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ავტორის სტილი დაცულია

ივანე ჯავახიშვილის სახელობის თბილისის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტი

იურიდიული ფაკულტეტი

საერთაშორისო სამართლის ინსტიტუტი

მაია ბითაძე

ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის საერთაშორისო

სამართლებრივი სტანდარტების გავლენა ქართულ სამართალზე

ხელმძღვანელი

იურიდიულ მეცნიერებათა კონსტანტინე კორკელია

დოქტორი, პროფესორი

ნაშრომი წარდგენილია დოქტორის

აკადემიური ხარისხის მოსაპოვებლად

თბილისი

2007

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შინაარსი

შესავალი................................................................................................................................................. 3

1. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის საფუძვლები ეკოლოგიური სამართლის

განვითარების მიხედვით ................................................................................................................ 7

1.1. ეკოლოგიური უფლებების ადგილი ადამიანის უფლებების დაცვის სისტემაში ..............21

1.2. ჯანსაღ გარემოში ცხოვრების უფლება .......................................................................................31

2. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის ეროვნულ ნორმებზე ზემოქმედების

მქონე საერთაშორისო სამართლებრივი ინსტრუმენტები და ინსტიტუტები ...................... 39

2.1 გაერთიანებული ერების ორგანიზაციის როლი ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების

დაცვის სფეროში............................................................................................................................. 39

2.1.1. ეკოლოგიური ინფორმაციის ხელმისაწვდომობის, გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების

პროცესში საზოგადოების მონაწილეობისა და მართლმსაჯულების ხელმისაწვდომობის

უფლება ...............................................................................................................................................51

2.1.2. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის სფეროში ახალი საერთაშორისო

სამართლებრივი დოკუმენტის შემუშავების პერსპექტივა .......................................................60

2.2. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების საფუძვლები ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის

მიხედვით ........................................................................................................................................ 65

2.2.1. ევროგაერთიანების საქმიანობის ძირითადი მიმართულებები ეკოლოგიური

უფლებების დაცვის თვალსაზრისით............................................................................................69

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2.2.2. ჯანსაღ გარემოში ცხოვრების უფლება ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით .....74

2.2.3. უფლება მიიღო სრული, დროული და ობიექტური ინფორმაცია შენი საცხოვრებელი

და სამუშაო გარემოს შესახებ ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით............................78

2.2.4. უფლება გარემოსდაცვით საკითხებთან დაკავშირებით გადაწყვეტილებების

მიღების პროცესში მონაწილეობის შესახებ ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით...80

2.2.5. უფლება გარემოსდაცვით საკითხებთან დაკავშირებით სამართლიან და ეფექტიან

მართლმსაჯულებაზე ევროგაერთიანების სამართლის მიხედვით ........................................82

2.2.6. ევროგაერთიანების სახალხო დამცველის როლი ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის

სფეროში ..............................................................................................................................................85

2.3. eკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვა ადამიანის უფლებათა ევროპული სასამართლოს

პრეცედენტული სამართლის მიხედვით .................................................................................... 88

2.4. არასამთავრობო ეკოლოგიური ორგანიზაციებისა და ტრანსნაციონალური

კორპორაციების გავლენა ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის სტანდარტებზე105

3. ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვა საზღვარგარეთის ქვეყნების კანონმდებლობასა და

პრაქტიკაში .................................................................................................................................... 112

4. ადამიანის ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის საერთაშორისო სტანდარტების ასახვა

საქართველოს კანონმდებლობასა და პრაქტიკაში .................................................................. 125

4.1. საქართველოს საერთაშორისო ხელშეკრულებები ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვის

სფეროში ............................................................................................................................................146

4.2. jანსაღ გარემოში ცხოვრების უფლება .......................................................................................152

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4.3. ეკოლოგიური ინფორმაციის საჯაროობა და გადაწყვეტილებების მიღების პროცესში

საზოგადოების მონაწილეობა .......................................................................................................160

4.4. ეკოლოგიური უფლებების დაცვა საქართველოს სასამართლო პრაქტიკის მიხედვით..176

დასკვნა 188

გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა ...................................................................................................................................... 197

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Sesavali

dReisaTvis kacobrioba unikaluri da amavdroulad dramatuli

movlenebis mowmea, rac garemoze mavne antropogenuli zemoqmedebis

Sedegia. yovelive es ganpirobebulia mosaxleobis raodenobis zrdis

intensivobiT da samecniero-teqnikuri progresiT. saidumlo ar aris,

rom garemos degradacia upirveles yovlisa uaryofiT zemoqmedebas

adamianis janmrTelobaze axdens, radgan swored jansaRi garemo,

JangbadiT savse atmosfero, sakmarisi mzis Suqi da sufTa wyali aris is

aucilebeli faqtori, razedac adamianis sicocxlea damokidebuli.

kacobriobam ar unda daiviwyos iseTi katastrofuli movlenebi,

rogoricaa bolnisli londonSi 1952 wels, rodesac 4000 adamiani

daiRupa, rom araferi iTqvas Cernobilis katastrofaze (ukraina). magram,

unda aRiniSnos, rom garemos umTavres damabinZureblad da adamianis

janmrTelobisaTvis yvelaze saxifaTo garemoebad ara epizoduri

SemTxvevebi, aramed garemoSi mavne nivTierebaTa mudmivi gafrqveva rCeba.

garemos dabinZurebis am kategorias Semdgomi garTulebebi mosdevs, rac

klimatis globalur cvlilebaSi, dedamiwaze siTburi balansis

rRvevaSi, ozonis Sris Slasa da sxva mraval uaryofiT faqtorSi

vlindeba. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kacobriobam unda

gaiazros adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis is realuri safrTxe, rac

garemos dabinZurebas sdevs Tan da moaxdinos problemuri sakiTxebis

etapobrivi mogvareba. amasTan, saerTo sakiTxebis miRma, globalurad

unda ganmtkicdes adamianis iseTi uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebi,

rogoricaa jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis, saTanado kompensaciis da

garemos Sesaxeb sruli, drouli da obieqturi informaciis flobis

uflebebi.

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi qarTul

samarTlebriv sistemaSi, samwuxarod, arc Tu ise aqtualuria, rogorc

evropis da amerikis kontinentis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. ar arsebobs

sakiTxis safuZvlianad Semswavleli erovnuli literatura, romelic

srulad ganmartavda adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

meqanizmebs, faqtorebs da fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis

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valdebulebebs am mimarTulebiT. da es yvelaferi maSin, rodesac

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis faqtebs saqarTveloSi

xSirad aqvs adgili, rac garkveulwilad sazogadoebis ekologiuri

cnobierebis dabali xarisxisa da saxelwifo struqturebis sisustis

Sedegia. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis didi nawili iseT teritoriebze

cxovrobs, romlebic dabinZurebis aSkara wyaroebTan axlos mdebareobs

(qarxnebi, mSeneblobebi da a.S.), rom araferi iTqvas saqarTvelos

mTianeTisa da zRvispira dasaxlebebze, romlebic mudmivi ekologiuri

katastrofebis safrTxis qveS imyofebian. amasTan, aRniSnuli sakiTxi ar

yofila ganxiluli saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv sistemaSi

integraciis procesis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac metad mniSvnelovania,

gamomdinare saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlidan (,,saqarTvelos

kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod

aRiarebul principebsa da normebs“) da saqarTvelos parlamentis 1997

wlis 2 seqtembris dadgenilebadan ,,saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis

evropis kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxeb.“

msoflioSi arseboben mecnierebi, romlebic TavianT naSromebSi

saTanado yuradRebas uTmoben adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sakiTxs, MmaT Soris, evropeli da amerikeli mecnierebi: m. andersoni, a.

boili, f. boisi, i. glazevski, m. dejant-ponsi, s. duglas-skoti, d.zaelke

j. kameroni, m. lau, r. maqenzi, j. merilsi, m. palmarti, k. redgveli, a.

farba, e. fernandesi, r. CerCili, d. xose, a. hardingi da sxva; rusi

mecnierebi: v. adixanovi, l. bobileva, s. bogolubova, m. brinCuki, a.

goliCenkova, o. dubovixi, o. kolbasovi, o. krassova, i. krasnovoi, v.

kruglova, v. petrova, a. tarnavskogo, a. timoSenko, i. SemSuCenko, v.

iakovlenka. Tanamedrove msoflioSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis aqtualizaciis faqtorebi sul ufro xSirad iCens Tavs, rac

adamianis aRniSnuli samarTaldarRvebebisagan dacvis meqanizmebis

gaZlierebis aucileblobas iwvevs.

winamdebare kvlevis mizania erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da

iuridiuli literaturis Seswavla ,,adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis“ institutis niSnebis gamovlenis mizniT; erovnuli

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kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis Seswavla saerTaSoriso samarTalTan

mimarTebiT, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis meqanizmebis

gaTvaliswinebiT; msoflio da erovnul samarTlebriv sistemaSi

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis institutis adgilisa da mniSvnelobis

Seswavla-gamovlena.

winamdebare kvlevis obieqtia saerTaSoriso da erovnuli samarTali,

iuridiuli literatura da sasamarTlo praqtika garemosa da admianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. aseve, kvlevis obieqtia

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis realizacia saerTaSoriso samarTalsa

da erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi.

sakiTxis Seswavlis aucilebloba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom

saqarTveloSi jer ar momxdara adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

realizaciis samecniero kvleva, arc erovnul doneze da arc

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

siaxlea kvlevis is nawilic, romelSic gansazRvrulia aRniSnul

sferoSi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

saerTaSoriso samarTlis praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT. erovnul doneze

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa gamoyenebisaTvis saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobiT Seqmnili sakmaod myari samarTlebrivi bazis

miuxedavad, MmaTi gamoyeneba saxelmwifo organoebis, MmaT Soris

sasamarTloebis mier, jerjerobiT iSviaTobaa.

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi arsebuli

saerTaSoriso praqtikis damkvidreba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli

saxelmwifos, maT Soris, sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da

sasamarTlos xelisuflebis saqmianobasa da survilze, raTa am

gamocdilebam moaxdinos gavlena qveynis kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze

da misi meSveobiT ganmtkicdes adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sistema saqarTveloSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom naSromi miznad isaxavs adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis

formirebaze saerTaSoriso samarTlis gavlenis ganxilvas, es ar

gamoricxavs naSromSi zogadad garemos dacvis sferoSi arsebuli

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saerTaSoriso dokumentebis analizs, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxis ganxilva SeuZlebelia

mTlianad ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis dinamikis Seswavlis

gareSe.

am naSromis struqtura Semdegnairad aris Camoyalibebuli:

pirvel TavSi mimoixileba zogadad ekologiuri samarTlis warmoSobisa

da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi, ramac SemdgomSi ganapiroba

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebisa da meqanizmebis

Seqmnis aucilebloba. am TavSi gaanalizdeba adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis safuZvlebis warmoqmnis mizezebi msoflio ekonomikis

ganviTarebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekologiuri wonasworobis rRvevis

mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT. am TavSi mimoixileba ekologiuri uflebebis

adgili zogadad adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso sistemaSi;

meore Tavi eTmoba gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmianobis

ZiriTad mimarTulebebs ekologiuri samarTlis, maT Soris, adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. meore TavSi xazgasmulia

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis gansakuTrebuli roli am

mimarTulebiT. am TavSi gaanalizebulia gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciis ZiriTadi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da am sferoSi

axali saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instrumentis SemuSavebis

perspeqtiva;

mesame TavSi farTod mimoixileba evrokavSiris da misi institutebis

saqmianoba da roli ekologiuri uflebebis ganviTarebasa da damcavi

garantiebis SeqmnaSi. am TavSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba

evrokavSiris saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobas am mimarTulebiT;

meoTxe Tavi eTmoba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos

specifikur damokidebulebas adamianis ekologiuri uflebebisadmi da am

sferoSi arsebul sasamarTlo praqtikas. mocemul TavSi gamovlenilia

is sakvanZo sakiTxebi, romlebic ukavSirdeba evropuli konvenciis

muxlebis gamoyenebas adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan

dakavSirebiT;

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mexuTe TavSi gaanalizebulia sxva qveynebis, maT Soris, aRmosavleT

evropis zogierTi saxelmwifos samarTali da praqtika adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi;

meeqvse TavSi mimoixileba arasamTavrobo seqtorisa da

transnacionaluri organizaciebis sakmaod Taviseburi da aqtiuri

saqmianoba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebisa da zogadad garemos

dacvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis ganviTarebaSi;

meSvide Tavi eZRvneba saqarTveloSi ekologiuri samarTlisa da

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis samarTlis ganviTarebis mimoxilvas. am

TavSi mimoixileba is faqtorebi, romlebmac ubiZga qarTul samarTals

dRis wesrigSi daeyenebina adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sakiTxebi. am TavSi gaanalizdeba is mwiri sasamarTlo praqtikac,

romelic saqarTveloSi arsebobs am mxriv;

daskvnaSi gamoTqmulia zogierTi mosazreba da rekomendacia

saqarTveloSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis samarTlisa da

praqtikis Semdgomi srulyofisa da saerTaSoriso standartebTan

miaxloebis TvalsazrisiT. masSi Camoyalibebulia erovnuli sasamarTlo

da aRsrulebiTi praqtikis gaumjobesebis RonisZiebebi. daskvnaSi,

agreTve, gamoTqmulia mosazrebebi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis specifikur da gansxvavebul

midgomaze ekologiur uflebebTan mimarTebiT.

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1. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis safuZvlebi

ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis mixedviT

samecniero TvalsazriiT, garemos dacvis obieqturi samecniero

Sexedulebebi adamianis garemos ganuyofel nawilad aRiarebis Semdeg

Camoyalibda, radgan fuWia adamianis yovelgvari socialuri

keTildReoba, Tu mas jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis saSualeba ara aqvs.

Tanamedrove kacobriobis mier zemoaRniSnuli faqtis aRiareba

wingadadgmuli nabijia garemos dacvis Semdgomi moqmedebebis

gansaxorcieleblad, romlebic msoflios ekonomikur ganviTarebas

sinqronulad sdevs Tan. b. griJmeki Tvlis, rom ,,politikasa da soflis

meurneobaSi moRvawe adamianebisaTvis saqmis amgvari motrialeba aris

maT azrovnebasa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi momxdari namdvili

revolucia“.1

garemos dacvis sistemis ganviTarebis istoriis analizisas naTeli

xdeba, Tu raoden mniSvnelovania adamianis uflebebis dacva,

ekologiuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare. adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis ganxilvisas, pirvel rigSi unda gaanalizdes adamianis

ufleba miiRos sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Tavis

sacxovrebel da saarsebo garemos ekologiur mdgomareobaze, aseve

ufleba garemos dabinZurebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciis miRebis Sesaxeb.

kacobriobis ekonomikurma ganviTarebam, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis

swrafma zrdam gaaZliera antropogenuli zemoqmedeba garemoze, romlis

ganuyofeli nawili adamiania. umravles SemTxvevaSi garemoze

zemoqmedeba negatiur xasiaTs atarebs, rac imis safuZvels iZleva, rom

kanonmdeblobis doneze da praqtikidan gamomdinare, moxdes adamianis

garemoze zemoqmedebis reglamentireba, arsebuli ekologiuri

moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da piriqiT.

garemos dacva da misi resursebis racionaluri gamoyeneba

Tanamedroveobis globaluri problemaa da misi gadawyveta

SesaZlebelia yvela saxelmwifos koleqtiuri ZalisxmeviT, saerTo

1 Б. Грижмек , Экологические Oчерки о Природе и Человеке, 1988, 424.

- 11 -

saerTaSoriso samarTlis aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis

safuZvelze. garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis

mogvarebaSi farTod gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso samarTalSi

damkvidrebuli universaluri principebi da normebi, romlebic asaxulia

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebaSi da sxva universalur

saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv aqtebSi. maTs ricxvs miekuTvneba

saxelmwifo suverenitetis pativiscema, saxelmwifoTa Tanasworoba,

teritoriuli mTlianoba da xelSeuxebloba, saxelmwifoTa saSinao

saqmeebSi Caurevloba, valdebulebaTa keTilsindisieri Sesruleba da

yvela is danarCeni principi, romlebic aregulirebs samarTlebriv

urTierTobebs garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis

sferoSi.

istoriuli TvalsazrisiT saerTaSoriso ekologiuri TanamSromloba me-

19 saukunis dasawyisSi Caisaxa, magram xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi

sporadul xasiaTs atarebda, calkeuli bunebrivi obieqtebis dacvas

exeboda da mxolod ormxriv TanamSromlobas efuZneboda. erT-erTi

pirveli ormxrivi xelSekruleba iyo 1839 wlis 2 agvistos miRebuli

konvencia ,,didi britaneTis da safrangeTis napirebTan xamanwkebis Weris

Sesaxeb.“ xolo, erT-erT pirveli mravalmxrivi SeTanxmeba iyo 1868 wels

gaformebuli konvencia ,,rainze naosnobis Sesaxeb“. konvencia mdinaris

wylebis dabinZurebisgan dacvis moTxovnasac adgenda. mniSvnelovania,

aseve, 1897 wlis 6 noembris SeTanxmeba ruseTs, aSS-sa da iaponias Soris

,,zRvis katebis dacvis Sesaxeb“. garemos dacvis sferoSi pirvel

mravalmxriv RonisZiebad unda CaiTvalos ,,bunebis saerTaSoriso dacvis

konferencia“, romelic Catarda bernSi (Sveicaria) 1913 wlis 17-19

noembers. konferenciaze miRebuli iqna ,,SeTanxmeba bunebis

saerTaSoriso dacvis sakonsultacio komisiis“ Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

adamianis ekonomikuri saqmianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis xarisxis

Seswavla, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi ekologiuri jaWvis rRvevaSi

gamoixateba, naTels xdis, Tu rogor izrdeboda da izrdeba

antropogenuli zemoqmedeba garemoze msoflio mosaxleobisa da maT

- 12 -

mier bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebis zrdasTan erTad. amdenad, unda

dadgindes sameurneo saqmianobis is limiti, romelic uzrunvelyofs

bunebrivi resursebiT mdgrad sargeblobas ise, rom ,,mdgradoba“ da

,,ganviTareba“ erT safexurze dadgnen.

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, sakmaod rTulia warmoidgino da

aRiqva saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis

procesi globaluri konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT. erTi da imave

garemosdacvis sakiTxisadmi SesaZlebelia sruliad gansxvavebuli

midgoma hqondes industriulad ganviTarebul ,,dasavleTsa“ da

ganviTarebad ,,samxreTs“. industriulad ganviTarebul qveynebSi

igulisxmeba: a.S.S. kanada, evropa, ruseTis federacia, iaponia, avstralia

da axali zelandia.2

erTi mxriv, ,,dasavleTis“ industriuli progresi mis ekonomikur

winsvlaSi aisaxa, xolo meore mxriv, es progresi swored bunebrivi

resursebis mzardi moxmarebis Sedegia. ,,samxreTisagan“ gansxvavebiT,

,,dasavleTi“ kargad Camoyalibebul, efeqtian da warmatebul

garemosdacviT politikas flobs, magram, miuxedavad amisa, mainc rCeba

bunebrivi resursebis umTavres momxmareblad da garemos umTavres

damabinZureblad. ',,samxreTi“ ki ekonomikurad sustia, mosaxleoba

xSirad siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs, magram, imavdroulad, arsad

msoflioSi ise, rogorc ,,samxreTSi“, ar aris Semonaxuli bunebrivi

resursebi pirvandeli saxiT.

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebis gziT ,,dasavleTi“ cdilobs

,,samxreTTan“ SeTanxmebiT ekologiuri politikis uzrunvelyofas da

globaluri garemos SenarCunebas, maSin roca, xSir SemTxvevaSi,

,,samxreTi“, ekonomikuri gaWirvebidan gamomdinare cdilobs ekologiuri

problemebis ukana planze gadadebas. swored am problemebidan

gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri politikis mizania daaxloos da

2 miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es saxelmwifo dasavleTiT ar mdebareobs, ,,dasavleTi“ MmaT aRmniSvnel pirobiT saxelad aris gamoyenebuli, iseve, rogorc ,,samxreTi“.

- 13 -

SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos ,,dasavleTsa“ da ,,samxreTs“ Soris arsebuli

erTgvari uTanxmoebani.3

ekologiuri usafrTxoeba yovlismomcveli saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis

sistemis sul ufro mniSvnelovani komponenti xdeba. im momentidan,

rodesac saxelmwifoebma ekologiuri problemebis garSemo

TanamSromlobas Cauyares safuZveli, MmaT usafrTxoebis sakiTxebzec

daiwyes fiqri. swored, am sakiTxebs exeboda garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebuli pirveli SeTanxmebebi. magaliTad, saomari moqmedebebisas

ara marto nagebobebi, aramed adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis aucilebeli

bunebrivi garemos obieqtebic nadgurdeba. magaliTad, 1868 wels

miRebuli ,,peterburgis deklaracia“ krZalvda arasamxedro obieqtebis

mimarT saomari operaciebis warmoebas. 1907 wlis haagis konvenciaSi

,,saxmeleTo omis kanonebisa da wesebis Sesaxeb“ dadgenilia, rom

saxelmwifo, romelic daikavebs romelime teritorias, valdebulia

SeinarCunos sazogadoebrivi nagebobebis, uZravi qonebis, tyeebis da

sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis ZiriTadi faseuloba da marTos isini

eqspluataciis dadgenili normebis Sesabamisad (konvenciis me-6 muxli).

1949 wlis ,,omis dros samoqalaqo mosaxleobis dacvis Sesaxeb“ Jenevis

konvenciis pirvel damatebiT oqmSi dadgenilia, rom saomari

moqmedebebis warmoebisas aucilebelia bunebrivi garemos farTo,

xangrZlivi da seriozuli zianisagan dacva. sainteresoa sxva

xelSekrulebebic, maT Soris, konvencia ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis

saSualebebis samxedro an nebismieri sxva saxis mtruli gamoyenebis

akrZalvis Sesaxeb“ (1977); xelSekruleba ,,antarqtikis Sesaxeb“ (1959) da

xelSekruleba ,,kosmosuri sivrcis, MmaT Soris, mTvaris da sxva ciuri

sxeulebis kvlevisa da gamoyenebis principebis Sesaxeb.“ zemoxsenebuli

xelSekrulebebis mTavari amocana ekologiuri usafrTxoebis

uzrunvelyofaa. ekologiuri usafrTxoeba ekologiis ganviTarebis

axali koncefciis mTavari sayrdenia, igi garemos dacvisadmi arsebuli

tradiciuli midgomebis Secvlas gulisxmobs. ekologiuri usafrTxoeba,

es aris garemos mavne zemoqmedebisgan dacvis samarTlebrivi

3 М. Бринчук, Экологическое Право, Учебник, 1998, 635.

- 14 -

saorganizacio da Mmaterialuri saxelmwifo garantiebis kompleqsi,

rodesac zemoqmedebis wyaro am saxelmwifos teritoriis gareT

mdebareobs.4

yovelive zemoTqmulis analizis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia gakeTdes

daskvna, rom ekologiuri amocanebis gadaWra evalebaT rogorc

calkeul qveynebsa da regionebs, aseve mTel kacobriobas da am

problemis saerTo planetarul masStabSi gadawyveta bunebis mavne

zemoqmedebisagan dacvisa da adamianis jansaR pirobebSi cxovrebis

uflebis ganxorcielebis sawindaria.

adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis

TvalsazrisiT, aSS-s vice-prezidenti el gori Tavis sityvaSi ,,dedamiwa

sasworze“ gamoxatavs iseTi programis SemuSavebis survils, romelic

,,minimumamde daiyvans da nel-nela amoiRebs xmarebidan Zvel, miuRebel

teqnologiebs da amave dros, uzrunvelyofs ekologiurad misaRebi da

rTuli Semcvlelebis axali Taobis teqnologiebis SemuSaveba da

praqtikaSi danergvas.“ amasTan dakavSirebiT, igi strategiuli

ekologiuri iniciativis Seqmnis winadadebiT gamovida.5

msoflioSi funqcionirebs ori samarTlebrivi reJimi, erovnuli da

saerTaSoriso, romlebic aregulirebs samarTalurTierTobebs garemos

dacvisa da adamainis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. amgvari

midgomis arsebobisas da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saxelmwifoTa didi

nawili aRiarebs saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebisa da xelSekrulebis

upirates iuridiul Zalas erovnul kanonmdeblobasTan mimarTebiT

(qarTul sakanonmdeblo ierarqiaSi, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da

SeTanxmebebs konstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebis Semdeg,

pirveli adgili ukaviaT6) advili misaxvdria, Tu ra rols TamaSobs

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTali erovnuli kanonmdeblobis

transformaciisa da ganviTarebis procesSi. swored erovnuli

kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso samarTlis moTxovnebTan Sesabamisobis

aucileblobas iTvaliswinebs 1969 wlis venis konvencia saerTaSoriso

4 M.Dejeant-Pons, M.Pallmaerts, Human Rights and the Environment, 1999, 45. 5 Эл Гор, Земля на Чаше Весов, Экология и Человеческий Дух, 1993, 35. 6 saqarTvelos konstitucia, me-6 muxli.

- 15 -

xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb7. konvencia adgens, rom mxare saxelmwifo

uflebamosili ar aris erovnul kanonmdeblobaze dayrdnobiT uari

ganacxados saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze. Tumca, sakiTxis

amgvari ganmarteba ar iZleva imis sababs, rom saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

problebemis gadaWris gzebi da saSualebebi mxolod saerTaSoriso

samarTalSi veZioT, radgan swored erovnul doneze dagrovili

gamocdileba aris is faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs saerTaSoriso

ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebas. erovnuli sakanonmdeblo baza

rCeba am sferos ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanes da sakmaod dinamikur

aspeqtad. Zlierma erovnulma sakanomdeblo sistemam SesaZloa

gacilebiT ufro daxvewili, usafrTxo da efeqtiani pirobebi Seqmnas

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisaTvis, vidre saerTaSoriso

samarTlebrivma instrumentebma, romlebic gaTvlilia milionobiT,

miliardobiT adamianze da aTasobiT zogad, globalur garemoebaze. am

SemTxvevaSi, gansxvaveba saerTaSoriso samarTalsa da erovnul

kanonmdeblobas Soris mdgomareobs SemdegSi: maSin, roca saerTaSoriso

samarTali ufro suliskveTebas da survilebs waagavs, erovnuli

kanonmdebloba morgebulia ufro realur, yoveldRiur cxovrebas da

xSirad sityva-sityviT pasuxobs im konkretul SemTxvevebs, rodesac

irRveva adamianis uflebebi. es egreT wodebuli sxvaoba, realurad, ar

qmnis bariers samarTlis am or mimarTulebas Soris, isini mxolod

abalanseben da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, avseben erTmaneTs. amdenad, imis

argumentireba, rom erovnuli kanonmdebloba saerTaSoriso samarTlis

gareSe SeZlebs msoflioSi samarTlebrivi harmoniis uzrunvelyofas,

utopia iqneboda. da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom msoflios TiTqmis 60-

ze meti saxelmwifo TavianT konstituciebSi garemosa da, MmaT Soris,

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebs did yuradRebas

uTmobs, rac kidev erTxel xazs usvams am sferos aqtualobas.

naTelia, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis erTaderTi gza

mWidro saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaa. xSir SemTxvevaSi, unikaluri

ekosistemebi pirvandeli saxiT mxolod ganviTarebad qveynebSia

7 saqarTveloSi ZalaSia 1995 wlidan, saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba #730.

- 16 -

Semonaxuli da ganviTarebul qveynebs sakuTari saxsrebiT SeuZliaT

daafinanson am ekosistemebis SenarCunebis administraciuli RonisZiebebi

da uzrunvelyon adgilobrivi biujetebi kompensaciiT, romelic

aRniSnuli ekosistemebis eqspluataciaze uaris TqmiT iqneba

gamowveuli8.

zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT, unda aRiniSnos gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciis yofili generaluri mdivnis angariSi ,,ganviTareba da

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromloba,“ romelic man gaeros 48-e

sesiaze waradgina. kerZod, man xazi gausva im garemoebas, rom qveynis

ekologiuri mdgomareoba yovelTvis mWidro kavSirSia misi ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis donesTan. misi TqmiT: ,,ganviTarebad qveynebSi ekologiurma

problemebma SesaZloa xangrZlivi ganviTarebis procesi Seaferxon.“9

xSirad ganviTarebuli qveynebi, ekonomikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

ekologiuri sakiTxebis gadaWris gzebis winaaRmdeg gamodian. magaliTad,

msoflio bankis praqtikaSi yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac bankis

finansur daxmarebaze uari uTqvamT ganviTarebad qveynebs, radganac

msoflio banki am daxmarebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iZleoda, Tu am

TanxiT, ekonomikurTan erTad, ekologiuri programebic daafinansdeboda.

principSi, ganviTarebadi qveynebis amgvar midgomas garkveuli

gamarTleba mainc aqvs, Tu moralur mxares ar gaviTvaliswinebT. am

SemTxvevaSi Znelia ar daveTanxmoT mecnier v. trofimovs, romelic

aRniSnavs: ,,aucilebelia SeveguoT im garemoebas, rom ekonomikur

ganviTarebas ekologiuri zarali sdevs Tan, miT umetes, Tu, am

SemTxvevaSi sxva sferoebs warmateba moaqvT .. .. .. da Tu Sedegebi

katastrofuli ar aris.“10

Tumca, rodesac saubaria ekologiur zaralze, iqve Cndeba kiTxva, ra

aris am zaralis sawyisi da bolo zRvari? ra momentidan dgeba realuri

ekologiuri safrTxe?

SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom am kiTxvaze pasuxi mxolod

erTia da igi bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri sargeblobasa da

8 М. Cулея, Б. Уилкоcа, Биология Охраны Природы, 1983, 385. 9 Ген. Cек. ООН Б.Б. Гали, gaeros 48-e sesiis angariSidan, Гоc. и Право, 1995, 52-54. 10 В. Трофимов, Военная и Экологическая Безопаcноcть, 1991, 78.

- 17 -

mdgrad gamoyenebas efuZneba. yvela SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sakiTxis

gadaWris erTaderTi gza ekologiuri da ekonomikuri sferoebis

integraciaa. sakiTxisadmi amgvari midgoma imis saSualebas iZleva, rom

ekonomika ganviTardes garemos marTvisadmi ufro racionaluri

midgomiT da garemoze mavne zemoqmedebis minimizaciiT. zemoaRniSnulma

ideam msoflioSi aRiareba pova da koncefciis doneze ganxilulic iqna

sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebze. magaliTad, ugandaSi 1989 wels

garemos ganviTarebis afrikul konferenciaze delegatebis mier miRebul

iqna programa saxelwodebiT: ,,moqmedebaTa gegma: afrikis mdgradi

ganviTarebis gzaze,“ romlis safuZvelze saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis

bankebisaTvis SemuSavebul iqna xuTwliani samarTlebrivi reformebis

gegma11. es programa erovnuli ekologiuri politikis gaZlierebis

TvalsazrisiT gamyarebul iqna garemosa da ganviTarebis rio-de-

Janeiros 1992 wlis konferenciaze, sadac miRebul iqna ,,21 saukunis dRis

wesrigi.“ masSi vkiTxulobT ,,ekonomikisa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebis

ganviTareba unda moxdes SeTanxmebulad.“

ekonomikisa da ekologiis integraciis ideam aqtiuri gamoxmaureba pova

sxva mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso dokumentebSic. magaliTad, gaeros

evropis ekonomikuri komisiis mier momzadebul garemos dacvisa da

bunebrivi resursebiT racionaluri sargeblobis strategiaSi

vkiTxulobT: ,,garemos dacva saqmianobis damoukidebeli erTeuli ar

aris, is unda ganixilebodes kompleqsSi eknomikur da socialur

politikasTan da sxva sazogadoebriv saqmianobebTan mimarTebiT“.12

garemos dacva da SenarCuneba grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi sakmaod rTuli

amocanaa da moiTxovs ara mxolod ekonomikuri saqmianobis gansxvavebul

dagegmvas, aramed mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli im kulturul, moralur

da fsiqologiur faqtorebTan, romlebTanac adamianis yoveldRiuri

cxovreba da saqmianobaa dakavSirebuli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,

ekologiuri principebi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis erT-erT saSualebad unda iqcnen.

11 Towards Sustainable Development in Africa: Agenda for Action, Environmental Policy and Law, 19/6. 1989. 12 Regional Strategy for Environmental Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources in ECE, 1988, 46.

