifying the processes of issuance of license and signing Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) and Power Development Agreement (PDA). The process for doing PPA and PDA should be fixed with time boundaries.

Policy Formation and Implementation for Capitalizing Natural Resource

Nepal has one of the largest potentials in generating hydropower. But such great potential can only materialize through investment. And this investment can be made possible through discussions involving all the stakeholders and decisiveness and strong will of the leaders. The government of Nepal should focus on formulating and implementing the policies and programmes for the development of hydropower Nepal.

Strengthen Hassle-Free FDI approval

l The approval process of FDI should be made simple and automatic so that there will be less contacts with the officials. It helps reduce corruption and other bureaucratic hassles. The automatic route for bringing FDI should be open and the government should promote the investment alternatives in international market.

l Electricity Regulatory Commission (ERC) should be fully functional and transparent to regulate electricity market and address the issues related to electricity pricing in Nepal. It will help to encourage both public, private and people’s investment in energy sector.

l Guidelines should be formulated to provide permission to private sector to build transmission system in Build and Transfer (BT) model to increase the pace of transmission construction. Additionally, the cross-border transmission lines between Nepal and India should be allowed to be developed with appropriate implementation and funding modalities in win-win conditions .

l Nepal government should formulate policy that eases energy exchange with neighboring nations like India, Bangladesh and China so that Nepal can ex-port excess energy and import during time of deficit.

l Nepal government should introduce a policy that provides guideline to convert internal combustion engine and fossil fuel system to electric power that will encourage the entrepreneurs to open conversion companies, modification centers, repair services and the general public to use environment-friendly means of transportation.

References :

Chalise, B. N., Rijal, P., Shrestha, A., & Pyakuryal, V. N. (2013). Foreign Direct Investment: Towards Second Generation of Reforms. Retrieved from http://samriddhi.org/publications/foreign-direct-investment-towards-second-generation-of-reforms/http://www.newbusinessage.comDhungel, K. R., & Rijal, P. (2012). Investment Prospects and Challenges forHydropower Development in Nepal, p. 24. Retrieved from http://samriddhi.org/publications/investment-prospects-challenges-for-hydro-power-development-in-nepal/www.nea.org.nphttps://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2019www.nrb.org.n

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Abstract

In Hydropower plant, turbine converts flow energy to kinetic energy, which turns the rotor to generate electricity. The quality, security and stable operations of electricity generation are maintained by Hydro-governor and excitation regulator. Governor regulates the guide vane opening, which controls the flow rate of water to the turbine. Flow rate of water is related to the speed of rotation of main shaft with various loads, which maintains the frequency of electricity generations. For the requirement of national grid in Nepal, the frequency should be within the tolerance of 10% from 50 Hertz. This article briefly describes the general principle andtypes of various Hydro Governor and the major components of Governor connected in Upper Trisuli 3A Hydropower Project (UT3A HPP).

General Overview of Governor Used in UT3A HPP

Indra Bahadur BishwokarmaEngineer, Upper Trishuli 3A Hydropower Project, NEA

Introduction

A governor adjusts the water flow to maintain the speed of generating units and the system frequency. It maintains a balance between the water input to the turbine and the power requirements of the system. There are three major elements in governor: Speed sensing, control, and Power amplification. The basic principle of governor can be shown in schematic diagram as below:

Speed Sensing

The speed sensing element senses turbine speed and provides an output signal proportional to speed. There are two method of speed sensing, one is ball head mechanism and another is electrical method. In ball head mechanism, a pair of weights at the end of two arms is placed and arms are pivoted near the axis of rotation in such a way that the flyweights can move radial in a plane through the

axis. An increased in system speed will increase the centrifugal force on the flyweight and lifts the sleeve rod upward. The amount of lift sends the signal to control element. This is mainly used in mechanical governor. In electrical sensing, one method is using small dc generators, which

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produces voltage proportional to speed. Another method is tapping the generator output voltage and feed into frequency sensitive network to find speed. Third electrical method is to use toothed wheel and magnetic pick up speed sensor.

Control

A control element receives and acts upon external signals such as speed, wicket gate position feedback, power and produces command to operate the governor power amplification elements. Governing system may control either unit generation or unit frequency, only one at a time.

There are three types of control elements: Mechanical hydraulic control, Analog control, Digital control. In mechanical hydraulic control, turbine rotates the ball head, ball head moves the sleeve and sleeve operates the pilot valve. Pilot valve operates the servomotor and accordingly

servomotor operates the wicket gates. The issue of hunting (due to inertia of flow) is solved by using droop. In speed droop, a decreasing in speed is required to increase the gate opening. Generally droop is set between 0 to 10%.

In analog control, the speed sensing device produces the output frequency or voltage that is proportional to turbine speed. Speed sensing circuit (PID) compares this frequency or voltage with reference and the difference is speed error or voltage error. Based on this error values PID operates the electric hydraulic transducer and this transducer’s output is amplified by hydraulic amplifiers. At steady state condition, error value is zero. If error value is not zero, the PID commands the actuator either to change wicket gate opening or excitation current.In PID, there is derivation gain, so no mechanical droop is required.

In Digital control, speed, unit output, water level

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or any parameter can be sensed by a transducer, switches and contactors. It is versatile and easy to use. Here the software program controls the function of actuators. This works similar to analog system but it has a very less hardwires. Here, for the reliability of operations, input verification logic is must to confirm the action of control valves are in range.

Power amplification

A power amplification element that produces the mechanical force needed to position the water flow controlling devices (wicket gates, blades, needles, or deflectors) in response to the control element’s output signal. A signal from control device cannot move the water control device, so from transducer to servomotor a several stage of hydraulic amplification takes place. With accumulators, power can be supplied to make one or two full servo strokes at a very high force level without requiring a large pump.

Types of Governor

There are mainly three types of governor based on controlling element employed.

Mechanical governor

Here the control function is performed by mechanical elements. People prefer this because of long term part availability, proven reliability, low maintenance cost, easy to understand etc.

Analog Electronic Governor

This governor uses electronics to perform the control functions. It provides electronic PID (Proportional Integral Derivatives) action for improved control without the levers and dashpots as in mechanical governor.

Digital Electronic Governor

Microprocessors, PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers), and Software programs are used to perform control functions in these types of governor.

Upper Trisuli 3A (UT3A) HPP Governor System

The governor used in UT3A is digital electronic governor. It can be discussed in mechanical and electrical section.

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Mechanical Sections

The mechanical components of governor includes Oil pressure device, over speed protection device, control ring and servomotors. Figure 5 shows the connection diagram of different components used in Governor. Figure 6 shows the actual image of governor system used in UT3A HPP. Each component in these images is named as per number given to similar components in above schematic drawing. The bottom section of oil pressure device contains oil tank which capacity is 400 liters. The oil tank contains magnetic oil level indicator, visual oil level and water in oil sensor. These sensors send the signal to PLC of control box. There are three nitrogen filled bladder type accumulator with 100 liter capacity each.

Working: Motor drives the pump and pump suck the oil from oil tank via filter. The pressurized oil from two pumps goes to mainline via high pressure filter having clog sensing device. In each pump line, there are one way valve and gate valve, which prevents the back flow of oil from mainline. The mainline with oil pressure 16MPa is divided into

1 Filter series 17 ;2 Motor 18 Emergency stop valve3 pump 19 Digital valve of close4 Relief valve 20 Digital valve of open5 Water in oil detector 21 Hydraulicreversing valve6 Magnetic oil level indicator 22 Proportional valve7 High pressure filter line series 23 Hydro check valve8 Pump outlet check valve 24 Hydro check valve9 gate valve 25 Emergency distributing valve10 Accumulator 26 Step closing valve11 Pressure Gauge 27 One way throttle valve12 Pressure switch 28 One way throttle valve13 Pressure switch 29 Mechanical over speed protection device14 Pressure switch 30 Servomotor15 Pressure switch 31 Control ring16 Pressure switch

three branches. One branch contains: pressure switch to operate pumps at different pressure and pressure gauge, pressure transducer to sense and show pressure. The second branch is connected to nitrogen filled bladder type accumulators, which retain the pressure to operate the governor for at least two to three servomotor stroke operations without operating pump. The third branch goes to mechanical control valve system for control operations of guide vane. In detail, from third branch there are five sub branches: one line goes to emergency stop valve, another line goes to digital valve of close, another goes to hydraulic reversing valve, another goes to emergency distribution valve and last line goes to over speed protection device. One return line with gate valve is connected to mainline, which can be used to drain the pressured oil to tank. The components image can be shown as below:

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Let us start from top of hydraulic principle diagram that is from emergency stop valve. Normally, emergency stop valve remains open. It has two paths, one toward digital valve of close and another toward digital valve of open and proportional vale. These three valves can be operated locally or from LCU but one way at a time. At emergency stop valve de-energized condition, when digital valve of open is activated, it opens the guide vane by approximate value but large step movement (for example complete open) and when proportional valve activates it moves the guide vane at accurate value with small step movement (for example some intermittent value). When emergency valve gets energized, the oil passesthrough digital valve of close.It means, the mainline oil can be sent from digital valve of close by operating with solenoid valve or directly through emergency stop valve. This valve also moves the guide vanes in approximate value with large step movement (for example complete close) as that of digital valve of open. The oil lines from digital valve of open and digital valve of close moves through hydraulic reversing valve, which facilitates the change in direction of Servomotor movements. The oil line from hydraulic reversing valve and proportional valve are connected to single line. To prevent the oil backflow from one line to another line, the one way check valve are connected in each line before uniting. This united oil line goes to emergency distribution valve, which generally remains open and allows above mentioned operation of different valves. This emergency distribution valve also has mainline pressured oil. There is an over speed protection device connected to main shaft of turbine. When the main shaft speed exceeds over speed valve, it activates the over speed device. The over speed device send signal to emergency distribution valve via high pressure oil. This high pressure oil sends signal to emergency distribution valve, and after receiving this, emergency distribution valve closes united line path and open the mainline oil path, which passes through step closing valves and step closing valve moves the servomotor to close the guide vane. The step closing valve has the option to close the wicket gate rapidly to certain period of time and after that slowly close to minimize water hammer effect. The rapid period of close time can be set in LCU. The step closing valve can be operated locally or from the LCU.

Electrical Section

Electrical section has two parts: Local LCU and Digital cubicle. The main logic and program executes at digital cubicle and it send signal to local LCU. The local LCU simply operates the different valves and pumps manually or from obtaining signals from Digital cubicle.

Local LCU

Local LCU is placed to operate the pumps and solenoid valves as per instructions from Digital cubicle or manual instruction by operator. The pumps are operated manually or in auto mode. At auto mode, it is operated by pressure switch. There are five pressure switches, each provides signal at 16.5 (high pressure signal in indicator), 16 (both pump stop), 14.5(both pump start), 12.8(one pump start), 11.2Mpa(low pressure signal to indicator) pressure respectively. The function of pump is to maintain 16Mpa pressure in the mainline. The flow of electricity can be shown in electrical diagram of figure 7. The main line electricity passes to MCB (14) and from MCB to contactor (13), from contactor to motor protection device (15) and from motor protective device to motor (two systems for two motor). The MCB and motor protection normally remains closed but contactor remains open. The contactor is operated from control system. The control system works at 24V and 5 Volt DC supply. For the power supply to control system, one AC power 220V and one DC power 110V comes to MCB (8). From AC MCB this goes to AC to DC converter (16), which converts 380/220V ac to 24 volt DC and from DC MCB to DC/DC converter (16), which converts 110V DC to 24V DC. This 24V dc goes to Card, which converts some portion to 24V DC and some to 5V DC. From this card, 24V current goes to relay and PLC and switches (12-16). Switches sends signal to PLC and PLC sends signals to relay and relay operate the contactor and accordingly the motor are operated. The PLC also receives an envelope of signal from Digital cubicle to perform various operations.

The distribution of oil from mainline for the movement of wicket gates via servomotor is mainly operated by different solenoid valves as explained above. The solenoid valve contains the solenoid coil, which is operated by DC current supplied. The voltage of supplied dc current is varied for different

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capacity of solenoid valves. Emergency shutdown valve apply, emergency shutdown valve release, emergency stop valve and emergency distribution valve requires 110V dc supplied. After the DC MCB the 110V supply is tapped to 4 relays (6), and from relays to corresponding solenoid valves. The relay is operated by signal from PLC (3). Similarly, proportional valve, digital valve of open, digital valve of close, step closing valve are operated by 24V DC supply, which is obtained from card converter. This also passes through relay to corresponding valve and relay is operated by signal from plc.

Digital Cubical

The digital cubicle is placed at generator floor. All the program and logic executes at digital cubicle. The control system in Digital cubical operates at 24V DC and 5V DC supply, but station power supply are 230V AC and 110V DC. Thus, the AC/DC converter (21) and DC/DC converter (22) converts it to 24V DC and 12V DC Supply.The 24V DC from the card goes to Tooth wheel speed sensor, UPS of CPU, HMI, De-humidifier, Temperature sensor and heater. There is one CPU (29), which gets power from its UPS connected inbuilt and UPS gets power of 24 volt from DC/DC card (34). CPU has inbuilt

software for processing and it interacts with human interface (HMI). There are five modules (24-28), located at the side of CPU. AO0001 is analog output module. It gives signal to Module at local LCU for the operation of proportional valves as per signal obtained from CPU.AI0001 is analog input module, it gets signal from net head transducer, active power transducer, wicket gate opening signal module and send it to CPU. Wicket gate opening signal module receives signal from wicket gate transducer and gives signal to indicator too. DI00011 is the digital input module; it takes digital input signals from reshape

frequency module. Reshape frequency module gets signal of frequency from CT of generator, and CT of grid and frequency from tooth wheel speed sensing device. It processes the data and sends the signal to DI00011 module. DI00011 send the received signal to CPU. DI0001 is another digital input module; it receives input data from push button (start/stop command, Emergency stop valve energized, emergency distribution valve apply/released, fault reset, synchronous condenser), selection switch (Auto/manual, Remote/local, remote lower/upper). DI0001 send this signal to CPU for processing. DO001 is digital output module; it

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receives the processed signal from CPU and send to module at local electrical cubicle for operation of digital valve of open and digital valve of close. It also sends signal different indicators and relays as shown in figure. The digital cubicle also contains the temperature sensor, humidity sensor and heater and dehumidifier. It also contains the power transmitter, which sense generated frequency and give signal to DI.

Conclusion

Governor maintains the frequency generated from the unit by operating guide vane in spite of various load. It has different mechanical components and these components are operated and control by electrical signals from control system. Governor is one of the impotent and sensitive components of

hydropower plant. Thus, the clear understanding of governor is essential for engineer working at hydropower stations.

Acknowledgement

I am very much indebted to Director Mr. Fanendra Raj Joshi for providing this platform, and motivating me for learning. I am grateful to Deputy

Manager Mr. IndibarGhimire and Deputy Manager Mr. Suresh Raut for guiding me during preparing this article. I am thankful to Mr. AsishDahal, Mr. IndraAdhikari and Mr. Birendra Shah for helping me during preparing this article.

References:Governor module and Drawing from CGGCANSI/IEEE standard 125

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Abstract

Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA), a predominant player in the country’s hydroelectric energy sector, has an important role to play in hydroelectric energy generation, transmission and distribution to provide sufficiently reliable and acceptable quality to consumers.

Hydroelectric energy was balanced at least for crisis management from Laxmi Puja (Tihar) of September 2016 which was started from Kathmandu valley and managed domestic, commercial and industrial consumers in the entire country by now.

Electricity supply was gathered from the generation of NEA and IPPS including import from India to meet the demand of domestic, commercial and industrial consumers. The demand of hydroelectricity in INPSrelies on the domestic, commercial and industrial consumers. The largest share of energy consumption belongs to the domestic sector in morning and evening time of the day, which is the peak demand in the system.

The hydroelectric energy balance techniques for crisis management were the supply side management, demand side management, infrastructure development, operational management, equal

Hydro-Electric Energy Balance Techniques for Crisis Management

Madan Sharma Engineer (Civil), Project Development Department, NEA

distribution of energy in peak time, import management, loss reduction programs, honesty and collective effort of management and motivational activities to the consumers of hydro electric energy. It played crucial role with continuous power supply thereby making it possible to manage our power system in a more efficient way.

Optimum generation of power plants mainly PROR power plants in peak time of the day, effective management of plants through periodic and scheduled maintenance helped a lot. Kaligandaki A, Middle Marsyangdi and Marsyangdi hydropower plant were operated first time in Nepal with their full capacity in peak time during dry season using their poundage capacity.

Background

An energy balance is a consideration of the energy input, output and consumption or generation in a process or stage. When determining an energy balance, need to know what energy is being transferred in and out of the system. An energy balance is a complete framework for showing the production, trade, transformation and consumption of all energy products in the national territory. It allows users to see transformation efficiencies and the relative importance of the

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different fuel supplies in their contribution to the overall energy supply. The statistician also uses the energy balance as a high-level check on the data accuracy as apparent energy gains in conversion processes or large losses indicate data problems.

Crisis management is the process by which an organization deals with a disruptive and unexpected event that threatens to harm the organization or its stakeholders. Crisis management is a situation-based management system that includes clear roles and responsibilities and process related organizational requirements company-wide. The techniques of crisis management include a number of consequent steps from the understanding of the influence of the crisis on the corporation to preventing, alleviating, and overcoming the different types of crisis. Crisis prevention, assessment, handling and termination are the actions of crisis management. The aim of crisis management is to be well prepared for crisis, ensure a rapid and adequate response to the crisis, maintaining clear lines of reporting and communication in the event of crisis and agreeing rules for crisis termination.

Statement of the Problem

Nepal started facing imbalance on demand and supply of hydroelectricity since 1990. Initially the period of hydroelectricity imbalance was only for few hours daily that lasted until 1991.

The second period of energy deficiency prevailed for substantially longer period of time. The generation of hydroelectricity was resolved with the construction of Marsyangdi Hydroelectric project (69MW).

The third period electricity deficiency emerged in early 2000 which prevailed for three years until 2003 with the daily duration of electricity outage as large as 10 hours. The situation was resolved with the commissioning of Kaligandaki-A Project (144MW) in 2003.

The fourth period of electricity deficiency emerged in December, 2005 with NEA announcing electricity outage of 2hrs a day in the beginning which gradually increased and reached about 46 hours in a week by 2006. This was the first time that the people in Nepal faced longer duration of crisis of electrical energy. Between 2006 and 2009.

only76MW was added in the National grid despite increase in demand by 209MW. Between 2009 and 2016, the duration of electricity outage had been 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, and 18 hours a day in different months of dry season and few hours even in wet season.

Significance of the Topic

The comparison on “Hydro-Electric Energy Balance Techniques for Crisis Management” as Load shedding vs. Energy Balance assesses the hydroelectric energy techniques that were applied between load shedding period and Hydro Energy Balance Period for crisis management and balancing criteria were applied for short term and long term planning, schedule management on generating, implementing and distribution of hydroelectric energy in Nepal.

Moreover, it also provided information on present status of hydro electricity generation, transmission and distribution scenarios conducted by NEA by comparing the status and performance of hydroelectric components in the three years period 2015 to 2017 as load shedding vs. Energy Balance.This period, was one of the great transition phases of hydro electric energy balancing time in Nepal.

Scope of the Topic

Hydroelectricity outage was a vigorous problem for all Nepalese people till the year of 2016. The hydroelectric system operated by NEA has been balanced by crisis management techniques from the dry season of year 2016 which was started from the Kathmandu valley from the day of Laxmi Puja (Tihar) of September 2016, That day recorded the maximum energy demand day of the year.

Hydro Electric Energy Balance Techniques

Supply Side Management

Supply-Side Management (SSM) for the load shedding management and hydroelectric energy balance was done by optimum utilization of available resources only. At that time period of energy balance “between 2015 to 2017”, 80 MW was added by IPPs in the INPS system (50 MW Upper Marsyangdi HEP, 25 MW Upper Madi HEP and5 MW Mailung Khola HEP).

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Kulekhani-I Hydropower Stations

Kulekhani-I (KL I) hydropower Station is the only one seasonal storage type plant in Nepal with installed capacity of 60MW and annual design generation of 211GWh. This hydro power plant is designed to generate 165GWh as primary energy and 46GWh as secondary energy. It was designed as peaking power station but it is often operated to the system requirements for voltage improvement and system stability and used for initiating black start in INPS during national power system collapse. The plant is very critical for INPS for meeting peak load demand especially during dry season and also for restoring Power in INPS at the time of black out. It contributed average 6.09% of the total energy share in INPS.