- 18 -

integraciis amgvar, kompleqsur, midgomas mxari dauWires germaniis

mrewvelTa asociaciis wevrebma, maT ganacxades: ,,samomavlo ekologiuri

politika unda integrirdes erovnul politikaSi. politikis

gansxvavebuli da, zog SemTxvevaSi, konkurentuli mimarTulebebi unda

iqnes optimizirebuli, romelime maTganis upirates mdgomareobaSi

Cayenebis gareSe. es Tanabrad exeba garemos dacvas, energetikas,

transports da soflis meurneobas. maTi miznebi da amocanebi unda iqnes

dabalansebuli da Semdgom unda aisaxos SeTanxmebul

gadawyvetilebaSi.“13,14

garemosadmi amgvarma midgomam Zalauneburad gamoiwvia faseulobebis

gadaxedvis aucilebloba. garemo ukve ganixileba ara mxolod rogorc

sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis materialuri baza, aramed,

rogorc adamianis arsebobis aucilebeli piroba. praqtikulad, naTelia,

rom garemos degradacia ekonomikuri da socialuri krizisis

safuZvelia, igi aferxebs sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis tempebs, ZaluZs

adamianis sicocxlis mospoba. arsebuli situaciis gamosworebis pirvel

nabijs ki, TviT adamianis msoflmxedvelobisa da fsiqologiis Secvlaa,

rac misi Semdgomi, ekologiurad pozitiuri saqmianobis safuZvelia.

aRniSnulis misaRwevad saWiroa ekonomikis reformireba, ekologiuri da

ekonomikuri interesebis integracia, amasTan ekologiisaTvis

upiratesobis miniWeba. garemosa da adamianis urTierTzemoqmedebis

analizs Seicavs e. feodorovis Sroma15, xolo ekologiuri samarTlis

ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT garemos erTianobis sakiTxze kvleva

Catarebuli aqvs o. kolbasovs.16

ekologiisa da ekonomikis integraciis Teoria farTodaa ganxiluli

garemosa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso, egret wodebuli brutlandis

komisiis angariSSi: ,,Cveni saerTo momavali.“ SemdgomSi aRniSnulma

Teoriam SeiZina mdgradi ganviTarebis koncefciis saxelwodeba17.

13 Environmental Policy and Industry. Association of German Industry Report 1988-1990, Environmental Policy and Law, 1991, 104. 14 J. Forrester, World Dynamics, 1971, 122; aseve: D. Meadows and others, The Limits to Growth, 1971, 45. 15 Е. Федоров, Экологичеcкий Кризиc и Социальный Прогреcc, 1977, 56. 16 О. Колбаcов, Экология: Политика - Право, 1976, 76. 17 Пер. c англ. Л.Н. Кудряшева, Наше Общее Будущее, 1987, 19.

- 19 -

angariSSi konstatirebulia, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba ganviTarebis

problemebs waawyda, ris mizezadac garemos mdgomareobis gauaresebiT

gamowveuli ekonomikuri zrdis Seferxebaa dasaxelebuli. avtorTa

azriT, garemos degradacia gamowveulia ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

araswori orientirebiT. kacobriobis moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad warmoeba yvelaze martiv gzas irCevda: rac ufro

metia moTxovnileba, miT ufro metia bunebrivi resursebis moxmareba.

imdenad, ramdenadac bunebrivi resursebis gadametebul eqspluatacias

eyrdnoba, ganviTarebis amgvari gza, avtorTa azriT, uperspeqtivoa,

radgan es bunebrivi resursebi isedac sakmaod gamofitulia da MmaTi

pirvandeli saxiT SenarCuneba ukve gamoricxulia, rom aRaraferi iTqvas

MmaT SesaZlo ganadgurebaze. ,,momaval Taobebs Cven davesesxeT

,,ekologiur kapitals,“ Tumca, samwuxarod, valis dabruneba ukve aRar

ZalgviZs“.18

angariSis avtorebi, mdgradi ganviTarebis mizniT, aqcents akeTeben

bunebrivi resursebis eqspluataciis masStabebis Semcirebaze, soflis

meurneobisa da moqalaqeTa moTxovnilebis erTgvari regulirebis gziT.

am SemTxvevaSic, saqme gvaqvs ekonomikisa da ekologiis interesebis

integraciis aucileblobasTan.

zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa, xazi gaesvas ekonomist

german deilis Sexedulebas, romelic gvTavazobs ekonomikis

ganviTarebis axal gzas, sasaqonlo produqciisa da energiis moxmarebis

zrdis gareSe. sxva sityvebiT, igi produqciis cikluri meTodiT

gamoyenebas gvTavazobs, rasac reciklireba, anu produqciis mudmivi

gadamuSaveba sdevs Tan19. amasTan dakavSirebiT, namdvilad aRiarebul

unda iqnes im qveynebis warmatebuli politika, romlebmac g. deilis

ideebi ganaxorcieles da nawilobriv gadaWres garemos SenarCunebis

problema. Tumca, am principis realizacia sakmaod mtkivneulia

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis. am etapze, maT umTavresi mizani qveynis

ekonomikuri ganviTarebaa da bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri

moxmareba imdenad aqtualuri ar aris, rom araferi iTqvas produqciis

18 Пер. c англ. Л.Н. Кудряшева, Наше Общее Будущее, 1987, 20.

- 20 -

gadamuSavebasTan dakavSirebul did finansur danaxarjebze. ufro metic,

xSirad ganviTarebadi qveynebi finansuri dainteresebis gamo uars ar

amboben sakuTar teritoriaze mavne narCenebis ganTavsebaze, rac realur

safrTxes qmnis adamianis janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisaTvis.20

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, aucilebeblia xazi gaesvas,

rom Tanamedrove filosofiuri, eTikuri da ekonomikuri mosazrebebi

bunebaSi adamianis mdgomareobisa da adgilis Sesaxeb safuZvels udebs

Sexedulebebis gadafasebas. kerZod, jansaRi garemo es ar aris adamianis

materialuri da eTikuri fufunebis sagani, aramed igi misi arsebobis

aucilebeli da Seucvleli komponentia.

dResdReobiT Tanamedrove iuridiul mecnierebaSi ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis cnebam ukve saTanado adgili daikava. misi formireba

sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gadafasebis safuZvelze mimdinareobs,

romlebic Tavis droze mxolos bunebis dacvisken iyo mimarTuli.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis

ufleba igivea, rac garemos dacva, mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom igi

mimarTulia ukve saxecvlili bunebis dacvisaken, rac, upirveles

yovlisa, adamianis sasicocxlo interesebSi Sedis.

19 Под ред. М. Cулея, Б. Уилкиcа, Биология Охраны Природы, 1983, 78. 20 М. Битадзе, Права Человека, Здоровье и Защита Окружающей Cреды, Жур. Международное Право и Проблемы Интеграции, Баку, 2005, 57.

- 21 -

1.1. ekologiuri uflebebis adgili adamianis uflebebis dacvis

sistemaSi

samarTlebriv doqtrinaSi arsebobs warmoSobis drois mixedviT

gansxvavebuli adamianis uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis tradiciuli

klasifikacia, romelic adamianis uflebebis sam Taobas gansazRvravs.

pirvelad, idea adamianis uflebebis sami Taobis Sesaxeb frangma

mecnierma k. vasakma gamoTqva. pirveel Taobad miiCneva samoqalaqo da

politikuri uflebebi, romlebsac dasabami burJuaziulma revoluciebma

daudes. meore Taobad miiCneva socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi,

romlebsac safuZvlad socialisturi tipis swavlebebi udevs. uflebaTa

mesame Taoba, egreT wodebuli koleqtiuri uflebebi, ganviTarebadi

saxelmwifoebis mier wamoyenebul moTxovnebs exebian. ukanasknel wlebSi

sul ufro met aRiarebas povebs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac, egreT

wodebuli koleqtiuri anu solidaruli uflebebi xalxebs da erebs

ekuTvniT da isini maTs uflebebs unda ganekuTvnebodnen21.

adamianis uflebebis sam Taobad dayofas yvela ar eTanxmeba. zogierTi

mecnieri uflebebis mesame Taobis winaaRmdeg gamodis, acxadebs, rom

ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mxolod individs SeiZleba

gaaCndes da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ers an koleqtivs. ,,rac Seexeba mesame

Taobis uflebebs“, wers k. tomuSati, ,,individualuri elementi aq

saerTod gamoricxulia“22. mecnierTa umetesoba, sruliad samarTlianad,

xalxebis uflebebs adamianis uflebebs miakuTvnebs. magaliTad,

amerikeli profesori l. soni wers: ,,saerTaSoriso samarTali aRiarebs

ara marto individebis ganuyofel uflebebs, aramed garkveul

koleqtiur uflebebsac, romelTa realizaciac adamianebis did

jgufebSi gaerTianebuli individebis (maT Soris, erebis da xalxebis)

mier erToblivad xorcieldeba. es uflebebi adamianis uflebebs

ganekuTvneba. koleqtiuri uflebebis efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, iqneba es

politikuri Tu ekonomikuri, sxva uflebebis ganxorcielebis

21 K. A. Vacak 30-year struggle/UNESCO Courier. 1977, 19. 22 C. Tomuschat, Human Rights in a Worldwide Framework: Some Current Issues, 1985, 570-571.

- 22 -

winapirobaa.23“ am uflebebidan mrvali avtori eris TviTgamorkvevis

uflebas da jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebas gamoyofs.

r. miulersons miaCnia, rom adamianis uflebaTa mesame Taobas SeiZleba

adamianis da xalxebis uflebebi ewodos, ,,mSvidobis pirobebSi, jansaR

garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

yvela saSualebTan erTad aris yvela adamianis da eris, ufro metic,

mTlianad kacobriobis ufleba.“24 CamoTvlil uflebebs, k. vasakic mesame

Taobas miakuTvnebs25. udavoa, rom aRniSnuli uflebebiT sargeblobis

SesaZlebloba konkretul adamians ekuTvnis. Tumca, am uflebaTa

Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom isini koleqtiuria da maTi

ganxorcieleba SeuZliaT ara calkeul individebs, aramed koleqtivebs,

gaerTianebebs, asociaciebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ekologiuri ufleba

individis sakuTrebaa, xolo xalxebis ufleba ganviTarebaze an

TviTgamorkveevaze koleqtiuria da MmaTi ganxorcieleba ZaluZT ara

calkeul pirebs, aramed pirTa gaerTianebebs. ra Tqma unda, calkeuli

individebi aseTi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoben, magram es

monawileoba damokidebulia maTs gundur damokidebulebaze da ara

individualur statusze.

individualur da koleqtiur uflebebs Soris urTierTkavSiri arsebobs.

am urTierTkavSirs safuZvlad unda edos principi, romlis Tanaxmadac,

koleqtiuri uflebebis ganxorcieleba ar unda zRudavdes individis

uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. es principi, gansakuTrebiT mkafiod

vlindeba koleqtiuri da individualuri uflebebis analizisas, rac

gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria dRevandel msoflioSi.

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis ganviTarebis gzaze gamoikveTa

ramdenime midgoma, romlebic ekologiuri uflebebis ganmartebis

meTodebsa da MmaTi uflebebis ama Tu im jgufisadmi mikuTvnebis

sakiTxebs Seexeba. arsebobs samecniero mosazrebebi, rom ekologiuri

uflebebi ganimartos, rogorc samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi, an

23 R. Kiwanuka, The Meaning of People in the Africa Charter on Human and People’s Rights/ Amer J. International Law. 1988, 85. 24 Р. Мюллерсон , Права Человека: Идеи, Нормы, Реальность, 1991, 30. 25 K. A.Vasak, 30-year struggle/UNESCO Courier, 1977, 30.

- 23 -

rogorc ekonomikuri, kulturuli da socialuri uflebebi.26

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi Tavisi SinaarsiT ekologiuri

politikasac aregulireben. iseTi uflebebis ganxorcieleba, rogoricaa,

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis, azris gamoxatvis, piradi Tavisuflebis,

Tanasworobis, zaralis samarTliani anazRaurebis uflebebi, pirdapir

xels aZleven dainteresebul pirebs Tu pirTa jgufebs miiRon Sesabamisi

zomebi garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis aRmofxvris TvalsazrisiT.

samwuxarod, xSirad xdeba garemosdamcvelebis devna da maTTvis azris

gamoxatvisa da informaciis sajaroobis uflebebis SezRudva. iseTi

uflebebi, rogoricaa sicocxlisa da sakuTrebis, samarTliani

marTlmsajulebis da informaciis Tavisuflebis ufleba, aseve

mniSvnelovnad aregulirebs ekologiuri uflebebis realizaciis

sakiTxs, radganac swored isini gansazRvraven im socialur speqtrs,

romelSic SesaZlebelia aRmocendes esa Tu is ekologiuri sakiTxi.

maSin, roca, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi pirdapir

uzrunvelyofen adamianis monawileobas garemos dacvis procesebSi,

meore Taobis uflebebi, rogoricaa ekonomikuri, socialuri da

kulturuli uflebebi faqtobrivad aucilebels xdian garemos dacvas

uSualod adamianis keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad. rogorc aRiniSna,

mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba Seicavs normebs, romlebic

uzrunvelyofen adamianis iseTi uflebebis dacvas, rogoricaa

sicocxlis, janmrTelobis, jansaRi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos

ufleba. amasTan, yvela zemoCamoTvlili ufleba uSualod ukavSirdeba

garemos dacvas, rac adamianis keTildReobisaTvis usafrTxo pirobebis

SenarCunebaSi unda aisaxos.

SesaZlebelia gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom ekologiuri uflebebis

ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebad formulireba ufro

gaaadvilebs MmaT realizacias im minimaluri standartebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic sazogadobrivi urTierTobebis ekonomikur,

socialur da kulturul sferoebSi warmoiqmneba. Tumca, isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom ekologiuri uflebebi Tavisi SinaarsiT samoqalaqo da

26 T. Mariana Acevedo, The Intersection of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the European

- 24 -

politikuri uflebebis jgufsac Seesabamebian da saerTaSoriso

sasamarTloebis praqtikisaTvis ekologiuri uflebebis amgvari

ganmartebac SesaZlebelia27.

warmodgenili analizis Sesabamisad, adamianis uflebaTa da garemos

dacvis erTian saerTaSoriso politikaSi SesaZlebelia gaimijnos sami

ZiriTadi midgoma: ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT arsebuli

uflebebis mobilizacia; arsebuli uflebis gadasinjva MmaTSi

ekologiuri uflebebis calke gamijvnis mizniT; axali saerTaSoriso

dokumentis Seqmna ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sasurvelia gaanalizebul iqnes

TiToeuli midgoma.

arseuli uflebebis mobilizaciis ganxilvisas SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

arsebuli uflebebi imdenad gamWvirvale da naTelia, rom MmaTSi axali

ekologiuri uflebebis gamijvna, TiTqos, zedmeticaa. magram, am

argumentis simyare damokidebulia TviT arsebuli uflebebis gamoyenebis

speqtrze, rac, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc aRiniSna, moiazrebs

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs, Semdeg ekonomikur, socialur da

kulturul uflebebs. da, ra Tqma unda, am uflebebs Soris moiazreba

TviTgamorkvevis uflebac. samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi Tavisi

SinaarsiT ekologiuri politikasac rom aregulireben, es araerTgzis

iqna aRniSnuli, radgan iseTi uflebebis ganxorcieleba, rogorebicaa,

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis, azris gamoxatvis, politikaSi

monawileobis, piradi Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis, zaralis

samarTliani anazRaurebis uflebebi uSualo kavSirSia ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvasTan. xolo samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebi,

pirdapir uzrunvelyofen adamianis monawileobas garemos dacvis

procesSi. rac Seexeba TviTgamorkvevis uflebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom

TviTgamorkvevis ufleba TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis

pirvelive muxlSi aris Camoyalibebuli da misi gamoyeneba garemos

dacvasTan mimarTebiT ori mimarTulebiT aris SesaZlebeli. erTi mxriv,

Court of Human Rights, 2001, 26. 27 T. Mariana Acevedo, The Intersection of Human Rights and Environmental Protection in the European Court of Human Rights, 2001, 28.

- 25 -

msoflio kolonializmis ngrevis Sedegad dairRva dogmac, rom

bunebrivi resursebi mxolod imperializmis sakuTreba iyo. mcire da

didma axladgamorkveulma erebma aRmoaCines, rom maTi samSoblo, iseve

rogorc iq arsebuli bunebrivi resursebi, mxolod MmaTi sakuTrebaa da

MmaT sruli ufleba aqvT MmaTi saxelmwifoebrivad gankargvisaTvis.

amgvarad, kolonializmis Semdgom periodSi dadga ganTavisuflebuli

erebis mier bunebrivi resursebis damoukideblad marTvis sakiTxic,

rasac adekvaturad mohyva ucxouri investiciebi, romelTa

sargeblianoba ukve ganxilvis sul sxva Temaa.

meore mxriv, saxelmwifoebs SigniT arsebul eTnikur jgufebs

saxelmwifoebma SesaZloa mianiWon garkveuli upiratesi ekonomikuri da

socialuri uflebebi.28 swored, amgvar miznebs emsaxureba adgilobrivi

xalxebis aRiarebuli uflebebi, romlebic 1989 wlis xelSekrulebiT

aris gamyarebuli.29 xelSekruleba gansazRvravs, rom saxelmwifoebma

angariSi unda gauwion adgilobriv eTnikur jgufebs da iTanamSromlon

MmaTTan ekologiuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas, maT Soris MmaTi

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobis

uflebis ganxorcielebis sferoebSi.

rac Seexeba meore midgomas, igi Seexeba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis

sferoSi arsebul uflebaTa gadasinjvas MmaTSi ekologiuri uflebebis

calke gamijvnis mizniT. arsebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi adamianis

uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi bundovania adamianis ekologiur uflebaTa

dacvasTan mimarTebiT da erTgvarad iribi, nagulisxmevi saxiT

awesrigebs mas. mecnierTa erTi nawili aucileblad miiCnevs sruliad

axali kanonmdeblobis Camoyalibebas adamianTa ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis sferoSi, romlebic TavisTavad SesaZlebebia or: procesualur

da Mmaterialur uflebebad gaimijnon.30

procesualurma uflebebma unda daareguliron adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebi rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis, iseve erovnuli

kanonmdeblobis doneze. am kategoriaSi unda Sevides iseTi uflebebi,

28R. Pathak, The Human Rights System as a Conceptual Framework for Environmental Law, 1991, 233. 29 ILO Convention No.169, Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries, 27.06.1989. 30 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1330.

- 26 -

rogoricaa: informaciis Tavisuflebis ufleba, ekologiuri safrTxis

winaswar Setyobinebis uflebis gaTvalswinebiT; saerTaSoriso da

erovnul doneze ekologiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvisas gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi monawileobis ufleba; garemoze zemoqmedebis

Sefasebis ufleba; ekologiuri zianis anazRaurebis ufleba da

samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ufleba. procesualuri midgoma iZleva

imeds, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva moxdeba sajaroobisa

da demokratiis safuZvelze. r. CerCilis azriT, am argumentis arsi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gadawyvetilebebis miRebis demokratiuli

procesi TavisTavad biZgs miscems sasurveli ekologiuri politikis

ganviTarebas,31 anu uSualo monawileoba ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi garkveulwilad daakmayofilebs sazogadoebis

interesebs da maqsimalurad daicavs iseTi kategoriis uflebebs,

romelTa arseboba TiTqmis mTlianad dakavSirebulia bunebrivi

resursebis moxmarebasTan. amdenad, Tu is sazogadoeba, romelic

monawileobas miiRebs ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi,

igive iqneba, vinc gadaixdis bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobisaTvis da

vinc uSualod moimkis ekologiur Sedegebs, maSin garemos srulyofili

dacva sruliad realuri gaxdeba.

Mmaterialuri uflebebis jgufSi unda gaerTiandes iseTi uflebebi,

romelTa gareSec faqtobrivad warmoudgenelia demokratiuli

ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTareba. es is uflebebia, romelTa gareSec

ver iarsebebs adamiani, rogorc individi.

winamdebare kvlevis srulyofilad ganxorcielebisaTvis sasurvelia

gaanalizdes is uflebebi, romlebic saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi

aris gamoyenebuli ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT. imdenad,

ramdenadac, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis umniSvnelovanes dokumentTa

umravlesoba gaCnda ufro adre, vidre moxdeboda adamianisa da garemos

mWidro urTierTobis saerTaSoriso aRiareba, TiTqmis arc erTi

xelSekruleba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi ar aRiarebs jansaRi

garemos uflebas. gamonaklisia amerikis adamianis uflebaTa konvenciis

31 R. Churchill, Environmental Rights in Existing Human Rights Treaties in Boyle & Anderson, 99.

- 27 -

(1997 wlidan konvencia ZalaSi aRar aris) 1988 wlis san salvadoris oqmi

da afrikis adamianis da xalxTa uflebebis qartia. san salvadoris

oqmis me-11 muxli adgenda: ,,yvelas aqvs ufleba icxovros jansaR

garemoSi da uzrunvelyofil iqnes sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebiT;

xelSemkvrelma mxareebma unda uzrunvelyon garemos dacva, misi

SenarCuneba da gaumjobeseba.“

aseve, sainteresoa afrikis ,,adamianis da xalxTa uflebaTa dacvis

qartiis“ 24-e muxli, romelic adgens: ,,yvela xalxs aqvs ufleba

icxovros misi ganviTarebisaTvis xelsayrel da damakmayofilebel

garemoSi“.

sicocxlis ufleba - saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da politikuri

uflebebis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc sxva saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi,

aRiarebs adamianis sicocxlis uflebas da moiTxovs xelSemkvreli

saxelmwifoebisagan am uflebis saTanado dacvas. ase magaliTad,

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqtis me-6 muxli adgens:

,,sicocxlis ufleba. TiToeuli adamianis ganuyofeli uflebaa. mas icavs

kanoni. aravis ar SeiZleba waarTvan sicocxlis ufleba.“32

janmrTelobis ufleba - 1993-1995 wlis gaeros adamianis uflebaTa

komisiis mier gamocemuli rezoluciebi adgenen: ,,jansaRi garemos

stimulireba xels uwyobs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis, maT Soris,

janmrTelobis uflebis dacvas.“33

ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso

paqtis me-12 muxli gansazRvravs: ,,SeTanxmebis xelSemkvreli mxareebi

aRiareben admianis uflebas isargeblos fizikuri da gonebrivi

janmrTelobisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebiT. am SeTanxmebis srulyofilad

Sesrulebis mizniT mxareebi iReben valdebulebas:…. . . a)gaaumjobeson

ekologiuri da samewarmeo higiena yvela mimarTulebiT; b)aicilon,

gaakontrolon da aRmofxvran epidemiuri, endemuri da sxva saxis

daavadebebi“.34

32 saqarTveloSi paqti ZalaSia 1994 wlis 3 agvistodan. 33 UN Commission on Human Rights, Res. 1993/90; 1994/65; 1995/14. 34 saqarTveloSi paqti ZalaSia 1994 wlis 3 agvistodan.

- 28 -

sacxovrebeli adgilisa da piradi sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis ufleba -

es aris adamianis kidev erTi universaluri ufleba, romelic

gansazRvrulia samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso

paqtis me-17 muxliT: ,,aravin ar unda ganicados TviTneburi an ukanono

Careva Tavis pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaSi …. . TiToeul adamians aqvs

ufleba, rom kanonma daicvas aseTi Carevisa Tu xelyofisagan“.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxli adgens:

,,yoveli adamianis piradi da ojaxuri cxovreba, sacxovrebeli adgili

xelSeuxebelia.“35

konvenciis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba mxolod

kanoniT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, gadaudebeli aucileblobisas, rodesac

safrTxe eqmneba demokratiuli sazogadoebis usafrTxoebas, erovnul

uSiSroebas, qveynis ekonomikur stabilurobas, aseve sxva uflebebisa da

Tavisuflebebis, janmrTelobisa da moralis dasacavad.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropul konvenciaze saubrisas sasurvelia

ufro Rrmad iqnes gaanalizebuli konvenciisa da mis safuZvelze

Seqmnili evropuli sasamarTlos roli adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis sferoSi. konvenciis moqmedebis pirvel wlebSi sasamarTlo ar

Rebulobda sarCelebs ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis motiviT,

radgan Tvlida, rom konvencia ar Seicavda muxlebs ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad sarCeli amgvari uflebebis

dacvis motiviT usafuZvlod miiCneoda. Tumca, sasamarTlo praqtikis

(precedentuli samarTlis) Semdgomma ganviTarebam, kacobriobis

ekonomikurma progresma da sazogadoebis ekologiuri cnobierebis

amaRlebam cxadyo, rom konvenciis debulebebis ganmarteba mravali, MmaT

Soris, ekologiuri TvalsazrisiTac aris SesaZlebeli. amdenad, naTeli

gaxda, rom konvenciiT daculi uflebebis mravalmxriv interpretacias

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba misi efeqtianad asamoqmedeblad.

dResdReobiT ekologiuri sakiTxebi aris kacobriobis erT-erTi

umTavresi problema da amdenad kavSiri adamianis uflebebisa da garemos

35 saqarTveloSi ZalaSia 1999 wlidan.

- 29 -

dacvas Soris savsebiT TvalnaTelia.36 isic metad mniSvnelovania, rom

saerTaSoriso legaluri instrumentebi, erovnuli konstituciebi da

precedentuli samarTali sul ufro met yuradRebas uTmobs adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebebis aqtualizaciis sakiTxs.37

arc adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvencia da arc misi damatebiTi

oqmebi, pirdapir ar adgenen adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

garantiebs. Tumca, konvenciiT daculi uflebebis materialur da

procesualur normebad gamijvnis SemTxvevaSi, MmaTi ganmartebis ufro

farTo SesaZlebloba vlindeba, rac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlo praqtikis mier ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

TvalsazrisiTac gamoiyeneba. konvenciis materialur normebSi

erTiandebian konvenciis me-2 (sicocxlis ufleba), me-3 (fizikuri

xelSeuxebloba), me-5 (ufleba Tavisuflebaze da usafrTxoebaze) da me-8

(piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis ufleba) muxlebi, aseve pirveli oqmis

pirveli muxli (sakuTrebiT mSvidobiani sargeblobis ufleba).

procesualuri normebia me-6 muxli (samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba),

me-10 muxli (gamoxatvis Tavisufleba), me-13 muxli. aRsaniSnavia, rom

adamianis ekologiur uflebaTa evropuli precedentuli samarTali

swored zemoaRniSnuli muxlebis interpretaciazea agebuli da swored

MmaTi mravalmxrivi ganmartebis Sedegad sasamarTlos mier iqna

gamotanili iseTi cnobili gadawyvetilebebi, rogorebicaa, anna maria

gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra and others v. Italy)38,

lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain)39 da sxva.40

zemoaRniSnuli nawilis analizidan SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom

ZiriTadi mizezi, ris gamoc umravlesoba specifiuri saerTaSoriso

36 m. biTaZe, ekologiuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi 2006 weli, gv. 11. 37M. Dejeant-Pons, M. Pallemaerts, Human Rights and the Environment (Prefaces - W. Schwimmer former Sec. General of the COE), 2002, 3. 38 Anna Maria Guerra and others v. Italy. Гл. Ред. Р. Готрон, Cвобода - Иcкатели и Иcки, 2000,т. 24-25. 39 López Ostra v. Spain, Case 41/1993, judjment of 9 December 1994. 40 m. biTaZe, ekologiuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2006 w. gv. 14.

- 30 -

xelSekrulebebsa ar Seicavs pirdapir garantiebs ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvisaTvis, erTi mxriv, gamowveulia imiT, rom maTi

umravlesoba SemuSavebul da miRebul iqna ufro adre, vidre msoflioSi

aqtualuri gaxdeboda zogadad garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi

resursebiT mdgradi sargeblobis sakiTxi.

meore mxriv, adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi arsebuli

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi ZiriTadad aqcents akeTeben am uflebebis

dacvaze, rogorc individualur uflebebze, maSin roca ekologiuri

uflebebi, garda individualuri uflebebisa, xSirad koleqtiur

uflebebs moicaven. magaliTad, Tu haeri an wyali binZurdeba, Tu

nadgurdeba tyis safari, amiT ara marto adgilobrivi, konkretuli

mosaxlis interesi ilaxeba da ufleba irRveva, aramed irRveva adamianis

uflebebi ufro masStaburad, radgan, imave haeris mavne nivTierebebiT

dabinZurebas mosdevs am nivTierebebis transsasazRvro gadaadgileba,

sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze maTi gafrqvevac ki. warmoebisas

ekologiurad gaumarTlebeli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba iwvevs ozonis

Sris daSlas, klimatis cvlilebas, rac aseve, koleqtiuri uflebebis

darRvevas iwvevs.

- 31 -

1.2. jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba

rogorc winamdebare kvlevidan Cans, SesaZlebelia adamianis uflebaTa

Soris uSualod calke gaimijnos ,,ekologiuri uflebebi“, romlebic

daefuZneba adamianis iseT uflebebs, rogoricaa janmrTelobis, sufTa

garemos, sufTa wylis, haeris da sxva amgvari uflebebi. ideas, rom

adamianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma ufro gaaZlierebs da

ganaviTarebs Tundac teqnikur midgomas ekologiuri samarTlisadmi, jer

kidev yvela garemosdamcveli ar iziarebs, radganac Tvlian rom

Tanamedrove Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi midgoma ufro Seesatyviseba

ekologiuri resursebis globalur marTvasa da dargis grZelvadiani

politikis ganviTarebas.

magram, miuxedavad imisa, iTvleba Tu ara adamianis uflebebi

globaluri garemosdacviT prioritetad, is mainc rCeba am dargis

mdgradi ganviTarebisa da zogadad misi yofis mamoZravebel Zalad.

ekologiur katastrofas yovelTvis ufro mwvave xasiaTi aqvs iseT

qveynebSi, sadac adamianis uflebebis darRvevas xSiri xasiaTi aqvs. iq,

sadac adamianis uflebebis dacva arasaTanadod xdeba, samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba, raRa Tqma unda, ver SeZlebs ekologiuri sakiTxebis

efeqtian ganxorcielebas. ufleba sazogadoebriv gaerTianebaze,

sasamarTlo dacvaze, informaciis Tavisuflebaze, sityvis

Tavisuflebaze da sxv., es is uflebebia, romlebic gadamwyvet rols

TamaSoben saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlisaTvis.

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis socialuri mniSvnelobis da

efeqtianobis gacnobierebisTvis, mizanSewonili iqneboda, pirvel rigSi,

imis garkveva, Tu ra adgili ukavia am uflebas adamianis zogadi

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis sistemaSi. am sakiTxis analizi sakmaod

rTulia, radgan adamianis mravalferovani uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis

sxvadasxva struqturuli sistemebi arsebobs. rogorc nebismier

socialur movlenas, adamianis uflebebis institutsac ganviTarebis

Tavisi istoria aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, interess iwvevs jansaR garemoSi

cxovrebis uflebis retrospeqtuli gamokvleva. aSkaraa, rom am uflebis

- 32 -

realurad Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba Tanamedrove periods

ganekuTvneba. Tuki, Tavad adamianis uflebebis ideis Camoyalibeba C.w.a.

me-4, me-5 ss-ebSi moxda, adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis

dafiqsirebis pirveli mcdeloba me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

ganxorcielda. g. staruSenkos azriT, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis

uflebas safuZvlad TviTgamorkvevis ufleba udevs41.

adamianis TiToeuli uflebis socialuri institutis Camoyalibebas win

adamianuri civilizaciis ganviTarebis garkveuli etapi uZRvis.

magaliTad, uazroba iqneboda Sua sakuneebis saqarTveloSi socialur

uzrunvelyofasa an inkviziciis periodis espaneTSi religiis

Tavisuflebaze elaparakaT. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria jansaR

garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis warmoqmnisa da ganviTarebis msoflioSi

ukanasknel 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare procesebTan dakavSireba.

sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, ganviTarebadi samyaro jer kidev im stadiaze

imyofeba, roca am saxelmwifoebSi minimalur doneze mainc iseTi

fundamentaluri uflebebis dacvaa aucilebeli, rogoricaa sicocxlis,

Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobis da a.S.42.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, agreTve, adamianis jansaR garemoSi

cxovrebis uflebis dakavSirebas bunebiTi samarTlis TeoriasTan.

rogorc cnobilia, adamianis uflebebis bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis

nawilad aRiarebas safuZvlad udevs naturaluri, ganuyofeli

uflebebis Sesaxeb warmodgena. swored, am Teoriam misca mZlavri biZgi

adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis institutis Camoyalibebas, man

gansazRvra adamianis uflebebis prioritetebis orientirebi da

saxelmwifosa da pirovnebas Soris axleburi urTierTobebis

Camoyalibebas Seuwyo xeli.

41 Курс Международного Права, Отв. Ред. И. Лукашук, Основные Принципы Международного Права, 1989, 56. 42 magaliTad, naklebad savaraudoa, rom Tanamedrove ruandis mosaxleobas, romelic usastikes tomTaSorisi omis morevSia CaTreuli, Zalian awuxebdes ,,ngoro-ngoros“ nakrZalSi spiloebis populaciis Semcirebis an dasavleT evropis supermarketebSi nitratebiani produqtebis moZalebis sakiTxebi. amave dros, sayovelTao ekologizacia sul ufro mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaros politikur-ekologiur ganviTarebaSi.

- 33 -

bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis postulatebma 1789 wlis ,,adamianis

uflebaTa deklaraciaSic“ poves asaxva. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis

CamonaTvals deklaraciam Tavisuflebis, sakuTrebis dacvis,

usafrTxoebisa da CagvrisTvis winaaRmdegobis gawevis sakiTxebi

Sehmata.43

imavdroulad, bunebiTi samarTlis ganviTarebis paralelurad,

pozitiuri samarTlis safuZvlebic viTardeboda. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,

adamianis uflebebi da Sinaarsi saxelmwifos mier ganisazRvreba.

saxelmwifo ,,Cuqnis“ MmaT pirovnebas da mis mimarT samomxmareblo

funqciebs axorcielebs44.

miuxedavad pirovnebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobebis Sesaxeb

arsebuli gansxvavebuli midgomebisa, Tanamedrove mecniereba negatiurad

afasebs zemoxsenebuli midgomebebis mkveTrad polarizebis mcdelobas.

ase, magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom ganuyofeli uflebebi adamians

dabadebidan ekuTvnis, MmaTi dacvis garantiebs swored saxelmwifo

uzrunvelyofs45.

miuxedavad amisa, winamdebare kvlevis konteqstSi ibadeba SekiTxva: aris

Tu ara jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba bunebrivi ufleba?

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 Tavi, ganuyofel da yvelasTvis

dabadebidan boZebul uflebebs, egret wodebul ZiriTad uflebebs

miakuTvnebs. xolo, konstituciis konkretuli debulebebi akonkreteben

am uflebebis Sinaarssa da MmaTi SezRudvis SesaZleblobebs.

zogierTi avtori ,,ZiriTad uflebebSi“ im uflebebs moiazrebs,

romlebic saxelmwifos konstituciaSi da adamianis uflebebis

saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv dokumentebSia dafiqsirebuli46. profesor

giorgi xubuas azriT, ZiriTadi uflebebis klasifikacia xdeba, misi

miznidan gamomdinare, moqmedebis sferos gaTvaliswinebiT, Sinaarsobrivi

kriteriumis mixedviT da sxva. klasifikaciis yvelaze gavrcelebuli

saxea ZiriTadi uflebebis dayofa socialur-ekonomikur, pirad da

43 The Declaration of the Human Rights and Citizens, 1789, Art.2 44 Общая Теория Прав Человека, Ответственный редактор Е. Лукашева, 1996,11. 45 iqve. 46 Р. Мюллерсон, Права Человека: Идеи, Нормы, Реальность, 1991, 10-11.

- 34 -

politikur uflebebad; Tavisuflebis uflebebad; damcav uflebebad da

sxv.47

unda aRiniSnos, rom jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis, rogorc

bunebrivi da ganuyreli uflebis, identificirebis seriozuli mcdeloba

iyo adamianis uflebebis da ekologiuri eqspertebis jgufis mier 1994

wlis maisSi ,,adamianis uflebebis da garemos Sesaxeb deklaraciis“

proeqtis SemuSaveba. am proeqtis me-2 punqtma daafiqsira, rom ,,yvela

adamians gaaCnia usafrTxo, jansaR da xelsayrel garemoSi arsebobis

ufleba. es da adamianis sxva uflebebi, MmaT Soris, samoqalaqo,

kulturuli, ekonomikuri da socialuri, univerasluri,

urTierTdamokidebuli da ganuyofelia.“48 aRniSnul proeqtSi mkafiod

aris gamijnuli adamianis TiToeuli ekologiuri ufleba da

aRiarebulia MmaTi umaRlesi iuridiuli Zala. Mmagram, arsebobs iseTi

debulebebi, romlebmac proeqts mowinaaRmdegebic SesZina da mas

dResdReobiT mxolod proeqtis saxe aqvs.

sainteresoa, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis adgilis

ganmsazRvreli is midgoma, romelic am uflebis damoukideblad

ganviTarebas ganixilavs. 40-60 wlebSi kavSiri cnebebs ,,adamianis

ufleba“ da ,,xelsayreli garemo“ Soris ukve cxadad vlindeba

saerTaSoriso asparezze.

f. tarnavskis mtkicebiT, am kavSiris Canasaxebi ukve gaeros generaluri

asambleis me-3 sesiis mier 1948 wlis 10 dekembers miRebuli ,,adamianis

uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis“ da 1966 wlis 19 dekembris

,,ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb

saerTaSoriso paqtis“ debulebebSi vlindeba49. am kavSiris dadgena a.

tarnavskis mier moyvanili debulebebis safuZzvelze sakmaod Znelia.

,,adamianis sayovelTao uflebebis deklaraciis“ me-3 muxli axdens

adamianis sicocxlis, Tavisuflebis da piradi xelSeuxeblobis

47 l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, 2005. gv.13. 48 Draft Declaration of Principles on Human Rights and the Environment, final report prepared by Mrs. Fatma Zohra Ksentini, Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub. 2/1994/9. 49 А. Тарнавский, Право Граждан на Благоприятную Окружающую Среду, Советcкое Государтво и Право, 1990, 103.

- 35 -

uflebebis deklarirebas. am uflebebs, erTi SexedviT, ufro socialuri

da ara biologiuri xasiaTi gaaCniaT. xolo imave deklaraciis 25-e

muxlis analizi iZleva imis saSualebas, rom mis debulebebSi marTlac

aRmoCenil iqnes aseTi kavSiri. gansaxilveli debuleba ayalibebs

uflebas icxovro iseT doneze, romelic aucilebelia janmrTelobis da

keTildReobis uzrunvelsayofad.

zemoaRniSnuli analizi, mecnierTa erTi nawilisaTvis, iZleva imis

mtkicebis saSualebas, rom am uflebebs dacvis msgavsi, magram mainc

gansxvavebuli obieqtebi gaaCniaT: ,,jansaRi garemo“ da ,,adamianis

janmrTeloba.“ am mosazrebas mxars uWers l. makfarleinic, romelic

Tvlis, rom janmrTelobis dacvis uflebas Tavisi gansakuTrebuli,

bunebis dacvisagan gansxvavebuli sakiTxebis wre gaaCnia50. 25-e muxli

mkafiod ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra igulisxmeba ,,cxovrebis doneSi,

romelic aucilebelia janmrTelobis uzrunvelsayofad“. ra Tqma unda,

aq SeiZleba nagulisxmebi iyos Sromis, ganaTlebis, gadaadgilebis,

xelsayrel garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebic, magram yovelive es iZleva

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis arapirdapiri dacvis saSualebas,

radgan ar gaaCnia mkafiod gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi forma.

analogiuri daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleba ,,ekonomikuri, socialuri da

kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis“ me-11 (ufleba

gagaCndes saTanado cxovrebis done) da me-12 (ufleba gagaCndes fizikuri

da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRlesi done, romlis miRwevac

SesaZlebelia, garemos higienis yvela aspeqtis gaumjobesebis meSveobiT)

muxlebis analizis safuZvelze. me-11 muxli aqac ufro socialur

sakiTxebs faravs. rac Seexeba me-12 muxls, misi debulebebi garemos

higienaze amaxvileben yuradRebas. am SemTxvevaSi kavSiri cnebebs

,,adamianis uflebebi“ da ,,jansaRi garemo“ ufro mkafiod aris

gamoxatuli.

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebaze aqcenti gakeTda 1987 wels

gamarTul gaeros generaluri asambleis sesiaze. 1972 wlis ,,garemos

adamianisaTvis“ stokholmis konferenciis ,,principebis deklaraciaSi“

50 L. Macfarlane, The Theory and Practice of Human Rights, 1985, 120-125.

- 36 -

gansazRvrulia garemosa da ganviTarebis harmonizaciis Sesaxeb, iseve

rogorc am sferoSi ganviTarebadi saxelmwifoebis interesebis dacvis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb. kerZod, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba

arapirdapiri gziT iqna dafiqsirebuli: ,,adamians gaaCnia sruli ufleba

iyos Tavisufali, Tanasworuflebiani da hqondes arsebobis xelsayreli

pirobebi garemoSi, romlis xarisxic aZlevs mas Rirseuli da

keTildReobiT aRsavse cxovrebis warmarTvis saSualebas; adamians

ekisreba mTavari pasuxismgebloba garemos dacvasa da gaumjobesebaze,

axlandeli da momavali Taobebis sakeTildReod.“51

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba, rogorc wina TavSi aRiniSna,

agreTve asaxulia ,,adamianis da xalxebis uflebebis afrikis qartiaSi“.52

mis 24-e muxlSi naTqvamia: ,,yvela adamians unda hqondes ufleba

iarsebobs damakmayofilebeli xasiaTis, xelsayrel, misi

ganviTarebisTvis Sesaferis garemoSi.“

,,jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba adamianis zogadi uflebebis erT-

erTi elementia da am sistemis ganviTarebis naTeli magaliTia. Tumca,

albaT azri eqneboda mis damoukidebel cnebad gamoyofas da misi

moqmedebisTvis da dacvis meqanizmisTvis imperativis miniWeba“, acxadebs

r. xabirovi53. misi azriT, nawili mecnierebisa Tvlian, rom garemos

dacvaze da mis racionalur gamoyenebaze mimarTuli saerTaSoriso

samarTlis normebi ZiriTadad, egreT wodebuli ,,soft law-s“, anu rbili

samarTlis principebiT regulirdebian da, umetes SemTxvevaSi, MmaT

sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvT. ra Tqma unda, ekologiuri krizisis

gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, ,,rbili samarTlis“ normebi usargeblo iqneba da

sazogadoebis winaSe mdgari problemebis gadasaWrelad sakmarisi ar

iqneba, radgan mxolod saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs ZaluZs

transsasazRvro kontesqtSi gadaWras jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis

uflebis dacvis sakiTxi. bevri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi

51 М. Битадзе, Права Человека, Здоровье и Зашита Окружающей Среды, Жур. Международное Право и Проблемы Интеграции, Баку, 2005, 53. 52 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. 53 Р. Хабиров, Международно-правовое Регулирование Права Человека на Благоприятную Окружающую Среду: Теоретические Основы Формирования Экологического, Аграрного, Земельного, Предпринимательского Законодательcтва в Субъектах РФ., Сборник научных трудов, 1997, 97.

- 37 -

instrumenti uzrunvelyofs jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebis

dacvas, oRond isev arapirdapiri gziT, rogorc samamoqalaqo,

politikur, socialur Tu ekonomikur uflebebs. maT Sorisaa,

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1945 wlis 26 ivnisis qartia (san-

francisko, aSS), gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri

asambleis mier 1966 wlis 16 dekembers miRebuli saerTaSoriso paqti

ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa Sesaxeb da

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asambleis mier 1966

wlis 16 dekembers miRebuli saerTaSoriso paqti samoqalaqo da

politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb; 1973 wlis 3 martis konvencia gadaSenebis

piras myofi veluri florisa da faunis saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis Sesaxeb (vaSingtoni, aSS); 1992 wlis 9 maisis klimatis

cvlilebis CarCo konvencia (niu-iorki, aSS); 1998 wlis konvencia

garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileobis da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze

xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb (orhusi, dania); 1972 wlis 16 ivnisis

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis deklaracia: garemo adamianisaTvis

(stokholmi, SvedeTi) da sxva.

zemoaRniSnuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi adgenen iseT garantiebs

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dasacavad, rogoricaa, jansaRi

samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemo, garemos higiena da mrewvelobaSi

Sromis higiena, socialuri da janmrTelobis dacvis sistema,

daavadebebTan brZola, azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, xelmisawvdomi

ganaTleba, cnobierebis amaRleba, potencialis zrda da es yvelaferi

adamianTa Tanasworuflebianobis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi rasis, sqesis,

mrwamsis da sxva niSnebis miuxedavad. am mxriv mniSvnelovani

stokholmis deklaraciis pirveli principia, romelic adgens, rom

’’yovel adamians gaaCnia fundamentaluri ufleba iyos Tavisufali,

Tanaswori da icxovros misi arsebobisaTvis adekvatur garemoSi, ise

rom saTanadod daculi iqnes misi keTildReoba da Rirseba,,. aRniSnuli

formulireba faqtobrivad avsebs 1966 wlis gaeros ekonomikuri,

- 38 -

socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso paqtis

miznebs, romlis me-11 da me-12 muxlebSi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna,

dadgenilia, rom ’’adamians ufleba aqvs iumjobesebdes cxovrebis

pirobebs ... hqondes fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTelobis umaRlesi

done ... “ da saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon ,,... garemos higienisa da

mrewvelobaSi Sromis higienis yvela aspeqtis gaumjobeseba“.

- 39 -

2. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis erovnul normebze

zemoqmedebis mqone saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instrumentebi da

institutebi

2.1 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis roli adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli ekologiuri uflebebis

ganviTarebasa da dacvaSi Zalze didia. swored maTi daxmarebiT gvardeba

warmoqmnili ZirTadi ekologiuri problemebi saerTaSoriso masStabiT.

Aamdenad, saTanado yuradReba unda daeTmos imis dadgenas da

gaanalizebas, Tu raSi mdgomareobs am organizaciebis saqmianoba, ra

aris is ZiriTadi RonisZiebebi, romlebic am organizaciebis egidiT iqna

gatarebuli am mxriv.

rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva dargebis ganviTarebaSi, aseve

ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebaSi gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis roli gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. ekologiuri

krizisisa da garemos mdgomareobis globaluri gauaresebis aRmofxvris

RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas mieZRvna gaeros 1972 wlis stokholmis

konferencia54, romelzedac miRebul iqna garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso

principebis deklaracia, samoqmedo gegma, organizaciul-finansuri

gadawyvetilebebi da rekomendacia gaeros ekologiuri programis Seqmnis

Taobaze. stokholmis konferenciis gaxsnilad gamocxadebis Semdeg

gaeros generalurma asambleam daadgina, rom am konferenciis mTavari

mizani garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebiT mdgradi sargeblobis

sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisaTvis safuZvlis Seqmna da

ekologiuri sakiTxebis erT-erT prioritetad dasaxva unda yofiliyo.

stokholmis deklaraciam safuZveli Cauyara ekologiuri usafrTxoebis

koncefciis SemuSavebas. misi Seqmnis periodSi ekologiuri moZraoba

axalwamowyebuli iyo da qveynebi, romlebic aRiarebdnen garemosdacviT

problemebs, iyvnen mxolod industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebi.

54 Stockholm Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, 16 June 1972, U.N. Doc. A/.CONF.48/14/Rev.1 at 3 (1973).

- 40 -

problemebi, romlebsac isini sajarod acxadebdnen, iyo

industrializaciis Sedegad warmoSobili ekologiuri problemebi,

rogoricaa, wylis dabinZureba da bolnisli. im droisaTvis ar

arsebobda aranairi saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi norma, romelic

uzrunvelyofda garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis

mogvarebas. stokholmis konferenciam ki, safuZveli Cauyara garemos

dacvis saerTaSoriso programas da pirvelma daaarsa ekologiuri

urTierTobebis regulirebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi precedenti.

1972 wlis konferenciis mniSvnelovani miRweva, rogorc aRiniSna,

arasavaldebulo xasiaTis (non-binding statement), 26 principisagan Semdgari

stokholmis deklaraciaa.55

stokholmis konferencia gaeros mier odesme Catarebuli

konferenciebidan erT-erTi saukeTesoa. as ocdaaTi saxelmwifos

warmomadgeneli, MmaT Soris, indoeTisa da maspinZeli Sveciis

saxelmwifo meTaurebi eswrebodnen konferencias. Sexvedra Catarda civi

omis periodSi, ramac Taviseburi zegavlena moaxdina masze, Tumca post-

socialisturi qveynebi, MmaT Soris, saqarTveloc, dRes aqtiurad

iziareben stokholmis konferenciis Sedegebs. stokholmis konferenciis

Sedegad dadginda sami ZiriTadi faqtori: garemos dacvis moqmedebaTa

gegma, gaeros garemos dacvis programa da garemos dacvis fondi.

stokholmis moqmedebaTa gegmam gamoaaSkarava as samoci prioritetuli

ekologiuri rekomendacia. MmaT Soris, garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebebis marTva da dagegmva; garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi

resursebis marTvis mimarTulebis zusti gansazRvra; saerTaSoriso

mniSvnelobis damabinZureblebis gansazRvra; ekologiuri

saganmanaTleblo, kulturuli, socialuri da informaciuli sakiTxebis

gansazRvra da gaZliereba; garmosdacviTi sakiTxebis integraciis

ganviTareba. moqmedebaTa gegmam Seqmna safuZveli globaluri garemos

Sefasebis programis (Earthwatch) dawyebisaTvis, romlis mTavari mizania

biosferoze dakvirveba. amasTanave, gegmam sakmaod didi zegavlena

moaxdina bevr Semdgom garemosdacviT xelSekrulebaze. magaliTad,

55 K. Alexandre, An introductory Note on Human Rights to Environment, 1991, 199.

- 41 -

gegmis ocdamecamete rekomendacia: ,,yvela saxelmwifom . . . saswrafod . .

. daiwyos xelSekrulebis momzadeba veSapebis dacvis saerTaSoriso

komisiis mxardaWeriT (IWC) da Semdgomi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi akrZalon

veSapebze nadiroba.“ moqmedebaTa gegmis swored amgvari konkretuli

miTiTebis Sedegad GSemuSavda bonis konvencia migrirebadi saxeobebis

Sesaxeb, konvencia gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobaTa

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb da kanoni zRvis Sesaxeb56. amasTanave,

moqmedebaTa gegmam xeli Seuwyo gaeros ekologiuri programis ZiriTadi

samoqmedo aspeqtebis gamovlenas. ekologiuri programa dafuZnda,

rogorc ekologiuri sakiTxebis maregulirebeli umTavresi

specializebuli organizacia. organizaciis aRmasrulebeli sabWos

plenarul sxdomebze ixileba da wydeba garemos dacvis sferoSi

arsebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi.

amgvarad, 1972 wlis stokholmis deklaracia iyo pirveli saerTaSoriso

samarTlebrivi instrumenti, romelmac safuZveli daudo adamianis

uflebebisa da ekologiuri sakiTxebis urTierTkavSirs. deklaraciis

pirveli principi adgens, rom yovel adamians aqvs fundamentaluri

ufleba iyos Tavisufali, Tanasworuflebiani, icxovros Sesaferis,

usafrTxo garemoSi. amasTanave, deklaracia gansazRvravs adamianis

valdebulebas gaufrTxildes da gaaumjobesos garemo axlandeli da

momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. daaxloebiT ociode

wlis Semdeg gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis generaluri asamblea

erTgvarad gamoexmaura stokholmis deklaraciis debulbebs da daadgina

(rezolucia #49/94), rom adamiani uflebamosilia icxovros misi

janmrTelobisaTvis da keTildReobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi. zogadad,

ki rezoluciis mizani ukeTesi da jansaRi garemos uzrunvelyofaa.57

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis principebis Camoyalibeba ,,bunebis

msoflio qartiam“ ganagrZo. es qartia mowonebuli iqna gaeros

generaluri asambleis mier da gamocxadebuli iqna 1982 wlis 28

oqtombris rezoluciaSi. masSi ramdenime principia gansazRvruli:

56 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 92. 57 Environment and Human Rights Doc. 9791 16 April 2003 Report, Committee on the Environment, Agriculture and Local and Regional Affairs. Rapporteur: Mrs Cristina Agudo, Spain, SOC.

- 42 -

saWiroa bunebis pativiscema da dauSvebelia misi ZiriTadi procesebis

darRveva. dauSvebelia dedamiwaze arsebuli sicocxlis genetikuri

safuZvlis safrTxis qveS dayeneba; saWiroa sicocxlis yvela formis

(Sinauri Tu gareuli) populaciis SenarCuneba, sul mcire, iseT doneze,

romelic aucilebelia misi gadarCenis uzrunvelsayofad; aucilebelia

minimaluri saarsebo pirobebis SenarCuneba; gansakuTrebuli dacva

esaWiroebaT unikalur raionebs, iSviaTi an gadaSenebis piras mdgari

saxeobebis sabinadro arealebis da ekosistemebis yvela tipebs; adamianis

mier gamoyenebuli ekosistemebi da organizmebi, iseve rogorc xmeleTis,

zRvis da atmosferos resursebi unda imarTebodnen ise, rom

SesaZlebeli iyos MmaTi optimaluri da mudmivi warmadobis

uzrunvelyofa da SenarCuneba, oRond MmaTTan Tanaarsebuli

ekosistemebisa da saxeobebisTvis zianis miyenebis gareSe.58

amgvarad, gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis saqmianobis farglebSi

gamoikveTa ramdenime midgoma, romelnic adamianis ekologuri

uflebebisa da garemos dacvas exeba. dadginda, rom socialur-

ekonomikuri sferos saqmianobis dagemvisas da ganxorcielebisas

aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, rom bunebis dacva am saqmianobis

Semadgeneli elementia. ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan, mosaxleobis zrdasa

da saarsebo pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan dakavSirebuli grZelvadiani

gegmebis SemuSavebisas, aucilebelia bunebrivi sistemebis

SesaZleblobebis (arsebobis xangrZlivi uzrunvelyofis da adamianebis

ganTavsebis TvalsazrisiT) gaTvaliswineba, Tanac mxedvelobaSi

miRebuli unda iqnes, rom saTanado samecniero da teqnikuri miRwevebis

gamoyenebisas, savaraudoa, es SesaZleblobebi sagrZnoblad gaizardos.

adamianis mier miwis nakveTebis garkveuli miznebiT gamoyeneba gegmis

safuZvelze unda xdebodes da am dros aucilebelia fizikuri

SezRudvebis, biologiuri produqtiulobis da mravalferovnebis da am

nakveTebis bunebrivi silamazis saTanado doneze gaTvaliswineba.

dauSvebelia bunebrivi resursebis gaflangva. aucilebelia bunebaze

potenciurad mavne zemoqmedebis mqone saqmianobebis kontroli. saWiroa

58 Экологическое Право России, Учебник, Под ред. В. Ермакова, А. Сухарева, 1997, 121.

- 43 -

situaciisadmi yvelaze morgebuli teqnologiebis gamoyeneba, raTa

minimumamde iqnes dayvanili bunebaze mavne zemoqmedebis riski. stiqiuri

ubedurebebis, parazitebis da daavadebebis gavrcelebis Tavidan

acilebis, kontrolis an SezRudvis zomebi unda miiRebodnen mxolod

aseTi movlenebis SedegebTan sabrZolvelad da ar unda axdendnen

meoreul damRupvel zemoqmedebas garemoze. aucilebelia bunebis Sesaxeb

codnis farTod gavrceleba yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. nebismieri

gegmis Sedgenisas aucilebelia mis erT-erT komponentad bunebis dacvis

strategiis CarTva, ekosistemebis atlasis Sedgena da dagegmili

politikis an saqmianobis bunebaze SesaZlo zemoqmedebis gansazRvra.

aucilebelia yvela am elementis Sesaxeb informaciis sazogadoebisTvis

Sesabamisi formiT da saTanado vadebSi miwodeba, raTa moqalaqeebma

SeZlon sakuTari azris efeqtianad gamoTqma da gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi monawileobis miReba. bunebis dacvis miznebis

misaRwevad aucilebelia finasuri saxsrebis uzrunvelyofa, programebis

da administraciuli struqturebis Seqmna. aucilebelia bunebrivi

procesebis mimdinareobaze, ekosistemebsa da saxeobebze Tvalyuris

devneba, raTa, rac SeiZleba adre aRmovaCinoT MmaTi degradaciis an

maTTvis Seqmnili safrTxis nebismieri SemTxveva.

stokholis konferenciis logikur gagrZelebaa 1992 wlis 3-14 ivnisis

gaeros konferencia rio-de-JaneiroSi, romelzedac miRebul iqna

deklaracia ,,garemosa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb“, aseve cnobili

dedamiwis samitis saxeliT. deklaraciis miRebis periodSi msoflios

,,civi omi“ Tu ,,msoflio omi“ dasasruls uaxlovdeboda da is aliansi,

romelic manamde arsebobda msoflio saxelmwifoebs Soris ukve aRar

iyo imdenad aqtualuri. imTaviTve CaiTvala, rom rios konferencia

yvelaze masStaburi ekologiuri Sekreba iyo, sadac kidev erTxel

dadasturda 1972 wlis stokholmis deklaraciis ZiriTadi miznebi. ai

ras wers konferenciis Taobaze ,,niu-iork Taimsis“ imdroindeli

Jurnalisti: ,,. . . arasdros ar Catarebula iseTi masStaburi

konferencia gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT, rogoric

,,garemo da ganviTareba“ iyo. 115 saxelmwifos meTauri eswreboda am

- 44 -

,,koferenciebis dedas“, 178 erovnebas mieca saSualeba, rom TavianTi

delegaciebi gaegzavna am didebul RonisZiebaze rioSi. daaxloebiT

cxra aTasi Jurnalisti daeswro konferencias, romelic umaRles

doneze gaSuqda gaeros sazogadoebrivi informaciis departamentis

xelSewyobiT. 1 400-ze meti arasamTavrobo organizaciaze iyo

warmodgenili konferenciaze, rogorc globalur forumze. mogvianebiT

ki rios centrSi, flamingos parkSi gaimarTa arasmTavrobo

organizaciebis Sekreba. saerTo jamSi ki daaxloebiT 20 aTas ekologs,

axalgazrdebis gaerTianebas, saqmiani adamianebis, muSebis, eTnikuri Tu

religiuri jgufebis warmomadgenlebs miecaT konferenciaze daswrebis

da masSi monawileobis miRebis saSualeba . . . “59

im ZiriTadi, oci, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli, ekologiuri miznebidan,

romlebic dafiqsirda rios konferenciaze, xazi SeiZleba gaesvas Semdeg

oTxs: saTanadod Seswavlil iqnes garemos mdgomareoba da cvlilebebi

stokholmis deklaraciis Semgomi periodis ganmavlobaSi; gonivrul

vadaSi identificirebul iqnes regionuli da globaluri ekologiuri

strategiebi erTian garemosdacviT politikasTan mimarTebiT;

ganviTarebadi qveynebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Camoyalibdes im

rekomendaciebis nusxa, romlebic xels Seuwyoben garemos ganviTarebas;

ganviTrebadi qveynebis interesebisa da stokholmis deklaraciis

principebis gaTvaliswinebiT xeli Seewyos saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

samarTlis ganviTarebas, romlis meSveobiTac zustad ganisazRvreba

saxelmwifoTa da moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobani garemos dacvisa da

bunebrivi resursebiT mdgradi sargeblobis sferoSi.

saboloo jamSi rios konferenciaze miRweul iqna Semdegi SeTanxmebebi:

rios deklaracia - ,,garemo da ganviTareba“; ori konvencia,

biomravalferovnebisa da klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb“; 21-e saukunis

mdgradi ganviTarebis principebi, 21-e saukunis dRis wesrigi; tyis

seqtoris marTvis principebi; SeTanxmeba Sesabamisi Semdegi konvenciebis

SesamuSaveblad, gaudabnoebasTan brZolis konvencia, zRvis xmeleTidan

dabinZurebis konvencia da Tevzis maragebis konvencia; SeTanxmeba

59 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy , 1999,102.

- 45 -

mdgradi ganviTarebis komisiis Seqmnis Taobaze, romelic monitorings

ganaxorcielebda rios SeTanxmebebisa da 21-e dRis wesrigis

Sesrulebaze.

amdenad, stokholmis deklaraciisagan gansxvavebiT, 1992 wlis rio-de-

Janeiros konferenciam ,,garemo da ganviTareba“, ukve procedurulad

gansazRvra kavSiri adamianis uflebebsa da garemos dacvas Soris. ai

ras adgens deklaraciis me-10 principi:

,,ekologiuri sakiTxebis marTva umjobesia ganxorcieldes yvela doneze

da yvela moqalaqis saerTo ZalisxmeviT. erovnul doneze, yoveli

moqalaqe uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes administraciuli organoebis

xelSi myofi nebismieri informaciiT, Tundac mavne nivTierebebisa da

saqmianobebis Sesaxeb. moqalaqeebs saSualeba unda hqondeT monawileoba

miiRon gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. saxelmwifoni valdebulni

arian uzrunvelyon informaciis sajarooba da xeli Seuwyon

sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebas. saxelmwifo agreTve valdebulia

uzrunvelyos moqalaqeTaTvis sasamarTlo da administraciuli

warmoebaze xelmisawvdomoba, iseve rogorc MmaTTvis zianis anazRaureba

da Sesaferisi daxmareba“.60

amgvarad, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

procesSi monawileobis da Sesaferisi garemoTi sargeblobis uflebebma

Camoayalibes rios deklaraciis miznebis ZiriTadi RerZi. zemoaRniSnuli

me-10 principis garda, deklaracia ayalibebs mTel rig debulebebs,

romlebic iTvaliswineben sazogadoebis iseTi nawilebis CarTvas

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, rogorebic arian qalebi (me-20

principi), axalgazrdoba (21-e principi), mkvidri mosaxleoba da

adgilobrivi Temebi (22-e principi). samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri

monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi aseve xazgasmulia

rios konferenziaze miRebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis - ,,21-e

dRis wesrigSi“. 23-e Tavis preambula adgens: ,,mdgradi ganviTarebis

misaRwevad erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa sazogadoebis farTo

wreebis aqtiuri monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.

- 46 -

amasTanave, uSualod mdgrad ganviTarebasa da garemosdacvas Soris

urTierTkavSirma dRis wesrigSi daayena sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi monawileobis axali formebis Camoyaliebeba. es

gulisxmobs individebis, individTa jgufebis da organizaciebis

monawileobas garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesSi, kerZod MmaTi

sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos eqspluataciisas. aRniSnuli pirebi

Sesabamisi administraciuli oranoebis mier uzrunvelyofilni unda

iqnen MmaTTvis saintereso nebismieri informaciiT, romelic Seexeba

garemoze zemoqmedebas da zogadad garemosdacviT RonisZiebebs.“61

21-e dRis wesrigis 23-e Tavi adgens, rom individebi, individTa jgufebi

da organizaciebi Sesabamisi oficialuri organoebis mier

uzrunvelyofilni unda iqnen garemosa da ganviTarebis, ekologiuri

RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciiT da monacemebiT warmoebuli

saqmianoebebis da saqmianobebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb, romlebmac SesaZloa

mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdinon garemoze. 21-e dRis wesrigi

avaldebulebs samTavrobo dawesebulebebs sakanonmdeblo doneze

daadginon sasamarTlo da administraciuli warmoebis procedurebi,

romlebic fizikur da iuridiul pirebs uzrunvelyofen Sesabamisi

dacviTi meqanizmebiT MmaTi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi. 23-e Tavis

mesame nawili gansazRvravs sazogadoebis im jgufebs, romlebic

CarTulni unda iqnen gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi: qalebi,

axalgazrdebi, mkvidri mosaxleoba, adgilobrivi Temebi, arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi, adgilobrivi oficialuri organoebi, socialuri

muSakebi, biznesmenebi, mewarmeebi, mecnierebi da fermerebi. aRniSnuli

pirebis monawileoba gulisxmobs MmaT CarTvas sazogadoebriv

ganxilvebSi, rac garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis aucilebeli nawilia.

samTavrobo dawesebulebebi valdebulebas kisruloben daaarson

informaciis gacvlis da sazogadorebaSi misi gavrcelebis garkveuli

proceduruli meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen ekologiuri

60 m. biTaZe, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Jur. saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005 weli. gv.15. 61 m. biTaZe, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxebi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi, Jur. saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2005 weli, gv. 160.