The above figure shows that difference of minimum and maximum water level in Kulekhani Indrasarowar reservoir was 24.37 m in 2015/16 23.43 m in 2016/17and 19.05 m in 2017/18. The change in the reservoir level was mainly dependent on precipitation in the catchment area as well as the water use for hydropower generation.

Kulekhani-II Hydropower Station

Kulekhani II (KL II) hydropower plant is a cascade power station of Kulekhani I hydropower plant which is designed to develop power utilizing the water from the tailrace of KL I, further adding the water of Mandu river having 32MW installed capacity and annual design generation of 104.6GWh. It is operated as per LDC according to the requirements for voltage improvement and system stability.

The above Figure shows that the monthly generation of KL II between 2015 to 2017. The generation of KL II has governed with the generation of KL

I. It generated annually 36.05GWh in 2015/16 which increased by 5.85% and reached 37.8GWh in 2016/17due to more generation in Kulekhani I. However, the station generated annually 31.75GWh in 2017/18 which is 16.0% less than that of previous year due to less generation in Kulekhani I that saved the water level in Kulekhani I hydropower station.

Kaligandaki-A Hydropower Station

KaligandakiA (KGA) hydropower station is currently the largest operating power plant in Nepal. It is a six -hour PROR type power station having an installed capacity of 144MW with annual designed generation of 842GWh. It was constructed primarily to curb the ever increasing energy demand at that time and eliminate load shedding prevalent due to the imbalance in demand and supply of energy also was designed to manage the extremely high sediment load of the Kaligandaki River. It contributed average 20.6% of the total energy share in INPS.

The above Figure shows that the hourly power generation of KGA on the specific day (Laxmi Puja) Tihar “between 2015 to 2017”. It generated 2,518.1MW on that day of year 2015, 2,846.0MW in 2016 and 2,770.6MW in 2017. The peaking of KGA was not managed in 2015 but that was managed in morning and evening time peak hours of days in 2016 and 2017. The increase in the generation after energy balance was due to relative more discharge on Kaligandaki River, shifting and minimizing the

Water Level (masl) of Kulekhani Reservoir, 2015-2017

Energy Generation of KL II (MWh) 2015-2017

Hourly Peaking on Power Generation of KGA (MW) 2015-2017

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machine overhauling time on periodic overhauling of units of powerhouses.

Middle Marsyangdi Hydropower Station

Middle Marsyangdi Hydropower Station (MMHPS) is the daily poundage five hours PROR type power station with installed capacity 70MW and annual designed generation of 398GWh. It contributed average 10.18 % of the total energy share in INPS.

The above Figure shows that the hourly power generation of MMHPS on the specific day (Laxmi Puja) Tihar “between 2015 to 2017”. It generated 1,285.3MW on that day of year 2015, 1,447.6MW in 2016 and 1,259.4MW in 2017. The peaking of MMHPS was not managed in 2015 but that was managed in evening time peak hours of days in 2016 and 2017.

Marsyangdi Hydropower Station

Marsyangdi Hydropower Station (MHPS) is PROR type power station generating hydroelectricity by diverting the water of Marsyangdi River having an installed capacity 69MW having annual designed generation of 467.5GWh.It contributed average 10.67 % of the total energy to the INPS.

The above Figure shows that the hourly power generation of MHPS on the specific day (Laxmi Puja) Tihar “between 2015 to 2017”. It generated 1,424.2MW on that day of 2015, 1,446.8MW in 2016 and 1,462.7MW in 2017. The peaking of MHPS was not managed in 2015 but that was managed in evening time peak hours of days in 2016 and 2017.The annual generation of powerhouses was increased due to effective maintain on the peaking schedule of hourly, daily, monthly and seasonal generation.

Demand Side Management

Energy demand of Nepal undergoes seasonal variation. In addition, there is daily time variation on which demand is high in evening time and decreases spill in the time of midnight. The peak demand is during 6-9 pm (depending upon summer and winter), the load being mostly residential loads. At the off-peak, the demand is much lesser than that at the peak hour.

NEA has played significate role to increase access of electricity industrialization, in living standards and modernization. They are contributing to the increase in the demand of electricity in the country. The demand is increasing in each year whereas the generation was not increasing in the same pattern and thus, Nepal faced acute load shedding up to September 2016. The comparison of demand side management at the time period of load shedding and energy balance during the year of 2015 to 2017 is given in table below:

Infrastructure Development

Infrastructure development, management of transmission and distribution system were carried out even in the time of load shedding . However energy was scarce on load shedding time locally due to poor infrastructure . After the end of load shedding, NEA focused on the upgrading of transmission and distribution components with the increasing demand of energy. The infrastructure development was done in transmission system, substation, distribution system, distribution transformers and service cables up to the meter of the consumers by the transformers reinforcement, upgrading of substations, up-gradation, reactive power compensation and rehabilitation of power equipment. These interconnections helped to

Hourly Peaking on Power Generation of MMHPS (MW) 2015-2017

Hourly Peaking on Power Generation of MHPS (MW) 2015-2017

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enhance power wheeling possibilities across the border and within country that promote energy banking and export/import opportunity. These were the following infrastructure development conducted and completed for energy balance during the year of 2015 to 2017 for load shedding management.

Planning and Construction

l The following planning and construction activities were conducted during the period of 2015 to 2017.

l River corridor based high voltage transmission lines projects are in master plan of NEA.

l North-South and East-west high voltage (400KV, 220KV) transmission line project are in the planning and construction phase.

l Kaligandaki, Marsyangdi, Chilime, Solu, Kabeli, Dordi corridor high voltage (400KV, 220KV, 132 KV) transmission line projects are in the phase of construction on which some were completed.

l Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur Nepal’s first ever 400KV cross-border transmission line and substation completed on February 2016 which played a pivotal role in eradicating load shedding and ensured reliable power trade between Nepal and India.

l Completion and charging of 132/66/11KV

Chapali substation Kathmandu in August 2016.

l Completion of Bhulbhule-Middle Marsyangdi 132KV, Hetauda-Kulekhani II-Syuchatar 132KV second circuit, and Raxaul-Parwanipur 132KV transmission line in 2016 and other ample transmission lines all over the country during 2015 to 2017.

Upgrading and Maintenance

The following upgrading and maintenance activities were conducted during the period of 2015 to 2017.

l Installation of new 132/66KV, 3x12.6MVA single phase transformer and 132/11KV, 30 MVA transformer bay to replace existing old transformer of LDC Syuchatar in 2016.

l Installation of new 66/11KV, 30MVA by replacing 18MVA transformer at Baneshwor, 132/11KV, 30MVA by replacing 22.5MVA transformer at Matathirtha, 66/11KV, 18MVA at Patan and 132/11KV 22.5MVA, 132/66 KV 49.5MVA at Bhaktapur substation in 2016 and 2017.

l Installation of new 132/11KV 30 MVA, by replacing old 30MVA at Pokhara, 132/11KV 22.5MVA at Lekhnath, 33/11KV, 16.6MVA by replacing old 16.6MVA at Butwal substation in 2016.

l Installation of other ample transmission lines, replaced, upgrading and maintenance of over

Table: Comparison of Demand Side Management (2015-2017)

At load shedding Period (Prior to Sept. 2016)

At Energy Balance Period (After Sept. 2016)

Higher demand for energy in peak time due to scheduled load shedding.High energy consuming loads like water pumping on peak hours. Tariff in order to dissuade consumer for usage of electricity with minimum charge.Initial power factor of load, power factor correction of load was not conducted.Lesser periodic maintenance of electric equipment for electricity supply on industrial, commercial consumers.Load shedding with predefined schedule.Analog and digital meter with manual reading.

Decreasing the demand for energy in peak time due to regular energy supply.Shifting of high energy consuming loads like water pumping to off peak hours.Restructuring tariff in order to dissuade consumer for usage of electricity with demand capacity. Power factor correction of load/installation of capacitor bank.Periodic maintenance of electric equipment for electricity supply on industrial, commercial consumers etc.No load shedding, Energy balanced.Initiation of smart meter, digital meter, centralized billing system in industrial consumer, e-payment, automation etc.

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loaded old distribution transformers during 2015 to 2017.

Loss Reduction

Energy saving is the generation; loss reduction is also generation that reduces the demand of energy. It has technical and non-technical losses, technical losses by equipment’s like transformers that cannot be eliminated but can be reduced and non-technical losses are like unauthorized theft that can be eliminated.

Loss reduction process was achieved by the scheduled, sudden and emergency field campaign and awareness program from each and every distribution centers of whole Nepal and loss reduction department of NEA. During load shedding periods the total loss was 35% due to unavailable of energy meters and direct hooking on local transmission lines. Hooking of local transmission lines were removed in inaccessible, remote distribution systems areas. The energy losses due to unethical theft with the participation of concerned authority either by by-passing the electricity from energy meter or by damaging the energy meter so, loss reduction strategy was difficult to implement due to muscular power of theft that affair force power. However after the end of load shedding, loss reduction action addressed by national policy action and national wise field campaign up to energy meter supported for loss reduction.

Operational Management of Supply and Demand

Operational management is the art of operation of energy supply that can manage on short time load management of energy for energy crisis management. Operational management was done by full capacity generation of power plant in peak time but minimum generation on off peak time of the day. First time PROR projects were run in full installed capacity although in dry season, KGA generated 144MW power in peak time and 75MW in normal time, MMHPS generated 70MW power in peak time and 32MW in normal time, MHPS generated 69MW power in peak time and 30MW in normal time. Power plants generated 22% excess generation of energy on 2016 as compared to the year 2015 because of no shout down for power plant even in dry season for maintenance.

The energy has been balanced by peaking operation of power plant that modified load shedding pattern at initial time. (ie. less load shedding in peak time but load shedding on mid night). The deficit of energy in evening peak time that made load shedding into industries area. Total industry demand in Nepal was around 300MW, that energy was cut-off for evening 4 hrs and supplied to the domestic consumers for 20 hrs of the day.

Operational management was done by the shifting of over loaded distribution feeder into transmission and distribution substation then that energy was transferred to lesser loaded and energy shaded feeder.

The energy was functioned with better operation management by isolation points for operation. The isolation points were fixed at ten different places of east, mid, Kathmandu and west part of country, that facilitate switching on isolation system with synchronization.

The above Figure shows that the system supply and load curve of peak load day in INPS on the specific day (Laxmi Puja) Tihar on November 11, 2015. On the day of 24 hrs peak load was 1,385.30 MW at 5:45 pm at evening time. The average generation of NEA operated PROR and ROR was 280.10 MW, Total generation from Kulekhani I and II storage was 21.2 MW at evening peak time between 6:00 pm to 10:00 pm, average import from India and IPPS was 152.5 MW and 191.1 MW respectively. The peak load of morning and evening time was managed by load shedding to domestic, commercial and industrial consumers.

The above Figure shows that the system supply and load curve of peak load day in INPS on the specific day (Laxmi Puja) Tihar on October 30, 2016. On the day of 24 hrs peak load was 1,444.06 MW at 6:20 pm at evening time. The average generation

System Supply and Load Curve of Peak Load Day in INPS (MW) 2015

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of NEA operated PROR and ROR was 274.60 MW, The generation was not done from Kulekhani I and II storage, average import from India and IPPS was 92.4 MW and 228.62 MW respectively. The peak load of evening time was managed by load shedding on industrial consumers only.

The above Figure shows that the system supply and load curve of peak load day in INPS on the specific day (Laxmi Puja) Tihar on October 19, 2017. On the day of 24 hrs peak load was 1,508.16 MW at 6:35 pm at evening time. The average generation of NEA operated PROR and ROR was 329.30 MW, Total generation from Kulekhani I and II storage was 206.1 MW at evening peak time between 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm, average import from India and IPPS was 138.4 MW and 347.79 MW respectively. The peak load of evening time was managed by load shedding on industrial consumers only.

With the increase in domestic supply as well as in import from India, NEA was successful to balance the energy in Nepal. The load shedding was technically ended for domestic and commercial sector on September 2016.

Import Management

Import balance techniques were done with positioning of import and export point and station. The electricity imported from IPPs based up on IPPs generation, import from India has increased highly in 2016 as compared to 2015. Over the past decade,

the average annual growth of peak demand is 8.87% whereas that of available energy is only 6.73%. Minimum energy imported in rainy (wet) season and dependency in import around 4-5 months of dry season. The energy has been imported from IPPs projects on different junctions of powerhouses and substations; and imported from India through the Muzaffarpur-Dhalkebar 220 KV, Tanakpur-Mahendranagar132 KV, other substations etc.

The above relation on figure shows that the import of energy from India as well as IPPs was increased every year during the period “between 2015 to 2017”. Total energy imported from India and IPPs was 8.07GWh/day in 2015/16 which increased by 34.45% and reached 10.85 GWh/day in 2016/17. The total annual import from India and IPPs was 13.01GWh/day in 2017/18 which is 19.91% greater than annual import of previous year.

Equality on Distribution in Peak Time

There was energy crisis at the time of load shedding. Energy cutoff for domestic public consumers was common and they were accustomed to load shedding schedule. But there was energy access to some limited industries which created dissimilarities and inequalities at load shedding period (prior to Sept. 2016).Specific industries were given dedicated feeder with 24 hrs energy supplies whereas some industries were given12 hrs electricity on a day and some were victim through load shedding schedule with some disturbance even in supply time like voltage down, tripping etc.

After the end of load shedding, at the period of hydro energy balance, the energy was supplied and allocated with the priority basis; domestic consumers were given first priority than commercial industries consumers and energy cutoff for all types of industries were in the basis of flat supply on peak time and supply with equality in off peak



Total Energy Import/Day (MWh) 2015-2017

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time without any discrimination and disturbance. Later on, NEA removed load shedding completely to industrial consumers also.

Motivation to Public

Public motivation is one of the hydroelectric energy balance techniques that helped to balance energy by reducing the demand of energy in the system. Consumer awareness made load balance due to low energy demand as compared to the energy at load shedding time. All over Nepal, around 10 lakhs invertors and 3 lakhs invertors only in Kathmandu valley were in operation at load shedding period (prior to Sept. 2016). The load demands of invertors were 30-40MW in a day; they reduced the energy demand by no charging of inverter after the energy balance, it saved 30-40MW power. At load shedding period public consumers were dependent on the schedule of load shedding table published by NEA but after the energy balance people have been habitual, self-motivated on energy supply system with daily schedule of energy use. They changed their behavior and life style with change in hydroelectric energy consumption pattern. They helped to energy balance by awareness to use electric utensils like water pump, heater, iron, etc. in off peak time rather than in peak time of the day. People did not use charging torch light, emergency light, inverter and generators. The demand was reduced up to 59% in peak time due to awareness of public.

In 2015 energy crisis was looming in the country. Hence energy needed to be managed . NEA appealed to public people and consumer not to use more electricityand light on occasions and festivals like Tihar. This appeal was changed with request to manage the electricity in 2016 and ultimately that was changed with request to light in the Tihar of 2017.

Honesty and Collective Effort Management

Honesty and collective effort management is the planned and scheduled management for optimum utilization of available resources. Honesty and collective effort management was strictly planned and implemented after the energy balance (end of load shedding) with valuable commitment, diligent effort and integrity to bring the change in hydro

energy balance for crisis management on the basis of top down approach from higher management and other concerned were worked with offensively and aggressively dedicated for hydro electric energy balance. The actual condition of energy balance components even in field were directly monitored by Energy minister. Ministry of Energy made strategic planning which was supported by the technical management from NEA. From the higher level to the all 10,000 employees of NEA and all consumer of hydroelectricity; whole team were aligned and dedicated for hydro electric energy balance in Nepal.

Conclusion

From the time period of hydroelectric energy balance (after September 2016), the energy was supplied and allocated by effective management on the priority basis; domestic consumers were given the first priority than commercial and industrial consumers Energy cutoff for all types of industries was on the basis of flat supply on peak time and supply with equality in off peak time without any discrimination and disturbance.

The hydroelectric energy balance techniques for crisis management were the supply side management with optimum generation of energy from available resources; demand side management of energy from higher management to consumer level; infrastructure development of generation, transmission and distribution components and system; operational management in energy transmission and distribution system; equality in distribution of energy in peak time for domestic, commercial and industrial consumers; import management from neighboring country India and IPPs; technical and non-technical loss reduction programs; honesty and collective effort management of higher level to NEA officials and energy consumers and motivational activities to consumers of electric energy. They played crucial role on continuous basis thereby making possible to manage our power system in a more efficient way.

Nepal established the thought of optimistic state from pessimistic state in the perception of energy balance on generation, transmission and distribution. The hydroelectric energy balance was thought to be impossible in Nepal until a big

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reservoir project is commissioned. However, the energy has been balanced from September 2016, at least for crisis management andit is hoped that the energy balance will be effective continuous to end load sheddingfor ever in Nepal. This will also lead us to an era of self-dependence on hydro electricity.

References

Faulkner 2001, towards a framework for tourism crisis and disaster management. Tourism Management 22.pdf of Faulkner Bill 2001), September 19, 2018.

Inc. 50002018, Crisis management and Critical steps to crisis-management, https://www.inc.com/bruce-condit/7/html, January 03, 2018.

NEA 2002-2017, a Year in Review: Fiscal Year 2002-2017. Nepal Electricity Authority, Kathmandu.

Shrestha, 1966, Cadastre of Potential Water Power Resources of Less-studied High Mountainous Regions (with special reference to Nepal). PHD thesis, Moscow Electrical Engineering Institute USSR by Shrestha Hari Man 1966.

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System Restoration through Black Start Resources at Hydropower Stations

Sangita GiriElectrical Engineer, Power Trade Department , NEA

Background

A total or partial shutdown of the national electricity transmission system is usually an unlikely event. However, if it happens, we are obliged to ensure that there are contingency arrangements in place to restore electricity supplies in timely and orderly ways. Black start is a process of restoring an electric power station or a part of an electric grid to operation on its own without relying on the external network, when there is major system collapse or system-wide blackout.

In general, the electric power used within the plant is provided from the station's own generators. If all of the plant's main generators are shut down, station service power is provided by drawing power from the grid through the plant's transmission line. However, during a wide-area outage, off-site power supply from the grid will not be available. In the absence of grid power, so-called black start needs to be performed to bootstrap the power grid into operation by restarting those individual power stations before they can get the grid powered up again. To provide a black start, some power stations have small diesel generators, normally called the black start diesel generator(BSDG), which can be used to start larger generators, which in turn can be used to start the main power station generators. Often

hydroelectric power plants are designed as the black-start sources to restore network interconnections. A hydroelectric station needs very little initial power to start (just enough to open the intake gates and the excitation of the generator field coils), and can put a large block of power on line very quickly.

Normally, all power stations need electrical supply to start up, but with a total electricity blackout, there’s no electricity to restart the system. That’s why the reboot procedure is called ‘Black Start’ and it’s one the most important in power system restoration.

Black start Restoration Plan

“Black start resource” means a generating unit(s) or aggregated generating facility and its associated set of equipment which has the ability to be started without support from the system or is designed to remain energized without connection to the remainder of the system.

Restoration plan needs to assure that reliability is maintained during restoration and priority is placed on restoring the interconnection. The generic task of restoration includes determination of system and equipment status, preparation of plants and networks for systematic restoration, re-energization of the network and system rebuilding. The

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procedures for developing an effective restoration plan include formation of a qualified planning team, review of relevant system characteristics, formulation of assumptions regarding blackout scenarios, agreement on restoration goals, development of strategy and tactics, validation of the plan, training and documentation.

Increasing exposure of power systems to extensive blackouts is consequence of heavier system loading and recent almost revolutionary changes in industry structure. The impact of prolonged blackout on the public, on the economy, and on the power system itself makes rapid effective restoration very important. An effective restoration plan reduces an impact of an outage on customers and on the economy of the affected area while reducing the probability of damage to equipment.

A total, nationwide grid blackout may be unlikely, but that doesn’t mean it’s not prepared for. Tests need to be carried out by operator regularly to assess how long it would take to restart an individual generation unit at a major power station, bring it up to capacity, and make sure that anyBlack Start would run smoothly. Further, system operator shall need to develop, maintain and implement a restoration plan approved by its reliability coordinator.