- 47 -

informaciis sajaroobas da gamWvirvalobas. amdenad, am dokumentma

faqtobrivad safuZveli daudo garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis

meqanizmis amoqmedebas sazogadoebis monawileobis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rogorc garemos dacvis ganuyofel elements.62

amrigad, rio-de-JaneiroSi gamarTul konferenciaze pirvelad SemuSavda

globaluri saprogramo dokumenti, romlis ormocamde nawili,

ekologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis sferoSi

saqmianobebis mimarTulebebis aRweras Seicavs. konferenciam miiRo

rekomendaciebi mdgradi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavs

industriulad ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, romlebic resursebis

ZiriTad momxmareblebs da dabinZurebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan wyaros

warmoadgenen, warmoebis da moxmarebis zrdis SezRudvas. deklaraciis

mixedviT, yoveli saxelmwifo, Tavisi bunebrivi, socialur-ekonomikuri

da samarTlebrivi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, valdebulia

SeimuSavos sakuTari ekologiuri kanonmdebloba, maT Soris kanonebi

dabinZurebis an sxva ekologiuri zianis kompensaciis sferoSi.

saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon ekologiuri informaciis

xelmisawvdomoba mosaxleobisTvis da sazogadoebis monawileoba

ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. saWiroa

garemosdacviT saqmianobaSi mosaxleobis yvela kategoriis CarTva. didi

mniSvneloba eniWeba bunebrivi garemos dacvis ekonomikur meqanizmebs,

axali ekologiuri teqnikis da teqnologiebis gadacemis nebismieri

dabrkolebebis mospobas da saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ekologiuri

moTxovnebis dacvas. amdenad naTelia, rom ekologiuri problemebi

saxelmwifoTa Soris TanamSromlobis safuZvelze unda wydebodes.

gansakuTrebiT es transsasazRvro da globaluri Sedegebis an stiqiebis

gamomwvevi antropogenuli qmedebebis Sedegebis Tavidan acilebasTan an

gamosworebasTan dakavSirebuli zomebis SemuSavebas da gamoyenebas

exeba.

sainteresoa, rom gaeros egidiT, garemos dacvis sferoSi SemuSavebuli

yvela xelSekruleba, gansxavebuli specifikis miuxedavad, ekologiuri

62 The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Global Environment) by Norman J. Vig (Editor),

- 48 -

informaciis xelmisawvdomobis princips aRiarebs, adgens amgvari

informaciis maqsimaluri sajaroobisa da gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

procesSi farTo sazogadebis fenebis CarTvis valdebulebas. erTi mxriv,

zogierTi xelSekruleba Seicavs arsebiT uflebebs, romlebic adamianis

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uzrunvelyofas Seexeba. meore mxriv,

xelSekrulebebi darRveuli uflebebisaTvis kompensaciis valdebulebas

adgenen (1993 wlis ,,garemosaTvis saSiSi saqmianobis Sedegad

warmoSobili zianisaTvis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb“,

luganos konvencia, jer ZalaSi ar aris).

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis egidiT SemuSavebuli konvenciebi

mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmoben ekologiuri normebis darRvevisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobis gamkacrebis sakiTxebsac. saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

samarTaldarRvevisTvis pasuxismgeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma

miyenebuli qonebrivi zaralis kompensaciaa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis

zogadi principebis Sesabamisad, damnaSave saxelmwifo, mis mimarT

iZulebiTi RonisZiebebis gamoyenebis muqaris qveS, valdebulia

nebayoflobiT ganaxorcielos saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi

pasuxismgeblobis zomebi konkretuli SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad. Tu ase

ar xdeba, sakiTxi gadadis saerTaSoriso davis kategoriaSi da wydeba

dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad. aseTi davebis gadawyvetis meTodi, rogorc

wesi, Sesabamisi konvenciis an xelSekrulebis mier ganisazRvreba.

amasTan, davebis gadawyvetis wesebi SeiZleba sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyos,

molaparakebebidan da kompromisebidan, arbitraJSi, MmaT Soris, gaeros

saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi, mimarTvis CaTvliT.

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisa da misi specializebuli

organizaciebis roli ekologiuri xelSekrulebebis SemuSaveba-

ganxorcielebaSi fasdaudebelia, rac qmnis imis safuZvels, rom es

organizacia saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis

sayrdenad iqnes aRqmuli. gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciisa da misi

specializebuli organizaciebis mier SemuSavebuli garemosdacviT

konvenciebis Mistoria mokled ase SeiZleba Camoyalibdes: ,,pirveli

Regina S. Axelrod (Editor), 1995, 165.

- 49 -

Taobis“ ekologiuri konvenciebi, stokholmis deklaraciis

suliskveTebiT gajerebulni, ZiriTadad wylisa da atmosferuli haeris

dabinZurebiT gamowveuli problemebis daregulirebis mizniT gaCnda.

ekologiuri xelSekrulebis Seqmnis procesma farTo masStabi miiRo da

bevri organizaciac CaerTo am saqmianobaSi. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso

sazRvao organizaciam xeli Seuwyo zRvis dabinZurebasTan mimarTebiT

konvenciebis Camoyalibebas (marpolis, londonis konvencia, 1972).

stokholmis konferenciis Sedegad axlad Seqmnilma iunepis

organizaciam aqtiuri roli iTamaSa sxvadasxva ekologiuri

xelSekrulebebis Seqmnis procesSi da gaimyara Tavisi poziciebi,

rogorc saerTaSoriso organizaciam. gansakuTebiT misi aqtiurioba

dafiqsirda 1974 wlis parizis, xmeleTze arsebuli obieqtebidan zRvis

dabinZurebis Sesaxeb konvenciis miRebisas da regionuli sazRvao

programebis ganviTarebisas. gaero-s evropis ekonomikurma komisiam

uzrunvelyo atmosferuli haeris didi odenobiT transsasazRvro

dabinZurebis konvenciis SemuSaveba. veluri samyaros saxeobebis dacvis

sakiTxma wina planze wamoiwia 1970-ian wlebSi. globaluri konvenciebi

am sferoSi moicaven 1973 wlis konvencias gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe

myofi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb; konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis

Warbteniani teritoriebis Sesaxeb (1971), ufro kargad ,,ramsaris“

konvenciis saxeliT cnobili, radganac swored iranSi, qalaq ramsarSi

moxda misi ratificireba. konvencia msoflio kulturuli da bunebrivi

memkvidreobis Sesaxeb (1972), ratificirebuli gaeros ganaTlebis,

mecnierebisa da kulturis organizaciis egidiT da 1979 arasamTavrobo

organizacia - garemos dacvis msoflio kavSiris egidiT xelmowerili

konvencia veluri cxovelebis migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb. am

drois ganmavlobaSi agreTve miRebul iqna regionuli xelSekrulebebi

veluri samyaros dacvis sferoSi, magaliTad, 1979 wlis konvencia

evropis veluri samyaros dacvis Sesaxeb.

,,meore Taobis“ ekologiuri konvenciebi saTaves 1980-ian wlebSi iReben.

isini ufro globaluri da yovlismomcveli xasiaTiT gamoirCevian. 1980-

1990-ian wlebSi miRebuli umravlesoba saxelmwifoTaSoris konsensuss

- 50 -

moiTxovda. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba dasaxeldes venis konvencia ozonis

Sris dacvis Sesaxeb da monrealis oqmi aRniSnul konvenciaSi Sesabamisi

cvlilebebis Sesaxeb. 80-iani wlebis konvenciaTa Soris niSandoblivia

xazi gaesvas konvencias sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb, romelmac safuZveli

daudo okeanisa da zRvis garemos dacvas; bazelis konvencia saxifaTo

narCenebis transsasazRvro gadazidvebze kontrolis Taobaze (1989);

klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvencia (1992) da konvencia biologiuri

mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb (1992).

zemoaRniSnuli konvenciebis analizidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes

daskvna, rom saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis dacvis obieqti

planeta dedamiwaa. dacvis ZiriTadi obieqtis garda, arsebobs dacvis

samarTlebriv reJimSi moqceuli am obieqtis Semadgeneli nawilebi,

iseTebi, rogoricaa msoflio sazRvao sivrce, materikebi, atmosferuli

haeri da kosmosi. amgvarad, bunebrivi memkvidreobis dacvis

samarTlebriv sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba gaamyara gaeros

xelSekrulebebma, ramac safuZveli samarTlis am dargis

specializebuli institutebis ganviTarebas Cauyara, maT Soris

atmosferuli haeris, teritoriuli wylebis, zRvebis dacvis, narCenebis

marTvis, wiaRiseuli gamoyenebis, daculi ekosistemebis sferoSi, ramac

TavisTavad adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebic

gaamyara. dResdReobiT, gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia rCeba yvelaze

mZlavr saerTaSoriso organizaciad, romelic saerTaSoriso masStabiT

uzrunvelyofs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebis

SemuSavebasa da ganviTarebas. yovelive amis naTeli dadasturebaa is

aseulobiT xelSekruleba da SeTanxmeba, romelic gaeros egidiT

swored garemos dacvis sferoSi iqna miRebuli.

- 51 -

2.1.1. ekologiuri informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom informaciis (garda

komerciuli da saxelmwifo saidumloebisa) sajarooba demokratiuli

sazogadoebis mSeneblobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia da TiToeuli

saxelmwifos xelisufleba valdebulia, daubrkoleblad da

srulyofilad gasces nebismieri informacia, romelic sazogadoebis

interess iwvevs, miT umetes, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac informaciis

miuReblobam SesaZloa, riski Seuqmnas mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa da

keTildReobas. garemos dacvis sferoSi moqmedi yvela mniSvnelovani

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentis, maT Soris, rio-de-Janeiros

1992 wlis deklaraciis ZiriTadi RerZi garemosdacviTi informaciis

xelmisawvdomoba, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileoba da jansaR garemoSi cxovrebaa. me-10 principis garda

deklaracia ayalibebs mTel rigs debulebebs, romlebic iTvaliswineben

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva kategoriis CarTvas gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

procesSi. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiuri monawileoba

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi aseve xazgasmulia rios

konferenciaze miRebuli mdgradi ganviTarebis principebis Sesaxeb ,,21-e

saukunis dRis wesrigSi“, romlis preambula adgens: ,,mdgradi

ganviTarebis misaRwevad erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa

sazogadoebis farTo wreebis aqtiuri monawileoba gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi. amasTanave, uSualod mdgrad ganviTarebasa da garemos

dacvas Soris urTierTkavSirma dRis wesrigSi daayena sazogadoebis

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis axali formebis

Camoyaliebeba. es gulisxmobs individebis, individTa jgufebis da

organizaciebis monawileobas garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis procesSi,

kerZod, maTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos eqspluataciisas.

aRniSnuli pirebi Sesabamisi administraciuli oranoebis mier

uzrunvelyofilni unda iqnen maTTvis saintereso nebismieri

- 52 -

informaciiT, romelic Seexeba garemoze zemoqmedebas da zogadad

garemosdacviT RonisZiebebs. “

ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis sakiTxs mTlianad eZRvneba

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis evropis ekonomikuri komisiis

egidiT, 1998 wels qalaq orhusSi (dania) miRebuli konvencia

garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileobisa da am sferoSi marTlsajulebis sakiTxebze

xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb. konvencia 40-mde saxelmwifom, maT Soris,

saqarTvelom, aRiara da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis doneze

gansazRvra an ukve gansazRvruli hqonda adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis samarTlebrivi mniSvneloba.

1997 wlis janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizaciis angariSis

Tanaxmad, adamianis janmrTeloba mudmivad ganicdida da ganicdis

gauaresebas sxvadasxva ekologiuri faqtoris mavne zemoqmedebis gamo,

rac imave klimatis cvlilebiT Tu wyalmomaragebiT gamoixateba.63

mdgomareobas amZimebs is garemoeba, rom aRniSnli mavne zemoqmedeba

gamoirCeva maRali mdgradobiT, rac mas gansakuTrebiT saSiSs xdis.

Tumca bolo wlebSi rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise erovnul doneze

SeimCneva garkveuli winsvla sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebis,

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadebis CarTvisa Tu maTi

SesaZlo safrTxis Sesaxeb informaciiT uzrunvelyofis sferoSi.

dResdReobiT saerTaSoriso da erovnuli garemosdacviTi samarTlis

Teoriasa da praqtikaSi sakmaod aqtualuria sakiTxi

urTierTTanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, rac gansazRvravs saxlmwifoTa

valdebulebas, garemosa da adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sferoSi maqsimalurad CarTos mTeli sazogadoeba, maT Soris, kerZo da

arasamTavrobo seqtori. aRniSnuli valdebulebis SesrulebiT

maqsimalurad miRwevadi iqneba adamianis umTavresi ekologiuri uflebis

ganxorcieleba, rasac adamianis sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos

63 WHO report ,,Health and the Environment in Environmentally Sustainable Development: Five Years After the Earth Summit “, (1997).

- 53 -

Sesaxeb sruli, drouli da obieqtri informaciis xelmisawvdomoba hqvia.

garda zemoTqmulisa, arsebobs samarTlebrivi valdebulebac amgvari

informaciis Segrovebis, gavrcelebis da gacvlis Sesaxeb, rac aRniSnul

subieqtebs Soris dialogis ganviTarebas, sazogadoebis garemosdacviTi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi maqsimalurad CarTvas da zianis

anazRaurebis adekvaturi meqanizmebis danergvas uqmnis Sesaferis

safuZvels. orhusis konvencia adgens: ,,garemosaTvis an adamianTa

janmrTelobisaTvis bunebrivi xasiaTis an adamianTa qmedebebiT

gamowveuli raime safrTxis moaxloebis SemTxvevaSi, xelisuflebis

organoebma TavianT gankargulebaSi arsebuli mTeli informacia

dauyovnebliv unda miawodon mosaxleobas, romelsac SeiZleba es Seexos,

rac mas miscems saSualebas, miiRos zomebi mavne zemoqmedebis Tavidan

asacileblad an zegavlenis Sesamcireblad. “64

orhusis konvencia garemosdacviT konvenciebs Soris uaxlesia da miznad

isaxavs, momavali TaobebisaTvis garemos dacvisa da gaumjobesebis

procesSi gaaZlieros sazogadoebisa da garemosdacviTi organizaciebis

roli. igi aRiarebs moqalaqeTa uflebebs garemosdacviTi informaciis,

monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebis sferoSi da aseve miznad isaxavs

garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi mTavrobaTa angariSgebisa da gamWvirvaleobis

donis zrdis xelSewyobas. konvencia ganixileba rogorc garemos, ise

demokratiis dacvis mniSvnelovan berketad, romelsac didi globaluri

mniSvneloba aqvs. faqtobrivad, mas SeiZleba miuerTdes msoflios

nebismieri qveyana. igi xSirad moixsenieba rogorc rios deklaraciis me-

10 principis ganxorcielebis modeli. konvencia efuZneba sazogadoebis

monawileobis sam princips, romelTac xSirad sam sayrdens uwodeben:

informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, sazogadoebis monawileoba da

marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba.65

64Kkonvencia ,,garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“, me-5 muxlis 1-li punqtis ,,g“ qvepunqti. 65 1992 wlis 3-14 ivniss, rio-de-JaneiroSi, Catarebuli gaeros konferenciaze ,,garemo da ganviTareba“ miRebuli deklaraciis me-10 principi.

- 54 -

orhusis konvencia aris pirveli saerTaSoriso konvencia, romelic

pirdapir ayalibebs adamianis ekologiur uflebebze dafuZnebul

midgomas. konvenciis pirveli muxli adgens konvenciis ZiriTad miznebs

da gansazRvravs mxareTa valdebulebas axlandeli da momavali

Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, uzrunvelyon garemosdacviT

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am

sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis uflebebis

ganxorcieleba da dacva.

orhusis konvencia adgens zemoaRniSnuli uflebebis dacvis minimalur

standartebs da ar zRudavs mxareebs, ganaxorcielon RonisZiebebi,

romlebic iTvalisiwineben garemosdacviTi informaciis ufro farTo

xelmisawvdomobas da garemos dacvis sferoSi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

processa da samarTalwarmoebaSi sazogadoebis ufro aqtiur

monawileobas.66 amasTanave, konvenciis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia

diskriminacia erovnuli, moqalaqeobrivi an sxva raime niSnis mixedviT.

orhusis konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi vrceldeba yvela

sajaro dawesebulebaze, yvela tipis sazogadoebrivi momsaxurebis

sawarmosa (maT Soris, municipalur, satransporto da sxva) da maTi

kontrolis qveS myof nebismier fizikur Tu iuridiul pirze. orhusis

konvencia sazogadoebasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs aniWebs

uflebebsa da realur SesaZleblobebs: informaciis

xelmisawvdomobisaTvis, konkretul Tu strategiul gadawyvetilebebSi

monawileobis misaRebad. axdens maT aRWurvas sasamarTlo dacvis

saSualebebiTa da marTlmsajulebaze gamartivebuli xelmisawvdomobiT.

mTavrobebze am sferoSi mkafio valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT, konvencia

uzrunvelyofs informaciis met gamWvirvalobas, mis ufro efeqtian

xelmisawvdomobasa da gavrcelebas, rac fizikur da iuridiul pirebs

saSualebas aZlevs, realuri gavlena moaxdinon garemosTan

66Kkonvencia ,,garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“, me-4 muxlis me-5 punqti.

- 55 -

dakavSirebul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze.

informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdili SesaZleblobebi fizikur da

iuridiul pirebs saSualebas aZlevs, ukeT gaerkvnen da meti codna

miiRon garemos potenciur riskebsa da saSiSroebebze, romlebic maT,

maTs ojaxebsa Tu adgilobriv Tems emuqreba. konvencia aseve iZleva

saxelmwifos monitoringis, inspeqtirebisa da aRsrulebis gaZlierebis,

garemosdacviTi darRvevebis gamovlenisa da aRmofxvris SesaZleblobas

sazogadoebisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis aqtiuri CarTvis

xarjze.67

konvenciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba garemosdacviTi

informaciis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT iyofa or nawilad:

sazogadoebisaTvis garemosdacviTi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba;

garemosdacviTi informaciis Segroveba da gavrceleba.

konvencia adgens, rom sazogadoebisaTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos

mTeli garemosdacviTi informacia, Tuki masze ar vrceldeba konvenciiT

dadgenili gamonaklisebi68. amasTanave, konvencia adgens, rom samrewvelo

an komerciuli informaciis konfidencialurobis CarCoebSi ver jdeba

iseTi informacia, romelic exeba garemoSi mavne nivTierebebis

gafrqvevas. konvencia mxareebs avaldebulebs, Seagrovon da ganaaxlon

monacemebi garemosdacviTi informaciis Sesaxeb, rac gulisxmobs

werilobiT, audiovizualur, eleqtronul an nebismieri sxva

materialuri formiT mowodebul informacias, romelic pirdapir an

iribad ukavSirdeba garemos Semadgeneli iseTi elementebis

mdgomareobas, rogorebicaa: haeri, atmosfero, wyali, niadagi, miwa,

landSafti, biologiuri mravalferovneba, genetikurad modificirebuli

organizaciebi da is faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas axdens an

savaraudoa, rom moaxdens garemos Semadgenel elementebsa da adamianis

janmrTelobaze.69

67 orhusis konvenciis ganxorcieleba, saxelmZRvanelo saqarTvelos sajaro moxeleTaTvis, 2004, gv. 43. 68 orhusis konvencia, me-4.3. da me-4.4 muxlebi. 69 orhusis konvencia, me-2.3 muxli.

- 56 -

garda ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis

Camoyalibebisa, orhusis konvencia adgens ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis valdebulebas. konvencia

sazogadoebis monawileobis komponents sam sxvadasxva kategoriad

mijnavs70: sazogadoebis monawileoba saqmianobaTa garkveul sferoebSi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi (nebarTvebi, licenziebi);

sazogadoebis monawileoba im gegmebSi, programebsa da politikaSi,

romelic garemosTan aris dakavSirebuli; sazogadoebis monawileoba

aRmasrulebeli debulebebis da/an normatiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebis

procesSi.

konvenciis Tanaxmad TiToeuli mxare valdebulebas kisrulobs

erovnuli kanonmdeblobis farglebSi konvenciiT gansazRvrul

saqmianobebze licenziebisa da nebrTvebis gacemisas gamoiyenos

konvenciis debulebebi da moaxdinos dainteresebuli sazogadoebis

adekvaturi informireba.71 amasTanave, konvencia adgens sazogadoebis

monawileobis realuri ganxorcielebisaTvis savaldebulo

moTxovnilebebs, rac dainteresebuli sazogadoebis droul da efeqtian

informirebaSi, maT garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesis sawyis etapze CarTvaSi unda gamovlindes. konvenciis

Tanaxmad, yoveli mxare valdebulia ,,miiRos Sesabamisi praqtikuli da/an

sxva zomebi imisaTvis, raTa sazogadoebam gamWvirvale da samarTlian

CarCoebSi miiRos monawileoba garemosTan dakavSirebuli gegmebis da

programebis“ da ,,garemos dacvasTan dakavSirebuli politikis

SemuSavebaSi“72.

garemos marTvisadmi samarTlebrivi regulirebis SemoRebis safuZveli

normatiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebaa. sazogadoebis monawileoba

amgvari normatiuli dokumetebis SemuSavebis adreul etapze realurad

Seqmnis maTi maqsimalurad srulyofili saxiT SemuSavebis

SesaZleblobas. am mxriv konvencia avaldebulebs xelSemkvrel mxareebs

xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebis efeqtur monawileobas saxelmwifos mier

70 orhusis konvencia me-6, me-7 da me-8 muxlebi. 71 orhusis konvencia me-6 muxli. 72 orhusis konvencia me-7 muxli.

- 57 -

normatiuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebebis miRebamde,

amisaTvis daadginon gonivruli vadebi, uzrunvelyon Sesabamisi

informaciis drouli miwodeba dainteresebuli sazogadoebisaTvis da

miscen maT SeniSvnebis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba uSualod an

warmomadgenlobiTi sakonsultacio organoebis meSveobiT, romlebic

SeZlebisdagvarad iqneba miRebuli mxedvelobaSi.73

orhusis konvencia garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, informaciis

xelmisawvdomobisa da sazogadoebis monawileobis garda, adgens

marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis ganxorcielebis

regulirebis meqanizmebs. konvencia mijnavs marTlmsajulebis

xelmisawvdomobis uflebis realizaciis sam ZiriTad safuZvels: Tu

dainteresebuli mxaris moTxovna informaciis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb

ar dakmayofilda; Tu dainteresebul mxares usamarTlod eTqva uari

informaciis miwodebaze; Tu dainteresebul mxares nawilobriv an

mTlianad araswori pasuxi gaeca mis mier moTxovnili informcaiis

Sesaxeb.

konvenciaSi damatebiT gansazRvrulia is darRvevebi, romlebic SeiZleba

gasaCivrdes orhusis konvenciis debulebaTa Sesabamisad: informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis uflebis darRveva; gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi

monawileobis uflebis darRveva; garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis

darRveva zogadad. konvencia adgens, rom nebismieri fizikuri da

iuridiuli piris mier gasaCivrebas unda eqvemdebarebodes sajaro

dawesebulebis nebismieri gadawyvetileba, moqmedeba an umoqmedoba,

romliTac sazogadoebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

monawileobis ufleba dairRva da romelic garemos dacvis erovnuli

kanonmdeblobis debulebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. marTlmsajulebisadmi

xelmisawvdomoba, Tavisdavad, es aris berketi garemosdacviTi

samTavrobo dawesebulebebis gadawyvetilebebis winaaRmdeg, rac maT

aiZulebs imoqmedon mxolod da mxolod kanonmdeblobis farglebSi.74

73 orhusis konvencia me-8 muxli. 74 R.Eckersley, Greening Liberal Democracy: The Rights Discourage Revisited, in Brian Doherty and Marius de Geus (eds.), Democracy and Green Political Thought, 230 (1996).

- 58 -

konvenciis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli mxareebi valdebulebas kisruloben

erovnul doneze uzrunvelyon informaciis xelmisawvdomobisa da

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileobis uflebis darRvevis gasaCivrebis

SesaZlebloba sasamarTloSi, an sxva, kanoniT dadgenil damoukidebel

da miukerZoebel organoSi. amasTan, informaciis xelmisawvdomobis

uflebis darRvevis gasaCivrebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli proceduris

Sedegad miRebuli saboloo gadawyvetileba savaldebulo unda iyos

Sesasruleblad informaciis mflobel sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis.

konvenciiT gansazRvrulia mxareTa valdebulebebi marTlmsajulebis

procedurebTan dakavSirebuli finansuri Tu sxva saxis dabrkolebebis

aRkveTis Taobaze. sainteresoa, rom orhusis konvenciis fuZemdeblebs

marTlsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis principis garantiebis

xelSekrulebaSi gamtkicebisaTvis realuri safuZvlebi hqondaT, erTi

mxriv, es iyo administraciuli da sasamarTlo garCevebis procedurebis

vadebis darRveva, xolo meore mxriv, im gadasaxadebis aragonivruli

odenobebi, romlebic procesis mxareebs unda gadaexadaT, rac

TavisTavad maTTvis damatebiT dabrkolebas qmnida. swored am

dabrkolebebi aRmofxvris mizniT, konvenciam daadgina, rom

marTlmsajulebis procedura ar unda warmoadgendes sazogadoebisaTvis

ukiduresad ZviradRirebul RonisZiebas, procedurebi unda iyos

drouli, xolo maT Sesaxeb yvela informacia xelmisawvdomi unda iyos

sazogadoebisaTvis.75

amgvarad, orhusis konvencia aris pirveli saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi

dokumenti, romelmac globalur doneze gansazRvra adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da kompilireba

gaukeTa yvela, manamde arsebul saerTaSoriso Tu regionul dokuments

am sferoSi, romlebic, marTalia, garkveul debulebebs adgenen am

mimarTulebiT, magram mainc sakmaod zogadi xasiaTis gamo naklebad

gamoiyenebian Teoriasa da praqtikaSi.

sainteresoa, rom orhusis konvenciam Seqmna manamde ararsebuli

standarti da samarTlebrivi meqanizmi ekologiuri uflebebis

75 orhusis konvencia me-9 muxli.

- 59 -

dasacavad. am konvenciasa da gaeros egidiT SemuSavebul sxva

xelSekrulebebs Soris SedarebiTi analizisas TvalnaTelia, rom

orhusis konvencia aris pirveli universaluri instrumenti jansaR

garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT. rameTu,

individisTvis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba miiRweva mxolod

maSin, Tu igi flobs obieqtur informacias misi sacxovrebeli da

samuSao garemos Sesaxeb, Tu igi CarTulia Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi adreul etapzeve da Tu mas misi ekologuri

uflebebis darRvevisas xeli miuwvdeba marTlmsajulebisadmi.

niSandoblivia isic, rom konvencia ar zRudavs individebs sxvadasxva

biurokratiuli meqanizmebiT da maTTvis informaciis sajaroobas TviT

saxelmwifo umaRles organoTa uSualo movaleobad miiCnevs. amasTanave,

konvencia xelSemkvrel mxareebs uflebas aZlevs erovnuli

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvron damatebiTi xelsayreli pirobebi,

romlebic ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebs gaamyareben.

- 60 -

2.1.2. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi axali

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumentis SemuSavebis perspeqtiva

garemos dacvis sferoSi gaeros egidiT SemuSavebuli aTeulobiT

xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis miuxedavad da imis gaTvaliswinebiT,

rom kacobrioba qvecnobierad yovelTvis iswrafoda da kvlav

miiswrafvis adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelsayofad,

mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sferoSi damoukidebeli saerTaSoriso dokumentis SemuSavebaa saWiro.76

dResdReobiT kavSiri ekologiasa da adamianis uflebebis dacvas Soris,

rogorc winamdebare kvlevaSi dadasturda, Zalze aqtualuria

saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, amdenad dRis wesrigSi adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis mizniT axali saerTaSoriso dokumentebis Seqmnis

sakiTxic dadga (Lex Ferenda).

wignSi ,,saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTali da politika“77

detaluradaa ganxiluli, Tu rogor SeiZleba gaCndes adamianis

ekologiur uflebaTa dacvis sruliad axali samarTlebrivi

instrumenti ,,sufTa garemos principis“ aqtualizaciaze dafuZnebiT.

stokholmis deklaraciis meSveobiT saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam

sayovelTaod aRiara ekologiuri uflebebi. deklaraciis pirvelive

principma gansazRvra, rom yovel adamians gaaCnia fundamentaluri

ufleba iyos Tavisufali, Tanaswori da icxovros misi arsebobisaTvis

adekvatur garemoSi, ise rom saTanadod daculi iqnes misi keTildReoba

da Rirseba. xolo, 1992 wlis rios deklaraciis pirveli muxli

gansazRvravs: ,,mdgradi ganviTarebis safuZveli adamiania. mas miniWebuli

aqvs garemosTan harmonizebuli janmrTelobisa da produqtiuli

arsebobis ufleba.“ saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTalisa da

politikis Sesaxeb wignis avtorebi miiCneven, rom es fraza metis-metad

zogadia da keTil survilebs ufro waagavs, vidre raime samarTlebriv

safuZvels. magram, miuxedavad amisa, isini miiCneven, rom es principi

mniSvnelovani winapirobaa Semdgomi Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi

76 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1325.

- 61 -

urTierTobebis warmoqmnisaTvis. Tumca, ufro efeqtiani da ekologiurad

gamarTlebuli samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis warmoqmnisa da

ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa ufro mkafiod da saTanadod gaimijnos

uSualod ekologiuri uflebebi da mas damoukidebeli formulireba

mieces, rogorc adamianis uflebebis samarTlis erT-erT ZiriTad

Semadgenel nawils. magram, am sakiTxis aRmocenebasTan erTad, xSirad

Cndeba mravali SekiTxva – rogor unda ganimartos ekologiuri ufleba?

– ra ganzomilebebi unda iqnes daculi da romeli garemovlena iqnes

CaTvlili usafrTxod? garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso

samarTlisa da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis analizisas TvalnaTelia, rom

sityva ,,garemos“ yovelTvis Tan sdevs iseTi sityvebi, rogorebicaa -

,,sufTa“, ,,janmrTeli“, ,,damakmayofilebeli“, ,,ekologiurad

gawonasworebuli“, ,,Sesaferisi“, ,,sicocxlisunariani“ da ,,mdgradi“.

NniSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom ekologiuri da ekonomikuri uflebebi

urTierT dabalansebis safuZvelze unda ganviTardes, Tu ekologiuri

uflebebi mxolod maSin unda gavaaqtiuroT, roca es ekonomikur

urTierTobebs srulebiT ar Seexeba?

zemoaRniSnuli wignis avtorebi aanalizeben im zogad normatiul

safuZvlebs, romlebic ekologiur uflebaTa Sesaxeb calke dokuments

safuZvlad unda daedos. MmaTi azriT, ekologiuri ufleba, garda

samarTlebrivi instrumentisa, moralur, dauwerel uflebadac

gvevlineba. ekologiuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi

safuZvlis mkafiod gamijvnis mizniT, avtorebi am mimarTulebiT oTxi

ZiriTad pozicias gamoyofen: a) Sesaferis garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba

saerTaSoriso samarTlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia; Bb) sicocxlisa

da janmrTelobis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli fundamenturi uflebebi

garemos dacvis safuZvelia; g) xelSekrulebebi, MmaT Soris,

ekologiuri, xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebT daicvan

xelSekrulebebiT gansazRvruli debulebebi, MmaT Soris, ekologiuri

uflebebi; d) am etapze ar arsebobs aranairi saerTaSoriso

77 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1328-1335.