Need of a Black Start Generator

As modern society becomes increasingly dependent on electricity supply, consequences caused by large blackouts become more and more serious. We need black start resources to be setup online as:

The actual operation of power system at home and abroad show that new equipment and technology can make power system to operate safely and steady, but impossible to avoid blackout occurrence.

Most of our transmission and distributionsystem is of radial network and we are facing many more outages so black start capability is the most important one in our scenario.

Our system load distribution pattern is more scattered with many customers on rural areas due to which black start capabilities on site can be very beneficial.

The decision support system for black-start can

help dispatchers to establish black-start schemes

and restore the power system as soon as possible.

To achieve the re-synchronization of parts of the total

system which have become out of synchronism.

Black Start and Off-grid Mode Operation Provisions in PPA

Every independent hydropower project has to setup

black start resources at their plant as per provision

of Power purchase agreement (PPA) signed between

NEA and IPPs so that power plant can be operated

locally even in case of national grid outage. Also, it

will be easier for system operator to coordinate with

number of power island networks than coordinate

with many number of single power station to

bootstrap national grid system into operation.

Some of the provisions in the PPA are as follows:

l “During system outage or as per the requirement

of system, the dispatcher may ask power station

in charge to black start the unit and feed local

load in off grid mode as per the provisions made

in article 7 of PPA. Therefore, company shall

keep power station in ready condition at all

times to execute a request from the dispatcher

to black start the unit and operate power station

in off grid mode.”

l “Dispatcher shall instruct power station to black

start the unit and operate power station in off

grid mode only under the following conditions:

- local electrical island is formed with a load

not exceeding the available capacity of

power station.

- local dispatcher has credible information

that restoration is going to take time.”

l “Whenever a black start or off grid mode

operation is required from the power station,

dispatcher may instruct the company or power

station in charge for the same. The instruction

may be either verbal or in writing. the verbal

instruction, if issued shall be endorsed in

writing as soon as possible but not later than

two business day. however, before issuing such

instruction dispatcher shall make all necessary

arrangement including formation of an isolated

network by use of the isolating devices at various

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points in local distribution networks and arrangement of suitable load. Adequate safety measures will be taken into consideration.”

l “Power station in charge shall black start the power station as soon as the instruction from dispatcher is received. In the event of any problem to execute the instruction of black start, company power station in charge shall promptly shall notify the dispatcher of the same.”

l “Power station in charge shall operate power station in off grid mode with or without the support of other power stations to the extent technically possible, if so instructed by the dispatcher.”

l “Power station in charge shall not be required to operate the power station in off grid mode beyond the available capacity of the plant as declared by the company.”

l “With the coordination of dispatcher, it will be the responsibility of power station in charge to maintain the voltage and frequency during off grid mode operation.”

Black Start Test Procedure

Under normal conditions load will be supplied through generators G1,G2 and G3 being coordinated through national grid operator called load dispatch center(LDC) setting up communication channel to each generator maintaining system operation healthy. But during national grid failure,communication setup with LDC will cutoff so as to operate system, there should be local system operator (LSO) in operation online to setup communication schedule with generating station so that during a black start event, LSO will instruct to start up main generator(s) for carrying out initial energization of sections of the national electricity transmission system and distribution network, and support sufficient demand to create and control a stable ‘minigrid’.Then system will come into online

as per load adjustment timely so that local system can be operated in minigrid mode and this minigrid will be synchronized to national grid under the instruction of LDC.

It is required to carefully monitor the operation of the island due to small stiffness in islands. While adding loads, care should be taken to ensure step by step addition keeping in view load characteristics, i.e., variation of load with respect to voltage and frequency and stiffness of island.

The current PPA practices to test black start facilities in a hydropower station are described below:

l In this test generating units are run without grid supply.

l Transmission line is charged upto distribution substation and also local feeders are supplied by increasing local load successively and machines were run for few minutes.

l Various electrical parameters like generator output power KW, KVA, current, frequency fluctuation, excitation, power factor are recorded and also for delivery side different parameter like MW output, voltage, current are to be measured.

Case Studies of Black start, An International Experience

In October 1987, there was a regional Black Start due to powerful hurricane in UK that hit the south of the country. The storm damage left Kent and Sussex which disconnected from the National Grid but through Black Start contingency plans,

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Kingsnorth Power Station restored power to the area and it ran independently, cut off from the rest of the Grid, until repairs enabled it to be connected up again.

The way it worked was actually relatively simple: using smaller power sources to start ever bigger ones, scaling up and up until the entire country was powered up. The black start resources were used as the backbone of an ‘island network’ – a network operating independently of the national grid. The generating units matched the speed and frequency to create normal grid conditions and to restore supplies fast locally. Finally, the affected area’s ‘island networks’ were hooked up to each other so electricity was distributed around the country with reliability and stability.

Regulation Regarding Black Start

The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) adopted a revised Emergency Operations and Preparedness (EOP) reliability standard EOP-005-2 titled, "System Restoration from Black Start Resources". This report describes the development of a practical application tool, Optimal Black Start Capability, which supports decision-making of power system restoration in an interactive manner. Since EOP-005-2 imposes requirements for system restoration from existing black start resources, transmission operators must evaluate whether the existing Black Start capabilities in their system are sufficient to meet the new requirements. Furthermore, it is expected that some black start units will be retired in the next few years due to emerging environmental regulations. Therefore, it is important for system operator to understand the new requirements of black start resources as installing new Black Start generating units enhances the black start capability of a power grid furtherIt enables system restoration planners to increase the efficiency of the restoration process since system restoration depends upon the available black start capability. However, the benefits of additional black start capabilities need to be evaluated and quantified based on optimal locations and capacity amounts for installation of new black start units as it is systematic solution to ensure for reduction of the total system restoration time and increase the total system generation capability during the system

restoration period so that the costs of installation can be justified so as to fully comply with system restoration plan requirements.

System operators need to update the system restoration plan when certain changes occur in the system condition and to evaluate the system performance during the restoration process. Also they have to verify through analysis of actual events, steady state and dynamic simulations, or testing, that their restoration plan accomplishes its intended function, such analysis, simulations or testing shall verify:

The capability of Black Start Resources to meet the dynamic capability to supply initial Loads,the Real and Reactive Power requirements of the Cranking Paths as “cranking path” means a portion of the electric system that can be isolated and then energized to deliver electric power from a generation source for enabling the startup of one or more other generating units or aggregated generating facilities.

The location and magnitude of loads required to control voltages and frequency within acceptable operating limits.

The capability of generating resources required to control voltages and frequency within acceptable operating limits

Conclusion

The operation of black start is important from both sidesgeneration and distribution as well because it minimizes the generation loss as well as increase the reliability of the distribution system around the vicinity of the powerhouse.There is clearly mentioned about the provision of black start resources in PPAs signed with the private sector developers to be installed at every generating station. Most of generating station has black start resources installed at their powerhouse but stillthey are not able to operate plants in island mode in case of national grid failure. So as to implement provision of black start in real life scenario there should be some tasks need to be accomplished by both grid operator and generating station. From grid operator side there should be a LSO to look after operation of local system in case of national grid failure and also to co-ordinate with national grid for

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system restoration. Also LSO need to update system restoration plan regularly to evaluate whether the existing Black Start capabilities in their system are sufficient to meet the new requirements of system or not. From generating stationside,they should setup communication system to LSO so that on the event of national grid failure generating stations can communicate with LSO to bring system online.

Operating black start resources in case of system collapses also helps NEA to reduce the claims of IPPs due to non-supply of their power during such periods.IPPs also may be benefited by operating the black startresources in isolated mode as in case of energy already meeting 80 % of contract energy they cannot claim for non-supply of energy but if they are able operate plant in isolated mode they can assure payment of remaining 20 % of energy by supplying to local loads as stipulated in PPAs.

Hence every power station should maintain black start resources for healthy operation of the system in case of grid failures.Further, there is huge need of the trained operating personnel so that they could operate their black start resources as per system requirements as envisaged in the PPAs.

References:1. Alberta Reliability Standard System Restoration from Black

Start Resources EOP-005-AB-2

2. M. M. Adib-I IRD Corporation, L. H. Fink Power System RestorationPlanning IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 9. No.1, February 1994

3. PES Task Force Report: Power System Restoration -the Second Task Force Report; IEdTZL4NS.v.PWRS-3, n.1, 1988, pp.118-126.

4. Omid Palizban, Student member, IEEE, and Kimmo Kauhaniemi Dept. Electrical Engineering and Energy Technology University of Vaasa Vaasa, Finland “Microgrid Control Principles in Island Mode Operation.”

5. Drax report about the most important back up plan 6. Black Start from Wikipedia7. Various PPAs signed between NEA and IPPs

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New Intiatives under Distribution and Consumer Service

Distribution and Consumer service activities are

carried out by Planning and technical Service

Department(PTSD), DCSD and Energy Efficiency

and Loss Reduction Department(EELRD), MD.

Initiatives under Planning and Technical Services Department (PTSD)

The Planning and Technical Services Department

(PTSD) is the main wing of DCSD, primarily responsible

for planning and preparation of distribution system

expansion programs and supporting DCSD in the

planning and technical matters. Major works under

this department include-

l Identification of potential rural electrification

and substation rehabilitation projects and

implement them

l Programming/re-programming, data download

and analysis of TOD energy meters & metering

equipments

l Monitoring and evaluation of region wise

monthly distribution system losses. Assist

to identify and implement programs for loss

reduction in distribution systems

l Initiate modern facilities for the electricity

consumers in the field of meter reading, billing

and revenue collection

l Plans to execute distribution planning

incorporating demand side management and

loss reduction as an integral part of it

l Preparing and updating the construction

standards and guidelines for implementation

of electrical installations and construction

activities up to 33KV and below.

PTSD has initiated various new ideas which can help in achieving above goals in eficient manner.

Distribution System Loss Reduction Master Plan (DLRMP)

Project Description

NEA intends to decrease the overall distribution system loss of the country . This project will prepare A Distribution Loss Reduction Master Plan (DLRMP) for the reduction of the distribution system losses. This consulting assignment is awarded to Zhejiang Huayun Electric Power Engineering Design & Consultation, China.

The overall objective of this project is to identify the economically viable means to reinforce and upgrade electricity distribution system, to develop DLRMP for technical and commercial (AT&C) loss reduction.

Background

Although NEA has been consistently trying to curb the distribution system losses to match with international standards, it has not been achieved so far. The seggregration of technical and non-technical losses in the distribution systems are not done. In comparison with the HV system, the contribution of the distribution losses in the total system loss is extremely high. The substantial portion of the system load flows through the LV system. Therefore to find out the causes of high and inaccurate losses in the distribution system and possible remedial action to bring them down to a standard level, there is the need for the development of distribution system loss reduction master plan.

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Scope of the Project

The scope of the project are: (I) Data acquisition,

analysis of the system losses, and identification of

their sources; (II) Preparation of proposals for the

system loss reduction to acceptable levels; (III)

Provision of instruments and proven software; (IV)

training for distribution system loss identification

and reduction planning; (v) Metering quality

and billing procedure management (including

inspections, usage of unified operation guidelines,

creation of database, Debt control, early payment

incentives, and effective disconnection policy ) ;

and (vi) Customer side management.

The project is also preparing GIS database of the

overall distribution system of the Nepal.

Work Plan and Progress

The NEA has discussed with consultant and World

bank during and after the start of the project and

has well understood the distribution network and

the complexity of the study in terms of availability

of data, its analysis and implementable outcomes.

The initiation of the project started with the

Inception phase. General study and literature review

regarding the distribution system and the practices

ongoing for the loss reduction was conducted

under this phase. This includes the inception

report submission & issue Identification. Software

Customization and its installation is done. Also the

workshop at different regional office was done with

distribution centre(DC) for data requirement. The

five DC were selected for initial phase.

At present the consultant engineers are at field

for data collection,and the data are fetched in the

software. After the analysis of data from software, the

detail plan for loss reduction shall be formulated.

Smart Metering Smart Grid Project

Smart Metering Smart Grid Project Started in Fiscal

Year 2073-2074. The scope of this project includes

Automation of Distribution System. For distribution

automation the meter must be converted via smart

technology because the meter used now a days is

for energy calculation only.There is three types of

meter used in NEA and they are TOD three phase

4 wire CT Operate meters ,Three Phase 4 wire

whole current demand meters and single phase

meters. In NEA near about 8000 DLMS TOD

meters are installed in consumers sites are already

implemented with 3G GPRS. Intelligent modem

and modem connected meters are incorporated in

AMI/AMR system.Future plans of this project is

to replace the existing Three Phase 4 wire whole

current electromechanical meters with Three Phase

4 wire Smart Meter (5-60)Ampere.

For distribution automation the Smart Metering

Smart Grid project developed the AMI/AMR

system to monitor the high end consumer (TOD).

Among 10,000 TOD consumers of NEA, this project

installed 7,916 modem in existing different type of

DIMS TOD meters . The advantages of this project

is to obtain consumers details(data reading,load

profile,events) remotely.The required information

of TOD meters can be browsed in web portal and

billing information is sent to Mpower for Billing

purpose. After generation of billing data from

Mpower, AMR/AMI system sends the consumer

bill via Email or SMS to consumers.

The next phase of this project is to replace all the

existing 3 phase whole current electromechanical

Meters with Three Phase 4 wire Smart Meters. In

NEA there are 120000 (12-15%) Three phase whole

current demand meters (Electromechanical). The

new programmable meters have multiple features

like demand control from meter, unnecessary

load control,connection disconnection of output

supply and demand updateb remotely. The meter

will be detect any kind of tamper and sends the

alert information to the server and SMS to specific

Branch Chief . This project helps in the distribution

system in Automation.

The replacement work will be completed in coming

fiscal year.

33/11 Sub-Station Rehabilitation Project

This project is financed by Govt. of Nepal (GON)

and NEA. The scope of this project is to upgrade

the capacity of 33/11kV Sub-stations form existing

lower capacities to 20/24MVA,10/13.3/16.6

MVA,6/8 or 6/7.5 MVA, 5MVA . The aim of this

Project is to cope with the increasing demands of

the consumers and to improve reliability of the

distribution system of 36 different Substations

under different distribution centers all around the

country 5 packages.

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The main scope under this project is:

Package 1: Rehabilitation of 33/11 KV Substation

at Dharan, Inaruwa, Mirchaiya, Rajbiraj,Mujalia,

Buipa, Bhardaha, Traghari(Udayapur)


in Pokharia, Harsa, Simrangaud, Baglung, Bhiman,

Jeetpur, Argakhachi


in Mukundapur, Kawasoti, Kalaiya, Doti, Baitadi,

Kirnetar (Dolakha)


in Dadeldhura, Budar(Doti), Guleria, Bhalauria,

Palpa, Lumbini


in Jhalari, Belauri, Chaumala/Dhangadhi,

Mahendranagar, Ghorahi

Civil foundation work of the package 3 is in

progress and civil works of packages 1,2,4,5 are

completed. Electrical installations of packages

1,2,4,5 is in progress.Project intends to complete all

the rehabilitation works of all the packages by fiscal

year 2076/2077.

33 kV Line Expansion and Rehabilitation by HTLS Conductor

NEA intends to rehabilitate/capacity, upgrade/

new construction of 33 kV line at various parts of

country by HTLS conductor. The major benefits of

use of HLTS conductor over ACSR conductor in

context of NEA are :

l Right of way is the major problem in NEA for

constrution ,expansion and upgradation of

overhead distribution lines. In this scenerio,

HTLS can be one of the effective solution.HTLS

conductors are different from conventional

ACSR conductor in terms of materials but same

in size and can carry 2 to 2.5 times of current of

that of ACSR conductor of same size.

l HTLS conductor can withstand higher

temperature than ACSR conductor due to

which sag is also less. So, it is a attractive

choice particularly in those corridors which

are thermally limited and it can operate upto

temperature as high as 210oC,almost doubling

ampacity of exixting ACSR line.

l One of the major advantages of HTLS conductor

can be in various 33KV lines of terai regions of

Nepal where exixting lines have reached their

maximum limits. Hence, upgrading such lines

with HTLS can be a soltuion for the obligation to

build the new lines parallel with existing ones.

Detail study and of the work is being done by 33kV

Line Expansion and Rehabilitation Project.

Solar Net Metering

As mentioned in the concept paper and action

plan on National Energy Crisis Prevention and

Electricity Development Decade, clause 52 (b), "In

regard to usage of excess electricity generated by

photovoltaic solar systems with a capacity of 500

watts or more, there should be arrangements of

Net Metering in the locations wherever access to

the national grid is available", various activities are

being carried out. Nepal electricity Authority (NEA)

has been designated as main responsible body for

this purpose. The procedure for implementation of

Net Metering has been approved as per the decision

of the Board of Directors.

At present, the Net Metering's clients of NEA

are: Commission for the Investigation of Abuse

of Authority at Naxal, International Centre for

Integrated Mountain Development at Dhapakhel

Drinking Water Corporation at Chobhar, premises

of Chief Administrative Office at Singhadurbar,

Nepal Engineering Association at Pulchowk,Rastriya

Baninjaya Bank,Kritipur Hospital etc. Both the client

and the Nepal electricity Authority get benefitted

from Net Metering using photovoltaic solar systems.

Some of the benefits are listed below.

Electricity generated using Photovoltaic Solar

System can be given to NEA through national grid

at the time of non-utilization by the customer and

NEA will then provide the payments to the customer

after the Net Metering of the credit electricity.

The use of photovoltaic solar systems and Net

Metering will also displace the battery used for

backup, thus saving the cost of buying the battery

for customers and also reducing environmental

problems due to battery disposals.

Photovoltaic solar systems connected to the

customer will help NEA to reduce demand during

peak hours.

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Underground cabling

NEA is planning to replace the overhead conductors

in cities areas by underground conductor to

minimize voltage drops, to slove the problems

of right of way,to improve the aesthetics of the

city,to completely nullify the chanches of thefts ,to

minimizes the maintenace costs, etc. As per this

concept,First of all NEA is planning to repalce

overhead conductors of 11kV /0.24kV of Ratnapark

and Maharajgung DC. Survey for underground

cabling work is completed in fiscal year 2075/076.

Online Payment System

Nepal Electricity Authority has made arrangements

to submit electricity bill easily through the online

systems since Bhadra 13 2074. So far, a total of 160

revenue collection centers has started billing by

online system,while collection of revenue by online

is Rs 3 crore per day and it is on the increase.

Around 5,50,000 consumers are using this system

to pay their electricity bills and NEA has collected

almost 70 crores through online payment system.

This system can significantly reduce the load on the

counters of distribution centers.

This system has given the service of paying the bill

online and also updates about the bill payment for

the consumers and the obligation for consumers

to come to counters for bill payment has ended

, thus saving time of the consumer. Consumers

can pay their bills via 8 service providers

(eSewa,PayPoint,CFS Remit,City Express,Prabhu

Bank,Nepal Investment Bank, Himalayan Bank

and Mahalaxmi Bikash Bank).

Initiatives under Energy Efficiency and Loss Reduction Department (EELRD)

The Energy Efficiency and Loss Reduction

Department (EELRD), primarily responsible for

initiating various programs for efficient energy

consumption and loss reduction of NEA. Major

ongoing works of this Departments are:

Automatic Power Factor Correction

For reactive compensation in distribution system

and power factor improvement using shunt

capacitors, EELRD has awarded a contract for

325 nos of Automatic Power Factor Correction

(APFC) Panel Boards. Distribution transformers of 200 kVA and higher ratings with low power factor shall be selected throughout the country for installation of APFC. The microprocessor based pf controller technology used in this APFC project enables sensing the existing power factor and automatic switching of capacitor units to meet the target power factor thereby preventing the leading pf status. Technical data like transformer loading in kVA, reactive power in kVAR, power factor, information about the number of steps of switched capacitors will be reported in real time to a central server using 3G/4G network. Status of power factor improvement in all the installed locations can be viewed in real time from anywhere using IoT technology. To mitigate the effect of dominant 3rd harmonics, 14% detuned reactors have also been used in series with the capacitors to build a compact modular APFC for easy installation by the side of distribution transformers.

Smart Street Light

Upon the request of Lalitpur Metropolitan City (LMC) EELRD conducted a joint survey for installing Smart Street Lights in the prime areas of Lalitpur. Being completely funded by LMC, NEA has awarded a contract for installation of around 650 nos of smart LED street lights using existing poles and new poles in half proportion each. Smart technology used in this project enables facilities listed herein but not limited to automatic switch-on of lights after sunset, auto switch-off after sun-rise, full intensity of light at peak hours, dimming as required of individual luminaires at night, software billing of individual lights, data storing and controlling from central server.

Electric Vechicle Charging Station

To cope up with the increasing demand of Electric Vehicles (EV) and to support government's policy to promote EVs and build charging infrastructure, EELRD has made a rigorous study on the types of EVs imported in Nepal, their charging protocols, worldwide trend of charging protocols etc. To enable EV charging based on all three modes of charging viz CHAdeMO, CCS and GB/T using DC boost charge technology, EELRD is continuously working to build charging stations in all seven provinces so as to facilitate public charging of EVs, both small vehicles and large buses. l

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NEPAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY

POWER TRADE DEPARTMENT

IPPs' Hydro Power Projects (Operation) as of FY 2075/76

S.N. Developer Projects LocationCapacity

(kW) PPA Date

Commercial

Operation Date

1 Himal Power Ltd. Khimti Khola Dolakha 60000 2052.10.01 2057.03.27

2Bhotekoshi Power Company

Ltd.

Upper

BhotekoshiSindhupalchowk 45000 2053.04.06 2057.10.11

3Syange Electricity Company

LimitedSyange Khola Lamjung 183 2058.10.03 2058.10.10

4National Hydro Power

Company Ltd.Indrawati - III Sindhupalchowk 7500 2054.09.15 2059.06.21

5Chilime Hydro Power

Company Ltd.Chilime Rasuwa 22100 2054.03.11 2060.05.08

6 Butwal Power Company Ltd. Jhimruk Khola Pyuthan 12000 2058.03.29 1994

7 Butwal Power Company Ltd. Andhi Khola Syangza 9400 2058.03.29 2071.12.22

8Arun Valley Hydropower

Development Co. (P.) Ltd.

Piluwa Khola

SmallSankhuwasabha 3000 2056.10.09 2060.06.01

9Rairang Hydro Power

Development Co. (P) Ltd.Rairang Khola Dhading 500 2059.08.27 2061.08.01

10 Sanima Hydropower (Pvt.) Ltd. Sunkoshi Small Sindhupalchowk 2500 2058.07.28 2061.12.11

11 Alliance Power Nepal Pvt.Ltd. Chaku Khola Sindhupalchowk 3000 2056.11.03 2062.03.01

12 Khudi Hydropower Ltd. Khudi Khola Lamjung 4000 2058.03.04 2063.09.15

13 Unique Hydel Co. Pvt.Ltd. Baramchi Khola Sindhupalchowk 4200 2058.12.14 2063.09.27

14Thoppal Khola Hydro Power

Co. Pvt. Ltd.Thoppal Khola Dhading 1650 2059.11.23 2064.07.13

15Gautam Buddha Hydropower

(Pvt.) Ltd.

Sisne Khola

SmallPalpa 750 2061.04.29 2064.06.01

16Kathmandu Small Hydropower

Systems Pvt. Ltd.Sali Nadi Kathmandu 250 2062.04.24 2064.08.01

17Khoranga Khola Hydropower

Dev. Co. Pvt. Ltd. Pheme Khola Panchthar 995 2057.12.31 2064.08.05

18 Unified Hydropower (P.) Ltd. Pati Khola Small Parbat 996 2062.10.28 2065.10.27

19Task Hydropower Company

(P.) Ltd.Seti-II Kaski 979 2063.06.08 2065.11.14

20Ridi Hydropower Development

Co. (P.) Ltd.Ridi Khola Gulmi 2400 2063.05.08 2066.07.10

21Centre for Power Dev. And

Services (P.) Ltd.

Upper Hadi

KholaSindhupalchowk 991 2064.04.07 2066.07.22

22Gandaki Hydro Power Co. Pvt.

Ltd.Mardi Khola Kaski 4800 2060.07.07 2066.10.08

!!!


23Himal Dolkha Hydropower

Company Ltd.Mai Khola Ilam 4500 2063.11.19 2067.10.14

24Baneswor Hydropower Pvt.

Ltd.

Lower Piluwa

SmallSankhuwasabha 990 2064.07.21 2068.04.01

25Barun Hydropower

Development Co. (P.) Ltd.Hewa Khola Sankhuwasabha 4455 2061.04.02 2068.04.17

26Bhagawati Hydropower

Development Co. (P.) Ltd.Bijayapur-1 Kaski 4410 2066.03.30 2069.05.04

27Kathmandu Upatyaka

Khanepani bewasthapan BoardSolar Lalitpur 680.4 2069.06.12 2069.07.15

28 Nyadi Group (P.) Ltd. Siuri Khola Lamjung 4950 2064.04.17 2069.07.30

29 United Modi Hydropwer Pvt. Ltd. Lower Modi 1 Parbat 10000 2065.10.20 2069.08.10

30 Synergy Power Development (P.) Ltd. Sipring Khola Dolakha 9658 2065.10.20 2069.10.03

31Laughing Buddha Power Nepal

(P.) Ltd.Middle Chaku Sindhupalchowk 1800 2066.11.03 2069.11.15

32Aadishakti Power Dev.

Company (P.) Ltd.

Tadi Khola

(Thaprek)Nuwakot 5000 2061.12.15 2069.12.14

33Ankhu Khola Jal Bidhyut Co.

(P.) Ltd.Ankhu Khola - 1 Dhading 8400 2066.02.22 2070.05.05

34Nepal Hydro Developer Pvt.

Ltd.

Charanawati

KholaDolakha 3520 2067.01.13 2070.02.24

35Laughing Buddha Power Nepal

Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Chaku

KholaSindhupalchowk 1800 2063.07.02 2070.04.24

36Bhairabkunda Hydropower

Pvt. Ltd.Bhairab Kunda Sindhupalchowk 3000 2065.08.02 2071.02.22

37 Radhi Bidyut Company Ltd. Radhi Khola Lamjung 4400 2066.10.18 2071.02.31

38Pashupati Environmental Eng.

Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.Chhote Khola Gorkha 993 2067.11.09 2071.03.09

39Mailung Khola Hydro Power

Company (P.) Ltd.Mailung Khola Rasuwa 5000 2058.04.09 2071.03.19

40

Joshi Hydropower

Development Company

Limited

Upper Puwa -1 Illam 3000 2066.01.23 2071.10.01

41Sanima Mai Hydropower

LimitedMai Khola Ilam 22000 2067.01.08 2071.10.14

42Bojini Company Private

LimitedJiri Khola Small Dolakha 2200 2065.10.23 2071.11.01

43Ruru Hydropower Project (P)

Ltd.

Upper Hugdi

KholaGulmi 5000 2066.04.04 2071.12.09

44 Prime Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd. Belkhu Dhading 518 2064.04.04 2071.12.30

45 Api Power Company Pvt. Ltd.Naugadh gad

KholaDarchula 8500 2067.01.19 2072.05.02

46Kutheli Bukhari Small

Hydropower (P).LtdSuspa Bukhari Dolakha 998 2069.04.32 2072.06.03

47 Sanima Mai Hydropower Ltd. Mai Cascade Ilam 7000 2069.10.12 2072.10.29

48Chhyangdi Hydropower

LimitedChhandi Lamjung 2000 2068.12.23 2072.12.13

!!@


49

Panchakanya Mai Hydropower

Ltd. (Previously Mai Valley

and prior to that East Nepal)

Upper Mai Khola Ilam 9980 2061.12.19 2073.03.09

50Sayapatri Hydropower Private

LimitedDaram Khola A Baglung 2500 2068.12.19 2073.03.12

51Electro-com and Research

Centre Pvt. Ltd.Jhyadi Khola Sindhupalchowk 2000 2067.01.30 2073.05.31

52Khani Khola Hydropower

Company Pvt. Ltd.Tungun-Thosne Lalitpur 4360 2069.04.05 2073.07.09

53 Daraudi Kalika Hydro Pvt. Ltd. Daraudi Khola A Gorkha 6000 2068.05.19 2073.08.13

54Khani Khola Hydropower

Company Pvt. Ltd.Khani Khola Lalitpur 2000 2069.04.05 2073.08.20

55Sapsu Kalika Hydropower Co.

Pvt. Ltd.Miya Khola Khotang 996 2069.08.10 2073.09.03

56Sinohydro-Sagarmatha Power

Company (P) Ltd.

Upper

Marsyangdi "A"Lamjung 50000 2067.09.14 2073.09.17

57 Madi Power Pvt. Ltd. Upper Madi Kaski 25000 2066.05.21 2073.09.25

58Panchthar Power Company

Pvt. Ltd.Hewa Khola A Panchthar 14900 2068.05.30 2073.10.22

59 Sanvi Energy pvt. Ltd. Jogmai Ilam 7600 2069.08.07 2074.01.18

60Bhugol Energy Dev Compay

(P). LtdDwari Khola Dailekh 3750 2069.12.30 2074.01.23

61Mai Valley Hydropower

Private LimitedUpper Mai C Ilam 5100 2068.12.23 2074.04.09

62Dronanchal Hydropower

Co.Pvt.LtdDhunge-Jiri Dolakha 600 2068.09.25 2074.06.01

63Dibyaswari Hydropower

LimitedSabha Khola Sankhuwasabha 4000 2068.11.17 2074.06.02

64Puwa Khola-1 Hydropower P.

Ltd.Puwa Khola -1 Ilam 4000 2070.10.09 2074.06.23

65Shibani Hydropower Co. Pvt.

Ltd.Phawa Khola Taplejung 4950 2063.12.01 2074.07.14

66Mount Kailash Energy Pvt.

Ltd.Thapa Khola Myagdi 13600 2067.10.11 2074.08.22

67Mandakini Hydropower

LimitedSardi Khola Kaski 4000 2068.11.11 2074.08.23

68Garjang Upatyaka Hydropower

(P.) Ltd. Chake Khola Ramechhap 2830 2065.11.06 2074.08.28

69 Union Hydropower Pvt Ltd. Midim Karapu Lamjung 3000 2069.10.28 2074.10.15

70Syauri Bhumey Microhydro

ProjectSyauri Bhumey Nuwakot 23 2072.11.16 2074.10.18

71Molung Hydropower Company

Pvt. Ltd.Molung Khola Okhaldhunga 7000 2069.11.21 2074.12.12

72 Sikles Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Madkyu Khola Kaski 13000 2066.08.03 2074.12.19

73Himal Dolkha Hydropower

Company Ltd.

Mai sana

CascadeIlam 8000 2069.11.14 2074.12.26

!!#


74 Barahi Hydropower Pvt.ltd Theule Khola Baglung 1500 2066.12.16 2075.03.24

75Leguwa Khola Laghu Jalbidhyut

Sahakari Sastha Ltd.Leguwa Khola Dhankuta 40 2072.11.21 2075.03.28

76 Super Mai Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Super Mai Illam 7800 2073.12.06 2075.07.11

77Chimal Gramin Bidhyut

Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.

Sobuwa Khola-2

MHPTaplejung 90 2074.11.15 2075.07.14

78Surya Power Company Pvt.

Ltd.

Bishnu Priya

Solar Farm

Project

Nawalparasi 960 2074.04.08 2075.08.13

79Deurali Bahuudesiya Sahakari

Sanstha Ltd.Midim Khola Lamjung 100 2070.02.20 2075.09.04

80Bindhyabasini Hydropower

Development Co. (P.) Ltd.Rudi Khola A

Lamjung and

Kaski8800 2069.10.28 2075.12.04

81 Mandu Hydropower Ltd.Bagmati Khola

Small

Makawanpur/

Lalitpur22000 2069.10.07 2075.12.19

82 Eastern Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Pikhuwa Khola Bhojpur 5000 2066.07.24 2076.02.27

83 Salmanidevi Hydropower (P). Ltd Kapadi Gad Doti 3330 2069.12.11 2076.02.25

TOTAL 560,775.40

;"rgf

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!!$



POWER TRADE DEPARTMENT

IPPs' Hydropower Projects (Under Construction) as of FY 2075/76(Financial Closure concluded projects)

S.N. Developers Projects LocationInstalled

Capacity (kW) PPA Date

Required Commercial

Operation Date

1Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Ltd.

Upper Tamakoshi Dolkha 456000 2067.09.142072.9.10 - 4

Units, 2073.3.30 - 2 Units

2Nama Buddha Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Tinau Khola Small Palpa 1665 2065.03.31 2066.11.1 (990kw)

2077.09.15 (675kw)

3Himalayan Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Namarjun Madi Kaski 11800 2066.05.30 2071.4.1

4Jumdi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Jumdi Khola Gulmi 1750 2066.10.21 2069.10.11

5Hira Ratna Hydropower P.ltd

Tadi Khola Nuwakot 5000 2067.01.09 2075.10.01

6Energy Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Mailung A Rasuwa 6420 2067.03.25 2075.10.01

7Shiva Shree Hydropower (P.) Ltd.

Upper Chaku A Sindhupalchowk 22200 2067.05.22 2073.01.25

8Greenlife Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Khani khola-1 Dolakha 400002067.06.24 2074.02.21

2074.12.17 (for 25MW) 2076.09.03

(for 15MW)

9Himalaya Urja Bikas Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Khimti Ramechhap 12000 2067.10.09 2075.3.32

10Green Ventures Pvt. Ltd.

Likhu-IV Ramechhap 52400 2067.10.19 2077.06.30

11 Robust Energy Ltd. Mistri Khola Myagdi 42000 2067.10.20 2076.05.14

12Manang Trade Link Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Modi Parbat 20000 2068.05.20 2074.3.31

13Mathillo Mailung Khola Jalbidhyut Ltd. (Prv. Molnia Power Ltd.)

Upper Mailun Rasuwa 14300 2068.05.23 2075.10.01

14Sanjen Hydropower Co.Limited

Upper Sanjen Rasuwa 14800 2068.06.23 2075.10.01

15Middle Bhotekoshi Jalbidhyut Company Ltd.

Middle Bhotekoshi Sindhupalchowk 102000 2068.07.28 2076.12.28

16Chilime Hydro Power Company Ltd.

Rasuwagadhi Rasuwa 111000 2068.07.28 2075.10.01

17Water and Energy Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Badi Gad Baglung 6600 2068.08.13 2072.2.14

!!%


18Sanjen Hydropower Company Limited

Sanjen Rasuwa 42500 2068.08.19 2075.10.01

19Gelun Hydropower Co.Pvt.Ltd

Gelun Sindhupalchowk 3200 2068.09.25 2074.06.14

20Dariyal Small Hydropower Pvt.Ltd

Upper Belkhu Dhading 750 2068.11.28 2071.7.16

21Suryakunda Hydroelectric Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Tadi Nuwakot 11000 2068.12.03 2075.10.01

22Himalayan Power Partner Pvt. Ltd.

Dordi Khola Lamjung 27000 2069.03.01 2076.05.14

23Sasha Engingeering Hydropower (P). Ltd

Khani Khola(Dolakha)

Dolakha 30000 2069.03.25 2074.12.17

24Arun Kabeli Power Ltd.

Kabeli B-1Taplejung, Panchthar

25000 2069.03.29 2075.01.09

25Rising Hydropower Compnay Ltd.

Selang Khola Sindhupalchowk 990 2069.03.31 2071.6.15

26Liberty Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Dordi A Lamjung 25000 2069.06.02 2076.05.14

27Hydro Innovation Pvt. Ltd.

Tinekhu Khola Dolakha 990 2069.06.08 2074.12.30

28Salankhu Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Salankhu Khola Nuwakot 2500 2069.06.14 2071.11.30

29Moonlight Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Balephi A Sindhupalchowk 10600 2069.07.14 2076.12.28

30Middle Modi Hydropower Ltd.

Middle Modi Parbat 15100 2069.08.21 2077.03.31

31Reliable Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Khorunga Khola Terhathum 4800 2069.08.26 2077.08.16

32Rara Hydropower Development Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Parajuli Khola

Dailekh 2150 2069.08.28 2071.12.17

33Lohore Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Lohore Khola Dailekh 4200 2069.09.08 2073.06.20

34Beni Hydropower Project Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Solu Solukhumbu 18000

2069.09.16 2073.07.25

PPA Revived)

2074.10.01

35Dudhkoshi Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Rawa Khola Khotang 6500 2069.09.26 2073.05.31

36Universal Power Company Ltd.

Lower Khare Dolakha 11000 2069.10.22

2074.9.16 (8.26MW) 2076.04.03 (2.74MW)

37Madhya Midim Jalbidhyut Company P. Ltd.

Middle Midim Lamjung 3100 2069.10.23 2072.5.1

38Volcano Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Teliya Khola Dhankuta 996 2069.10.25 2071.7.24

39Betrawoti Hydropower Company (P).Ltd

Phalankhu Khola Rasuwa 13700 2069.12.06 2075.10.01

!!^


40Himalaya Urja Bikas Co. Ltd.

Upper Khimti II Ramechhap 7000 2069.12.09 2075.12.01

41Dovan Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Junbesi Khola Solukhumbu 5200 2069.12.29 2076.08.30

42

Ghalemdi Hydro Limited (Previously, Cemat Power Dev Company (P). Ltd.)

Ghalemdi Khola Myagdi 5000 2069.12.30 2074.07.30

(4MW) 2077.05.03(1MW)

43Tallo Midim Jalbidhut Company Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Midim Lamjung 996 2070.01.19 2071.8.1

44Rairang Hydropower Development Company Ltd.

Iwa Khola Taplejung 9900 2070.01.29 2075.4.1

45Tangchhar Hydro Pvt. Ltd

Tangchhahara Mustang 2200 2070.02.20 2073.7.1

46Abiral Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Khadam Morang 990 2070.02.21 2071.08.01

47Manakamana Engineering Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Ghatte Khola Dolakha 5000 2070.04.28 2075.03.16

48Essel-Clean Solu Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Solu Solukhumbu 82000 2070.07.15 2076.8.30

49Consortium Power Developers Pvt. Ltd.

Khare Khola Dolakha 24100 2070.07.15 2075.08.15

50Upper Solu Hydroelectric Company Pvt. Ltd

Solu Khola Solukhumbu 23500 2070.07.24 2075.4.1

51Singati Hydro Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Singati Khola Dolakha 25000 2070.07.27 2075.05.31 (16MW) 2077.04.01 (9MW)

52Maya Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Maya Khola Sankhuwasabha 14900 2070.08.30 2076.9.1

53Idi Hydropower Co. P. Ltd.

Idi Khola Kaski 975 2070.09.01 2074.09.16

54Buddha Bhumi Nepal Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Tadi Nuwakot 4993 2070.12.10 2075.10.01

55Mountain Hydro Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Tallo Hewa Khola Panchthar 22100 2071.04.09 2075.01.09

56Bindhyabasini Hydropower Development Co. (P.) Ltd.

Rudi Khola BLamjung and

Kaski6600 2071.4.20

2074.04.01 2076.02.32

57Dordi Khola Jal Bidyut Company Ltd.

Dordi-1 Khola Lamjung 12000 2071.07.19 2076.08.16 (10.3 MW) 2077.04.02

(1.7 MW)

58River Falls Hydropower Development Pvt. Ltd.

Down Piluwa Sankhuwasabha 9500 2071.10.18 2076.09.01

59Rangoon Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Jeuligad Small Hydropower

ProjectBajhang 996 2071.10.20

2073.10.03 2075.03.32

60Peoples' Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Super Dordi 'Kha' Lamjung 54000 2071.11.13 2077.03.29

!!!&


61Hydro Venture Private Limited

Solu Khola (Dudhkoshi)

Solukhumbu 86000 2071.11.13 2077.06.10

62Global Hydropower Associate Pvt. Ltd.

Likhu-2Solukhumbu/

Ramechap33400 2071.11.19 2077.04.01

63Paan Himalaya Energy Private Limited

Likhu-1Solukhumbu/

Ramechap51400 2071.11.19 2077.04.01

64Numbur Himalaya Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Likhu Khola ASolukhumbu/

Ramechap24200 2071.11.22 2077.04.01

65Dipsabha Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Sabha Khola A Sankhuwasabha 9990 2071.12.02 2076.07.15

66Research and Development Group Pvt. Ltd.