- 62 -

mravalmxrivi savaldebulo Zalis mqone dokumenti, romelic adamianis

ekologiur uflebebs yvela mimarTulebiT gansazRvravda.78

am mizniT, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiis umciresobaTa dacvisa

da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris qvekomisiis mier 1994 wels SemuSavebulia

principebis proeqti adamianis ekoligiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi79,

romelic angariSis saxiT iqna momzadebuli. es angariSi mijnavs kavSirs

adamianis uflebebsa da garemos dacvis sakiTxebs Soris da adgens, rom

SeuZlebelia adamianma srulyofilad isargeblos saerTaSoriso

samarTliT aRiarebuli uflebebiT, Tu mas elementarulad jansaR

garemoSi jansaRi cxovrebis da muSaobis SesaZlebloba ar gaaCnia.

angariSSi momxseneblis mier xazgasmulia, rom deklaraciis es proeqti

,,daexmareba gaeros . . . damakmayofilel garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis

Sesaxeb konsolidirebuli dokumentis Sedgenisas.“80 proeqti mTlianad

eyrdnoba riosa da stokholmis deklaraciebis principebs da adgens -

,,yvelas aqvs ufleba icxovros usafrTxo, jansaR da ekologiuriad

sufTa garemoSi.“

angariSi ganxilul iqna gaeros mier, mowonebul iqna gaeros adamianis

uflebaTa komisiis umciresobaTa dacvisa da diskriminaciis aRmofxvris

qvekomisiis mier, magram aranairi realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia, mxolod

miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba aRniSnuli sakiTxis saxelmwifoTa

samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo doneze ganxilvis Sesaxeb.81

naTelia, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis pirdapiri Tu

arapirdapiri dacvis garantiebis uzrunveyofis procesSi gaerTianebuli

erebis organizaciis mier SemuSavebul iqna aTeulobiT normatiuli

dokumenti. Tumca, aman, ar gamoricxa am sferoSi axali dokumentis

SemuSavebis dRis wesrigSi dayenebis sakiTxi. margam, isic unda

aRiniSnos, rom am sakiTxis iniciativa warmoiSva jer kidev maSin,

rodesac SemuSavebuli ar iyo orhusis konvencia, romelmac praqtikulad

78 D.Hunter, J.Salzman, D.Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy , 1999, 1327. 79 Human Rights and the Environment, Final report prepared by Mrs Fatma Zohra Ksentini, Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/9. 80 M. Dejeant-Pons, M. Pallemaerts, Human Rights and the Environment (Prefaces, W. Schwimmer former Sec. General of the COE), 2002, 14. 81 iqve. 15.

- 63 -

daaregulira adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebi ise rom, ar gamouricxavs sxva xelSekrulebis dadebis

sakiTxic.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom realurad, adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi axali

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi dokumentis SemuSaveba gansakuTrebul

saWiroebas ar qmnis, rameTu, garda orhusis konvenciiT pirdapir

gansazRvruli ekologiuri uflebebisa, arsebobs aTeulobiT

universaluri da regionuli xelSekruleba, romlebic, zog SemTxvevaSi,

SeiZleba arapirdapiri gziT, magram mainc adgenen ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis garantiebs.

- 64 -

- 65 -

2.2. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis safuZvlebi evrogaerTianebis

samarTlis mixedviT

ekologiuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso masStabiT ganxilvisas

yuradsaRebia evropis gaerTianebis samarTlis mimoxilvac, radgan

swored evrokavSirma Camoayaliba da ganaviTara garemosdacviTi

samarTali im saxiT, raTa moxdes bunebrivi resursebis iseTi mdgradi

moxmareba, rom ekonomikurma ganviTarebam xeli ar SeuSalos adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvas.

evropis gaerTianebis Seqmnis dasawyisad moiazreba parizis 1951 wlis

xelSekruleba, romelmac evropis qvanaxSirisa da foladis gaerTianeba

daafuZna, da agreTve 1957 wlis romis xelSekruleba, romlis Tanaxmadac

eqvsma wevrma saxelmwifom xeli moawera evropis ekonomikuri

gaerTianebisa da evratomis damfuZnebel dokumentebs.82 MmaTi Seqmnis

mizans Tavisuflebis, demokratiis, adamianis uflebebis da kanonis

uzenaesobis principis dacva wamoadgenda. romis xelSekrulebis

dadebidan ormocdaaTamde wlis ganmavlobaSi evropis kavSirma Tavi

daimkvidra rogorc msoflios wamyvanma Zalam da misi amJamindeli

saqmianoba sul ufro met zegavlenas axdens wevri qveynebis

moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze. evropis gaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoTaTvis

samarTlebriv donze dadgenilia garkveuli moTxovnebi, romelTa

saTanado aRsrulebasa da pativiscemazea dafuZnebuli mTeli

gaerTianebis samarTlebrivi sistema. evropis kavSiri, rogorc

Tanamedrove demokratiuli saxelmwifos msgavsi warmonaqmnis sanimuSo

magaliTi, wevr saxelmwifoebs, pirvel rigSi, adamianis uflebebis

dacvasa da kanonis uzenaesobis principis pativiscemas usaxavs miznad,

risi ugulebelyofa mkacrad kontroldeba da isjeba evrokavSiris

teritoriaze moqmedi samarTliT.

romis xelSekrulebaSi ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli aranairi iuridiuli

norma garemos dacvis da, miT umetes, ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

erTiani politikis Sesaxeb. Tumca am faqts xeli ar SeuSlia evropis

- 66 -

erTiani politikis ganviTarebisaTvis garemosa da adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis mimarTulebiT.83 garda politikis ganviTarebisa,

aqtiurad daiwyo evropuli ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebac, rac

metwilad evropuli precedentuli samarTlis zegavleniT iyo

ganpirobebuli. amasTanave unda aRiniSnos, rom wevri saxelmwifoebis

konstituciebi xSir SeTxvevaSi moicaven adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis samarTlebriv garantiebs84, maSin roca

evrogaerTianebis arc erTi oficialuri dokumenti amgvar samarTlebriv

safuZvlebs ar adgens. mniSvnelovania is garemoebac, rom maastrixtis

xelSekruleba acxadebs, rom wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian

pativi scen adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias85 da erTmaneTis

konstituciebs.86 Tumca, samwuxarod, evropuli konvencia ar Seicavs

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis pirdapir garantiebs da arc wevri

saxelmwifoebi konstituciebis Sesabamisi muxlebi gamoirCevian Seuvali

simkacriT.

miuxedavad arsebuli samarTlebrivi xarvezebisa, dRevandeli saerTo

evropuli samarTali mainc rCeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis mniSvnelovan garantad, radgan adgens imgvar pirobebs MmaT

dasacavad, romelTa ganuxorcieleblobis SemTxvevaSi TviT

evrokavSiris demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis

perspeqtivebi dadgeba eWvqveS. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom dReisaTvis saqarTvelo, mTeli Tavisi

sakanonmdeblo sivrciT, miiswrafvis evrokavSirisaken, metad

sainteresoa mimoxilul iqnes is evropuli standartebi, romelTa

meSveobiTac xdeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva saerTo

evropul sivrceSi.

82im droisTvis wevr saxelmwifoebs warmoadgendnen: belgia, safrangeTi, italia, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi da dasavleT germania. 83 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection. Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 109. 84 magaliTad, espaneTisa da portugaliis konstituciebi. 85 ECHR. Rome, 1950. 86 Treaty of European Union, Official Journal C 191, 29 July 1992. Article F (2).

- 67 -

ar aris gasakviri, rom am sferoSi evrogaerTianebis kompetenciis

gansazRvris ararsebobis gamo gaerTianebis politika garemos dacvis

sferoSi viTardeboda naklebad SesamCnevi, Taviseburi saxiT. ministrTa

sabWom mxolod 1985 wels SeimuSava samoqmedo programa gaerTianebaSi

garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis mdgomareobis Seswavlis mizniT. da

mainc, 1973 wlidan moyolebuli, sabWom miiRo xuTwliani samoqmedo

programebis seria, romelmac dabinZurebis seriozuli problemebisadmi

saswrafo sapasuxo qmedebebs, sabolood, garemosa da bunebrivi

resursebis dacvis saerTo strategiis forma misca. ZiriTadad

sferoebSi, romlebzedac evrokavSirma gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila

yuradReba, Sedis: wylis dabinZureba, atmosferos dabinZureba, xmauri,

qimiuri produqtebi, narCenebi.

evrokavSiri aris 1979 wlis bernis konvenciis wevri, romelic veluri

bunebis SenarCunebas exeba. wevrma saxelmwifoebma miiRes rekomendacia

SeuerTdnen 1971 wlis ramsaris konvencias. ministrTa sabWom miiRo

ramdenime direqtiva gareuli frinvelebis dacvis sferoSi, amasTanave

miRebul iqna direqtivebi, romlebic axdenen msubuqi da satvirTo

avtomanqanebis, motocikletebis, traqtorebis, zogierTi TviTmfrinavis,

gazonebis gasakreWi manqanebis da samSeneblo teqnikis xmauris

maqsimaluri donis dadgenas.

1977 wels CrdiloeT italiaSi sevezos katastrofis Semdeg, ramac

maRali toqsikurobis dioqsiniT didi teritoriis dabinZureba gamoiwvia,

gadadgmul iqna seriozuli nabijebi qimiuri nivTierebebis warmoebiT da

gavrcelebiT Seqmnili riskis Sesamcireblad. 1986 wlidan moqmedebs

arsebuli qimiuri nivTierebebis inventarizaciis evropuli sammarTvelo,

romelic aqveynebs bazarze arsebuli qimiuri produqtebis sias, rac

SesaZlebels xdis MmaT daqvemdebarebas Setyobinebis, Sefasebisa da

kontrolis sazogado procedurebisadmi. aseve miRebul iqna gadamWreli

zomebi qloroflurokarbonatis warmoebidan amoRebis Sesaxeb.

amasTanave, evrokavSirSi gatarebulia Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi adamianis

janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis sferoSi. am mizniT

SemoRebul iqna dasaSvebi nivTierebebis sia da sisufTavis evropuli

- 68 -

standartebi iseTi sakvebi danamatebisa, rogorebicaa: saRebavebi,

aqtioqsidantebi, emulgatorebi, stabilizatorebi da Semsqeleblebi.

amdenad, evropis xalxTa istoriulma miRwevebma, MmaTma kulturam,

energiam da adaptaciis unarma uzrunvelyo garemos dacvis sferoSi

MmaTi mniSvnelovani roli msoflioSi, romelSic sxva xalxebi da

regionebic savsebiT samarTlianad miiswrafvian am sferoSi MmaTi rolis

srulfasovnad Sesrulebisaken.

- 69 -

2.2.1. evrogaerTianebis saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT

adamianis uflebebis dacva evrokavSiris samarTlis da politikis

umniSvnelovanesi elementia. zogadad adamianis uflebebis koncefcia

sakmaod dinamikuria. is mudmivad icvleba da farovdeba, rac evropis

gaerTianebis saxelmwifoebis konstituciuri ganviTarebis istoriamac

daadastura. magram, miuxedavad amisa, uryevia idea, rom yovel adamians

aqvs ganuyofeli da samarTlebrivad daculi uflebebi.

dResdReobiT mecnierTa Soris sakmaod aqtiurad mimdinareobs msjeloba

uflebebis sxvadasxva ,,Taobebisadmi“ mikuTvnebis Sesaxeb. gansxvaveba am

uflebebs Soris marTlac SesamCnevia. pirvel Taobas miekuTvneba

adamianis dacva saxelmwifo Carevisagan, meore Taobas ekuTvnis

socialuri uflebebi, magaliTad, Sromisa da ganaTlebis ufleba.

arsebobs mesame Taobis uflebebic, romelTa Sorisaa mSvidobis ufleba,

TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, ganviTarebis ufleba, umciresobaTa uflebebi

da ekologiuri, imave jansaR garemoSi arsebobis ufleba.

,,evropelebs aqvT ufleba icxovron sufTa da jansaR garemoSi“ -

acxadeben evropeli garemosdamcvelebi da am uflebas adamianis

fundamentalur uflebebs Soris moiazreben.87 Tumca, evropelebis winaSe

dResdReobiT aqtiurad dgas sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda

moxdes bunebrivi resursebis imgvari gamoyeneba, rom adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebi saTanadod iqnes daculi. am azramde evropelebi

swored bunebrivi resursebis gadaWarbebuli gamoyenebiT da garemos

dabinZurebiT gamowveulma bunebrivma kataklizmebma miiyvanes, ramac

evropul garemos da evropelebis janmrTelobas sakmaod seriozuli

safrTxe Seuqmna.

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisadmi miZRvnil Sexvedraze cnobilma

mecnierma maqvilon deJan-ponma ganacxada, rom - ,,adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli sasamarTlo akeTebs yvelafers da kidev ufro mets, raTa

maqsimalurad moaxdinos adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sasamarTlo

87 C. Harper, Environment and Society: Human Perspectives on Environmental Issues, 1996, 39.

- 70 -

wesiT dacva im saSualebebiT, rasac adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

konvencia adgens“. amis naTeli magaliTia saqmeebi narCenebis gafrqvevis

Sesaxeb espaneTSi, meTanis afeqTqeba TurqeTSi, xmauri londonis sahaero

teritoriaze.88 Tumca, samwuxarod, mravali saqme, mxolod imis gamo, rom

konvencia pirdapir arafers adgens ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

TvalsazrisiT, evropuli sasamarTlos ganxilvis miRma darCa. Tumca

erTi sakiTxi udavoa da amis Sesaxeb ori azri ar arsebobs, informacia

garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb xelmisawvdomi unda iyos yvela

evropelisTvis,89 ,,ufleba icode arsebobs, Tumca misi saTanado

aRsruleba ver xerxdeba“ - acxadebs ludvig klarki, evrokomisiidan.90

ekologiuri uflebebis dasacavad evrokavSiris teritoriaze bevri ram

keTdeba, miuxedaad im dabrkolebebisa, romlebic samarTlebriv doneze

mainc arsebobs aRmoufxvreli. am mimarTulebiT evrokavSiris

insitutebis saqmianobaSi sami mimarTuleba ikveTeba - garemos

Tvisobrivi SenarCuneba, dacva da gaumjobeseba; adamianis janmrTelobis

dacva; bunebrivi resursebis gonivruli da racionaluri gamoyeneba.

am sferoSi evrogaerTianebis kompetenciis saTaveebidan daudgenlobis

gamo gaerTianebis politika viTardeboda naklebad SesamCnevi,

Taviseburi saxiT. 1973 wlidan moyolebuli ministrTa sabWom SeimuSava

xuTwliani samoqmedo programebis seria, romlebmac dabinZurebis

seriozuli problemebisadmi saswrafo sapasuxo qmedebebs, sabolood,

garemos da adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis saerTo strategiis

forma misca. ZiriTad sferoebSi, romelTa xelyofa gansakuTrebiT

saSiSroebas uqmis adamianis janmrTelobas da romlebzedac

evrokavSirma gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvila yuradReba, Sedis:

wylis dabinZurebis - am mxriv evrokomisiis mier damtkicebul iqna

mravali direqtiva, romlebic exeba zedapiruli, miwisqveSa, mtknari Tu

mlaSe wylis dacvas dabinZurebisagan, rac xSirad adamianebis daavadebas

88 Green Week Session: Your Environmental Rights, Environment for Europeans, Magazine of the Directorate-General for the Environment, Issue 17, 2006, 43. 89 Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the Environment (OJ L158, 23 June 1990); Resolution of 19 October 1987 on the continuation and implementation of a European Community policy and action programme on the environment (1987 to 1992). 90 iqve.

- 71 -

iwvevs. SemoRebul iqna xarisxis standartebi sabanao, sasmel wyalze.

mkacrad kontroldeba wyalSi toqsikuri nivTierebebis CaRvra.91

atmosferos dabinZureba - garemos dabinZurebis pirvelwyaro, rac

ZiriTadad evropis industriuli progresiT aris gamowveuli.

gamonabolqvi qarxnebidan, manqanebidan iwvevs tyeebis masStabur

ganadgurebas mJave wvimebiT da safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas.

mxolod 1987 wlis ivlisSi, sagangebo evropuli aqtis mier

gaTvaliswinebuli xmaTa umravlesobiT miRebul iqna direqtivebis seria

avtomobilebis gamonabolqvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb.92

xmauri - evrokomisiis mier miRebul iqna direqtivebi, romlebic axdenen

msubuqi da satvirTo satransporto saSualebebis, TviTmfrinavebis,

gazonebis sakreWi manqanebisa da samSeneblo teqnikis xmauri

maqsimaluri donis dadgenas.93

qimiuri produqtebi da narCenebi - 1977 wels CrdiloeT italiaSi

sevezos katastrofis Semdeg, ramac maRali toqsikuri dioqsiniT didi

teritoriis dabinZureba gamoiwvia, gadadgmul iqna ukiduresi nabijebi

qimiuri nivTierebebis warmoebiT da gavrcelebiT warmoqmnili riskis

Sesamcireblad.94 am mizniT 1982 wlidan miRebul iqna mTeli rigi

direqtivebisa. 1975 wlidan ZalaSi Sevida gaerTianebis wesebi narCenebis

91 Council Decision of 7 October 1997 on the conclusion of the Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic Convention for the protection of the marine environment of the north-east Atlantic; Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy; The Council in its resolution of 28 June 1988(5) asked the Commission to submit proposals to improve ecological quality in Community surface waters; Council Directive 80/68/EEC of 17 December 1979 on the protection of groundwater against pollution caused by certain dangerous substances. 92 2001/379/EC: Council Decision of 4 April 2001 on the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals. 93 Corrigendum to Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (Official Journal of the European Union L 159 of 30 April 2004); Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 February 2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC). 94 Corrigendum to Directive 2004/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 April 2004 amending Directive 97/68/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 146, 30.4.2004).

- 72 -

Segrovebis, ganTavsebis, gadamuSavebis da xelaxali gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb.95,96

1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi naTeli gaxda evrogaerTianebis mier garemos

marTvisadmi da, Sesabamisad, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvisadmi ufro gansazRvruli da sistemuri midgomis SemoRebis

aucilebloba. 1991 wels maastrixtis samitze miRweuli evrokavSiris

xelSekrulebiT romis xelSekrulebaSi Setanil iqna axali nawili

garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, riTac mniSvnelovnad gaizarda evrogaerTianebis

kompetencia. 1997 wlis ivnisis amsterdamis xelSekrulebam ,,garemos

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis da dacvis maRali donis uzrunvelyofa“

gaerTianebis miznis donemde aamaRla da evroparlamentis Zalaufleba

ganavrco garemos dacvis, MmaT Soris, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis sferoSi.97 xelSekruleba 35-e da 37-e muxlebSi adgens adamianis

janmrTelobis dacvisa da garemos dacvis standartebs. dokumentSi

naTqvamia, rom adamianis janmrTelobis dacva uzrunvelyofil unda

iqnes gaerTianebis politikisa da Sesabamisi saqmianobebis

ganxorcielebis Sesabamisad. xelSekrulebaSi agreTve xazgasmulia

garemos dacvisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis mniSvneloba da prioriteti.

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis ganviTarebaSi evrogaerTianebis rolze

saubrisas ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba ar daeTmos adamianis

uflebaTa evropul konvencias da sasamarTlo praqtikas, razedac

momdevno TavebSi saTanado yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli. ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT evropulma precedentulma samarTalma

daadastura, rom konvenciis zogierTi muxlis sxvadasxva interpretaciis

Sedegad SesaZlebelia am uflebebis dacva, magram, samwuxarod, ara

yovelTvis.98 amgvari iyo saqmeebi lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg

95 dik leonardi, evrokavSiris saxelmZRvanelo, 2002, gv. 267-269. 96 REGULATION (EC) No 850/2004 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC; Commission Decision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste and Council Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste (OJ L 226, 6.9.2000, 3). Decision as last amended by Council Decision 2001/573/EC (OJ L 203, 28.7.2001, 18). 97 iqve. 98 evropuli konvenciis me-2, me-8, me-10, damatebiTi pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli.

- 73 -

(López Ostra v. Spain)99, da faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos

winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom)100. am saqmeebSi

mosarCeleebis mtkicebiT garemos mdgomareobis gauareseba (xmauri

londonis hisrous aeroportidan, suniTa da kvamliT haeris dabinZureba)

MmaTs janmrTelobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda da SesaZlebeli iyo

asaxuliyo101. mosarCeleebi Tvlidnen, rom garemos gauaresebuli

mdgomareoba uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenda maTs pirad cxovrebaze da

aferxebda zemoaRniSnuli evropuli konvenciiT garantirebuli

uflebebiT sargeblobas. sainteresoa saqme fredini SvedeTis winaaRmdeg

(Fredin v. Sweden)102, sadac mosarCele mxaris gancxadebiT, saxelmwifom

daarRvia misi sakuTrebis ufleba da gauuqma kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi

miwidan wiaRiseulis mopovebis nebarTva. am saqmeze sasamarTlom

saxelmwifos pozicia gaamarTla da misi qmedeba garemos, rogorc

sazogadoebis janmrTelobis umTavresi garantis, dacviT axsna. am

saqmidan naTlad Cans, rom saerTo evropuli midgoma ekologiuri

uflebebisadmi araerTgvarovania da xSirad, demokratiuli da

sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare, zRudavs individualur

interesebs.

99 López Ostra v. Spain, Case 41/1993, judjment of 9 December 1994. 100 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/81. 101 D.Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 11. 102 ECHR, Ser.A, No.192, 1991, 6; aseve: Desgagne, Environmental Values and Human Rights In Europe, 89 AJIL. 1995, 263.

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2.2.2. jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba evrogaerTianebis samarTlis

mixedviT

zogadad, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT,

evrogaerTianebis samarTalze dakvirvebisas TvalnaTliv Cans, rom

gaerTianeba samarTlebriv da institucionalur doneze qmnis maqsimalur

berketebs, raTa moxdes am uflebebis realizeba da samarTlebrivi

garantireba. amasve adasturebs evropuli precedentuli samarTalic,

romelic iseTive axalgazrdaa, rogorc TviTon ekologiuri samarTali

da, miT umetes, ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis instituti. yovelive

zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, sasurveli iqneboda, rom

evrogaerTianebaSi Seqmnili da moqmedi adamianis ekologiur uflebaTa

dacvis standartebi sxva saxelmwifoebmac, MmaT Soris, saqarTvelomac

,gaiTavison da Seqmnan MmaTi danergvisa da aRsrulebis realuri

sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo meqanizmebi.

paradoqsulia, magram adamianis sakeTildReod biosferosa da zogadad

bunebis SenarCunebis cnobiereba kacobriobis ganviTarebas mudam Tan

sdevda, Tumca cota ram Tu keTdeboda am mimarTulebiT. dRes, rodesac

ganviTarebulma evrokavSirma adamianis uflebebis, maT Soris,

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis umaRles doneebs miaRwia, danarCenma

samyaromac unda gaiTavisos es gamocdileba da ise, rogorc arasdros,

erTad unda dadges garemos dasacavad amJamindeli da momavali Taobebis

interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

evrokavSiris gamocdilebaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba

ar daeTmos imis garkvevas, Tu konkretulad ra adgili ukavia jansaR

garemoSi cxovrebis uflebas evropul samarTalSi. am miznis misaRwevad,

pirvel rigSi, identificirebuli unda iqnes is ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi

da samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac gaerTianeba

marTavs am metad delikatur da saTuT sferos. ZiriTad mimarTulebebSi

igulisxmeba jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis gamijvna im ZiriTadi

aspeqtebis mixedviT, romelic sabolood erT mTlianobas qmnis.

- 75 -

romlebia es aspeqtebi? ra udevs MmaT safuZvlad? savaraudod es

aspeqtebia:

• ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Seni

sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb;

• ufleba samarTlian da efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze;

• ufleba garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb.

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis amgvari diferenciacia imis

dasturia, rom es ufleba, evrokavSiris samarTlis mixedviT

aRiarebulia rogorc arsebiTi ufleba, romelic individis aqtiuri da

pozitiuri uflebebis realizaciaSi gamoixateba. amgvari midgoma

naTlad adasturebs evrogaerTianebis demokratiul miznebs, romlis

umTavresi mizani adamianis uflebebis dacvaa.

TavisTavad evrogaerTianebis ekologiuri samarTali axali da swrafad

ganviTarebadi sferoa. 1960 wlis Semdeg daiwyo pirveli direqtivebis

gamocema am mimrTulebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad 1957 wlis romis

evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebas

eyrdnobodnen, radgan am droisaTvis ar arsebobda specialuri

samarTlebrivi aqtebi am mimarTulebiT. mxolod 1972 wlis gaeros

egidiT Catarebuli stokholmis konferenciis Semdeg (konferencia -

garemo adamianisaTvis), evrogaerTianebis wevrma saxelmwifoebma parizis

konferenciaze miiRes deklaracia, romelic specifikur evropul

ekologiur samarTals qmnida. ,,evropuli interesebidan gamomdinare,

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos garemos dacvas, rac miznad

kacobriobis saerTo intresebis dacvas isaxavs“.103 amis Semdgeom saerTo

evropuli midgoma garemos dacvis sferosadmi dafiqsirda 5 samoqmedo

gegmaSi.104

ufro metic, 1986 wlis cvlilebebma evropis ekonomikuri gaerTianebis

1957 wlis xelSekrulebaSi daamata specialuri VII Tavi, romelmac

evropuli sazogadoebis ekologiuri miznebi gansazRvra. maastrixtis

103 EC Commission, 6th General Report, 1972, 8.

- 76 -

1992 wlis xelSekrulebis 130-e muxlma ki, romelmac am ukanasknelSic

cvlilebebi Seitana da Camoyaliba gaerianebis ekologiuri politikis

Semdegi mimarTulebebi:

• garemos mdgomareobis SenarCuneba, dacva da gaumjobeseba;

• adamianis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebaSi wvlilis Setana;

• bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri da gonivruli gamoyeneba;

• saerTaSoriso doneze ekologiuri saqmianobebis xelSewyoba.

amasTanave zemoaRniSnuli muxli avaldebulebs wevr saxelmwifoebs

uzrunvelyon usafrTxoebis umaRlesi donis SenarCuneba, rac

prevenciul principebze iqneba dafuZnebuli da aamoqmedon saerTaSoriso

ekologiuri umniSvnelovanesi principi ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“.

amasTanave, xelSekruleba ar zRudavs mxareebs erovnul doneze kidev

ufro mkacrad daareguliron aRniSnuli sakiTxebi, Tumca imis

gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ekologiuri sakiTxebi xSirad scildeba

saxelmwifos teritoriis sazRvrebs, maTi daregulireba ukeT xerxdeba

saerTo evropuli pilitikisa da samoqmedo gegmebis farglebSi. amdenad,

evrogaerTianebis samoqmedo areali am mimarTulebiT sakmaod farToa,

Tumca rogorc bevri mecnieri Tvlis, saqmianoba, ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis TvalsazrisiT, jer kidev arasakmarisad mkafioa.105

garda evrogaerTianebis ZiriTadi samarTlebrivi dokumentebisa,

evrokavSiris farglebSi SemuSavebul iqna da moqmedebs uamravi

regulacia Tu direqtiva, romlebic TiToeul konkretul sferoSi

adgenen adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebs.

aRniSnuli dokumentebi adgenen adamianis janmrTelobis dacvis

elementarul da amasTanave umniSvnelovan garantiebs, romlebic

uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes MmaTi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos

dasacavad.106 isini gansazRvraven mSromelTa ekologiur uflebebs da im

104 First Action Programm, OJ C 112/1; Second Action Programm, OJ C 139/1; Third Action Programm, OJ C 46/1; Fourth Action Programm, OJ C 328/1; Fifth Action Programm, OJ C 138/5. 105 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 115.

106 Council Directive 76/160/EEC of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing water; 82/501/EEC: Council Directive of 24 June 1982 on the major-accident hazards of certain industrial activities; 83/477/EEC: Council Directive of 19 September 1983 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to asbestos

- 77 -

risk-faqtorebs, romlebmac SesaZloa safrTxe Seuqmnan MmaT, an maTi

STamomavlebis janmrTelobas, gansazRvraven xmaurisa da vibraciis

donis dasaSveb indeqsebs, adgenen ekologiuri informaciis miRebis

garantiebs, gansazRvraven oficialuri struqturebis valdebulebas am

mxriv. dokumentebSi mkacrad kontroldeba evrogaerTianebaSi

mrewvelobis is mimarTulebebi, romlebmac SesaZloa safrTxe adamianis

janmrTelobasa da garemos Seuqmnan, dadgenilia garemos dabinZurebis

normebi, mavne nivTierebaTa gamoyenebis standartebi. gansazRvrulia eko-

markirebisa, eko-auditisa da dabinZurebis aRkveTis sqemebi. erTi

sityviT, Seqmnilia yvelanairi piroba, raTa maqsimalurad moxdes

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva ise, rogorc es demokratiis da

Tanamedroveobis unikalur simbolos - evropis gaerTianebas Seefereba.107

at work (second individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of Directive 80/1107/EEC); Council Directive 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from industrial plants; Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work; Council Directive 89/618/Euratom of 27 November 1989 on informing the general public about health protection measures to be applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency; Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms; Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the environment. 106 Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work; Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC); Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network; Council Regulation (EEC) No 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award scheme; Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme. 107 Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work; Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to carcinogens at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16 (1) of Directive 89/391/EEC); Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European Environment Agency and the European Environment Information and Observation Network; Council Regulation (EEC) No 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award scheme; Council Regulation (EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme.

- 78 -

2.2.3. ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Seni

sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb evrogaerTianebis

samarTlis mixedviT

TiToeul saxelmwifos demokratiuli ganviTarebis gzaze sxavadasxva

etapis gavla uwevs, romelTa Soris umTavresi adamianis uflebebis

dacvaa. magram verc erTi saxelmwifo ver miaRwevs dasaxul mizans, Tu

misi yvela moqalaqe saTanadod ar iqna informirebuli. informaciis

floba da masze xelmisawvdomoba faqtobrivad adamianis uflebebis

dacvis sakvanZo wertilia. informaciis xelmisawvdomobaze saubrisas,

garemosdacviT informaciaze xelmisawvdomobac TavisTavad igulsxmeba,

radgan swored ekologiur mdgomareobaze arsebuli informacia qmnis im

realur berkets, romelic moqalaqes sakuTari sacxovrebeli da samuSao

garemos jansaRi saxiT SenarCunebaSi uwyobs xels. rogor xdeba am

informaciis gavrceleba? - ra Tqma unda, isev da isev saxelmwifo

organoebis daxmarebiT, romlebic avrceleben da unda gaavrcelon MmaT

xelT arsebuli informacia garemos xarisxobrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

Tumca arsebobs problema, rac kerZo seqtors exeba da romelic,

warmoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, garemos realuri damabinZurebelia. ra Tqma

unda, saxelmwifos ufleba ara aqvs uxeSad Caerios kerZo seqtoris

biznes-saqmianobaSi, Tumca aqac arsebobs oqros Sualedi, rac

garemosdacviT ekologiur eqspertizaSi, ekologiuri zemoqmedebis

Sefasebasa da ekologiuri saqmianobis licenzirebaSi gamoixateba. yvela

es piroba qmnis imis safuZvels, rom saxelmwifom, rogorc kontrolisa

da monitoringis ganmaxorcielebelma umTavresma garantma, saTanado

doneze moaxdinos mosaxleobis ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT informireba

da amasTanave, sadac amas samarTlis norma moiTxovs, CarTos

danteresebuli pirebi garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi.

evrogaerTianebis farglebSi garemosdacviT informaciaze

xelmisawvdomobis uflebas samarTlebrivad adgens 1990 wlis

- 79 -

direqtiva,108 romlis debulebebis gamkacrebis iniciativiT ara erTxel

gamosulan evroparlamentisa da evrokomisiis wevrebi. evrokavSiris

ekologiuri moqmedebebis me-5 programam daadgina, rom arsebuli

garemosdacviTi RonisZiebebi saTanado da adekvaturi ar aris im

ekologiuri degradaciisa, romelic garemoSi arsebobs da rom saWiroa

ufro mkveTri nabijebis gadadgma.109 aRniSnuli direqtiva adgens uamrav

pirobas, romelic moqalaqeebs saSualebas aZlevs, miiRon yovelgvari

dabrkolebis gareSe,MmaTTvis saintereso ekologiuri informacia.

direqtivis savaldebulo Zalis miuxedavad, wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis

sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda misi adaptireba da harmonizireba erovnul

kanonmdeblobasTan, radgan es sakmaod mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo

cvlilebebs moiTxovda. am mxriv Tavi portugaliam da espaneTma

gamoiCines, romlebmac erovnuli konstituciebis doneze aRiares ufleba

ekologiuri informaciis miRebis Tavisuflebasa da ekologiuriad

usafrTxo garemoze.110

108 Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the Environment (OJ L158, 23 June 1990). 109V. Kramer, Focus on European Environmental Law, London, 1992, 291. 110 M. Shelton, Environmental Rights in the European Community, 16 Hastings ICLR, 573.