Rupse Khola Myagdi 4000 2071.12.17 2076.08.02

67Hydro Empire Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Myagdi Myagdi 20000 2071.12.17 2077.05.30

68Chandeshwori Mahadev Khola MH. Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Chulepu Khola Ramechhap 8520 2071.12.23 2075.04.15

69Nyadi Hydropower Limited

Nyadi Lamjung 30000 2072.02.12 2077.01.06

70Suri Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Suri Khola Dolakha 6400 2072.02.20 2074.12.30

71

Bungal Hydro Pvt. Ltd. (Previously Sanigad Hydro Pvt. Ltd.)

Upper Sanigad Bajhang 10700 2072.03.15 2076.05.29

72Kalanga Hydro Pvt. Ltd.

Kalangagad Bajhang 15330 2072.03.15 2076.05.29

73Sanigad Hydro Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Kalangagad Bajhang 38460 2072.03.15 2077.04.15

74Dhaulagiri Kalika Hydro Pvt. Ltd.

Darbang-Myagdi Myagdi 25000 2072.04.28 2075.12.25

75Menchhiyam Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Piluwa Khola 2

Sankhuwasabha 4720 2072.05.11 2076.04.01

76 Kabeli Energy Limited Kabeli-APanchthar and

Taplejung37600 2072.06.07 2076.11.03

77Upper Syange Hydropower P. Ltd.

Upper Syange Khola

Lamjung 2400 2072.06.14 2075.10.01

78

Peoples Energy Ltd. (Previously Peoples Hydro Co-operative Ltd.)

Khimti-2Dolakha and Ramechhap

48800 2072.06.14 2078.04.01

79Chauri Hydropower (P.) Ltd.

Chauri Khola

Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap,

Sindhupalchowk, Dolakha

6000 2072.06.14

2075.12.30 (5 MW)

2078.08.03 (1 MW)

80Pashupati Environmental Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Chhote Khola

Gorkha 997 2072.08.04 2076.05.15

81Huaning Development Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Balephi A Sindhupalchowk 36000 2072.08.29 2075.10.06

!!*


82Upper Hewa Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Hewa Khola Small

Sankhuwasabha 8500 2072.09.23 2076.03.17

83Multi Energy Development Pvt. Ltd.

Langtang Khola Rasuwa 20000 2072.09.29

2 0 7 6 . 1 2 . 3 0 (for 10MW) 2078.04.03 (for 10MW)

84Ankhu Hydropower (P.) Ltd.

Ankhu Khola Dhading 34000 2073.01.30 2076.12.30

85Myagdi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Ghar Khola Myagdi 14000 2073.02.112076.08.30 (8.3 MW) 2078.10.17

(5.7 MW)

86Richet Jalbidhyut Company Pvt. Ltd.

Richet Khola Gorkha 4980 2073.02.23 2075.07.30

87United Idi Mardi and R.B. Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Mardi Kaski 7000 2073.02.25 2075.04.01

88Rapti Hydro and General Construction Pvt. Ltd.

Rukumgad Rukum 5000 2073.03.07 2076.09.01

89Rawa Energy Development Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Rawa Khotang 3000 2073.04.24 2076.03.30

90Siddhi Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Siddhi Khola Illam 10000 2074.05.29 2077.03.31

91Api Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Naugad Gad Darchula 8000 2073.07.12 2077.04.01

92Terhathum Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Khorunga Terhathum 7500 2073.07.29 2076.09.01

93Nilgiri Khola Hydropower Co. Ltd.

Nilgiri Khola Myagdi 38000 2073.11.30 2080.08.30

94Siuri Nyadi Power Pvt. Ltd.

Super Nyadi Lamjung 40270 2074.02.19 2079.04.01

95Swet-Ganga Hydropower and Construction Ltd.

Lower Likhu Ramechhap 28100 2073.09.14 2078.08.15

96Nilgiri Khola Hydropower Co. Ltd.

Nilgiri Khola-2 Myagdi 62000 2074.03.05 2081.08.30

97Sano Milti Khola Hydropower Ltd.

Sano MiltiRamechhap and

Dolakha3000 2073.01.13 2075.08.01

98Diamond Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Daraudi-1 Gorkha 10000 2072.08.14 2075.09.17

99Chhyangdi Hydropower Limited

Upper Chhyangdi Khola

Lamjung 4000 2074.03.22 2078.4.05

100Taksar-Pikhuwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Taksar Pikhuwa Bhojpur 8000 2073.09.01 2076.10.23

101Rasuwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd

Phalanku Khola Rasuwa 5000 2071.08.24 2076.8.01

102Civil Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Bijayapur 2 Khola Small

Kaski 4500 2072.09.12 2075.03.32

103Makari Gad Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Makarigad Darchula 10000 2072.08.29 2076.02.32

!!(


104

Super Madi Hydropower Ltd. (Previously Himal Hydro and General Construction Ltd.)

Super Madi Kaski 44000 2073.10.27 2078.02.28

105Mount Nilgiri Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Rurubanchu-1 Kalikot 13500 2074.05.08 2077.11.03

106Trishuli Jal Vidhyut Company Ltd.

Upper Trishuli 3B Rasuwa 37000 2074.05.06 2078.11.17

107Century Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Hadi Khola Sunkoshi A

Sindhupalchowk 997 2074.05.05 2076.11.03

108Sindhujwala Hydropower Ltd.

Upper Nyasem Sindhupalchowk 41400 2073.07.24 2077.03.30

109Samling Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Mai Beni Illam 9510 2073.07.26 2078.08.02

110 Energy Venture Pvt. Ltd. Upper Lapche Dolakha 52000 2073.04.20 2078.12.30

111

Orbit Energy Pvt. Ltd (Previously Pokhari Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.)

Sabha Khola B Sankhuwasabha 15100 2074.03.26 2078.2.31

112Eco Power Development Company Pvt. Ltd

Mithila Solar PV Electric Project

Dhanusha 10000 2075.09.16 2076.01.17

113Daram Khola Hydro Energy Ltd.

Daram KholaBaglung and

Gulmi9600 2073.10.09 2076.09.08

114Sagarmatha Jalabidhyut Company Pvt. Ltd.

Super Mai 'A' Illam 9600 2074.11.14 2077.09.29

115Sagarmatha Energy and Construction Pvt. Ltd.

Dhalkebar Solar Project

Dhanusha 3000 2075.06.24 2076.12.23

116Gorkha Congenial Energy and Investment Pvt. Ltd.

Lamahi Solar Project

Dang 3000 2075.06.24 2076.12.23

117Global Energy and Construction Pvt. Ltd.

Duhabi Solar Project

Sunsari 8000 2075.06.25 2076.12.24

118Ridi Hydropower Development Co. Ltd.

Butwal Solar Project

Rupandehi 8500 2075.06.09 2076.04.08

119Him River Power Pvt. Ltd.

Liping Khola Sindhupalchowk 16260 2073.02.28 2077.01.22

120

Madhya Tara Khola Hydropower P. Ltd. (Prv. Pahadi Hydro Power Company (P.) Ltd.)

Madhya Tara Khola Small

Baglung 1700 2073.10.26 2075.08.29

TOTAL 2,613,895

!@)



POWER TRADE DEPARTMENTIPPs' Hydropower Projects in Different

Stages of Development as of FY 2075/76

(Without Financial Closure)

S.N. Developers Projects LocationInstalled Capacity

(kW) PPA Date RCOD

1Balephi Jalbidhyut Co. Ltd.

Balephi Sindhupalchowk 23520 2067.09.08 2071.09.16 2077.06.30

2Ingwa Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd

Upper Ingwa khola Taplejung 9700 2068.03.10 2073.04.01

3Yambling Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Yambling Khola Sindhupalchowk 7270 2072.09.29 2077.03.17

4United Modi Hydropwer Ltd.

Lower Modi 2 Parbat 10500 2072.11.14 2076.03.17

5 Salasungi Power Limited Sanjen Khola Rasuwa 78000 2072.12.02 2077.03.08

6 Siddhakali Power Limited Trishuli GalchiNuwakot and

Dhading75000 2073.02.20 2077.02.01

7Chirkhwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Chirkhwa Bhojpur 4700 2073.03.01 2077.04.01

8Sanima Middle Tamor Hydropower Ltd. (Prv. Tamor Sanima Energy Pvt. Ltd.)

Middle Tamor Taplejung 73000 2073.09.26 2078.05.28

9Sisa Hydro Electric Company Pvt. Ltd.

Sisa Khola A Solukhumbu 2800 2073.10.28 2077.12.12

10Chirkhwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Chirkhwa Bhojpur 4060 2074.01.20 2078.04.01

11 Him Consult Pvt. Ltd. Rele Khola Myagdi 6000 2074.01.28 2077.02.19

12Himali Rural Electric Co-operative Ltd.

Leguwa Khola Small Dhankuta 640 2074.02.08 2075.12.28

13Sabha Pokhari Hydro Power (P.) Ltd.

Lankhuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 5000 2074.02.21 2077.09.14

14United Mewa Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Mewa Khola Taplejung 50000 2074.02.21 2078.04.01

15Parbat Paiyun Khola Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Seti Khola Parbat 3500 2074.02.22 2076.12.30

16 Sewa Hydro Ltd. Lower Selang Sindhupalchowk 1500 2074.02.22 2075.12.30

17Gorakshya Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Super Ankhu Khola Dhading 23500 2074.03.15 2080.09.15

18Nyam Nyam Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Nyam Nyam Khola Rasuwa 6000 2074.03.27 2077.12.31

19Saptang Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.

Saptang Khola Nuwakot 2500 2074.04.08 2076.04.12

!@!


20Jhyamolongma Hydropower Development Company Pvt. Ltd.

Karuwa Seti Kaski 32000 2074.04.20 2079.01.12

21 People's Power Limited Puwa - 2 Illam 4960 2074.05.05 2078.06.11

22Bhujung Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Midim Lamjung 7500 2074.05.29 2078.04.01

23Himalayan Water Resources and Energy Development Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Chauri Kavrepalanchowk 6000 2074.07.27 2078.04.04

24 Nasa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Lapche Khola Dolakha 99400 2074.07.29 2079.04.14

25Dolti Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Padam Khola Dailekh 4800 2074.08.01 2077.11.08

26 IDS Energy Pvt. Ltd. Lower Khorunga Terhathum 5400 2074.08.24 2078.04.01

27Langtang Bhotekoshi Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Rasuwa Bhotekoshi Rasuwa 120000 2074.09.07 2078.09.07

28Upper Richet Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Richet Gorkha 2000 2074.09.20 2077.04.01

29 Him Star Urja Co. Pvt. Ltd. Buku KapatiOkhaldhunga

and Solukhumbu

5000 2074.10.11 2077.04.15

30Khechereswor Jal Vidhyut Pvt. Ltd.

Jadari Gad Small Bajhang 1000 2074.10.12 2077.07.30

31Khechereswor Jal Vidhyut Pvt. Ltd.

Salubyani Gad Small

Bajhang 233 2074.10.12 2077.09.29

32Nepal Water and Energy Development Company Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Trishuli - 1 Rasuwa 216000 2074.10.14 2080.12.18

33Gaughar Ujjyalo Sana Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Ghatte Khola Small Sindhupalchowk 970 2074.11.11 2077.03.01

34Unitech Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Phawa Taplejung 5800 2074.11.11 2078.04.16

35Seti Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Seti Khola Kaski 22000 2074.11.11 2079.04.15

36Vision Energy and Power Pvt. Ltd.

Nupche Likhu Ramechhap 57500 2074.11.28 2080.05.02

37Omega Energy Developer Pvt. Ltd.

Sunigad Bajhang 11050 2074.11.30 2080.02.07

38Mai Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Super Mai Cascade Illam 3800 2074.12.07 2078.04.01

39Asian Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Jogmai Illam 6200 2074.12.07 2078.04.01

40Gaurishankar Power Development Pvt. Ltd.

Middle Hyongu Khola B

Solukhumbu 22900 2074.12.08 2079.04.01

41Upper Lohore Khola Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Lohore Dailekh 4000 2074.12.08 2077.04.11

42Super Hewa Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Super Hewa Sankhuwasabha 5000 2074.12.27 2078.04.01

43Khimti Gramin Bidhyut Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.

Jhankre Khola Small

Dolakha 600 2075.02.04 2076.05.14

!@@


44Baraha Multipower Pvt. Ltd.

Irkhuwa Khola B Bhojpur 15524 2075.02.14 2079.04.15

45 Aashutosh Energy Pvt. Ltd. Chepe Khola Small Lamjung 8630 2075.02.15 2078.11.09

46Lower Irkhuwa Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Irkhuwa Bhojpur 13040 2075.02.16 2079.04.03

47 Sungava Foundation Pvt. Ltd. Thulo Khola Myagdi 21300 2075.02.17 2079.04.15

48Jhilimili Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Gulangdi Khola Gulmi 980 2075.02.24 2078.01.14

49 North Summit Hydro Pvt. Ltd. Nyadi Phidi Lamjung 21400 2075.02.24 2079.12.15

50Himali Hydro Fund Pvt. Ltd.

Sona Khola Taplejung 9000 2075.03.14 2080.07.30

51 Tanahun Hydropower Ltd. Tanahun Tanahun 140000 2075.03.15 2080.12.30

52Sailung Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Bhotekoshi-1 Sindhupalchowk 40000 2075.03.15 2079.07.01

53Jalshakti Hydro Company Pvt. Ltd.

Ilep (Tatopani) Dhading 23675 2075.03.25 2081.08.25

54Three Star Hydropower Company Ltd.

Sapsup Khola Khotang 6600 2075.03.25 2078.06.31

55 Tundi Power Pvt.Ltd Rahughat Mangale Myagdi 35500 2075.03.29 2079.08.29

56 Tundi Power Pvt.Ltd Upper Rahughat Myagdi 48500 2075.03.29 2080.08.29

57 Arati Power Company Ltd. Upper Irkhuwa Bhojpur 14500 2075.04.01 2079.08.01

58Mount Everest Power Development Pvt. Ltd.

Dudhkunda Khola Solukhumbu 12000 2075.04.01 2079.06.30

59Shaileshwari Power Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Gaddigad Doti 1550 2075.04.06 2077.12.19

60Palun Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Palun Khola Taplejung 21000 2075.04.06 2080.06.21

61Makar Jitumaya Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Suri Dolakha 7000 2075.04.10 2079.12.30

62Him Parbat Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Sagu Khola-1 Dolakha 5500 2075.04.10 2079.12.30

63Him Parbat Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Sagu Khola Dolakha 20000 2075.04.10 2079.12.30

64Annapurna Bidhyut Bikas Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Landruk Modi Kaski 86590 2075.04.13 2081.09.15

65Madame Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Madame Khola Kaski 24000 2075.04.15 2080.12.30

66Mid Solu Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Mid Solu Khola Solukhumbu 9500 2075.04.21 2079.05.14

67Apolo Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Buku Khola Solukhumbu 60002070.02.02 2075.04.22 (Revived)

2074.04.01

68 Solar Farm Pvt. Ltd.Belchautara Solar

ProjectTanahun 5000 2075.04.23 2076.04.03

69Thulo Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper thulo Khola-A

Myagdi 15000 2075.04.24 2080.06.30

70 Kalika Energy Ltd. Bhotekoshi-5 Sindhupalchowk 62000 2075.04.25 2080.09.15

71 Api Power Company Ltd.Chandranigahpur

Solar ProjectRautahat 4000 2075.04.27 2076.02.26

!@#


72 Api Power Company Ltd.Parwanipur Solar

ProjectParsa 8000 2075.04.27 2076.02.26

73 Api Power Company Ltd.Dhalkebar Solar

ProjectDhanusha 1000 2075.05.03 2076.03.02

74 Api Power Company Ltd. Simara Solar Project Bara 1000 2075.05.03 2076.03.02

75 Mewa Developers Pvt. Ltd. Middle Mewa Taplejung 49000 2075.05.04 2080.06.06

76Super Ghalemdi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Super Ghalemdi Myagdi 9140 2075.05.05 2080.12.12

77 Sanvi Energy Pvt. Ltd. Jogmai Cascade Illam 6000 2075.05.07 2078.04.07

78Dibyajyoti Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Marsyangdi Besi Lamjung 50000 2075.05.10 2079.06.06

79Amar Jyoti Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.

Istul Khola Gorkha 1506 2075.05.13 2079.10.25

80Apex Makalu Hydro Power Pvt. Ltd.

Middle Hongu Khola A

Solukhumbu 22000 2075.05.14 2079.04.01

81 Ichowk Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Gohare Khola Sindhupalchowk 950 2075.05.25 2076.07.29

82 Pike Hydropower Pvt. Ltd. Likhu KholaRamechhap and

Okhaldhunga30000 2075.05.26 2082.02.17

83Sita Hydro Power Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Nyasim Khola Sindhupalchowk 35000 2075.05.26 2080.03.15

84 Sushmit Energy Pvt. Ltd. Kunaban Khola Myagdi 20000 2075.05.29 2080.11.03

85Masina Paryatan Sahakari Sanstha Ltd.

MasinaKaski and

Tanahu891 2075.06.02 2076.10.29

86 Hydro Village Pvt. Ltd. Myagdi Khola Myagdi 57300 2075.06.04 2080.05.29

87Shikhar Power Development Pvt. Ltd.

Bhim Khola Baglung 4960 2075.06.10 2078.06.05

88Indushankar Chini Udhyog Ltd.

Indushankar Chini Udhyog Ltd.

Sarlahi 3000 2075.06.10 2076.12.09

89Dhading Ankhu Khola Hydro Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Ankhu Dhading 38000 2075.06.14 2079.09.15

90Everest Sugar and Chemical Industries Ltd.

Everest Sugar and Chemical Industries

Ltd.Mahottari 3000 2075.06.17 2076.12.30

91Phedi Khola Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Phedi Khola (Thumlung)

Bhojpur 3520 2075.06.21 2079.12.01

92Dolakha Nirman Company Pvt. Ltd.

Isuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 97200 2075.06.26 2080.04.01

93Bikash Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Machha Khola Small

Gorkha 4550 2075.07.11 2080.03.30

94Sita Hydropower Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Dudh Khola Manang 65000 2075.07.11 2080.03.15

95 Blue Energy Pvt. Ltd. Super TrishuliGorkha and

Chitwan70000 2075.07.11 2080.11.17

96 Vision Lumbini Ltd. Seti Nadi Kaski 25000 2075.08.06 2079.04.05

97Kalinchowk Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Sangu (Sorun) Dolakha 5000 2075.08.09 2079.12.30

!@$


98Arun Valley Hydropower Development Company Ltd.

Kabeli B-1 Cascade Panchthar 9940 2075.08.09 2078.06.01

99Kasuwa Khola Hydropower Ltd.

Kasuwa Khola Sankhuwasabha 45000 2075.08.13 2082.04.06

100Ruru Hydroelectric Company Pvt. Ltd.

Rurubanchu Khola-2

Kalikot 12000 2075.08.20 2079.05.25

101Gumu Khola Bhyakure Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Gumu Khola Dolakha 950 2075.08.21 2078.05.30

102Alliance Energy Solutions Pvt.Ltd.

Upper Sit Khola Argakhanchi 905 2075.08.23 2077.05.04

103Ekikrit Byapar Company Pvt. Ltd.

Brahamayani Sindhupalchowk 35470 2075.08.24 2080.04.13

104Integrated Hydro Fund Nepal Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Brahamayani Sindhupalchowk 15150 2075.08.24 2080.04.13

105Perfect Energy Development Pvt. Ltd

Middle Trishuli Ganga

Nuwakot 19410 2075.09.03 2080.02.17

106Kabeli Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd.

Kabeli-3 Taplejung 21930 2075.10.03 2079.09.01

107 Union Mewa Hydro Ltd. Mewa Khola Taplejung 23000 2075.10.04 2080.09.15

108North Summit Hydro Pvt. Ltd.

Hidi Khola Lamjung 6820 2075.10.04 2080.05.15

109Sajha Power Development Pvt. Ltd.

Lower Balephi Sindhupalchowk 20000 2075.10.06 2080.07.18

110Sindhujwala Hydropower Ltd.

Upper Nyasem Khola A

Sindhupalchowk 21000 2075.10.06 2079.03.30

111Mount Rasuwa Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Midim 1 Khola Lamjung 13424 2075.10.07 2080.04.04

112Habitat Power Company Pvt. Ltd

Hewa Khola “A” Panchthar 5000 2075.10.07 2078.04.01

113Ruby Valley Hydropower Company Ltd

Menchet Khola Dhading 7000 2075.10.15 2080.02.13

114Dudhpokhari Chepe Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Dudhpokhari Chepe Gorkha 8800 2075.10.15 2080.01.28

115Maa Shakti Engineering & hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Luja Khola Solukhumbu 23550 2075.10.16 2080.11.14

116Sankhuwasabha Power Development Pvt. Ltd.

Super Sabha Khola Sankhuwasabha 4100 2075.10.23 2080.06.03

117Hilton Hydro Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Super Kabeli Taplejung 12000 2075.11.02 2079.10.04

118 Snow Rivers Pvt. Ltd. Super Kabeli A Taplejung 13500 2075.11.02 2080.01.01

119 Jal Urja Pvt. Ltd. Nuagad Darchula 1000 2075.11.03 2078.10.22

120Champawati Hydropower Pvt. Ltd

Chepe khola A Lamjung 7000 2075.11.07 2079.04.04

121 Api Power Company Ltd. Upper Chameliya Darchula 40000 2075.11.15 2079.11.13

122Barpak Daruadi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Middle Super Daraudi

Gorkha 10000 2075.11.23 2080.03.01

!@%


123Helambu Construction Pvt. Ltd

Ksumti khola Sindhupalchowk 683 2075.11.29 2078.03.04

124River Side Hydro Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Tamor Khola-5 Taplejung 37520 2075.12.04 2080.04.10

125Hydro Connection Pvt. Ltd.

Rauje Khola Solukhumbu 17712 2075.12.04 2080.10.15

126Milke Jaljale Hydropower Pvt.Ltd.

Upper Piluwa Hills Sankhuwasabha 4990 2075.12.4 2081.04.04

127Ambe Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Bhurundi Parbat 3750 2075.12.10 2079.04.16

128 Orbit Energy Pvt. Ltd. Sabha Khola C Sankhuwasabha 4196 2075.12.10 2079.04.02

129 Mabilung Energy (P.) LtdUpper Piluwa

Khola -3 Sankhuwasabha 4950 2075.12.12 2078.11.16

130Raghuganga Hydropower Ltd.

Rahughat Myagdi 40000 2075.12.18 2079.10.17

131Ridge Line Energy Pvt. Ltd.

Super ChepeGorkha and

Lamjung9050 2075.12.19 2079.05.20

132Dhaulagiri Civil Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

Madhya Daram Khola A

Baglung 3000 2075.12.26 2077.12.31

133Dhaulagiri Civil Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

Madhya Daram Khola B

Baglung 4500 2075.12.26 2078.02.31

134Bhalaudi Khola Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Bhalaudi Khola Kaski 2645 2076.01.06 2080.04.16

135 Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. Upper Daraudi B Gorkha 8300 2076.01.09 2080.09.15

136 Kalika Construction Pvt. Ltd. Upper Daraudi C Gorkha 9820 2076.01.09 2080.09.15

137Super Khudi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd.

Upper Khudi Lamjung 21210 2076.01.11 2080.10.09

Total 2,869,384

IPPs' Hydro Power Projects Terminated in FY 2075/76

S.N. Developer Project LocationCapacity

(kW) Reason for

Termination

1Teleye Samyak Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd.

Dhansi Khola Rolpa 955 Event of Default

2Ludee Hydropower Development Co. Pvt. Ltd.

Ludee Khola Gorkha 750 Event of Default

Total 1705

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१३ ;'=ef= >L czf]s s'df/ >]i7 ;fdfGo ;]jf ljefu d'6'sf] pkrf/

१४ OlGhlgo/ >L ;To k|;fb k|hfktL d:ofªbL hnljB't s]Gb| d'6'sf] pkrf/

१५ ;'=ef= >L led axfb'/ zfxf sf7df8f+ lu|8 dxfzfvf ls8\gLsf] 8fonl;;

१६ S‍ns >L ;rLg sf]O/fnf k'Nrf]s ljt/0f s]Gb| S‍ofG;/

१७ kmf]/d]g >L Z‍ofd lszf]/ ld> /fhlj/fh ljt/0f d'6'sf] PlGhof]K‍nfi6L

१८ x]Nk/ >L /Tgnfn >]i7 «6«fG;km/d/ js;k zfvf k]6sf] S‍ofG;/

१९ sf=;= >L /fw]Z‍ofd t]nL g]kfnu+h ljt/0f s]Gb| d'6'sf] ck/]zg

२० O=l;= >L zq'wg k|;fb l;+x /fhlj/fh ljt/0f d'6'sf] pkrf/

२१ OlGhlgo/ >L ;ljgf tfd|fsf/ tgx'F xfO8«f]kfj/ s+=ln= An8 S‍ofG;/

२२ O=l;= >L kf/; lu/L lj/u+h ljt/0f s]Gb| d[ufnf k|Tof/f]k0f

२३ ;=n]=c= >L k|sfz l3ld/] ;+yfut ljlQo ljefu luFhfsf] S‍ofG;/ -c;fwf/0f ljbf_

yk cflys ;xfotfcf=j= @)&%÷)&^ sf] cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd yk cflys ;xfotf lng] sdrf/Lx?sf] ljj/0f

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^ !@(

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^!#)


k|zf;g lgb]zgfnohg;fwg ljefu

sdrf/L k|zf;g clen]vldlt @)&%.$.! b]lv @)&^.)#.#! ;Dd clgjfo cjsfz, :j]lR5s cjsfz,

/fhLgfdf tyf d[To' x'g] sdrf/Lsf] ljj/0f

l;=g+= s=;=g+= tx kb gfd÷y/ cjsfz ldlt cjsfzsf] lsl;d

sfot sfofno

1 svu 1123 3 On]lS^«l;og /fhb]j dxtf] wfg's 2075.04.05 clgjfo snof ljt/)f s]Gb|

2 svu 1188 3 On]lS^«l;og nfn axfb"/ /fO 2075.04.06 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB't s]Gb|

3 svu 756 3 On]lS^«l;og l;tf/fd k)*Lt 2075.04.02 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

4 svuw 11 4 kmf]/d]g led;]g vqL 2075.04.04 clgjfo sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|

5 #ªk 3393 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t

/fd s"df/ >]i& 2075.04.10 clgjfo lrlnd] lqz"nL 220 s]=eL= k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf

6 svu 148 3 On]lS^«l;og u)f]z axfb"/ vqL 2075.04.14 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

7 b#ªk 5671 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t

lj)ff sfo:y s]=;L= 2075.04.14 clgjfo jftfj/)f tyf ;fdflhs cWoog ljefu

8 t 310120 1 sfofno ;xof]uL kz"ktL Gofkfg] 2075.04.15 clgjfo sfnLu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|

9 svu 545 3 On]lS^«l;og OGb| axfb"/ af]u^L 2075.04.15 clgjfo s]Gb|Lo ld^/ k/LIf)fzfnf

10 uwb 2702 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[i)faxfb'/ yfkf du/ 2075.04.15 clgjfo s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hnljB"t s]Gb|

11 sv 1186 2 x]Nk/ lht axfb"/ Enf]g 2075.04.17 clgjfo x]^f+*f ljt/)f s]Gb|

12 t 310072 1 sfofno ;xof]uL eujtL k"ikf ltD;Lgf 2075.04.20 clgjfo lj=u|f=;]= cy dxfzfvf

13 svu 340 3 On]lS^«l;og k|]d axfb"/ a"(fyf]sL 2075.04.22 clgjfo ;"gsf]zL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

14 uwg 2033 5 ;"k/efOh/ ljs"nfn lzNksf/ 2075.04.22 clgjfo s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

15 b#ª 5660 5 al/i^ ;xfos nfn axfb'/ lu/L 2075.04.25 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

16 kmaed 12967 10 ;x lgb]zs k|]d axfb"/ P]/ 2075.04.25 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf)f ljefu

17 uwg 2726 5 ;"k/efOh/ u)f]z axfb"/ s]=;L= 2075.04.27 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf)f ljefu

18 vuw 1387 4 kmf]/d]g gf/fo)faxfb'/ /fgfef^ 2075.04.28 clgjfo kf]v/f ljt/)f s]Gb|

19 #ªk 3654 6 ;xfos k|zf;sLo clws[t

e"k]Gb|k|;fb >]i& 2075.04.28 clgjfo sf&df)*f+ If]qLo sfofno

20 %hem`^ 11442

11 lgb]zs ljZjWjh hf]zL 2075.05.02 clgjfo dflyNnf] c?)f hnljB't cfof]hgf

21 tyb#ª 4222 5 ld=l/=;"=ef= ;"lgtf k/fh"nL e§/fO 2075.05.03 clgjfo b"xjL ljt/)f s]Gb|

22 sv 1806 2 x]Nk/ s[i)f axfb"/ k"gdu/ 2075.05.04 clgjfo sf]xnk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

23 svu 988 3 On]lS^«l;og pQ/ x";]g ldof wf]jL 2075.05.04 clgjfo jL/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|


lj/]Gb|nfn >]i& 2075.05.05 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

25 gr% 7652 7 OlGhlgo/ /fd lbg]z rfw/L 2075.05.05 clgjfo (Ns]a/ lu|* zfvf

26 sv 850 2 x]Nk/ e/a k|;fb e§/fO 2075.05.06 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

27 vuw 1900 4 kmf]/d]g k|df]b d)*n 2075.05.08 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

28 wgr 7092 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ an/fd clwsf/L 2075.05.08 clgjfo dflyNnf] lqz"nL 3P hnljB"t cfof]hgf

29 ªkkm 8773 7 n]vf clws[t ?sd)fL kf]v/]n 2075.05.08 clgjfo ;DklQ n]vf cg"udg zfvf

30 gr% 7892 7 OlGhlgo/ l;tf/fd knfGrf]s] 2075.05.09 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf)f ljefu

31 ªkkma 8602 8 ;xfos lgb]zs d"s"Gbdfg lrqsf/ 2075.05.10 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf)f ljefu

32 sv 1024 2 x]Nk/ v]b? d)*n 2075.05.12 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

33 #ª 3715 5 al/i^ ;xfos v]d/fh e)*f/L 2075.05.12 clgjfo #f]/fxL ljt/)f s]Gb|

34 ªkkm 8813 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t s[i)f k|;fb ;fksf]^f 2075.05.13 clgjfo k/f;L ljt/)f s]Gb|

35 uwgr 2270 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ z]/hé clwsf/L 2075.05.15 clgjfo kf]v/f ljt/)f s]Gb|

36 %hem 11636 9 pk k|jGws o"j/fh cfrfo 2075.05.15 clgjfo a"^jn If]qLo sfofn

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^ !#!

37 vu 2113 3 On]lS^«l;og l;tf/fd ;fx 2075.05.18 clgjfo ;v"jf ljt/)f s]Gb|

38 kkmae 12755 9 pk lgb]zs s"n/fh vgfn 2075.05.20 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf k/LIf)f ljefu

39 s 110450 1 h'lgo/ x]Nk/ Zofdgfy clwsf/L 2075.05.22 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|

40 b#ª 5 n]vfkfn /fh]Zj/ k|;fb l;+x 2075.05.22 clgjfo


dl)f/fd g]kfn 2075.05.28 clgjfo lgo"QmL l;kmfl/z dxfzfvf

42 uw 3104 4 kmf]/d]g *«fOe/ ltns axfb"/ l;njfn 2075.06.01 clgjfo g"jfsf]^ ljt/)f s]Gb|

43 ªkkmae 8677 9 pk lgb]zs xf]d gf/fo)f a]njf;] 2075.06.01 clgjfo ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf

44 svu 1042 3 On]lS^«l;og cfOt axfb"/ u"?ª 2075.06.02 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|

45 vuw 1535 4 kmf]/d]g ljb"/ v*\sf 2075.06.02 clgjfo ;"Gb/Lhn hnljB"t s]Gb|

46 b#ª 5550 5 n]vfkfn Zofd b]j d]xtf 2075.06.04 clgjfo *f]Nkf ljt/)f s]Gb|

47 gr%hem 7858

9 pkk|jGws /d]z ofbj 2075.06.04 clgjfo x^f*f If]qLo sfofno

48 svu 147 3 On]lS^l;og /fd k|;fb yfkf 2075.06.05 clgjfo jfg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

49 vu 2347 3 On]lS^«l;og k|dfgGb e§/fO 2075.06.06 clgjfo Onfd ljt/)f s]Gb|

50 uwg 3029 5 ;"k/efOh/ led axfb"/ zfx 2075.06.06 clgjfo sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf

51 svu 1133 3 On]lS^«l;og k"?iff]Qd bfxfn 2075.06.07 clgjfo l&dL ljt/)f s]Gb|

52 vu# 2049 4 kmf]/d]g z+s/ k|;fb ofbj 2075.06.09 clgjfo nxfg ljt/)f s]Gb|

53 #ª 3765 5 jl/i& ;xfos pbo /fh k|;fb /bf; 2075.06.11 clgjfo s[i)fgu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

54 uwg2200 5 ;"k/efOh/ g]drGb| rfw/L 2075.06.12 clgjfo /fhlj/fh ljt/)f s]Gb|

55 sv531 2 x]Nk/ /fd jxfb"/ tfdfé 2075.06.15 clgjfo ;"Gb/Lhn hn ljB"t s]]Gb|

56 vu 1784 3 On]lS^«l;og dfw" l;+x ^]/ 2075.06.15 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|

57 #ª 5787 5 jl/i& ;xfos cho ltldlN;gf 2075.06.15 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

58 gr% 7898 7 OlGhlgo/ dw" s"df/ zdf 2075.06.15 clgjfo x]^f*f lu|* dxfzfvf

59 ty 3102 2 sfofno ;xof]uL /]vL s"df/L j+zL &s"/L 2075.06.19 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|

60 ty 5320 2 sfofno ;xof]uL /fdb]jL kf]*]gL 2075.06.20 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

61 svu 424 3 h'lgo/ ld:qL uf]ljGb jxfb"/ e§ 2075.06.22 clgjfo lqz"nL hnljB"t s]Gb|

62 uw2888 4 kmf]/d]g l;tf/fd b"jf*L 2075.06.23 clgjfo wflbé ljt/)f s]Gb|

63 vu#1920 4 kmf]/d]g xl//fdk|;fb kfn u*l/of 2075.06.29 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|

64 wgr7231 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ v]d/fh e§ 2075.06.30 clgjfo cQl/of lu|* zfvf

65 vuw 1657 4 kmf]/d]g uf]ljGb axfb"/ k/fh"nL 2075.07.02 clgjfo lqz"nL hnljB"t s]Gb|

66 %hem` 11660 10 k|jGws rGbgfgGb /fh jB 2075.07.06 clgjfo tgx"+ xfO*«f]kfj/ lnld^]*

67 %hem` 11539 10 k|jGws ;+lhj jxfb"/ dNn 2075.07.06 clgjfo dflyNn]f tfdfsf]zL hnljB"t cfof]hgf

68 b# 5979 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn gf/fo)f k|;fb ;fksf]^f 2075.07.07 clgjfo /Tggu/ ^f+*L ljt/)f s]Gb|

69 b#ª 6115 5 n]vfkfn dx]Zj/ /fhe)*f/L 2075.07.08 clgjfo of]hgf tyf k|fljlws ;]jf lj=

70 ty 5241 2 sfofno ;xof]uL kbd axfb"/ e"h]n 2075.07.10 clgjfo x]^f*f lu|* dxfzfvf

71 %hem 11639 9 pk-k|jGws cfkmtfa cfnd 2075.07.10 clgjfo b"xjL lu|* zfvf

72 sv1117 2 x]Nk/ ceo s"df/ ltjf/L 2075.07.11 clgjfo O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

73 vu# 1591 4 kmf]/d]g zflns/fd nfld%fg] 2075.07.12 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

74 b#ª 5931 5 n]vfkfn as")& k|;fb bfxfn 2075.07.12 clgjfo x]^f+*f ljt/)f s]Gb|

75 tyb4831 3 ld^/ l/*/ g/ jxfb"/ tfdfé 2075.07.13 clgjfo ef]hk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

76 ty 5254 2 sfofno ;xof]uL v*\u axfb"/ ;fksf]^f 2075.07.14 clgjfo k|zf;g dxfzfvf, pk sf=sf=lg= pTkfbg

77 uwg 2830 5 ;"k/efOh/ >Ls[i)f >]i& 2075.07.14 clgjfo bf]nvf ljt/)f s]Gb|

78 ªkkm 8818 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t k|sfz b; pns 2075.07.14 clgjfo gof+ df]bL n]vgfy 132 s]=eL= k|;f/)f nfOg cfof]hgf

79 ª 8902 5 n]vfkfn ho k|sfz d)*n 2075.07.15 clgjfo a"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf

80 g%hem 7574 9 pk k|jGws g/]z kf)*] 2075.07.15 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

81 s 110115 1 h'lgo/ x]Nk/ b"uf l;+ bf]+ª 2075.07.17 clgjfo s"n]vfgL t]>f] hnljB"t cf=

82 s 110462 1 h'lgo/ x]Nk/ tf/f k|;fb Gofkfg] 2075.07.18 clgjfo kfNkf ljt/)f s]Gb|

83 sv 1129 2 x]Nk/ pd]z k|;fb l;+x 2075.07.18 clgjfo x]^f*f ljt/)f s]Gb|

84 vªkkm 1150 7 n]vf clws[t /fdxl/ a/fn 2075.07.18 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vfk/LIf)f ljefu

85 gr% 7845 7 OlGhlgo/ dxfjL/ zfxL 2075.07.18 clgjfo s"n]vfgL t]>f] hnljB"t cf=

86 #ªk 3753 6 ;xfos k|zf;g clws[t

z+s/ k|;fb Gofkfg] 2075.07.19 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb|

87 s110437 1 h'lgo/ x]Nk/ lji)f" k|;fb Gofkfg] 2075.07.20 clgjfo sfnLu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|

88 sv 1641 2 x]Nk/ /fdrGb| ;fx 2075.07.21 clgjfo ufzfnf ljt/)f s]Gb|

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^!#@

89 tyb4886 3 ld^/ l/*/ s[i)f jxfb"/ u?é 2075.07.25 clgjfo uf]/vf ljt/)f s]Gb|

90 ªkkm 8633 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t lq/Tg zfSo 2075.07.25 clgjfo ;fdfgo ;]jf ljefu

91 %hem`^& 11485

12 pksfosf/L lgb]]zs

/flhj zdf 2075.07.27 clgjfo OlGhlgol/ª ;]jf lgb]zgfno

92 ty 5387 2 sfofno ;xof]uL ^+s axfb"/ yfkf 2075.08.01 clgjfo wgs"^f ljt/)f s]Gb|

93 v 120061 2 x]Nk/ /fd ;"Gb/ zdf ltldlN;gf 2075.08.01 clgjfo snof ljt/)f s]Gb|

94 %hem`^ 11599

11 lgb]zs bfdf]b/ eSt >]i& 2075.08.01 clgjfo lrlnd] hnljB"t sDkgL lnld^]*

95 svu 1609 3 On]lS^«l;og sflz/fd kf)*]o 2075.08.03 clgjfo a"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf

96 wgr 6738 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ lhjg s"df/ /fhjfxs 2075.08.03 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hn ljB"t s]Gb|

97 %hem` 11671 10 k|jGws k|]d rGb| u"Ktf 2075.08.03 clgjfo cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu

98 gr% 7876 7 OlGhlgo/ lji)f" s"df/ dxhg 2075.08.04 clgjfo afnfh' ljt/)f s]Gb|

99 kkmaedo 12753

11 lgb]zs cf]d/fh kf)*] 2075.08.10 clgjfo kbk"lt ljefu

100 %hem`^& 11317

12 pk-sfosf/L lgb]zs

clgn /fhe)*f/L 2075.08.12 clgjfo ;xfos sDkgL cg"udg lgb]zgfno

101 ty 5253 2 sfofno ;xof]uL led axfb"/ yfkf du/ 2075.08.15 clgjfo s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hn ljB"t s]Gb|

102 vuw 1918 4 kmf]/d]g /fd k|;fb ;fksf]^f 2075.08.15 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB"t s]Gb|

103 kkmae 12767 9 pk-lgb]zs s[i)f axfb"/ dxfh" 2075.08.15 clgjfo OlGhlgol/é ;]jf lgb]zgfno

104 sv 110080 2 x]Nk/ eSt axfb"/ vqL 2075.08.16 clgjfo sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf