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2.2.4. ufleba garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis Sesaxeb

evrogaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT

marTalia, ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis ufleba sakvanZo

uflebaa, magram fuWia mxolod informaciis floba, Tu dainteresebul

pirebs ufleba ara aqvT garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi miiRon monawileoba. am sakiTxisadmi

evrogaerTianebis oficialur struqturebs araerTgvarovani midgoma

hqondaT. amasTanave mZlavrobda kerZo seqtoris gavlena am oficialur

struqturebze, romlebic cdilobdnen naklebad momxdariyo farTo

fenebis CarTva miSvnelovani ekologiuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.

ufro metic, xSirad evrokomisia gadawyvetilebebs sruliad saidumlod

iRebda da moqalaqeebi mxolod faqtis winaSe dgebodnen. amgvari

midgoma, ra Tqma unda, arasworia da naklebad emsaxureba demokratiul

miznebs.

am sakiTxis gamosasworeblad miRebul iqna direqtiva garemoze

zemoqmedebis Sefasebis Sesaxeb111, romelic pirdapir avaldebulebs

Sesabamis struqturebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi

dainteresebuli pirebis CarTvas, agreTve adgens kerZo seqtoris

valdebulebas sajaro gaxados yvela is proeqtebi, romlebic garemoze

zemoqmedebas iqonieben.

amasTanave zogierTma wevrma saxelmwifom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis

doneze gaxada savaldebulo dainteresebuli pirebis Tu jgufebis

CarTva garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi. daniam, ungreTma, holandiam daadgina imgvari

samarTlebrivi berketebi, romlebic dainteresebul jgufebs uflebas

aZleven monawileoba miiRon umniSvnelovanesi ekologiuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, ufro metic, MmaT garemoze

zemoqmedebis Sefasebis ganxorcielebaze da bunebrivi resursebiT

111 EC Directive 85/337 on Environmental Impact Assessment.

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sargeblobis licenzirebazec miuwvdebaT xeli, ra Tqma unda sakuTari

kompetenciis farglebSi.112

112 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection. Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 120.

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2.2.5. ufleba garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT samarTlian da

efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze evrogaerTianebis samarTlis mixedviT

ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Seni

sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb, ufleba garemosdacviT

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi

monawileobis miRebis Sesaxeb - aris is uflebebi, romlebic

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi individis da individTa jgufis ekologiur

interesebs da uflebebs icavs, magram am ori uflebis realizeba

veranairad srulyofili ver iqneba, Tu imave subieqtebs samarTlian da

efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze xeli ar miuwvdebaT. zogadad ufleba

samarTlian da efeqtian marTlmsajulebaze erT-erTi fundamentaluri

uflebaa da Tanabrad exeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

mimarTulebas, MmaT Soris, garemosdacviTs.

evrokavSiris samarTlebrivi sistemis farglebSi arsebobs erTi

,,dabrkoleba“ gaerTianebis moqalaqeebisaTvis, rasac evrokavSiris

direqtivebi hqvia. rogorc cnobilia, direqtivebi adgenen qcevis wesebs

TviT wevri saxelmwifoebisaTvis da ara uSualod individebisaTvis da

amdenad, dainteresebuli pirebisaTvis, Tu pirTa jgufisaTvis

garkveulwilad problemaa saCivris wardgena evropuli

marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos winaSe, romelic luqsemburgSi

mdebareobs.

Tumca amasTanave, sasamarTlos debulebis 37-e muxli adgens, rom

dainteresebul mxareebs SeuZliaT daikavon nebismieri pozicia im

saqmeebSi, romlebic waredgineba sasamarTlos, Tu MmaT es ainteresebT.

Tumca dRemde aRniSnuli debuleba TiTqmis arasdros yofila

gamoyenebuli im subieqtebis mier, romlebsac ekologiuri sakiTxebi

ainteresebs.113 evrogaerTianebis samarTali individebs imis saSualebas

aZlevs, rom waradginon saCivrebi evrokomisiaSi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

CaTvlian, rom ekologiuri normebi iqna darRveuli da ekologiuri

113 S. Douglas-Scott. Environmetnal Rights In the European Union, Participatory Democracy Or Democratic Deficit? Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protectio, Edited by Alan Boyle and Michael Anderson, 1996, 121.

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uflebebi ar iqna saTanadod daculi. am SemTxvevaSi komisia valdebulia

saTanado reagireba moaxdinos da Seiswavlos saCivarSi aRwerili

faqtebi da MmaTi dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi aamoqmedos maastrixtis

xelSekrulebiT dadgenili normebi.114 Tumca daiwyebs Tu ara aRniSnul

kvlevas komisia, es misi diskreciuli uflebaa, iseve rogorc misTvis

arasavaldebuloa sakuTari dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebis sajarod

gamoqveyneba.

maastrixtis xelSekruleba adgens kidev sxva saSualebas, romelic

dainteresebul subieqtebs evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos

winaSe uxsnis gzas, marTalia, grZels, magram mainc arsebuls.

xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, wevri saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu erovnuli sasamarTlo Sto ver swyvets sakiTxs,

waradginos es saqme evropuli marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos winaSe.

agreTve, xelSekurleba saSualebas aZlevs wevri saxelwifoebis

subieqtebs, evropuli marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos winaSe winaswari

ganxilvisaTvis waradginon is saCivrebic, romlebic wevri

saxelmwifoebis instituciuri warmonaqmnebis aramarTlzomier qmedebebs

Seexeba.115

evrogaerTianebis farglebSi zemoaRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli

umTavresi problemaa is, rom xSirad erovnul doneze ar xdeba

direqtivebiT dadgenili debulebebis drouli implementacia, rac

xSirad individebs uzRudavs uflebebs an MmaTi ganxorcielebis gzaze

garkveul problemebs uqmnis. am sakiTxma gansakuTrebuli simwvaviT iCina

Tavi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan es

uflebebi ufro axalgazrda uflebebia da xSirad dganan gzajvaredinze

samrewvelo da ekonomikuri interesebis pirispir. magram, amgvari

problemebis arsebobis miuxedavad, evropis marTlmsajulebis

sasamarTlom erT-erT saqmeSi daadgina, rom direqtivebs, miuxedavad

imisa, xorcieldebian Tu ara erovnul doneze, mainc aqvT imis upiratesi

iuridiuli Zala, rom MmaT Sesabamisad moxdes adamianis uflebebis

114Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, the Treaties Establishing the European Communities and Related Acts, ACTS. Official Journal C 340, 10 November 1997. Article 226 (Article 16). 115 iqve. Article 234 (ex Article 177.)

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dacva.116 amdenad, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad

individebi uflebamosilni arian moiTxovon direqtivebiT dadgenili

normebis amoqmedeba damrRvevi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, magram ara sxva

individebisa da kerZo seqtoris winaaRmdeg.117

zogadad, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis TvalsazrisiT, Zalze

sainteresoa evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi,

romlebic metad mravalferovan interpretacias ukeTeben

evrodireqtivebiT dadgenil moTxovnebs. sainteresoa gadawyvetileba

frankoviCis saqmeze (Francovich and Bonifacci v. Italy),118 sadac problemas

italiis mier direqtivis Seusruleblobas niSnavda. am saqmeze

sasamarTlom gansazRvra zogadi principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, wevri

saxelmwifo valdebulia aunazRauros individebs misi qmedebiT an

umoqmedobiT gamowveuli ziani. aRniSnuli gadawyvetileba gaamyara da

ufro mkafio gaxada sxva gadawyvetilebebmac.119

116 Marshall v. Southampton A.H.A., Case 152/84, ECR (1986). 117 Marshall v. Southampton A.H.A.., Case 152/84, ECR (1986); Faccini Dori v. RECREB Srl., Case 91/92. 118 Francovich and Bonifacci v. Italy., Case 679/90, 1993. 119 R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame; Brasserie du Pecheur S.A v. Federal Republic of Germany Joined Cases 4678/93.

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2.2.6. evrogaerTianebis saxalxo damcvelis roli ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis evropuli standartebis ganxilvisas

ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba ar daeTmos evrogaerTianebis saxalxo

damcvelis saqmianobas am mimarTulebiT. evrogaerTianebis saxalxo

damcvelis institutis daarsebisas bevrs miaCnda, rom igi

ganusazRvreli uflebebiT iqneboda aRWurvili da eqneboda sruli

monitoringis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba evrogaerTianebis wevri

saxelmwifoebis nebismier oficialur struqturaze. Tumca, movlenebis

Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo da evropis saxalxo damcvelis

institutis debulebam daamtkica, rom misi kompetencia sakmaod viwroa

da Semoifargleba evropuli institutebis monitoringiT adamianis

uflebebis, MmaT Soris ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. saxalxo

damcvelis ofisi mdebareobs strasburgSi (safrangeTi) da aqvs kidev

erTi ganyofileba briuselSi (belgia).

sakmaod viwro kompetenciis miuxedavad, evropis gaerTianebis saxalxo

damcvels ufleba aqvs monitoringi Cautaros evrokomisiis saqmianobas

evrogaerTianebis xelSekrulebis dacvis motiviT, riTac TavisTavad igi

dgas evrogaerTianebis politikis da samarTlis dacvis sadarajoze,

MmaT Soris ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiTac, Tu xdeba

MmaTi darRveva wevri saxelmwifoebis mier.

ekologiuri uflebebis dacva Tavisi SinaarsiT Zalian sfecifikuri

sferoa da met yuradRebas moiTxovs. ekologiuri uflebebi eniWeba

rogorc individebs, iseve individTa jgufebs erToblivad, radgan TviT

garemo ar SeiZleba iyos vinmes sakuTreba da masze miyenebuli ziani

uaryofiTad aisaxeba ZiriTadad adamianTa jgufebze da ara

konkretulad individebze. amasTanave, mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos

evrogaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis sasamarTlo sistemis susti

mxaris Sesaxeb, rac ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis motiviT

wardgenili saCivrebis mimarT gulgril damokidebulebaSi gamoixateba.

swored aq vlindeba saxalxo damcvelis saqmianobis ZiriTadi arsi,

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romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelobas aniWebs am problemebs. amis

naTeli dadasturebaa is yovelwliuri da specialuri angariSebi,

romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi (1998 wlidan dRemde) sistematurad

qveyndeba saxalxo damcvelis ofisis mier.120 Tumca, rogorc statiis

wina nawilebSi aRiniSna, mxolod erovnuli sasamarTloebis

kompetenciaSi Sedis amgvari sakiTxebis (individualuri sarCelebis)

ganxilva. amdenad, Zalian mniSvnelovania saxalxo damcvelis

damoukdebeli institutis arseboba, romelic mudmiv kontrols da

monitorings uwevs evrogaerTianebis wevri saxelmwifoebis institutebs.

mainc ras saqmianobs evrogaerTianebis saxalxo damcveli gaerTianebis

farglebSi evropis ekologiuri samarTlis normebis ukeT aRsrulebis

mizniT?

erTi mxriv, misi saqmianobis ZiriTadi mizania im naklovanebebis

monitoringi, romelic arsebobs wevri saxelmwifoebisa da gaerTianebis

samarTals Soris. meore mxriv, saxalxo damcveli ixilavs imgvar

saCivrebs, romlebic gaerTianebis institutebis aragamarTul saqmianobas

exeba. am mxriv, saxalxo dacveli akontrolebs, Tu ramdenad

gamWvirvaled axorcieleben sakuTar saqmianobas es institutebi, MmaT

Soris, ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebisa da adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mxriv. metad yuradsaRebia is garemoeba,

rom saxalxo damcvelis ofisi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas gamWvirvale

saqmianobasa da oficialuri struqturebis angariSvaldebulebas aqcevs,

rac metad mniSvnelovania ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mxriv, radgan

adekvaturi da obieqturi informaciis floba TavisTavad ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvas niSnavs. amasTanave, saxalxo damcvelis mier

ganxorcielebuli monitoringis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTulebaa

imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad adekvatur zomebs iReben Sesabamisi

institutebi sazogadoebisaTvis informaciis xelmisawvdomobis

TvalsazrisiT.

sainteresoa, rom evrogaerTianebis saxalxo damcvelis ofiss saCivriT

SeuZlia mimarTos nebismierma fizikurma (moqalaqe an mudmivad

120 Reports on the Activities of the European Ombudsman, Committee on Petitions;

- 87 -

mcxovrebi piri) da iuridiulma pirma, xolo saCivric wardgena

SesaZlebelia evrogaerTianebis nebismieri institutis winaaRmdeg.

amasTanave, Tu saqme Seexeba erovnul institutebs, saxalxo damcveli

saqmes Sesabamis erovnul struqturebs gadaugzavnis.

http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/home/en/reports.htm.

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2.3. ekologiuri uflebebis dacva adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da misi damatebiTi oqmebi,

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, arafers adgenen adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis mxriv. konvenciis miRebis dros (1950-iani wlebi) aqtualuri ar

iyo garemos dacvis sakiTxebi da amdenad sasamarTlos winaSe

wardgenili yvela sarCeli adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlos mier arsebiT ganxilvazec ar

iqna daSvebuli. ase, magaliTad, uaryofil iqna sarCeli doq. s. germaniis

federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (Dr S. v. the Federal Rupublic of

Germany)121; qs. da i. germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (X and

Y v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany)122 da a.S.

Tumca adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisiam male gaacnobiera, rom

arajansaRi garemo uaryofiT zemoqmedebas axdens adamianis

janmrTelobaze da safrTxes uqmnis mis sicocxles, rac adamianis

fundamenturi uflebebis darRvevas iwvevs.123 amdenad, komisiam am

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis Semdeg dasaSvebad gamoacxada garemos

dacvasTan dakavSirebuli sarCelebi. ase, magaliTad, arondeili

gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Arrondelle v. the United Kingdom) (xmaurTan

dakavSirebuli sarCeli)124; bagzsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

(Bagges v. the United Kingdom) (xmaurTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)125; paueli da

raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United

121 Dr S. v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany, Application #715/60, 1969. 122 X and Y v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany, Application #7407/76, 1976 123 1998 wlis 1 noembramde moqmedebda konvenciis orsafexuriani sazedamxedvelo sistema: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. komisia ixilavda ganacxadis dasaSvebobas, xolo evropuli sasamarTlo arsebiTad ixilavda mas. sazedamxedvelobis sistemis gadatvirTulobis gamo, 1994 wels miiRes konvenciis me-11 oqmi, romelic konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reformirebasa da ganacxadTa ganxilvis proceduris gamartivebas iTvaliswinebda. me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sedegad, funqcionireba Sewyvita adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam da amoqmedda reformirebuli, mudmivmoqmedi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo; aseve ix. k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, 2004 w., gv. 10. 124 Arrondelle v. the United Kingdom. Application #7889/77, 1980. 125 Bagges v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/81, 1985.

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veli

gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili saqmeze ,,pain valley developments ltd“ da

Kingdom) (xmaurTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)126; vearnkombi da sxvebi

germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (Vearncombe and others v. the

Federal Rupublic of Germany) (xmaurTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)127; qs.

safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (X v. France) (xmaurTan da sxva diskomfortTan

dakavSirebuli sarCeli)128; zander SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden)

(wylis dabinZurebasTan dakavSirebuli sarCeli)129 da sxva. aRniSnuli

sarCelebi, ZiriTadad Sevida sasamarTloSi konvenciis me-8130 da me-10

muxlebis131, damatebiTi 1 oqmis pirveli muxlis darRvevis motiviT132.

evropuli konvenciis winaSe wardgenil saqmeebs Soris sainteresoa (1979

wlis 4 dekemberi) saqme hakasoni da sturesoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg

(Hakasson and Sturesson v. Sxeden)133, romelic exeboda konvenciis pirveli

oqmis pirveli muxlis darRvevas, rac mosarCelis informaciiT mis

kuTvnilebaSi arsebuli miwis CamorTmeviT iyo ganpirobebuli.

sasamarTlom aRniSnul saqmeze ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis

konteqstSi daadgina134, rom sazogadoebrivi interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia konvenciis pirveli oqmis pir

muxlis SezRudva.

msgavsi gadawyvetileba iqna gamotanili saqmeze fredini SvedeTis

winaaRmdeg (Fredin v. Sweden)135. mosarCele acxadebda, rom darRveul iqna

misi sakuTrebis ufleba konvenciis pirveli oqmis pirveli muxlis

Sesabamisad, Tumca sasamarTlom daadgina, rom aRniSnul darRvevas

adgili ar hqonda, radgan mosarCele awarmoebda mis kuTvnil

teritoriaze iseTi bunebrivi resursis eqspluatacias, romelic bunebis

konservaciis mizniT akrZaluli iyo erovnuli kanonmdeblobiT. msgvsi

126 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/82, 1986.

th ublic of Germany, Application # 12816/87, 1989. 127 Vearncombe and others v. e Federal Rup128 2 X v. France, Application # 137 8, 1990. 129 Zander v. Sweden, Application # 14282/88, 1992. 130 me-8 muxli, piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis ufleba. 131 me-10 muxli, gamoxatvis Tavisufleba.

nvention on Human Rights, 2005, 8. 132 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl protection and the European CoHakasson and Sturesson v. Sxeden, judgment of 23 January 1990. 133

134 miwis Sesyidvisas mosarCelesTan dadebul iqna xelSekruleba, rom igi moaxdenda am miwis soflis meurneobis mizniT gamoyenebas da racionizacias, rac

bSic iyo. garSemo mcxovrebi mosaxleobis interese

- 90 -

sxvebi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Pine Valley Developments Ltd. and others v. Ireland)

.136

amgvarad, evropuli precedentuli samarTlis mier Seqmnili iqna

arapirdapiri gza (,,par ricochet“) adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

mizniT. rogorc pr. maqvilon dejant-ponsi aRniSnavs, evropul

konvencasTan mimarTebiT ekologiuri uflebis dacvis samarTlebrivma

gzebma ori mimarTulebiT pova ganviTareba: erTis mxriv, konvenciiT

garantirebuli adamianis fundamentaluri uflebebis dacva xSir

SemTxvevaSi moiTxovs jansaRi garemos uzrunvelyofas uSualod am

uflebebis realizaciisaTvis.137 xolo meore mxriv, adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli konvencia iTvaliswinebs masSi Camoyalibebul uflebaTa da

TavisuflebaTa marTlzomieri SezRudvis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifos

mier demokratiuli sazogadoebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. kerZod,

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan gamomdinare,

SesaZlebelia SeizRudos konvenciis me-8, me-9138, me-10, me-11139 da sxva

muxlebi adamianisaTvis jansaRi garemos SenarCunebis mizniT. konvenciis

muxlebis ekologiuri uflebebis da wonasworobis SenarCunebis mizniT

SezRudvis naTeli magaliTebia saqmeebi - kosteri gaerTianebuli

samefos winaaRmdeg (Coster v. the United Kingdom), zvolski da zvolski

CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg (Zvolsky and Zvolsy v. Czech Republic),

papastavrou da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Papastavrou and others v.

Greece)140.

konvenciiT daculi uflebebis SezRudvis naTeli magaliTia asve

evropis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saqmeze muriel heriki

gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Muriel Herrick v. the United Kingdom). saqme

exeboda mosarCele mxaris mier misi kuTvnili saTavsos gamoyenebis

I'homme a l'environnement dans les systemes regionaux de

ba.

Republic, ril 2003.

135 Fredin v. Sweden, , judgment of 22 January 1991. 136 Pine Valley Developments Ltd. and others v. Ireland, judgment of 23 October 1991. 137 M.Dejant-pons, L'insertion du droit deprotection des droits de I'homme, 1991, 461. 138 me-9 muxli, azris, sindisisa da religiis Tavisufle139 me-11 muxli, Sekrebisa da gaerTianebis Tavisufleba. 140 Coster v. the United Kingdom , judgment of 2 October 2001,Zvolsky and Zvolsy v. Czechjudgment of 12 November 2001. Papastavrou and others v. Greece, judgment of 10 Ap

- 91 -

,,mwvane zolSi“ da amiT irRveoda sazogadoebis

is me-8 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis

akrZalvas, romelic jersis kunZulze mdebareobda.141 mosarCeles

adgilobrivi mTavrobis mier (da Semdgom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

komisiis gadawyvetilebiTac) aekrZala am saTavsos gamoyeneba, radgan

CaiTvala, rom igi mdebareobda jersis erT-erT TvalsaCino adgilas,

egreT wodebul

interesebi142.

gamomdinare muriel herikisÓsaqmidan, naTlad Cans, Tu rogor da ra

formiT ganixileba garemos dacvis sakiTxebi adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli konvenciis mixedviT. am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT evropulma

komisiam daadgina, rom jersis landSafturi ganviTarebis da garemos

dacvis sakiTxebi metad aqtualuria adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da

turistebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. amdenad, komisiam

mizanSewonilad miiCnia SeezRuda konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebuli

uflebebi, raTa moexdina garemos arapirdapiri dacva. komisiam CaTvala,

rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom jansaRi garemoTi sargeblobis ufleba

individualur uflebad iTvleba, is mainc rCeba koleqtiuri dacvis

obieqtad da amdenad, konvenci

SezRudva gamarTlebulia.143

am saqmidan gamomdinareobs, rom evropuli sasamarTlo saxelmwifoebs

utovebs diskreciul uflebas, anu garkveul Tavisuflebas imis

Sesafaseblad, aucilebelia Tu ara adamianis konkretuli uflebis

SezRudva demokratiul sazogadoebaSi. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom

evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebs ufleba

aqvT SezRudon am muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da

Tavisuflebebi mxolod im kanonieri miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic

pirdapir arian gaTvaliswinebuli xsenebuli muxlis meore punqtiT (aq.

janmrTelobisa da moralis an sxvebis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis

dacvisaTvis)144. muriel herikis saqmis msgavsi gadawyvetilebebi iqna

141 Muriel Herrick v. the United Kingdom, Decision on admissibility of 13 March 1985. 142 konvenciis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad ,,... sxvaTa interesebis dacvis mizniT, roca es interesebi aSkarad risks eqvemdebareba“, European Commission's Decision on admissibility of 13 March 1985, DR (Decisions and Reports), 280. 143 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 9. 144 W. Gormley, The Right to a Safe and Decent Environment, 1989, 29.

- 92 -

lonnroTi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg

key) da moreno gomesi espaneTis winaaRmdeg

gamotanili saqmeebze - gilou gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gillow

v. the United Kingdom)145, sporongi da

(Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden) da a.S.146

saqme _ lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain), romelic

qvemoT iqneba ganxiluli, iyo biZgi, raTa konvenciiT garantirebuli

uflebebi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis konteqstSi yofiliyo

gamoyenebuli. am saqmis Semdgom moxda sasamarTlo praqtikis gaZliereba

am mimarTulebiT da Semdgomma saqmeebma daatastura, rom konvencia

sakmaod moqnilia imisaTvis, rom arapirdapiri gziT iqnes daculi

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebi. amgvar saqmeebs ganekuTvneba - faueli

da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United

Kingdom), ana maria gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra

and others v. Italy), l.c.b. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (L.C.B. v. the United

Kingdom), hatoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Hatton and

Others v. the United Kingdom), makginli da igani gaerTianebuli samefos

winaaRmdeg (McGinley and Egan v. the United Kingdom), onerildizi TurqeTis

winaaRmdeg (Oneryildiz v. Tur

(Moreno Gomez v. Spain).147

saqmeebi _ lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain)148 da

faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v.

the United Kingdom)149 iyo pirveli sarCelebi, romlebic adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli sasamarTlos winaSe wardgenil iqna konvenciis me-3, me-8, me-11,

me-13 muxlebiT da pirveli damatebiTi oqmis pirveli muxliT

gansazRvruli uflebebis darRvevis motiviT, rac, mosarCeleebis

mtkicebiT, garemos mdgomareobis gauaresebiT iyo gamoweuli150.

mosarCeleebi Tvlidnen, rom garemos gauaresebuli mdgomareoba

145 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005,10. 146 Sporrong and Lonnroth v. Sweden, judgment of 23 September 1982, Series A, No. 52; Erckner and Hofauer v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 23 april 1987, Series A, No. 117; Allan Jacobsson v. Sweden, judgment of 25 October 1989, Series A, No.163. 147 McGinley and Egan v. the United Kingdom judgment of 9 June 1998. Oneryildiz v. Turkey, judgment of 18 June 2002. Moreno Gomez v. Spain , judgment of 16 November 2004. 148 López Ostra v. Spain, Case 41/1993, judjment of 9 December 1994. 149 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application # 9310/81. 150 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 11.

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niSnavs, rom ekologiuri uflebebis dacva xdeba

is darRvevis motiviT.153 saqmesTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom

romelic gamowveuli

da, rom am SemTxvevaSi ar darRveula konvenciis me-

uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenda MmaTs pirad cxovrebaze da aferxebda

zemoaRniSnuli muxlebiT uzrunvelofili uflebebiT sargeblobas.

sarCelebSi gamoyenebul iqna egret wodebuli ,,’par picochet“ (rikoSetis)

principi, rac imas

arapirdapiri gziT.

saqmeze faueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and

Rayner v. the United Kingdom)151 _ ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda, rom

TviTmfrinavis xmis intensivobam da xangrZlivobam, romelsac iwvevda

sahaero mimosvla hisrous aeroportSi, Selaxa misi piradi da ojaxuri

cxovrebis pativiscemis ufleba. mosarCe riCard jon pauelis saxli

mdebareobda im zonaSi, romelic dadgenili xmauris indeqsis nomris

mixedviT, (NNI)152 naklebad mavne zonaSi imyofeboda. meore mosarCelis

maikl antoni raineris saxli, ki xmauris indeqsis nomris mixedviT

maRali saSiSroebis zonaSi imyofeboda. sarCeli sasamarTlos winaSe

wardgenil iqna konvenciis me-6, me-8, me-13 muxlebis da damatebiTi oqmis

1-li muxl

daadgina:

,,mavne zemoqmedebis gansxavebuli xarisxis mixedviT, xelyofil iqna

mosarCeleebis piradi cxovreba im xmauris gamo,

iqna hisrous aeroportis eqspluatasciis gamo“154

Tumca, sasamarTlom saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi daadgina zRvari

individualur da sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris da daadgina, rom

mosarCeleebis uflebebi naklebad prioritetulia sazogadoebriv

interesebTan (aeroportiT sargeblobis saWiroeba) SedarebiT. evropulma

sasamarTlom ganacxa

8 da me-13 muxlebi.

151 Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, Application #9310/81. 152 Number Noise Index - xmauris Sefasebis indeqsi, romelic gaerTianebul samefoSi gamoiyeneba. 153 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-6 muxli, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba; me-8 muxli, piradi da saojaxo cxovrebis ufleba; me-13 muxli, efeqtiani samarTlebrivi dacvis saSualebis ufleba; damatebiTi pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli, sakuTrebis ufleba. 154 Par. 40 of the judgment of 21 February 1990.

- 94 -

mZime iyo, konvenciis me-3 muxliT

saqme lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain) exeboda

saCivars sunis, xmaurisa da kvamliT haeris dabinZurebis gamo, rac

gamowveuli iyo ganmcxadeblis sacxovrebelTan axlomdebare narCenebis

gadamamuSavebeli saamqros eqspluataciiT. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT,

isini arRvevdnen misi sacxovreblis, piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis

pativiscemis uflebas da amiT mas damamcireblad epyrobodnen

(konvenciis me-8 da me-3 muxlebi). sasamarTlom saWirod ar CaTvala

janmrTelobisaTvis faqtobrivi zianis miyeneba da konvenciis me-8

muxlze dayrdnobiT aRniSna, rom: `bunebrivia, garemos mniSvnelovanma

dabinZurebam SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos individTa keTildReobaze da

xeli SeuSalos MmaT, isargeblon MmaTi sacxovrebliT, rac uaryofiT

gavlenas moaxdens maT pirad da ojaxur cxovrebaze, imis miuxedavad,

mniSvnelovani safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda Tu ara MmaTi janmrTeloba.~155

sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom am SemTxvevaSi zedmeti iqneboda msjeloba

sazogadoebriv da individualur interesebs Soris balansis dacvis

Sesaxeb, radgan garemos mavne dabinZureba, romelic qarxnidan

gamomdinareobda, gamousworebel zians ayenebda adamianis janmrTelobas,

risi kompensaciac ar SeiZleba. konvenciis me-3 muxlTan dakavSirebiT,

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom mosarCele mxaris

sacxovrebeli pirobebi sakmaod

gaTvaliswinebuli MmaTi uflebebi ar darRveula da MmaT

damamcirebelad aravin mopyrobia.

zemoaRniSnuli saqmeebis analizidan da Sedarebidan gamomdinare,

SeiZleba gakeTdes ramdenime daskvna - faueli da raineris saqmesTan

dakavSirebiT sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila saCivari konvenciis me-8

muxlis darRvevis motiviT. sasamarTlos azriT, britaneTis

xelisuflebam gaatara Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi, romlebic nawilobriv

amsubuqebdnen mosarCeleebis mdgomareobas da amdenad, fauelis da

raineris saqmeSi saxelmwifos mier dacul iqna balansi sazogadoebriv

da individualur (mosarCeleebis) interesebs Soris. absoluturad

gansxavebulia sasamarTlos midgoma lopez ostras saqmesTan mimarTebiT.

155 Гл. Ред. Р. Готрон, Cвобода - Иcкатели и Иcки, 2000, 24-25. aseve ix. Lopez Ostra v. Spain, App. No.

- 95 -

me-8 muxlidan gamomdinare,

vis uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT

Tlom Tavdapirvelad daadgina me-8 muxlis

am SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlom daadastura espaneTis xelisuflebis brali,

romelic misi pozitiuri valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT iyo

gamowveuli. amdenad, naTelia, rom sasamarTlom lopez ostras da

fauelis da raineris saqmeebis ganxilvisas gaiTvaliswina SesaZlo da

damdgari safrTxis xarisxi da, konvenciis

sruliad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebi gamoitana sazogadoebriv da

individualur interesebTan dakavSirebiT.

saqmeSi - fadeeva ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg (Fadeyeva v. the Russian

Federation) - sasamarTlom kvlav daadgina me-8 muxlis darRveva garemos

dabinZurebis mizezebis safuZvelze.156 ganmcxadebeli cxovrobda q.

CerepovecSi, 450 metris moSorebiT foladis kerZ qarxnidan. misi

mtkicebiT, qarxnis muSaoba uaryofiTad moqmedebda garemoze da iwvevda

mis dabinZurebas, kerZod, xmaurs, mtvers, toqsikur gamonabolqvs, rac

azianebda mis janmrTelobas. ganmcxadeblis mtkicebiT, saxelmwifom ver

uzrunvelyo misi piradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis dacva mavne

zemoqmedebisagan. aRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlom daakmayofila sarCeli

da daadgina, rom saxelmwifos unda ezruna mosarCelis uflebebis

dacvaze da misT

sxva sacxovrebeli adgili gamoeyo an garemos dabinZurebis done

Seemcirebina.157

sainteresoa saqme hatoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg

(Hatton and Others v. the United Kingdom)158 - aRniSnuli saqmec hisrous

aeroportis sahaero mimosvlis gamo me-8 muxlis darRvevas exeboda.

aRniSnul saqmeze fauelis da raineris saqmis msgavsad dadginda me-8

muxlis pirveli punqtis darRveva, magram ar iqna dadgenili me-2 punqtis

darRveva. Tumca sasamar

darRveva, magram saqme gasaCivrda sasamarTlos did palataSi, romelmac

saxelmwifo gaamarTla.

16798/90, 20 Eur. H.R. Rep. 277 (1994) (Eur. Ct. H.R.). 15616 oqtomberi 2003 weli. 157 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmental Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 37. 158 Judgments of 2 October 2001 (Chamber) and 8 July 2003 (Grand Chamber).

- 96 -

uflebas,

xatvis Tavisuflebisa. es ufleba moicavs

garda konvenciis me-8 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebisa, sainteresoa

ganimartos ekologiuri xasiaTis informaciis miRebis Tavisufleba

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT. adamianis uflebaTa

evropuli konvencia me-10 muxliT adgens gamoxatvis Tavisuflebas.

termini ,,gamoxatva“ ar Semoifargleba Sexedulebebis, azris gamoTqmis

werilobiTi an zepiri formiT. igi moicavs nebismier saSualebas,

romelic ideebis gamoxatvasTan an informaciis gadacemasTan aris

dakavSirebuli.159 me-10 muxli adgens informaciis miRebis Tavis

rac pirebisaTvis saxelmwifos mierac unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.

dauSvebelia informaciis, romelic sainteresoa sazogadoebisaTvis,

saxelmwifos mxridan SezRudva, dafarva an calmxrivad gacema.

amgvarad, ekologiuri informaciis xelmisawvdomobas iTvaliswinebs

evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTalic, Tumca konvenciis me-

10 muxlSi pirdapir araferia naTqvami amis Sesaxeb. me-10 muxli acxadebs:

’’yvelas aqvs ufleba gamo

adamianis Tavisuflebas hqondes mosazrebani da miiRos da gaavrcelos

informacia da ideebi sajaro xelisuflebis Carevis gareSe da

sazRvrebis miuxedavad.’’160

informaciis Tavisuflebis xelyofas daeyrdno mosarCele mxare saqmeSi

ana maria gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra and others v.