105 ty 4930 2 sfofno ;xof]uL s[i)f dfof kf]*]gL 2075.08.17 clgjfo ;fdfGo k|zf;g dxfzfvf

106 b# 6105 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn gf/fo)f k|;fb /]UdL 2075.08.17 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

107 svu#1316 4 kmf]/d]g xl/b]j bf; 2075.08.19 clgjfo ;v"jf ljt/)f s]Gb|

108 t 310099 1 sfofno ;xof]uL kbdf s"df/L u"?é 2075.08.20 clgjfo b"xjL ljt/)f s]Gb|

109 sv 1018 2 x]Nk/ df]xDdb of/ d";ndfg 2075.08.20 clgjfo s[i)fgu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

110 #ª 3480 5 ld=l/=;"=ef= g/]z /fh kf)*] 2075.08.21 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

111 vuw 1603 4 kmf]/d]g lhtg vTj] 2075.08.22 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

112 vuw 2054 4 kmf]/d]g b]jL nfn vgfn 2075.08.22 clgjfo pnfjf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

113 vuw 1589 4 kmf]/d]g s"n axfb"/ cfªjf] 2075.08.23 clgjfo bds ljt/)f s]Gb|

114 wgr 7229 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ jw gfy d)*n 2075.08.25 clgjfo /fhlj/fh ljt/)f s]Gb|

115 uwg 2035 5 ;"k/efOh/ k")f axfb"/ v*\sf 2075.08.27 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

116 b#ª 5880 5 jl/i& ;xfos lxdfn s"df/ df:s] 2075.08.27 clgjfo Onfd ljt/)f s]Gb|

117 gr% 7719 7 OlGhlgo/ xl/jL/ l;njfn 2075.08.30 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

118 wgr 7301 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ g/]Gb| uftd 2075.09.01 clgjfo a"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf

119 svuwg 158 5 ;"k/efOh/ gf/fo)f lji^ 2075.09.02 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

120 vuwg 1886 5 ;"k/efOh/ /fh]Gb| k|;fb pkfWofo 2075.09.03 clgjfo x]^f*f lu|* dxfzfvf

121 sv 1912 2 x]Nk/ a"gf u?é;]gL 2075.09.05 clgjfo wflbª ljt/)f s]Gb|

122 u 3605 3 *«fOe/ af;" s"df/ sfsL 2075.09.05 clgjfo b"xjL dN^Lkmo'n l*h]n s]Gb|

123 wgr 7024 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ cf]dsf/ dxt 2075.09.05 clgjfo sf&df)*F lu|* dxfzfvf

124 sv 1500 2 x]Nk/ d+un la/ >]i& 2075.09.06 clgjfo eQmk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

125 tyb 4702 3 Sns /fdx/L yfk du/ 2075.09.08 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hn ljB"t s]Gb|

126 tyb 5030 3 Sns /fd ;"df/ s"dL 2075.09.08 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

127 %hem` 11573 10 k|jGws /fd k|tfk ofbj 2075.09.11 clgjfo k|fljlws n]vf kl/If)f dxfzfvf

128 wg 7314 5 ;"k/efOh/ lzjzlQm Gofkfg] 2075.09.14 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

129 gr% 7544 7 OlGhlgo/ xl/ZrGb| bf; 2075.09.15 clgjfo eQmk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

130 uwg 2858 5 ;"k/efOh/ lht gf/fo)f ofbj 2075.09.17 clgjfo hn]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

131 %em`^& 11476

12 pk-sfosf/L lgb]zs

df]xg /Tg zfSo 2075.09.19 clgjfo OlGhlgol/é ;]jf lgb]zgfno

132 h180002 8 ;xfos k|jGws lg/h vltj*f 2075.09.21 :jtM cjsfz

k|)ffnL ;+rfng ljefu

133 wgr 7173 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ gGb axfb'/ /f]sfof 2075.09.22 clgjfo cQl/of lu|* zfvf

134 s 110046 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ wg axfb"/ huf du/ 2075.09.25 clgjfo /Tggu/ ^f+*L ljt/)f s]Gb|

135 uwg 2569 5 ;"k/efOh/ czf]s s"df/ >]i& 2075.09.25 clgjfo s]Gb|Lo ;]jf zfvf

136 svu 106 3 On]lS^«l;og zDe" s"df/ l#ld/] 2075.10.01 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

137 vuw 1787 4 kmf]/d]g sdn l;+x ef^ 2075.10.04 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|

138 b#ª 5884 5 n]vfkfn ;Gtf]if k|;fb sf]O/fnf 2075.10.04 clgjfo /#"u+uf xfO*f]kfj/ sDkgL

139 #ªkkm 3255 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t d"s"Gb k|;fb ;fksf]^f 2075.10.07 clgjfo hgzlQm of]hgf tyf ljsf; zfvf

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^ !##

140 ty 5213 2 Sns /fd k|;fb Gofkfg] 2075.10.08 clgjfo b"xjL ljt/)f s]Gb|

141 vuwg 1571 5 ;"k/efOh/ ?b| lglw kGy 2075.10.08 clgjfo tgx"¤ ljt/)f s]Gb|

142 vuwg 1197 5 ;"k/efOh/ g/]Gb| k|;fb >]i& 2075.10.10 clgjfo cgf/dgL ljt/)f s]Gb|

143 svuw 505 4 kmf]/d]g /Tg axfb"/ v*\sf 2075.10.11 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB't s]Gb|

144 sv 1435 2 x]Nk/ s]zj axfb"/ e)*f/L 2075.10.13 clgjfo /Tggu/ ^f¤*L ljt/)f s]Gb|

145 uwg 2348 5 ;"k/efOh/ ch"g axfb"/ >]i& 2075.10.15 clgjfo ljt/)f k|)ffnL ;"wf/ tyf lj:tf/ cfof]hgf

146 wg 7020 5 l;lgo/ uf]tfv]f/ d+un l;+x yfkf 2075.10.15 clgjfo u)*s hnljB"t s]Gb|

147 ªkkma 8791 8 ;xfos lgb]zs s[i)f dfg >]i& 2075.10.15 clgjfo cfGtl/s n]vf kl/If)f ljefu

148 tyb 4658 3 Sns adjxfb"/ tfdfé 2075.10.17 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|


zq"Wg l;+x 2075.10.17 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

150 %hem`^ 11516

11 lgb]zs ;fu//fh l;+x ;"jfn 2075.10.17 clgjfo df^f]("éf tyf s+lqm^ k|of]uzfnf

151 b#ª 5705 5 n]vfkfn lji)f" k|;fb k|hfktL 2075.10.18 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb|

152 b#ª 5561 5 jl/i& ;xfos ;"/]Gb| ;xgL 2075.10.18 clgjfo w/fg ljt/)f s]Gb|

153 %hem` 11420 10 kjGws k")f ;"Gb/ wfe*]n 2075.10.19 clgjfo dflyNnf] lqz"nL 3'P' hnljB"t cfof]hgf

154 uwg 2758 5 ;"k/efOh/ lhjg axfb"/ lji^ 2075.10.24 clgjfo sLltk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

155 tyb 4358 3 Sns af;"b]j k|;fb nfld%fg] 2075.10.28 clgjfo s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

156 tyb 4356 3 Sns >L aRr"/fd nfld%fg] 2075.10.28 clgjfo x]^f+*f l*h]n s]Gb|

157 #ªk 3505 6 ;xfos k|zf;lso clws[t

hulbz l;+x wfdL 2075.10.28 clgjfo

158 wgr 7075 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ ho axfb"/ rGb 2075.10.28 clgjfo rd]lnof hn ljB"t s]Gb|


zflGt cdfTo 2075.11.02 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

160 b#ª 5593 5 n]vfkfn u)f]z k|;fb ;"j]bL 2075.11.03 clgjfo g]kfn ef/t ljB"t k|zf/)f tyf Aofkf/ cfof]hgf

161 kkmaedo 12775

11 lgb]zs nf]s]Gb| s"df/ yfkf 2075.11.04 clgjfo ;fdfGo ;]jf ljefu

162 tyb 4762 3 ld^/ l/*/ sfhLdfg lnDa" 2075.11.06 clgjfo eb|k"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

163 wgr 7051 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ k")f axfb"/ clwsf/L 2075.11.06 clgjfo d:ofébL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

164 uwg2671 5 ;"k/efOh/ lzj s"df/ yfkf 2075.11.10 clgjfo x]^f+*f lu|* dxfzfvf

165 sv 853 2 x]Nk/ xl/ axfb"/ sfsL 2075.11.15 clgjfo tgx"¤ ljt/)f s]Gb|

166 ty 4849 2 sfofno ;xof]uL lbn axfb"/ dfgGw/ 2075.11.15 clgjfo sf]xnk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

167 ty 5122 2 sfofno ;xof]uL /fd k|;fb u"?é 2075.11.15 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|

168 uwg 2048 5 l;lgo/ x]eL OSo"Kd]G^ ck/]^/

lszf]/ s"df/ lu/L 2075.11.15 clgjfo s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

169 wgr 7138 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ x/L rGb| xdfn 2075.11.15 clgjfo d:ofébL hnljB"t s]Gb|

170 vuw 1459 4 kmf]/d]g Zofd dfnL 2075.11.16 clgjfo sf&df)*f lu|* dxfzfvf

171 gr% 7941 7 OlGhlgo/ /fhf/fd bfxfn 2075.11.16 clgjfo ljt/)f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfno

172 svu 1355 3 On]lS^l;og d"s"Gb k|;fb pkfWofo 2075.11.19 clgjfo s~rgk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

173 b#ª 6114 5 n]vfkfn lzj k|;fb ld> 2075.11.19 clgjfo tflnxjf ljt/)f s]Gb|

174 gr% 7673 7 OlGhlgo/ !fg]Gb| cfrfo 2075.11.19 clgjfo ljt/)f k|)ffnL ;"b[(Ls/)f tyf lj:tf/ cfof]hgf

175 uwg 2693 5 ;"k/efOh/ kOGb| k|;fb zdf 2075.11.20 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

176 vuw 1941 4 kmf]/d]g lbjfs/ yfkf 2075.11.24 clgjfo sLltk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

177 svuw 133 4 kmf]/d]g pQd yfkf If]qL 2075.11.24 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

178 svu 411 3 h"lgo/ ld:qL s[i)f axfb"/ ldhf/ 2075.11.25 clgjfo lqz"nL hnljB"t s]Gb|

179 vuwg 1160 5 ;"k/efOh/ !fg axfb"/ k|wfg 2075.12.01 clgjfo O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

180 wg 7207 5 l;=x]=O=c= /fdrGb| vl^s 2075.12.01 clgjfo g]kfnu+Gh If]qLo sfofno

181 #ª 3731 5 jl/i& ;xfos cdn]Gb| s"df/ rfw/L 2075.12.01 clgjfo l;/xf ljt/)f s]Gb|


/fd jxfb"/ j"(fyf]sL -la=l;=_

2075.12.01 clgjfo #f]/fxL ljt/)f s]Gb|

183 vuw 1817 4 kmf]/d]g u+uf/fd ;fpb 2075.12.02 clgjfo ehgL ljt/)f s]Gb|

184 u 130169 3 On]lS^«l;og of]u]Gb| dxQf] ;"*L 2075.12.03 clgjfo l;/xf ljt/)f s]Gb|

185 ªkkmaedo 8504

11 lgb]zs x"d axfb"/ s]=;L= 2075.12.10 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb|

186 vuw 1850 4 kmf]/d]g cgGt k|;fb l#ld/] 2075.12.12 clgjfo lqz"nL hnljB"t s]Gb|

187 svu 1028 3 On]lS^l;og b"v"/fd yf? 2075.12.13 clgjfo cQl/of lu|* zfvf

188 uw 3057 4 kmf]/d]g dx]Zj/ ofbj 2075.12.13 clgjfo ldrof ljt/)f s]Gb|

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^!#$

189 svuw 184 4 kmf]/d]g gj/fh ahuf¤O 2075.12.14 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

190 gr%7933 7 OlGhlgo/ lagf]b s"df/ :j)fsf/ 2075.12.15 clgjfo d:ofébL hnljB"t s]Gb|


/Tg l;+x /fO 2075.12.16 clgjfo k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

192 gr% 7748 7 OlGhlgo/ afa' xdfn &s'/L 2075.12.16 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb|

193 sv 1356 2 x]Nk/ gftL sfhL *+uf]n 2075.12.17 clgjfo b"xjL lu|* zfvf

194 b# 6085 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn Zofd s"df/ cfrfo 2075.12.17 clgjfo l&dL ljt/)f s]Gb|

195 svu 21 3 On]lS^l;og uf]ljGb k|;fb b"jf*L 2075.12.27 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

196 ty 5338 2 sfofno ;xof]uL /fh s"df/L b]jL 2076.01.01 clgjfo cQl/of lu|* zfvf

197 svu642 3 On]lS^l;og dx]Gb| /fpt ;"*L 2076.01.01 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

198 svu 382 3 On]lS^l;og t]h axfb"/ ;"gf/ 2076.01.01 clgjfo x]^f+*f lu|* dxfzfvf

199 uw 3093 4 kmf]/d]g *«fOe/ n]vjxfb"/ j:g]t 2076.01.01 clgjfo dflyNnf] lqz"nL 3'P' hn ljB"t cfof]hgf

200 uwg 2528 5 ;"k/efOh/ eQm axfb"/ clwsf/L 2076.01.01 clgjfo wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|

201 uwg 3155 5 ;"k/efOh/ lbkgf/fo)f /flgof/ -u"Ktf_ 2076.01.01 clgjfo a"^jn ljt/)f s]Gb|

202 svu 1113 3 On]lS^l;og led axfb"/ a:g]t 2076.01.02 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

203 sv 1549 2 x]Nk/ Zofds[i)f s]=;L= 2076.01.02 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

204 s110458 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ /fwfdfof e§/fO 2076.01.03 clgjfo sflnu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|

205 vuw 1121 4 kmf]/d]g czf]s s"df/ yfkf 2076.01.03 clgjfo s[i)fgu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

206 vuw 1720 4 kmf]/d]g nf]s gfy e§ 2076.01.04 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

207 svu 790 3 On]lS^«l;og /fwfs[i)f j:g]t 2076.01.05 clgjfo sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|

208 b#ª5540 5 n]vfkfn rGb|d)fL lg/fnf 2076.01.05 clgjfo cy dxfzfvf

209 #ª 3742 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= ljWof cofn v/]n 2076.01.05 clgjfo ljt/)f tyf u|fxs ;]jf lgb]zgfno

210 vuw 1172 4 kmf]/d]g hugf/o)f ;f]gf/ 2076.01.06 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

211 b#ª 6025 5 n]vfkfn g]q axfb"/ sfsL 2076.01.06 clgjfo bf]nvf ljt/)f s]Gb|

212 kkmaedo 12757

11 lgb]zs /fhg /fh lai^ 2076.01.07 clgjfo n]vf ljefu

213 b#ª 5659 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= xl/cf]d k|;fb (sfn 2076.01.08 clgjfo afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

214 ty 4866 2 sfofno ;xof]uL ;To gf/fo)f rfw/L 2076.01.09 clgjfo nfxg ljt/)f s]Gb|

215 b#ª 5538 5 n]vfkfn xl/ uf]kfn tfd|fsf/ 2076.01.10 clgjfo Og?jf ljt/)f s]Gb|


e/t k|;fb b"j] 2076.01.11 clgjfo u"NdL ljt/)f s]Gb|

217 ty 5077 2 sfofno ;xof]uL cfdf>] yf? 2076.01.12 clgjfo u"n]l/of ljt/)f s]Gb|

218 vuw 1529 4 kmf]/d]g aRr"/fd ljZjsdf 2076.01.12 clgjfo s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hn ljB"t s]Gb|

219 s110085 1 h'lgo/ x]Nk/ zDe" k|;fb pkfWofo 2076.01.14 clgjfo /Tgkfs lj/t)f s]Gb|

220 vuw 1477 4 kmf]/d]g ;d wf]jL 2076.01.14 clgjfo g]kfnu+Gh ljt/)f s]Gb|

221 wgr 7215 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ km"n]Zj/ k|;fb rfw/L 2076.01.15 clgjfo d:ofébL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

222 gr%h 7861 8 ;xfos k|jGws ;"/t nfn rfw/L 2076.01.15 clgjfo s"n]vfgL bf]>f] hn ljB"t s]Gb|

223 %hem` 11533 10 k|jGws z]v/ s"df/ bQ 2076.01.15 clgjfo tfdfsf]zL sf&df)*F 220 s]=le= k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf

224 svu 1438 3 On]lS^«l;og &fs"/ k|;fb (sfn 2076.01.16 clgjfo d:ofébL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

225 svuw 502 4 kmf]/d]g lrq jxfb"/ yfkf du/ 2076.01.16 clgjfo dxf/fhu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

226 uw 3434 4 kmf]/d]g *«fOe/ lhj nfn Gofkfg] 2076.01.17 clgjfo :ofª\hf ljt/)f s]Gb|

227 s 110427 1 h"lgo/ x]Nk/ s[i)f axfb"/ s^"jfn 2076.01.18 clgjfo u"NdL ljt/)f s]Gb|

228 ªk 8832 6 ;xfos k|zf;g clws[t

ef]nf l;+x 2076.01.19 clgjfo l&dL ljt/)f s]Gb|

229 u3532 3 *«fOe/ lqnf]rg v*\sf 2076.01.22 clgjfo l;+u^L-nfdf];f¤#" sf]/L*f]/L cfof]hgf

230 uwg 3172 5 ;"k/efOh/ o"j/fh bfxfn 2076.01.22 clgjfo l;Gw"nL ljt/)f s]Gb|

231 b#ª5893 5 n]vfkfn Zofd s"df/ >]i& 2076.01.22 clgjfo snof ljt/)f s]Gb|

232 %hem` 11621 10 k|jGws efg"eQm e§/fO 2076.01.22 clgjfo j"^jn If]qLo sfofno

233 uwg 3206 5 ;"k/efOh/ zDe" ld> 2076.01.24 clgjfo ;v"jf ljt/)f s]Gb|

234 u 130005 3 h"lgo/ ^]SgLl;og -l;len_

?Sdfut Gofkfg] 2076.01.25 clgjfo sflnu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|

235 svu 392 3 h"lgo/ ld:qL b"uf k|;fb rfw/L 2076.01.26 clgjfo u)*s hnljB"t s]Gb|

236 wg 7180 5 l;=x]=O=c= s)f jxfb"/ yfkf 2076.01.26 clgjfo dflyNnf] lqz"nL 3 P hn ljB"t cfof]hgf

237 ty 5175 2 sfofno ;xof]uL h¤ujxfb"/ If]qL 2076.01.28 clgjfo e/xjf ljt/)f s]Gb|

238 b#ª6187 5 n]vfkfn /fd s"df/ ofbj 2076.01.31 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^ !#%

239 vuw 1461 4 kmf]/d]g p$j s]=;L= 2076.02.01 clgjfo sf&df)*f lu|* dxfzfvf

240 %hem11566 9 pk k|jGws ljB"t kf*]n 2076.02.03 clgjfo of]hgf tyf k|fljlws ;]jf ljefu

241 b#ª 5510 5 n]vfkfn ofbj k|;fb >]i& 2076.02.05 clgjfo sf]q]kf]n KnfG^

242 c 120161 2 x]Nk/ /fds[i)f /]UdL 2076.02.08 clgjfo dWod:ofébL hnljB"t s]Gb|

243 ªk 8846 6 ;xfos k|zf;lso clws[t

slknb]j dxtf] 2076.02.08 clgjfo tgx"¤xfO*«f]kfj/ lnld^]*

244 %hem` 11626 10 k|jGws k|sfz l;+x k|wfg 2076.02.08 clgjfo lu|* ;+rfng ljefu

245 vu2028 3 On]lS^l;og nIdL k|;fb clwsf/L 2076.02.09 clgjfo cgf/dgL ljt/)f s]Gb|

246 ty 5376 2 sfofno ;xof]uL kfl/Zj/ Gofkfg] 2076.02.10 clgjfo sflnu)*sL P hnljB"t s]Gb|

247 tyb 4655 3 ld^/ l/*/ kz"klt k|;fb kf)*] 2076.02.10 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB"t s]Gb|

248 uwg 2671 5 ;"k/efOh/ l;tf/fd a:g]t 2076.02.10 clgjfo lqz"nL hnljB"t s]Gb|

249 vuw1580 4 kmf]/d]g lzj/fd cofn 2076.02.12 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB"t s]Gb|

250 %hem`^11540 11 lgb]zs ;+lhj dfg /fhe)*f/L 2076.02.12 clgjfo dflyNnf] df]bL hnljB"t cfof]hgf

251 svu1566 3 On]lS^l;og xl/$f/ rfw/L yf? 2076.02.14 clgjfo sfjf;f]tL ljt/)f s]Gb|

252 bw6294 4 uf* sdf)*/ lai)f" axfb"/ tfdfé 2076.02.14 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB"t s]Gb|

253 vuwg 2165 5 ;"k/efOh/ l*lNn/fd (sfn 2076.02.14 clgjfo cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu

254 tyb#ª4218 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= ;Gt axfb"/ yklnof 2076.02.15 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

255 %hem`^11355 11 lgb]zs uug dfgGw/ 2076.02.15 clgjfo a[xt k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf 220 s]=le=

256 svuw267 4 kmf]/d]g gGb /fh e§/fO 2076.02.16 clgjfo b"xjL dN^Lkm\o'n kfj/ KnfG^

257 b#ª5680 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= k|eft s"df/ v]+ 2076.02.18 clgjfo nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

258 ªkkm8746 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t >m[lifs]z zdf 2076.02.18 clgjfo /Tggu/ ^f+*L ljt/)f s]Gb|

259 uwgr 2687 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ lji)f" k"sf/ e)*f/L 2076.02.20 clgjfo g]kfn ef/t ljB"t k|zf/)f tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf

260 uwg 2755 5 ;"k/efOh/ u)f]z axfb"/ yfkf 2076.02.22 clgjfo d:ofébL hnljB"t s]Gb|

261 %hem`^&11331 12 pk-sfosf/L lgb]zs

cf]d k|sfz /f&L 2076.02.27 clgjfo g]=lj=k|f= ;xfos sDkgL cg"udg lgb]zgfno

262 tuw 5389 4 kmf]/d]g a"l$gfy ("éfgf 2076.02.30 clgjfo rt/f hnljB"t s]Gb|

263 uwg 2591 5 ;"k/efOh/ k"?iff]Qd kl)*t 2076.02.30 clgjfo d:ofébL hnljB"t s]Gb|

264 uw 2837 4 kmf]/d]g /fd snf; ofbj 2076.03.01 clgjfo dnu+jf ljt/)f s]Gb|

265 b#ª 5682 5 ;"k/efOh/ c?)f nfn >]i& 2076.03.01 clgjfo of]hgf tyf k|fljlws ;]jf ljefu

266 uwg 2623 5 ;"k/efOh/ sdn gf/fo)f d)*n 2076.03.04 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

267 b#g 2712 5 ;"k/efOh/ dw' s]=;L= 2076.03.07 clgjfo hf]/kf^L ljt/)f s]Gb|

268 u 3711 3 On]lS^l;og ;"dGt s"df/ &fs"/ 2076.03.08 clgjfo hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

269 vuw 2001 4 kmf]/d]g s"df/ k|;fb kf]v/]n 2076.03.08 clgjfo lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

270 svuw 416 4 kmf]/d]g huGgfy Kofs'/]n 2076.03.08 clgjfo lqz"nL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

271 b#ª 5838 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= zDe" k|;fb ("éfgf 2076.03.08 clgjfo g]kfn ef/t ljB"t k|zf/)f tyf Jofkf/ cfof]hgf

272 t 310049 1 sfofno ;xof]uL /d]z axfb"/ k"nfdL du/ 2076.03.10 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|

273 vuw 1463 4 kmf]/d]g k')f axfb"/ *+uf]n 2076.03.10 clgjfo ;"Gb/Lhn hn ljB"t s]Gb| ;"lb([s/)f cfof]hgf

274 uwg 2734 5 ;"k/efOh/ dx]Gb| >]i& 2076.03.10 clgjfo df^f]("éf tyf s+lqm^ k|of]uzfnf

275 wgr 6754 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ /fdz/)f s]=;L= 2076.03.10 clgjfo s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|

276 b#ª 5678 5 n]vfkfn e/ts"df/ >]i& 2076.03.11 clgjfo /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

277 wg 7510 5 ;"k/efOh/ lbg]zk|;fb vgfn 2076.03.11 clgjfo sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf

278 # ª 3702 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= af;"b]j sfsL 2076.03.14 clgjfo ;"gsf]zL hnljB"t s]Gb|

279 vuw 1895 4 kmf]/d]g lzj/fd l/dfn 2076.03.15 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB"t s]Gb|

280 uwg 2408 5 ;"k/efOh/ ho/fd %Ts"nL 2076.03.15 clgjfo a"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf

281 b#ª 6142 5 n]vfkfn afns[i)f zdf 2076.03.15 clgjfo /fd]%fk ljt/)f s]Gb|

282 ª 350014 5 j=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= /fhs"df/ yfkf 2076.03.15 clgjfo O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

283 b#ª 5504 5 n]vfkfn /ljGb|nfn >]i& 2076.03.15 clgjfo x]^f+*f ljt/)f s]Gb|

284 b#ª 6300 5 a=;=÷ld=l/=;"=ef= ;"ogf/fo)f rfw/L 2076.03.15 clgjfo s"zfx-s^of 132 s]=le= k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf

285 #ªk 3392 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t e"if)fs[i)f hf]zL 2076.03.15 clgjfo cy dxfzfvf, lj=u|f=;]=lg=

286 uwg 2656 5 ;"k/efOh/ >L/fd l/dfn 2076.03.16 clgjfo b]jL#f^ hnljB"t s]Gb|

287 vuw 1964 4 kmf]/d]g e§^jxfb"/ yfkf 2076.03.17 clgjfo a"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf

288 b#ªk 5713 6 ;xfos n]vf clws[t

s[i)f k|;fb n"O^]n 2076.03.18 clgjfo cy dxfzfvf

jif #) l cª\s ! l ebf @)&^!#^

289 ªkkm8810 7 n]vf clws[t u)f]z kf)*] 2076.03.18 clgjfo dWod:ofébL hnljB"t s]Gb|

290 #ªkkm3383 7 n]vf clws[t lai)f" zfx 2076.03.19 clgjfo jn]kmL sf]/L*f]/ 132 s] le k|zf/)f nfOg cfof]hgf

291 vuw 1838 4 kmf]/d]g /fd j/)f zfx 2076.03.21 clgjfo l;Gw"nL ljt/)f s]Gb|

292 wg 7321 5 ;"k/efOh/ b]jL k|;fb lai^ 2076.03.22 clgjfo b"xjL lu|* zfvf

293 wgr 7227 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ /fh" hf]zL 2076.03.24 clgjfo tflnd s]Gb|

294 svu 487 3 On]lS^l;og uf]kfn axfb"/ sfsL 2076.03.25 clgjfo lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|

295 wgr 7060 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/-d]sflgsn_

a]b s"df/ k|wfg 2076.03.25 clgjfo x]^f+*f l*h]n s]Gb|

296 ty 5217 2 sfofno ;xof]uL xl/ k|;fb n"O^]n 2076.03.27 clgjfo bds ljt/)f s]Gb|


lgdnf >]i& 2076.03.27 clgjfo \;+:yfut of]hgf tyf cg"udg ljefu


/fd afa" >]i& 2076.03.30 clgjfo cfof]hgf Aoj:yfkg lgb]zgfno

299 tyb# 4958 4 l;=ld=/L= sjL k|;fb rfnfufO 2075.04.02 :jlR%s

300 sv 1635 2 x]Nk/ b'v' yf? 2075.04.05 :jlR%s

301 svu 64 3 On]lS^«l;og s]za k|;fb clwsf/L 2075.04.25 :jlR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

302 wgr 2670 5 ;"k/efOh/ pQd k|;fb l/dfn 2075.04.14 :jlR%s pTkfbg ljsf; ljefu

303 svu 64 3 On]lS^«l;og s]za k|;fb clwsf/L 2075.04.25 :jlR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|


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305 svu176 3 OnS^«Ll;og ;"odfg >]i& 2075.06.26 :jlR%s eQmk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

306 svu 264 3 On]lS^l;og nfn jxfb"/ tfdfé 2075.07.01 :jlR%s pnfjf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

307 #ª 3523 5 ld=l/=;"=ef= led axfb"/ s*l/of 2075.06.26 :jlR%s bds ljt/)f s]Gb|

308 sv1534 2 x]Nk/ ;fg" afa" sfsL 2075.07.04 :jlR%s nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

309 #ª 3516 5 ld=l/=;"=ef= s[i)f k|;fb zdf s§]n 2075.07.04 :jlR%s O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

310 vu# 1950 4 kmf]/d]g /fw]z/)f ofbj 2075.07.11 :jlR%s j"^jn lu|* dxfzfvf

311 %hem`^ 11597

11 lgb]zs /Ghg rfln;] 2075.07.11 :jlR%s lu|* ljsf; ljefu

312 b#ª 5802 5 n]vfkfn /]jtL /d)f rfnfuf¤O 2075.07.18 :jlR%s l;d/f ljt/)f s]Gb|

313 vuwg 1656 5 ;"k/efOh/ s[i)f v*\sf 2075.12.15 :jlR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

314 vuwg1650 5 ;"k/efOh/ wg /fh v*\sf 2075.07.05 :jlR%s afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

315 vg 2144 5 l;=x]=O=c= wg axfb"/ lai^ 2075.07.26 :jlR%s rd]lnof hn ljB"t s]Gb|

316 b#ª 5923 5 n]vfkfn ;"/]z s"df/ l;+x 2075.08.03 :jlR%s ^f+*L ljt/)f s]Gb|

317 vg 2144 5 l;=x]=O=c= wg axfb"/ lai^ 2075.07.26 :jlR%s rd]lnof hn ljB"t s]Gb|

318 g%hem 7513 9 pk-k|jGws /fh" s]=;L= 2075.07.16 :jlR%s cg"udg tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw zfvf

319 #ª 3573 5 n]vfkfn ljdn k|;fb kf)*] 2075.08.13 :jlR%s dxf/fhuGh ljt/)f s]Gb|


gj/fh ld> 2075.05.18 :jlR%s sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|

321 sv 957 2 x]Nk/ alb| axfb"/ sfsL 2075.08.16 :jlR%s sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|

322 uwg 3006 5 ;"k/efOh/ lzj k|;fb k/fh"nL 2075.09.05 :j]lR%s s"n]vfgL k|yd hn ljB"t s]Gb|

323 sv 741 2 x]Nk/ s[i)f rGb| l;¤v*f 2075.09.26 :jlR%s hf]/kf^L ljt/)f s]Gb|

324 wgr 7079 6 ;xfos OlGhlgo/ w"j s"df/ la=;L= 2075.09.26 :jlR%s hf]/kf^L ljt/)f s]Gb|

325 tyb 4392 3 Sns nj yfkf du/ 2075.10.01 :jlR%s s"n]vfgL k|yd hnljB"t s]Gb|

326 ty 4977 2 sfofno ;xof]uL dfg l;+x yfkf du/ 2075.09.01 :jlR%s cjsfzsf]if Aoj:yfkg dxfzfvf

327 svu 1151 3 On]lS^l;og s]bf/ sfsL 2075.09.01 :jlR%s l;Gw"kfNrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

328 svu 1573 3 On]lS^l;og jfj"/fd sf]O/fnf 2075.10.25 :jlR%s ;]tLkm]jf hn ljB"t s]Gb|


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330 sv 1267 2 x]Nk/ s]bf/ yfkfdu/ 2076.01.26 :jlR%s /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

331 uwg 2714 5 ;"k/efOh/ rGb| k|;fb dgfnL 2075.11.01 :jlR%s sf&df)*F u|L* dxfzfvf


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333 uwg 2845 5 ;"k/efOh/ s"n axfb"/ sfsL 2075.09.01 :jlR%s cf]vn("ªuf ljt/)f s]Gb|

334 ªkkm 8801 7 k|zf;sLo clws[t dx]Gb| b]j /fO 2075.09.16 :jlR%s s"n]vfgL bf];|f] hnljB"t s]Gb|

335336 % 170523 7 OlGhlgo/ k|]fldzf ld>f 2076.01.08 /flhgfdf sDKo"^/fOH* ljlné tyf

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338 %h 170104 8 ;xfos k|jGws lbg]z s"df/ hf]zL 2075.09.12 /flhgfdf

339 ª 350150 5 n]vfkfn ;"jfz k|;fb ltdN;]gf 2075.09.12 /flhgfdf bf]nvf ljt/)f s]Gb|

340 %hem 11813 9 pk k|jGws OGb| nfn >]i& 2075.09.01 /flhgfdf cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu

341 ª 8903 5 n]vfkfn e/t ?kfv]tL 2075.09.01 /flhgfdf cy dxfzfvf, k|zf/)f lgb]zfgfno

342 # 340418 4 l;=ld=/L= lszf]/ ljZjsdf 2075.08.29 /flhgfdf bf]nvf ljt/)f s]Gb|

343 wg 7192 5 l;=x]=O=c= lty dxhg 2075.04.15 /flhgfdf sf&df*f lu|* dxfzfvf

344 b 330243 3 ld^/ l/*/ zn]Gb| ofbj 2075.05.07 /flhgfdf sfe|] ljt/)f s]Gb|

345 # 340282 4 l;=ld=/L= !fg jxfb"/ nf]Krg 2075.05.11 /flhgfdf

346 w 140467 4 kmf]/d]g ;"lzn yf? 2075.05.13 /flhgfdf u"nl/of ljt/)f s]Gb|

347 # 340883 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn kbd k|;fb kf&s 2075.05.22 /flhgfdf

348 g 150160 5 ;"k/efOh/ ;lGbk z]/rg 2075.06.01 /flhgfdf

349 uw 3321 4 kmf]/d]g ljdn b]jL zdf 2075.05.03 /flhgfdf ;v"jf ljt/)f s]Gb|

350 sv110221 2 x]Nk/ ;fljqL s]=;L= 2075.06.16 /flhgfdf afUn"é ljt/)f s]Gb|

351 g 150323 5 ;"k/efOh/ ljb\ofgGb lszf]/ ;fx 2075.06.25 /flhgfdf cfof]hgf ljsf; ljefu

352 w 140285 4 kmf]/d]g s[i)f axfb"/ ;"gf/ 2075.07.04 /flhgfdf uf]/vf ljt/)f s]Gb|

353 # 340695 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn ldg jxfb"/ nfdf lyé 2075.07.05 /flhgfdf snof ljt/)f s]Gb|

354 g 150320 5 ;"k/efOh/ z+s/ yfkf 2075.07.15 /flhgfdf dWo d:ofébL hn ljB"t s]Gb|

355 % 170180 7 OlGhlgo/ k|lbk k|;fb ;fx 2075.07.29 /flhgfdf x]^f+*f ljt/)f s]Gb|

356 vuwg 1835 5 ;"k/efOh/ Clif/fd cofn 2075.08.01 /flhgfdf

357 b# 6149 4 ;xfos n]vfkfn ljg" yfkf vqL 2075.08.02 /flhgfdf l&dL ljt/)f s]Gb|

358 vuw 1909 4 kmf]/d]g xv axfb"/ dNn 2075.12.10 /flhgfdf u)*s hnljB"t s]Gb|

359 a 380003 8 ;xfos lgb]zs gf/fo)f xl/ yfkf 2075.08.13 /flhgfdf /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

360 u 1300224 3 On]lS^«l;og cfgGb df]xg rfw/L 2075.10.15 /flhgfdf e/tk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

361 w 140509 4 kmf]/d]g lbks yfkf 2075.11.03 /flhgfdf bf]nvf ljt/)f s]Gb|

362 # 340210 4 l;=ld=/L= /fh s"df/ d]xtf 2076.01.02 /flhgfdf vf¤bjf/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

363 u 130445 3 On]lS^«l;og h"g" clwsf/L -j"(fyf]sL_ 2076.02.16 /flhgfdf l;d/f ljt/)f s]Gb|

364 sv 2065 2 x]Nk/ gljg Wjh /f)ff 2075.06.17 :jt eQmk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

365 ª 350240 5 n]vfkfn df]= O:dfOn cln 2075.08.17 lgo"lQm /@ d]nDrL ljt/)f s]Gb|

366 uw 3399 4 kmf]/d]g s[i)f s"df/L ufrg 2075.11.01 /flhgfdf afg]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

367 ªkkm 8711 7 n]vf clws[t x[bo k|sfz ;+h" 2075.04.18 d[To' cy dxfzfvf, lj=u|f=;]=lg=

368 sv 1808 2 x]Nk/ k~raxfb"/ Enf]g 2076.02.10 d[To" sfjf;f]tL ljt/)f s]Gb|

369 svu 1005 3 On]lS^«l;og kf/; lu/L 2076.01.26 d[To" lj/u+h ljt/)f s]Gb|

370 uw 2931 4 kmf]/d]g hLj% k|;fb d)*n 2075.12.20 d[To' /fhlj/fh ljt/)f s]Gb|

371 vu 2198 3 On]lS^l;og kml)fGb| &fs"/ 2075.12.14 d[To" (Ns]jf/ lu|* zfvf

372 uwg 3183 5 ;"k/efOh/ ljZjgfy ;fx 2075.12.15 d[To' hgsk"/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

373 ty 5017 2 sfofno ;xof]uL hf]u jxfb"/ /f]sfof 2075.11.23 d[To' wgu(L ljt/)f s]Gb|

374 svu 1342 3 On]lS^«l;og df]xg k|;fb sf]O/fnf 2075.04.30 d[To' lj/f^gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

375 vuw 1741 4 kmf]/d]g lji)f" axb"/ /fgf 2075.10.20 d[To' g]kfnu~h ljt/)f s]Gb|

376 ty 5044 2 x]*kfn] efg l;+x vqL 2075.11.07 d[To" at*L ljt/)f s]Gb|

377 uwg 2482 5 l;=x]=O=c= uf]/] nfdf 2075.10.26 d[To' x]^f*f l*h]n s]Gb|

378 svu 712 3 On]lS^l;og l;tf/fd rfw/L 2075.10.18 d[To' O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

379 uwg 3101 5 l;=x]=O=c= cfgGb axfb"/ dfgGw/ 2075.05.09 d[To' /Tgkfs ljt/)f s]Gb|

380 v 120094 2 x]Nk/ s[i)f jxfb"/ lji^ 2075.06.23 d[To' nugv]n ljt/)f s]Gb|

381 uwg3085 5 l;=x]=O=c= eQm jxfb"/ >]i& 2075.06.24 d[To' lj/f^gu/ If]qLo sfofno

382 b 6580 3 Sns ;lrg sf]O/fnf 2075.09.04 d[To' k"Nrf]s ljt/)f s]Gb|

383 sv 714 2 x]Nk/ lkmbf x";]g 2075.08.05 d[To' O^x/L ljt/)f s]Gb|

384 s 1360 2 x]Nk/ /fdlht /fO 2075.07.26 d[To' w/fg ljt/)f s]Gb|

385 vuwg1538 5 ;"k/efOh/ ;lag s"df/ sfsL 2075.07.18 d[To' s"n]Zj/ ljt/)f s]Gb|

386 wg 7224 5 ;"k/efOh/ lszf]/ s"df/ ;"jbL 2075.07.15 d[To' s"n]vfgL t]>f] hnljB"t cfof]hgf

387 b#ª 5940 5 n]vfkfn lbk axfb"/ s"¤j/ 2075.06.28 d[To' dx]Gb|gu/ ljt/)f s]Gb|


xl/ axfb"/ a:g]t 2075.07.07 d[To' dflyNn]f tfdfsfzL hnljB"t cfof]hgf

389 b 6693 5 n]vfkfn ladn z+s/ lxtéf 2075.07.03 d[To' k/f;L ljt/)f s]Gb|


ljB't rf]/L ck/fw xf]ljB't rf]/L lgoGq0f P]g @)%* af/] hfgL /fVg' kg] s'/f

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lauf]adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt /sdsf] cltl/Qm kfFrxhf/ ?kof;Dd hl/jfgf jf tLg dlxgf ;Dd sb jf b'j ;hfo x'g ;S‍g] .

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