Italy).161 mosarCele acxadebda, rom xelisuflebis Sesabamisma

struqturebma ar Seasrules Tavisi pozitiuri valdebuleba da ar

acnobes qimiuri qarxnis siaxloves mcxovreb mosaxleobas (maT Soris

mosarCeleebs) im saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelic qarxnis eqspluatacias

sdevda Tan. mosaxleobas aseve ar ecnoba usafrTxoebis im zomebis

Sesaxeb, romlebic MMmaT uecari avariis dros unda mieRoT, rac

prezidentis gankargulebiT iyo damtkicebuli. mosarCele mxare Tvlida,

159 k.korkelia, i.qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, Tbilisi. 2004 w. gv. 200. 160 saqarTvelos parlamentis 1999 wlis 12 maisis #1940-II dadgenileba ,,adamianis uflebebisa da fundamentaluri Tavisuflebebis dacvis evropis konvenciasTan

mierTebis Taobaze“, me-10 muxli. 161 Гл. Ред. Р. Готрон, Свобода -Иcкатели и Иcки, 2000, 24-25.

- 97 -

rom saxelmwifom amiT daarRvia konvenciis me-10, me-8 da me-2162 muxlebiT

garantirebuli maTi uflebebi. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia

Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb daeyrdno saxelmwifos im

SesaZleblobebs da valdebulebebs, romlebic mas konvenciis me-10

muxliT informaciis gacemasTan dakavSirebiT ekisreboda da saqme xmaTa

umravlesobiT dasaSvebad gamoacxada. komisiam daadgina, rom ,,evropuli

samarTali . . , adasturebs, rom sazogadoebrivi informacia aris

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisa da janmrTelobis dacvis umTavresi

iaraRi, im situaciebSi, romlebic garemos saSiSroebas uqmnis.“ komisiam

mxedvelobaSi miiRo is garemoeba, rom saxelmwifo, ardamdgari

uaryofiTi Sedegis miuxedavad, valdebuli iyo gaetarebina yvela

RonisZieba, raTa sazogadoebas Seetyo qimiuri qarxnis mavne

zemoqmedebisa da saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis

Sesaxeb. komisiis azriT, saxelmwifo am valdebulebas mudmivad ar

asrulebda, dawyebuli 1988 wlidan (prezidentis gankargulebis

gamocemis TariRi). saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi dasaSvebobis Sesaxeb

komisiam daadgina, rom mosaxleobis xangrZlivi arainformirebuloba im

saSiSroebis Sesaxeb, romelic Tan sdevs maTi sacxovrebeli adgilis

siaxloves mdebare qimiuri qarxnis muSaobas, aris saxelmwifos mier

Cadenili danaSauli, romelmac droulad da detalurad ar acnoba

mosaxleobas mosalodneli safrTxis Sesaxeb. Tumca, saboloo ganaCenSi

sasamarTlom ar daadastura konvenciis me-10 muxlis darRvevis faqti da

gadawyvetileba mosarCeleebis sasikeTod, konvenciis mxolod me-8

muxlis darRvevis dadasturebiT gamoitana.163 zogadad, saerTaSoriso

samarTlis ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom informaciis (garda komerciuli da

saxelmwifo saidumoebisa) sajarooba demokratiuli sazogadoebis

mSeneblobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia da TiToeuli saxelmwifos

xelisufleba valdebulia daubrkoleblad da srulyofilad gasces

nebismieri informacia, romelic sazogadoebis interesebSia, miT umetes

im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac informaciis miuReblobam SesaZloa riski

162 me-2 muxli, sicocxlis ufleba. 163 Guerra and others v. Italy, Application #14967/89, aseve ix. D. Garcia San Jose, Environmental protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, p.26.

- 98 -

suflebis organoebma dauyovnebliv unda

ina, rom,

daavadebis memkvidreobiT gadacemis albaTobis miuxedavad, saxelmwifo

valdebuli ar oyo ecnobinebina mosarCelis mSoblebisaTvis im SesaZlo

Seuqmnas mosaxleobis janmrTelobasa da keTildReobas. orhusis

konvencia adgens - ,,garemosaTvis an adamianTa janmrTelobisaTvis

bunebrivi xasiaTis an adamianTa qmedebebiT gamowveuli raime safrTxis

moaxloebis SemTxvevaSi, xeli

miawodos mosaxleobas, romelsac SeiZleba es Seexos, MmaT

gankargulebaSi arsebuli mTeli informacia, rac mosaxleobas miscems

saSualebas miiRos zomebi, mavne zemoqmedebis Tavidan asacileblad an

zegavlenis Sesamcireblad.“164

saqmeSi l.c.b. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (L.C.B. v. the United

Kingdom),165 mosarCele eyrdnoboda konvenciis me-2 (sicocxlis ufleba)

da me-3 (wamebis akrZalva) muxlebs da acxadebda, rom imis gamo, rom

mamamisis janmrTeloba Seryeul iqna qrisTmas ailandze (Sobis kunZuli)

miRebuli radioaqtiuri dasxivebis gamo (igi gaerTianebuli samefos

sahaero ZalebSi msaxurobda, usafrTxoebis pirobebis darRvevis da

saTanado aRWurvilobis arqonis gamo kanisa da sxva organoebis

daavadebebi gauCnda), mas amis gamo dedis mucelSi yofnis drosve Seerya

janmrTeloba da daavadda leikemiiT. mosarCele saxelmwifos

adanaSaulebda misi mSoblebisaTvis saSISroebis Sesaxeb informaciis

droulad miuwodeblobis gamo, ris Sedegadac (misi gancxadebiT) misi

janmrTelobac seriozulad gauaresda. mosarCele mxare acxadebda, rom

saxelmwifos mxridan misi mSoblebisaTvis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb

informaciis droulad miwodebis SemTxvevaSi mas eqneboda diagnozis

droulad dasmisa da saTanado mkurnalobis ukeTesi saSualeba, rac mis

cxovrebas ufro dRegrZels gaxdida. miuxedavad imisa, rom komisiam

saqme daSvebadad gamoacxada, 1998 wlis 9 ivnisis gadawyvetilebaSi

sasamarTlom daadgina, rom zemoaRniSnul saqmeSi ar yofila konvenciis

me-2 da me-3 muxlebis darRveva. sasamarTlom erTxmad daadg

164 konvencia ,,garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis

am sferoSi mada rTlmsajulebis sakiTxebxli, 1-li punqti.

ze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“, me-5 mu

- 99 -

lis

ba,

safrTxis Sesaxeb, romelic mamamisis radiaciuli dasxivebis Sedegad,

savaraudod, misi memkvidreebis janmrTelobas Seeqmneboda.166

konvenciis me-2 muxli SeiZleba dairRves, rodesac qveynis

xelisufleba ar miawvdis informacias arsebuli riskebis Taobaze im

adamianebs, romlebic riskis qveS imyofebian.167 aRniSnul saqmeze

sasamarTlom aRiara sicocxlis uflebis farTo gageba, rom

Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos garkveul garemoebebSi adamianTa sicocxlis

dacvis mizniT zomebis miRebis pozitiuri valdebuleba ekisreba.168

saqmeSi - tauria safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Tauria v. France) -

ganmcxadebelma saCivari Seitana saxelmwifos mier birTvuli cdebis

ganaxlebasTan dakavSirebiT.169 Mmagram, aRniSnul saqmeze ganmcxadebelma

ver SeZlo daerwmunebina mosamarTleebi, rom is iyo me-2 muxlis

darRvevis msxverpli konvenciis 34-e muxlis mniSvnelobiT. imis mtkice

rom cdebis ,,SesaZlo Sedegebi“ safrTxes Seuqmnida mas da arsebobda

,,radiaqtiuri gaJonvis saSiSroeba“, ar aRmoCnda amisTvis sakmarisi.170

konvenciis pirveli oqmis pirveli muxli adgens fizikur da iuridiul

pirTa sakuTrebis uflebas da am uflebis ganxorcielebis SezRudvis

pirobebs. ase rom, sakuTrebis ufleba miekuTvneba im uflebebs, romelTa

SezRudva daSvebulia. Sesabamisad, sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis

sakiTxis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo arkvevs saxelmwifos mier

ganmcxadeblis kerZo da sajaro interess Soris dadgenili balansis

samarTlianobas. sakuTrebis uflebis garemos zemoqmedebisagan

dacvasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebs Tu gadavxedavT, naTelia, rom rom

ekonomikuri interesi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi interesi, SesaZlebels

165 L.C.B. v. the United Kingdom, Application

nvironment , 200, 237.

f Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol.21 (No.3),

#323413/94.166 M. Dejeant-Pons, M. Pallemaerts, Human rights and the e167 S.Bell and D.McGillivary, Environmenal Law, 200, 110. 168 i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k. korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 84; aseve ix: M.DeMerieux, Deriving Environmental Rights from the European Convention for the Protection o2001, 543. 169 1996 w. 83 D&R 112. 170 ix: i.giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena

- 100 -

a

xvia ,,sazogadoebrivi

xdida sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis gareSe birTvuli qarxnis

amuSavebas171, aeroportis funqcionirebas da hidro-eleqtro-sadguris

mSeneblobisaTvis miwis nakveTis gamoyenebas.172,173 Tumca isic und

aRiniSnos, rom sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi aRiara garemos

zemoqmedebis mizeziT sakuTrebis uflebis darRvevis SesaZlebloba174.

rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, sasamarTlos praqtikiT daSvebulia

sakuTrebis uflebiT sargeblobis SezRudva, rodesac es sargebloba

garemos dacvas uqmnis safrTxes. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

komisia175 zogierT SemTxvevaSi me-2 punqtSi formulirebul ,,saerTo

interess“ garemos dacvis miznebisaTvis iyenebda. amis naTeli magaliTia

,,bunebis konservaciis“ gaerTianeba ,,saerTo interesis“ cnebaSi.176

zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlomac daamT

interesebi“ garemos dacvis interesebs da ganacxada, rom dRevandel

sazogadoebaSi garemos dacva Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia.177

konvenciis me-6 muxli, romelic samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebas

adgens, sasamarTlos ganmartebiT, aseve moicavs ,,samoqalaqo uflebaTa

da movaleobaTa gansazRvrisas“ marTlmsajulebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis

.

p

vili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva,

ganxilvis proceduris

adamianis uflebaTa evropulma komisiam da amoqmedda reformirebuli,

e ix. i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva,

saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtkiaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv84. 171 s. safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (S v. France), 1990 w. 65 D&R 250. 172 aueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v. the United Kingdom, 1990, 12 EHRR 355. 173 g da e norvegiis winaaRmdeg (G and E v. Norway), 1983 w. 35 D&R 30. 174 i.giviaSstatiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv. 91. 175 1998 wlis 1 noembramde moqmedebda konvenciis orsafexuriani sazedamxedvelo sistema: adamianis uflebaTa evropuli komisia da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. komisia ixilavda ganacxadis dasaSvebobas, xolo evropuli sasamarTlo arsebiTad ixilavda mas. sazedamxedvelobis sistemis gadatvirTulobis gamo, 1994 wels miiRes konvenciis me-11 oqmi, romelic konvenciis sazedamxedvelo sistemis reformirebasa da ganacxadTagamartivebas iTvaliswinebda. me-11 oqmis ZalaSi Sesvlis Sedegad, funqcionireba Sewyvitamudmivmoqmedi adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo. 176 oerlemasi niderlandebis winaaRmdeg (Oerlemas v. the Nehterlands), No. 12565/86 62 D7r 200, 205. 177 fredini SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Fredin v. Sweden), 1991 weli, 13 EHRR 787, 48-e punqti. asevstatiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k. korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 91.

- 101 -

i ,,samoqalaqo uflebebis“ xelyofas

uflebas.178 garemos dacvis problematikasTan kavSirSi

marTlmsajulebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis am uflebis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu garemos zemoqmedeba gavlenas

axdens ,,samoqalaqo uflebebze“. sagulisxmoa, rom TviT konvencia ar

iZleva termin ,,samoqalaqo uflebebis“ ganmartebas, magram sasamarTlo

praqtika naTels hfens mis mniSvnelobas.179 saqmeSi - zanderi SvedeTis

winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden)180 - ganmcxadebeli amtkicebda me-6 muxlis

darRvevas imis safuZvelze, rom mas ar mieca SesaZlebloba, sasamarTlo

wesiT daecva Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba garemos zemoqmedebisagan.

sasamarTlom daadgina me-6 muxlis darRveva, radgan ,,samoqalaqo

uflebebi“' moicavs sakuTrebis sakiTxebs. saqmeSi - balmer SafroTi da

sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Balmer-Schafroth and Others v. Switzerland)181 -

ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom me-6 muxliT MmaT ufleba hqondaT,

sasamarTlo wesiT gaesaCivrebinaT atomuri eleqtrosadguris amuSavebis

Taobaze mTavrobis gadawyvetileba. sasamarTlom ar daadgina me-6

muxlis darRveva, radgan ar dadginda pirdapiri kavSiri atomuri

eleqtrosadguris muSaobasa da MmaT

Soris.182 msgavsi saqmea - aTanasoglou da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg

(Athanassoglou and others v. Switzerland).183

zemoT ganxiluli saqmeebidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans, rom adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis moqmedebis pirvel wlebSi ekologiuri

uflebebis realizaciis sakiTxi aqtualuri ar iyo. im droisaTvis

msoflioSi jer kidev ar arsebobda realuri ekologiuri safrTxe, rac

golderi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Golder v. the United Kingdom), 1975 weli,

ECHR Series A, No 18; aseve klasi germaniis winaaRmdeg (Klass v. Germany), 1978 weli,

178

ECHR Series A, No 28.

Athanassoglou and others v. Switzerland, Judgment of 6 April 2000.

179 i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv.92. 180 zanderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg Zander v. Sweden, Application 14282/88, 1992. 181 balmer SafroTi da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Balmer-Schafroth and Others v. Switzerland) 1997, ECHR 598. 182 i. giviaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv.93. 183

- 102 -

ebulma aqtiurma ekonomikurma da samrewvelo

demokratiuli sazogadoebis

mTeli kacobriobis keTildReobas safrTxes uqmnida. me-20 saukunis

meore naxevarSi dawy

procesebma daadastura, rom ekonomikuri zrda ekologiuri

wonasworobis SenarCunebis xarjze unda mimdinareobdes, rac

sazogadoebis demokratiuli ganviTarebisa da jansaRi momavlis

umTavresi atributia.

msoflio ekonomikurma da samrewvelo procesebma sakmaod didi

zegavlena moaxdina evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis

ganviTarebaze. Tu sasamarTlos saqmianobis pirvel wlebSi sasamarTlo

arsebiT ganxilvazec ar uSvebda ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan

dakavSirebul saqmeebs, Semdgom periodSi amgvari uflebebis realizacia

sasamarTlos mier egreT wodebuli par richochet-is principis gamoyenebiT

xorcieldeboda. sasamarTlom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis

muxlebis mravalmxrivi interpretaciis da ganmartebis safuZvelze

SeZlo arapirdapiri gziT daecva jansaRi garemoTi sargeblobis

ufleba, rac demokratiis ganviTarebis metad aqtualuri faqtoria.

sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis dabalansebis principis

dacviT, evropulma sasamrTlom SeZlo gaevlo zRvari SesaZlo da

damdgar ekologiur safrTxesa da

aRmSeneblobas Soris.184 dResdReobiT, evropuli konvenciis me-8 da me-10

muxlebi aris evropuli sasamarTlos mier ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvis realuri berketi, romelTa ganmarteba, sasamarTlo praqtkidan

gamomdinare, metad mravalferovania.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan naTlad Cans,

rom sasamarTlos midgoma ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis saqmeebTan

dakavSirebiT or mimarTulebaSi gamoixateba: sasamarTlo aqtiurobaSi

da sasamarTlo pasiurobaSi. sasamarTlo aqtiuroba vlindeba

sasamarTlos swrafvaSi moaxdinos konvenciiT garantirebuli uflebebis

mravalmxrivi interpretacia, rac mas ekologiuri uflebebis

arapirdapiri gziT dacvaSi exmareba. am mizniT sasamarTlo ZiriTadad

konvenciis me-8 da me-10 muxlebis ganmartebebs eyrdnoba. rac Seexeba

184 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 68.

- 103 -

a me-8 da me-10 muxlisa). Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia,

is ganviTarebas Tan

lma komisiam, adamianis uflebaTa evropulma

samarTlom, marTlmsajulebis evropulma sasamarTlom,

rTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom, adamianis uflebaTa

inter-amerikulma komisiam, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetma da

saerTaSoriso arbitraJma.

sasamarTlo pasiurobas, am mxriv aRsaniSnavia sasamarTlos Taviseburi

midgoma konvenciis sxva muxlebTan dakavSirebiT, rac gamoixateba

sasamarTlos aSkara TavSekavebulobaSi. kerZod, sasamarTlo Tavs

ikavebs ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis motiviT ganmartos konvenciis

zogierTi muxli (gard

rom sasamarTlo didi yuradRebas uTmobs wevri saxelmwifoebis

diskreciul uflebas ekologiuri safrTxis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT,

ramac didi roli iTamaSa sasamarTlos mier aqamde gamotanil Sesabamis

gadawyvetilebebze.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT evropuli sasamarTlos

precedentuli samarTali ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis met-nakleb

saSualebas iZleva da evropuli konvencia ,,cocxal dokumentad“

miiCneva, romlis muxlebis interpretacia cnobiereb

sdevs, aucilebelia, rom realizirebul iqnes evropis sabWos

saparlamento asambleis rekomendacia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

uSualod adamianis ekologiur uflebebs Seexeba.185

garda evropuli konvenciisa, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, arseboben sxva

sasamarTloebi, romelTa precedentuli samarTalic amyarebs adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis garantiebs. alan boilisa da maikl

andersonis wignSi Tavmoyrilia aTeulobiT saqme, romlebic dedamiwis

xuTive kontinentze ganixileboda adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

dacvasTan mimarTebiT.186 wignSi ganxilulia saqmeebi avstraliidan,

kolumbiidan, ekvadoridan, indoeTidan, malaziidan, holandiidan, axali

zelandiidan, filipinebidan, pakistanidan, samxreT afrikidan,

gaerTianebuli samefodan, aSS-dan. aseve saqmeebi, romlebic ganixila

adamianis uflebaTa evropu

sa

ma

185 D. Garcia San Jose, Environmenatl Protection and the European Convention on Human Rights, 2005, 69

- 104 -

186 A. Boyle, M. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, 1998, 34.

- 105 -

tradiciuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebis mixedviT, mxolod

saxelmwifoebs aqvT uflebebi da akisriaT movaleobani. arasamTavrobo

seqtori ar aris saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqti da amdenad ara aqvs

ufleba monawileoba miiRos mis ganviTarebaSi. dResdReobiT msoflioSi

NGO

Transnational Corporations

ri wyaroebis saSualebiT da saerTaSoriso sagareo

urTierTobebSi monawileobis miRebis erTgvar nebarTvas elodebian.

arasamTavrobo organizaciebs SeswevT unari da Zala imisa, rom

mokribon, gaaanalizon da aiTvison saWiro teqnikuri da sxva saxis

informacia msoflio masStabiT, daamyaron mWidro urTierTobebi

politikis gamtarebel organoebTan isev msoflios masStabiT da Seqmnan

globaluri qseli sakuTari saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofad.

garemos dacvis sferoSi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod imata

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis r

erTgvari globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. ar arsebobs saxelmwifo,

romelsac Tundac erTi ekologiuri arasamTavrobo organizacia ar

gaaCndes, romelTagan umravlesoba am sferoSi saerTaSoriso

Tanadgomisa da TanamSromlobis ZiebaSia. aSS lideria ekologiuri

2.4. arasamTavrobo ekologiuri organizaciebisa da

transnacionaluri korporaciebis gavlena adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis standartebze

damkvidrda praqtika, rom arasmTavrobo seqtorma, MmaT Soris,

arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ( ) da mravalnacionalurma

korporaciebma ( ) Camoayalibes sakuTari

saerTaSoriso da sagareo politika, Tavi mouyares saWiro informacias

sakuTari ucxou

icxvma. amasTan, garemosdacviTma

moZraobam

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis raodenobis mixedviT. mTel msoflioSi ki

arsebobs sakmaod daxvewili da kargad Camoyalibebuli qseli

garemosdacviTi saerTaSoriso da regionuli arasamTavrobo

organizaciebisa.

Tu vimsjelebT aSS-s magaliTiT, is arasamTavrobo garemosdaciTi

organizaciebi, romlebic aSS-Si moqmedeben SesaZlebelia sam jgufad

daiyos. Ppirvel jgufSi Sedian iseTi didi da wevrobaze dafuZnebuli

- 106 -

seTi organizaciebi, romlebic uSualod

mianoba SesaZlebeblia

organizaciebi, rogoricaa – bunebrivi resursebis dacvis sabWo (Natural

Resources Defence Council), garemosdaciTi fondi (Environmental Defence Fund),

veluri samyaros erovnuli federacia (National Wildlife Federation), siera

qlabi (Sierra Club) da sxva. yvela zemoCamoTvlil organizaciebs gaaCniaT

sakmao gamocdileba, teqnikuri da finansuri resursi imisa, rom Tavisi

saqmianoba sakmaod rTuli da seriozuli ekologiuri sakiTxebis

gadasaWrelad warmarTon.

meore jgufSi Sedian i

saerTaSoriso da transnacionaluri ekologiuri sakiTxebis

daregulebis mizniT arian Seqmnilni. am jgufSi Sedian – vorldvoTCi

(WorldWatch), msoflio resursebis instituti (World Resources Institute) da

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis centri (Center for International

Environmental Law). zogierTi am organizaciis saq

sakmaod viwro Candes, magram isini realurad efeqtian saqmianobas

ewevian, magaliTad,AMmaT saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli ozonis xvrelis

problemebis gadasaWrelad gegmebis SemuSaveba da Ramurebis dacvisaken

saqmianobis wamowyeba.

mesame jgufSi ki, Sedian is arasamTavrobo organizaciebi, romlebic

moqmedeben, rogorc globaluri ekologiuri qselis raRac konkretuli

nawilebi. am kategoriaSi aSkara upiratesobas flobs bunebis

konservaciis msoflio kavSiri (IUCN- International Union for the Conservation of

Nature), faqtobrivad es aris qseli samTavrobo uwyebebisa da

arasamTavrobo seqtorisa garemos dacvis sferoSi. Semdeg modis

dedamiwis saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis organizacia (Friends of Earth-

International), grinpisi (Greenpeace International) da msoflio veluri bunebis

fondi (WWF). am jgufSi xazgasasmelia iseTi arasamTavrobo

ekologiuri organizaciac, rogoricaa msoflio ekologiuri samarTlis

aliansi (Tha Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide), es aris magaliTi

wevrobaze dafuZnebuli saerTaSoriso ekologiuri qselisa, romelic

Sedgeba sazogadoebrivi interesebis dacvisaTvis momuSave cameti qveynis

mecnierebisa da iuristebisagan. organizacia yovelwliurad TiTqmis

ormocdaaTze met qveyanas uwevs iuridiul daxmarebas.

- 107 -

robo seqtori mxolod damkvirveblis statusiT sargeblobs

i delegaciis

samTavrobaTSoriso Sexvedras satyeo sakiTxebSi da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi

ara

ekologiur arasamTavrobo organizaciebs sakmaod kargad aqvT fexi

mokidebuli globaluri aRmosavleTis qveynebSic. magaliTad, samxreT

amerikas SeuZlia itrabaxos iseTi daxvewili ekologiuri arasamTavrobo

organizaciebis arsebobiT, romelTa mgavsi arsad msoflioSi ar

arsebobs. MmaT Sorisaa peruSi – Sociedad Peruana Derecho Ambiental,

argentinaSi - Fundacion Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, meqsikaSi - Centro Mexicano

Del Derecho Ambiental, kosta rikaSi - SEDERENA, guatemalaSi - IDEADS da

kolumbiaSi - Fundepublico.

saintresoa imis gaanalizeba, rom am arasamTavrobo organizaciebis

saqmianoba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi sakmaod

specifikuria. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom maTi mTavari funqcia garemos

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebaa, isini arapirdapiri gziT adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasac axorcieleben.

pirvel rigSi, gansxvaveba unda gakeTdes saerTaSoriso

samTavrebaTSoriso da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis iuridiul

statussa da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT funqciur da kompetenciur

datvirTvaze am sferoSi. maSin roca, pirveli kategoriis organizaciebi

aRWurvilni arian gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebamosilebiT,

arasamTav

sxvadasxva mniSvnelovani konferenciebze. es garemoeba maT zRudavs

realobaSi asaxaon TavianTi strategiebi da miznebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom

dResdReobiT SeimCneva axali tendencia, rac arasamTavrobo seqtori

ufro aqtiur monawileobas gulisxmobs saerTaSoriso Sexvedrebsa Tu

TaTbirebSi, romlebic garemos dacvas exeba. magaliTad, bolo dros,

aSS-s nebismieri saerTaSoriso delegacia aucileblad moicavs

arasamTavrobo seqtors da mewarmeebs, rogorc delegaciis

araoficialur warmomadgenlebs. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

samarTlis centris iuristebi, rogorc aSS-s oficialur

wevrebi, monawileobdnen iseT konferenciebSi, romlebic mieZRvna –

biomravalferovnebis konvencias, klimatis cvlilebis CarCo konvencias,

samTavrobo seqtori formalurad saxelmwifos saxeliT gamodis da

- 108 -

kunZulebis

is sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil kongresze“ (niu-iorki, 1995

warmoadgens mas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi. magaliTad, klimatis

cvlilebis CarCo xelSekrulebisadmi miZRvnil molaparakebebze

vanuatusa da sxva kunZulovan saxelmwifoebs warmoadgenda

saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da ganviTarebis organizacia (Foundation of

International Law and Development). saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis

centris (CIEL) advokatebi xSirad gamodiodnen marSalis

mTavrobebis saxeliT xmeleTidan zRvis dabunZurebis Sesaxeb

konvenciisadmi miZRvnil molaparakebebze.187

,,bunebis dacvis saerTaSoriso kavSiris“ da ,,ekologiuri samarTlis

saerTaSoriso sabWos“ ekologiuri komisiis farglebSi (arasamTavrobo

seqtori), iuristebis saerTaSoriso muSa jgufis mier momzadebulia

,,garemos da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso paqtis“ proeqti, romelic

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis principebis kodificirebis

mcdelobaa. ,,paqtis“ proeqti warmodgenili iqna gaeros ,,saerTaSoriso

sajaro samarTl

wlis 13-17 marti) da mowoneba daimsaxura.188 SemdgomSi dagegmilia am

dokumentis msoflios saxelmifoebis mier xelmowera da misTvis

savaldebulo Zalis mqone saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtis statusis

miniWeba.

,,paqtis“ proeqti preambulisa da 72 muxlisgan Sedgeba. ZiriTadi

debulebebi sicocxlis yvela formis, saerTo zrunvis,

urTierTdakavSirebuli faseulobebis, TaobaTa Tanasworobis, zianis

prevenciis, ekologiuri zianis Tavidan acilebis, ganviTarebis uflebis,

siRaribis aRmofxvris, demografiuli politikis da moxmarebis modelis

koreqciis principebs gansazRvraven. proeqtis sxva nawilebSi ganixileba

saxelmwifoebis zogadi da specialuri valdebulebebi garemos dacvis

da bunebaTsargeblobis sferoebSi, maT Soris, saerTaSoriso

ekologiuri darRvevebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom

marTalia, saerTaSoriso samarTali arasamTavrobo organizaciebs ar

187 D. Hunter, J. Salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1224. 188 Draft International Covenant on Environment and Development, Commission on Environmental Law of IUCN & Internaitonal Council of Environmental Law , 17.03.1995.

- 109 -

eti roli

cnobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebad, magram maTi saqmianoba, am

SemTxvevaSi, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebisa da garemos dacvis

sferoSi, realurad qmnis imis safuZvels, rom moinaxos raime

Sualeduri rgoli, romelic SeZlebs arasamTavrobo seqtoris

poziciebis efeqtianad gaziarebas mniSvnelovani

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas.

saerTaSoriso arasamTavrobo organizaciebis garda, arsebobs mTeli

rigi saerTaSoriso samecniero organizaciebisa, romlebic aqtiur rols

TamaSoben ekologiuri samecniero sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. magaliTad,

ozonis sakiTxebis ganyofilebam – iTamaSa gadamwyv

ozondamSleli nivTierebebis gamoyenebaze mkacri kontrolis dawesebis

procesSi. xolo bunebis konservaciis saerTaSoriso kavSiris

gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi saxeobebis wiTelma wignma ki didi

zegavlena iqonia veluri samyaros dacvis saerTaSoriso da erovnul

strategiebze.

rac Seexeba egreT wodebul transnacionalur korporaciebs, maTac didi

wvlili miuZRviT Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlisa da

zogadad dargis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesSi. korporaciebis

zegavlena garemosdacviT, gansakuTrebiT, ki ekologiuri samewarmeo

sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil molaparakebebSi sakmaod didia. amis magaliTia

Tundac kargad dafinansebuli lobistTa jgufi, egreT wodebuli -

klimatis cvlilebis koalicia, an/da Tundac, garemosdavciTi vaWrobis

informaciis koalicia, es kavSirebi Seexebodnen globaluri daTbobis,

eko-markirebis da tyis seqtoris gaumjobesebis yvela sakiTxs dawyebuli

sazogadoebrivi ganxilvebidan, molaparakebebidan da xelSekrulebebiT

damTavrebuli.189 unda aRiniSnos, rom biznes organizaciebis roli

ekologiuri politikis Camoylibebis procesSi sakmaod didia, miT

umetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT amgvari organizaciebis xSir SemTxvevaSi

aqtiur TanamSromlobas adgilobrivi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebTan.

1950-1960-ian wlebSi ocdaaTi saxelmwifos umsxvilesi sanaosno kompaniis

mesakuTreebisagan Semdgarma - naosnobis saerTaSoriso palatam da

189 D. Hunter, J. Salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1279.

- 110 -

umsxviles navTob kompanias.

ivad, globaluri navTobisa da naosnobis sakiTxebis

nxilvisas dRis wesrigSi dgeboda is sakiTxebi, romlebic am

ompaniebis mier teqnikuri gegmis saxiT iyo warmodgenili.

aremosdacviT asparezze biznesis warmatebis meore naTeli magaliTia

970-1980-ian wlebSi ozonis dacvis aqtualizirebuli sakiTxi. qimiuri

ivTierebebis mwarmoebelma umsxvilesma kompaniebma, iseve rogorc am

ivTierebebis momxmarebelma kompaniebma, SeaCeres saerTaSoriso

CFC – Chlorofluorocarbons)

tmosferoSi gafrqvevis akrZalvisaken. msoflioSi funqcionirebda cxra

didesi qlorofluorokarbon mwarmoebeli kompania aSS, safrangeTi,

aerTianebuli samefosa da iaponiidan. msoflio

rTi meoTxedis mwarmoebelma aSS-Si

daarsebulma kompania ,,dupondma“ da kidev oTxma qlorofluorokarbon-

is mwarmoebelma kompaniam SeZles SeeCerebinaT globaluri ozonis

damcveli politikis Camoyalibeba-ganviTarebis procesi da es yvelaferi

mas Semdeg, rac samecniero doneze ukve aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi

dadasturebul iqna qloroflurokarbonis garemosaTvis mavne xasiaTi.190

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom xSirad

transnacionaluri korporaciebi imdenad erevian garemos dacvis

saerTaSoriso politikis CamoyalibebaSi, rom irRveva garkveuli

ekologiuri wonasworoba da ekologiuri uflebebic. amdenad, saWiroa

am mxriv samTavrebaTSorisi organizaciebisa da arasamTavrobo seqtoris

poziciis gamyareba da saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis dacvis ufro

mkacri berketebis Camoyalibeba. arasamTavrobo seqtoris rekomendaciebi

saerTaSoriso sazRvao forumma, romelic uZlieresi navTobkompaniebis

interesebs asaxavs, didi zegavlena moaxdines zRvis dabinZurebisadmi

miZRvnili konvenciebis Seqmnis procesebze. TviT saerTaSoriso sazRvao

organizaciSi, romelic uSualod pasuxismgebelia zRvebis dabinZurebis

sakiTxebze, dominireben iseTi mZlavri sanaosno biznesis mqone

saxelmwifoebi, rogorebicaa aSS, norvegia da iaponia. didi gavlena

gaaCndaT am saxelmwifoebze eqvs

faqtobr

ga

k

g

1

n

n

mcdeloba mimarTuli qlorofluorokarbon (

a

u

g

qlorofluorokarbonis maragis e

190 D. Hunter, J. Salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1999, 1298.

- 111 -

vlenas ganicdian transnacionaluri

rporaciebis mxridan, rac kidev damatebiT safuZvels iZleva imis

xSirad ufro mkacri xasiaTiT gamoirCevian, vidre samTavrobaTSoriso

organizaciebisa, romlebic zega

ko

argumentirebisavis, rom saWiroa aramaTavrobo seqtoris kidev ufro

aqtiuri CarTva garemos dacvis saerTosamarTlebrivi politikis

Camoyalibebis procesSi, rac korporaciebis biznes intresebis

SezRudvis damatebiT berketad iqceva.

- 112 -

praqtikaSi, romlebic, saqarTvelos

ad, dReisaTvis ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi

debulebebs dRevandeli qarTuli kanonmdebloba ar Seicavs. garemos

3. ekologiuri uflebebis dacva sazRvargareTis qveynebis

kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi

sazRvargareTis qveynebis garemosdacviTi kanonmdeblobis analizisas,

gansakuTrebul interess aSS-is, germaniis, iaponiis, safrangeTis, didi

britaneTis da ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli sxva saxelmwifoebis

kanonmdebloba iwvevs. am qveynebs gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRviT

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebaSi. winamdebare TavSi,

magaliTisaTvis, mokled mimoixileba ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

standartebi swored am saxelmwifoebisa da aseve, aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebis kanonmdeblobasa da

msgavsad, post-socialisturi saxelmwifoebi arian.

samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebis daxmarebiT, soflis meurneobis,

energetikis, transportis da sxva sferoebis ganviTarebiT, am

saxelmwifoebma SeZles ganumeorebeli nabijebi gadaedgaT garemos

dacvisa da adamianisa da garemos urTierTdamokidebulebis

samarTlebrivi sferoSi. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom swored am

saxelmwifoebSi da swored zemoaRniSnuli sferoebis ganviTarebam

gamoiwvia 60-ian wlebSi ekologiuri krizisi, risi realurad da

srulyofilad aRqmis Semdeg am saxelmwifoebma qmediTi nabijebi

gadadges garemos dacvis mizniT. ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis

ganviTarebis paralelurad, am saxelmwifoebSi mkacrad gansazRvruli

saxelmwifoebrivi struqtura Camoyalibda garemos dacvis

saxelmwifoebrivi regulirebis sferoSi.

istoriul

ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebas me-19 saukunis bolos Caeyara

safuZvlebi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa didi britaneTis 1863 wlis

kanoni, romelic atmosferuli haeris qimiuri nivTierebebisgan

dabinZurebisagan dacvas iTvalisiwnebda. aseve sainteresoa safrangeTis

1917 wlis kanoni, romelic dasaxlebul punqtebSi ekologiuri safrTxis

Semcveli sawarmoebis ganTavsebas krZalavda. samwuxarod, amgvar

- 113 -

dacvis sferoSi Seqmnili sakanonmdeblo aqti holandiaSi iyo 1875

kanoni mavneblobis Sesaxeb (Nuisance Act), romelic dResac moqmedebs.

ekologiuri samarTlebrivi sistemis formirebis istoriuli

TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas, unda aRiniSnos, rom MmaTi dajgufeba, iseve

rogorc samarTlis sxva dargebisa, xdeba romanul-germanuli

(kontinenturi) da saerTo samarTlis (anglo-amerikuli) mixedviT.

amdenad, isic naTelia, rom romanul-germanuli samarTlebrivi

sistemebis mqone qveynebSi ekologiuri samarTlis wyaroebs - kanonebi,

xolo anglo-amerikuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis mqone qveynebSi

ekologiuri samarTlis wyaroebs, kanonebis garda, sasamarTlo

precedentebi warmoadgenen.191

ganviTarebuli qveynebis umravlesoba, TavianT konstituciebSi ayalibebs

debulebebs, romlebic sajarod adgenen garemos dacvis samarTlebriv

garantiebs. ase, magaliTad, Sveicariis konstitucia (1962 w.) adgens, rom

saxelmwifo valdebulia SeinarCunos bunebrivi landSafti. italiis

(1974 w.) konstitucia adgens, rom saxelmwifo icavs bunebas. holandiis

konstitucia (1952 w.) 21-e muxlSi sazRvravs saxelmwifos valdebulebas

izrunos cxovrebis xarisxze garemos dacvis maRali donis SenarCunebiT.

rac Seexeba jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebas, unda aRiniSnos, rom es

ufleba gamyarebulia ganviTarebuli qveynebis SedarebiT axal

konstituciebSi (portugalia 1976 w.; espaneTi 1978 w.; TurqeTi 1982 w. da

brazilia, 1988 w.) aRniSnuli ufleba sxvadasxvagvarad aris

gadmocemuli. magaliTad, espaneTis konstitucia adgens, rom yvelas aqvs

ufleba isargeblos garemoTi sakuTari individualizmis ganviTarebis

mizniT.

dRes, msoflioSi, umniSvnelovanesi ekologiuri prioriteti

atmosferuli haeris dacvis samarTlebrivi regulirebaa. swored, am

mizniT, iqmneboda da amJamadac viTardeba kanonmdebloba ganviTarebul

saxelmwifoebSi. ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis SemuSavebas ganviTarebul

qveynebSi safuZveli Caeyara 1960-iani wlebis bolos, rodesac miRebul

iqna garemos dacvis ZiriTadi kanonebi mTeli rig saxelmwifoebSi. 1967

во, 1973, 136-160. 191Ю. Матвеев, Англо-Американcкое Деликтное Пра

- 114 -

momavali Taobebis interesebis

i samarTlis ganviTarebasa da adamianis ekologiuri

wels iaponiaSi, 1969 wels SvedeTSi, 1970 wels aSS-Si, 1976 wels

safrangeTSi, 1976 wels germaniis federaciul respublikaSi. amasTanave,

unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiuri samarTlis

umniSvnelovanes obieqts sazogadoebisa da garemos

urTierTzemoqmedebis samarTlebrivi regulirebaa. am mizniT TiToeul

saxelmwifoSi iqmneba mZlavri sakanonmdeblo baza atmosferuli haeris,

wylis, wiaRis dacvis sferoSi, toqsiuri nivTierebebis kontrolis

sferoSi, narCenebis marTvis sferoSi da a.S. aRniSnuli kanonmdebloba

iTvaliswinebs bunebrivi resursebis dacvas, warmoebis warmarTvas

ekologiurad usafrTxo teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, toqsikuri

nivTierebebis da narCenebis gafrqvevis, CaSvebis akrZalvas da

minimizacias adamianis janmrTelobisa da garemos dabinZurebisagan

dacvis mizniT, axlandeli da

gaTvalisiwinebiT. ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiuri

kanonmdebloba icnobs ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobis institutsac.

pasuxismgeloba gansazRvulia dabinZurebis wyaros mflobelisaTvis.192

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis mokle mimoxilvac

ki cxadyofs, rom adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva am qveynebis

erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis ganuyofeli nawilia da MmaTze

dayrdnobiT fizikurma pirebma MmaTi ekologiuri uflebebis dacva

SesaZloa samarTlianad moiTxovon. amasTanave, unda aRiniSnos, rom

ekologiur

uflebebis samarTlebrivi garantiebis SemuSavebaSi udidesi wvlili

miuZRvis evrogaerTiebis samarTals, rac am naSromSi calke mimoixileba.

rac Seexeba aRmosavleT evropis qveynebs, am mxriv sainteresoa ukrainis,

poloneTis, ungreTis, bulgareTis, slovakeTisa da CexeTis ekologiuri

kanonmdeblobis magaliTebis mimoxilva, rogorc yofili sabWoTa banakis

saxelmwifoebisa. am qveynebSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT evropis sxva

saxelmwifoebSi, ekologiuri kanonmdebloba ganviTarebis aqtiur

fazaSia. miRebulia axali konstituciebi da kanonebi adamianisa da

garemos urTierdamokidebulebis regulirebis sferoSi. saxelmwifoTa

ологичеcкое Право, 1998, 615. 192 М. Бринчук, Эк

- 115 -

dacvis Sesaxeb“ (1992 w.);

qveynebisa). garemosdacviTma kanonmdeblobam am saxelmwifoebSi jer

kid

bul

romlebic garemosa da admianis mavne zemoqmedebisagan dacvas

iTv

mixedviT gansxvavebulia kanonebic da regulirebis obieqtic, Tumca

TiToeuli MmaTgani garemosdacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi

principis dacviT aris SemuSavebuli. ase magaliTad, ekologiuri

sakiTxebi sakmaod farTod aris daregulirebuli ukrainis 1996 wlis 28

ivnisis konstituciiT. konstitucia aRiarebs moqalaqeTa uflebas

icxovron MmaTi janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo da xelsayrel garemoSi

da miiRon kompensacia miyenebuli zianisaTvis. garda amisa, konstituciT

garantirebulia moqalaqeTa ufleba miiRon MmaTTvis sasurveli

informacia MmaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb.193 garda

amisa, ukrainis konstitucia avaldebulebs saxelmwifo organoebs

uzrunvlyon mosaxleobis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos

SenarCuneba, aRkveTon is Sedegebi rac mohyva Cernobilis avarias da

SeinarCunon ukrainis genofondi.194

ukrainis ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis sistemaSi Sedis kanonebi ,,garemos

dacvis Sesaxeb“ (1991 w.); ,,miwis kodeqsi“ (1990 w.); kanoni nakrZalTa

fondis Sesaxeb“ (1992 w.); ,,atmosferuli haeris

,,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb“ (1993 w.); ,,wiaRis kodeqsi“ (1994 w.); ,,wylis

kodeqsi“ (1995 w.); ,,kanoni ekologiuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb“ (1995 w.).

ukrainis msgavsia kanonmdebloba belorusiaSi, ruseTis federaciasa da

kidev sxva yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi. maTi umravlesoba adgens

konstituciur garantiebs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sferoSi.

poloneTSi, ungreTSi, slovakeTSi, CexeTsa da yofili socialisturi

banakis sxva saxelmwifoebSi (centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa)

ekologiuri kanonmdebloba ganviTrebis ufro maRal safexurze dgas,

vidre sabWoTa kavSiris saxelmwifoebSi (garda baltiispireTis

ev socializmis dros (80-ian wlebSi) daiwyo ganviTareba.

gareTSi, ungreTsa da poloneTSi miRebul iqna mTeli rigi kanonebi,

aliswinebs. garda kanonmdelobisa, am saxelmwifoebSi aRniSnul

193 50-e muxli.

- 116 -

sferoSi instituciuri ganviTarebac ufro adreul etapze daiwyo,

GSeiqmna dargobrivi uwyebebi, MmaT Soris, saministroebic, ramac, MmaT

saerTaSoriso garemosdacviT standartebTan adaptirebaSi Seuwyo xeli.

garda samarTlebrivi mxarisa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul ufro met

mniSvnelobas iZens adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sasamarTlo

praqtikis aqtualizebis sakiTxic, rac TavisTavad sasamarTlo

organoebis saqmianobisadmi axlebur midgomas moiTxovs. stokholmis

deklaraciis preambulis Tanaxmad, garemos dacva Zalze mniSvnelovania

adamianis uflebaTa dacvisaTvis. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso

sasamarTlos mosamarTle ueeremantrim Tavis mosazrebaSi saqmeze:

ungreTi slovakeTis winaaRmdeg (Hungary v. Slovakia) xazi gausva, rom

garemosadmi zianis miyenebam SeiZleba, adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao

deklaraciaSi mocemuli yvela ufleba xelyos.195 adamianis uflebebi da

garemos dacva aris urTierTdamokidebuli da ganuyofeli, SesaZlebelia

garemos dacvis adamianis dacvis mizniT gamoyeneba da adamianis

uflebebis garemos dacvis mizniT gamoyeneba.196

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos pirobebSi adamianis uflebebis dacvis

sakiTxebi metad mniSvnelovania da faqtobrivad saxelmwifos

demokratiuli ganviTarebis umTavresi saSualebaa. adamianis uflebebis

dacvis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneba da viTardeba samarTali, radgan swored

adamianis uflebebis dacvaa saxelmwifos legitimuri funqcionirebis

ZiriTadi wyaro. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT

zemoaRniSnul saxelmwifoTa (garda iaponiis, aSS-is, TurqeTisa da

braziliis) didi nawilis kanonmdeblobaSi mniSvnelovani da

faqtobrivad gadamwyveti adgili ukavia gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciis evropis ekonomikuri komisiis konvencias garemosdacviT

Approaches to Environmental Protection, A.Boyle and M.Anderson, 1998, 3.

194 me-16 muxli. 195 i. giviaSvili. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv. 79. 196 i. giviaSvili. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da garemos dacva, statiaTa krebuli, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi da maTi gavlena saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaze, red. k.korkelia, Tbilisi, 2005 w. gv.

79; M.Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection: An Overview, in: Human Rights

- 117 -

is (mTavroba) mier, xolo MmaTi

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am

sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb.

rogorc aRiniSna, konvencia aRiarebs moqalaqeTa uflebebs ekologiuri

informaciis, monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebis sferoSi da miznad

isaxavs garemos dacvis sakiTxebSi mTavrobaTa angariSgebisa da

gamWvirvalobis donis zrdis xelSewyobas. informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis, monawileobisa da jansaRi garemos sargeblobis

uflebebis uzrunvelsayofad, saWiroa Zlieri kanonaRsrulebis

meqanizmi. mTavrobis erT-erT amocanas swored kanonebis ganxorcielebis

uzrunvelyofaa. gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis gadamowmebis

SesaZlebloba dafuZnebulia Zvel, magram xelisuflebis dayofis utyuar

doqtrinaze197. mas mimarTavs yvela demokratiuli sazogadoeba. igi

uzrunvelyofs, rom xelisuflebis sami Stodan (sakanonmdeblo,

aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo) arc erTma borotad ar gamoiyenos

Zalaufleba da Tavis Tavze ar aiRos mmarTvelobis sruli procesi.

kanonebi, romlebsac sakanonmdeblo organoebi (parlamenti) iReben,

mzaddeba da xorcieldeba aRmasrulebleb

ganxorcielebis kanoniereba mowmdeba marTlmsajulebis (sasamarTlos)

saSualebiT. samive ganStoeba rac SeiZleba damoukidebeli unda iyos

erTmaneTisagan. magram mesame Stos _ sasamarTlos damoukideblobas

gansakuTrebuli, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba. rasakvirvelia, es

yovelTvis idealurad ar xdeba. xSirad, am ukanasknel sistemas

korufcia moicavs da imavdroulad ganicdis zewolas danarCeni ori

ganStoebisa Tu kerZo pirisagan. ufro metic, centralur da aRmosavleT

evropaSi TiTqmis mTeli me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi marTlmsajuleba

197

xelisuflebis dayofa sam damoukidebel Stod: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo. TiToeuls mieniWeba mmarTvelobis erTi funqcia: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da marTlmsajulebis. maTi moqmedebis sfero unda SemoisazRvros

politikuri Tavisuflebis dasamkvidreblad da SesanarCuneblad aucilebelia

misi funqciiT da ar unda mieces neba SeiWras sxva Stoebis funqciebSi. ufro metic, pirebi, romlebic xelisuflebis am sam Stos Seadgenen, gansxvavebulni da gancalkevebulni unda iyvnen. arc erT pirs ar unda mieces ufleba iyos erTze

i Stos wevri. aseT SemTxvmet evaSi, TiToeul Stos saSualeba eZleva Seamowmos meore da arc erTi maTgans calke ar SeeZleba kontrolis qveS moiqcios mTeli

- 118 -

eqtiani

dabinZurebis sakiTxmac. am problemam msoflio sazogadoebis yuradReba

miipyro TviT yvelaze gaxmaurebuli ekologiuri sasamarTlo

didad iyo damokidebuli aRmasruleblebze da xSirad dResac ar

gaaCniaT survili imoqmedon samTavrobo gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg.

miuxedavad amisa, sul ufro xSiria sasamarTlo saqmeebi, romlebic

aprotesteben xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom

msgavsi qmedeba arasasiamovnoa mmarTveli organoebisTvis, TviT procesi

MmaTTvis yovelTvis ar aris mZime tvirTi. marTlmsajulebis

xelmisawvdomoba zogjer moiazreba, rogorc xelisuflebis

gadawyvetilebebisadmi undoblobis gamoxatva. sinamdvileSi,

marTlmsajulebisadmi mimarTva umetesad gamowveulia bundovani,

orzrovani sakanonmdeblo debulebebiTa Tu MmaTi saerTod

ararsebobiTa da iuridiuli interpretaciis saWiroebiT. Cveulebriv,

swored kanonebis bundovaneba da sxvadasxva kanonebis

urTierTSeuTavseblobaa imis mizezi, rom moxele zustad ver asrulebs

Tavis movaleobas da Sedegad, mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba

sasamarTloSi gasaCivrdeba.198 garda im ekologiuri darRvevebisa,

romlebic ekologiuri informaciis SezRudvas Seexeba, msoflio

sasamarTlo praqtika icnobs imgvar SemTxvevebs, rodesac irRveva

adamianis sxva ekologiuri uflebebic.

meoce saukunis bolos, kacobroba adamianis uflebaTa da

garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobili sarCelebis

uprecedento raodenobis mowme gaxda. arasdros ar gasCenia amden

adamians amgvari moTxovnebi adre da arasdros yofila aseTi ef

marTlmsajuleba adamianis uflebebTan da garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan

mimarTebiT. meoce saukunis bolo wlebSi adamianis uflebaTa samarTali

da ekologiuri samarTali faqtobrivad erTdroulad momwifda da

samarTlis mecnierebaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani adgili daikava.199

msoflios industriul ganviTarebasTan erTad Tavi iCina garemos

rd, Clarendon P., 1967, 359. saxelmwifo aparati; aseve ix.: Vile M.J.C. Consitutionalism and Separation of Powers, M.J.C. by Vile. Oxfo198 orhusis konvenciis ganxorcieleba, saxelmZRvanelo sajaro moxeleTaTvis. 2004 w., g. 100. 199M. R. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches To Environmental Protection, 1996, 1.

- 119 -

teritoria imgvari

procesebis meSveobiTac. MmaT Soris aris cnobili smelteris200

sasamarTlo procesi aSS-sa da kanadas Soris, rodesac moxda gogirdis

dioqsidis gafrqveva kanadis teritoriaze ganTavsebuli

gadamamuSavebeli qarxnidan da sakmao ziani moutana aSS-s. smelteris

saqme iyo erT-erTi mniSvnelovani biZgi saerTaSoriso

marTlmsajulebisaTvis, rom momxdariyo adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis sakiTxis aqtualizacia, Tumca TviT es saqme ara

mosaxleobis sufTa haeriT uzrunvelyofis moTxovniT aRiZra, aramed

haeris transasazRvro dabinZurebis mizeziT, ramac aSS-s mosaxleobis

keTildReobas da MmaTs sakuTrebas sirTuleebi Seuqmna. smelteris saqme

ganixila 3 mosamarTlisgan Semdgarma tribunalma da gadawyvetileba

aSS-s sasargeblod gamoitana da daadgina: ,,arc erT saxelmwifos ara

aqvs ufleba gamoiyenos da gamoayenebinos sakuTari

miznebisaTvis, romlebmac SesaZloa gamonabolqvis saxiT ziani miayenos

sxva saxelmwifos, mis sakuTrebas da mosaxleobas. “ am gadawyvetilebis

Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas Tavisi teritoriis iseTi

gamoyeneba, romelic seriozul fizikur zians miayenebs sxva

saxelmwifos garemos. es debuleba ganamtkica sxva saqmeebmac, MmaT

Soris, ,,lak lanos“ (Lac Lanoux) saqmem201 da ,,gaT demis“ (Gut Dam) saqmem202.

1996 wlis ,,birTvuli iaraRis muqarisa da gamoyenebis samarTlebriobis

Sesaxeb sakonsultacio TvalsazrisSi“ saerTaSoriso sasamarTlom

pirvelad, ufro zogadi terminebis gamoyenebiT daadastura, rom:

,,sasamarTlo aRiarebs, rom garemo abstraqcia ar aris, is kacobriobis,

MmaT Soris, momavali Taobebis sasicocxlo sivrces, cxovrebis donesa

da janmrTelobasac ki warmoadgens. TviT arseboba im zogadi

valdebulebisa, romlis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas, rom

misi iurisdiqciisa da kontrolis farglebSi ganxorcielebulma

qmedebebma daazianon sxva saxelmwifoebis an erovnul kontrols gareT

US v. Canada, ILM 8 (1969), 118; G.Handl, Gut Dam Claims, EPIL2(1995), 653-6.

200 Trail Smelter Case (United States v. Canada), Arbitral Tribunal, 1941, 3 UN Rep. Int'l Arb. Awards (1941). 201 Affaire du Lac Lanouxcase, RIAAXII 281(2963). ix. D.Rauschning, Lac Lanoux Arbitration, EPIL2 (1981), 166-8. 202

- 120 -

baze modis.

nvelTa dacvis samefo sazogadoeba“

mdebare teritoriebis garemo, dRes saerTaSoriso samarTlis

nawilia.“203

haeris dabinZureba, rogorc transasazRvro, iseve qveynis teritoriis

farglebSi aris erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ekologiuri uflebis

darRveva. adamianis janmrTelobis Seryevis (ekologiuri faqtorebidan

gamomdinare) ZiriTadi nawili swored haeris dabinZure

msoflio bankis mier Catarebuli statistikuri analizis Sedegad

dadginda, rom 1.3 miliardi adamiani cxovrobs imgvar teritoriebze,

romlebic ar akmayofileben msoflios janmrTelobis dacvis

organizaciis moTxovnebs haerSi mavne nivTierebaTa zRvrulad dasaSvebi

normebis Sesaxeb, rac SemdgomSi maRali sikvdilianobis mizezi xdeba.

magaliTad, bankokSi haeris dabinZureba iwvevs mcirewlovani bavSvebis

gonebrivi ganviTrebis mniSvnelovan daqveiTebas204.

garda evropuli sasamarTlos saqmeebisa, romlebic am naSromSi

ganixileba, sainteresoa xazi gaesvas zogierT gaxmaurebul sarCelsac,

romlebic swored ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis motiviT iqnen

wardgenilni sasamarTloebis winaSe. magaliTad: 1993 wlis dekemberSi

gaerTianebuli samefos saxelmwifo mdivanma gadawyvita upiratesoba

mieniWebina mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da socialuri interesebisaTvis

iSviaT frinvelTa interesebis sazianod da port ,,Sirnesis“ maxloblad

arsebuli Warbteniani teritoria lapel-benki, romelic gadamfreni

frinvelebis Sesvenebisa da gamravlebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili

iyo, gamoericxa daculi teritoriebidan da gadaeca ekonomikuri

saqmianobisaTvis. am gadawyvetilebis winaaRmdeg saqme aRZra britanulma

arasamTavrobo organizaciam „fri

(RSPB). saqme organizaciam aRZra ara raime sakuTari kerZo interesis an

misdami miyenebuli konkretuli zianis safuZvelze, aramed sufTa

garemoSi cxovrebis uflebisa da am garemos dacvis misi valdebulebis

safuZvelze. sasamarTlom es dasabuTeba organizaciis „sakmaris

203

Justice, in V.Lowe/ M.Fitzmaurice. Fifty Years of the International Court of Justice, 1996, 293-315; aseve ILM35 (1996), 809, at 821, par. 29; M.Fitzmaurice, Environmental Protection and International Court of

ix., p.malanCukis redaqtorobiT.:akerharstis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali. 2005. gv. 275.

- 121 -

obis nebarTva, parkSi,

interesad,, miiCnia da saqme warmoebaSi miiRo. saqme sxvadasxva

instanciaSi mimdinareobda 3 wlis manZilze. samwuxarod, miuxedavad

imisa, rom arasamTavrobo organizaciam saboloo jamSi saqme moigo, ar

dakmayofilda misi moTxovna sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb da

saboloo ganaCenis gamotanis momentisaTvis (1996 wlis ivlisi) lapel-

benki, rogorc frinvelTa habitati, ukve ganadgurebul iyo.

80-ian wlebSi q. lvovis xelisuflebam nebarTva gasca sacxovrebeli

kompleqsis aSenebis Taobaze. kompleqsi dagegmili iyo Zveli qalaqis

centralur moedanze, gamwvanebul parkSi da ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli

qalaqis dagegmarebis dokumentaciaSi. moedani da parki mdebareobda

adgilobrivi sakaTedro taZris win da adilobrivi mosaxleobisa da

mrevlisaTvis dasvenebis adgilad iTvleboda. adgilobrivma mosaxleobam

saqmeSi CarTo garemosdacviT advokatTa organizacia, raTa MmaTi

saxeliT gaesaCivrebinaT kompleqsis mSeneblobisa da ganTavsebis

nebarTvebi. saqme aRiZra, magram amasobaSi samSeneblo kompaniam moedanze

ganaTavsa saWiro aRWurviloba da daiwyo mSeneblobisaTvis mzadeba.

advokatebma mosamarTles mosTxoves aekrZala kompaniisaTvis nebismieri

samuSaos ganxorcieleba sasamarTlos mier gadawyvetilebis miRebamde.

paralelurad mosaxleoba quCaSi gamovida da gza gadauketa

buldozerebsa da mZime teqnikas. mosamarTlem gasca brZaneba nebarTvebis

SeCerebis Sesaxeb, adgilze mivida sasamarTlos aRmasrulebeli da

aiZula kompania SeeCerebina samuSaoebi. mogvianebiT, imave wels, rodesac

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebiT gauqmda mSenebl

taZris win isev Srialebdnen gadarCenili xeebi, rac Sesabamisad

mosaxleobis interesebs asaxavda.

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso instituciuri meqanizmis

ukeT amuSavebis mizniT, rogorc arasamTavrobo organizacia, 1994 wels

mexikoSi daarsda saerTaSoriso ekologiuri sasamarTlo da mas mieniWa

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri saarbitraJo sasamarTlos statusi.

sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi Sedis 29 iurist-ekologi msoflios 24

qveynidan. sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs im davebis gadawyvetas, romlebic

204 D. Hunter, J.salzman, D. Zaelke, International Environmental Law and Policy, 1998, 504.

- 122 -

Tan

anobis gamovlena, Sefaseba, aRkveTa, SeCereba da

ewyvetisaTvis. garda amisa, sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi Sedis saziaro

aculi teritoriebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli davebis ganxilva,

eve, rogorc im zaralis anazRaurebis sakiTxi, romelic gamowveulia

mis Sedegad. sasamarTlo agreTve did yuradRebas uTmobs

erTaSoriso gaemosdacviT aspareze moqalaqeTa ekologiuri

flebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis sakiTxs.

fleba mimarTos saerTaSoriso ekologiur sasamarTlos aqvs nebismier

orc saerTaSoriso da erovnuli donis

ompetentur samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs,

awesebulebebs, sawarmoebs da moqalaqeebs. sasamarTlosaTvis mamarTvis

fleba aqvT erTi saxelmwifos Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis

MmaTi erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar

rZalavs aseT qmedebas. sasamarTlo warmoebisas mosamarTleebi

xelmZRvaneloben saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT, erovnuli

kano

warmoiSvebian saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT. am funqcias sasamarTlo axorcielebs sami ZiriTadi

mimrTulebiT: damdgari Sedegis iuridiul-ekologiuri SefasebiT da

mxareTaTvis konsultaciebis micema; mxareTa Serigebis proceduris

gamoyeneba; mxareTa moTxovniT warimarTeba saarbitraJo procesi, amas

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas eqneba mxareTaTvis savaldebulo xasiaTi.

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri sasamarTlo aris saarbitraJo sasamarTlo

da masTan dakavSirebul yvela xarjebs faraven monawile mxareebi.

proceduris Tanaxmad, mxareebi mimarTaven sasamarTlos da TviTon

irCeven sam an met mosamarTles (maTi raodenoba aucileblad luwi unda

iyos). arCeuli masamarTleebidan dgeba kolegia, romelic warmarTavs da

ganixilavs arsebul saqmes. Tavisi kompetenciis fargelbSi, sasamarTlo

ganixilavs iseT saqmeebs, rogoricaa zaralis anazRaurebis sakiTxi im

zianisaTvis, romelic gamowveulia garemos transsazazRvro

dabinZurebiTa da xelyofiT. sasamarTlo uflebamosilia aseve,

ganixilos saerTaSoriso davebi, dakavSirebuli garemosaTvis safrTxis

Semqmneli saqmi

S

d

is

o

sa

u

u

saxelmwifos, iseve rog

k

d

u

subieqtebsac, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

k

nmdeblobiT da im ganCinebebiT, romlebic arseboben sasamarTlo da

- 123 -

iplomatiuri precedentebis saxiT. saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

asamarTlos garda, 1993 wels haagis saerTaSoriso sasamarTloSi

Camoyalibda ganyofileba ekologiur sakiTxebSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom

saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali (International Criminal Law) calke

gamoyofs danaSauls garemos winaaRmdeg (Crimes Against the Environment).

gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komitetis, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

sasamarTlos, marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos,

marTlmsajulebis evropuli sasamarTlos, adamianis uflebaTa

interamerikuli komisiisa da adamianis uflebaTa afrikuli komisiis

mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi aRiareben kavSirs adamianis uflebebsa

da garemos dacvas Soris.205 amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom adamianis

uflebaTa evropuli konvencia iyo pirveli iuridiulad savaldebulo

saerTaSorisosamarTlebrivi dokumenti, romelmac moicva adamianis

ZiriTad uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa mTeli kompleqsi206. amdenad, metad

saineresoa ekologiur uflebebTan dakavSirebiT evropuli konvenciis

precedentuli samarTlis praqtikis mimoxilva, rac naSromSia

gaanalizebuli.

d

s

205 D. Shelton, The Environmenal Jurisprudenace of International Human Rights Tribunals in: Linking Human Rights and Environment, R.Picolotti and J.D. Traillant (Eds.), 2003, 12.

- 124 -

206 l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 219.

- 125 -

logiidan

ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis ganviTareba

208

4. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis saerTaSoriso

standartebis asaxva saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasa da praqtikaSi

TiToeul saxelmwifoSi, misi istoriul-samarTlebrivi tipo

gamomdinare, Camoyalibebulia damoukidebeli samarTlebrivi sistema,

MmaT Soris iseTi, romelic aregulirebs samarTalurTierTobebs

ekologiis sferoSi.

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi ekologiuri samarTlis daxvewa, upirveles

yovlisa, xels Seuwyobs, zogadad, sazogadoebis ekologiisadmi

damokidebulebis srulyofas da ganaviTarebs TviT saxelmwifoebis

urTierTkavSirs am sferoSi, rameTu ekologiuri problemebi xSir

SemTxvevaSi scildeba konkretuli saxelmwifos oficialur sazRvrebs

da safrTxes uqmnis kacobriobis janmrTelobas. ekologiur problemasa

da adamianis janmrTelobisa da keTildReobisaTvis warmoqmnil

safrTxes Soris ki, pirdapiri kavSiri arsebobs, rasac Tan sdevs

sakiTxiT dainteresebuli pirebis saqmianobis Seviwroeba da maTTvis

saintereso informaciis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis darRveva.207

meore mxriv, ekologiuri Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTlis ganviTareba

xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebis CarTvas garemosdacviTi sakiTxebis

SemuSavebis procesSi. eWvgareSea da amas araerTi mecnieris kvleva

adasturebs, rom ekologia da adamianis uflebebi pirdapir

urTierTkavSiriSia. amdenad,

realur safuZvels daudebs TviT fundamentaluri uflebebis dacvasac,

rameTu ekologiuri uflebebi ganixileba, rogorc socialur, aseve iseT

procedural uflebebad, rogoricaa – ufleba informaciaze, ufleba

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobasa da ufleba

marTlmsajulebaze. kavSiri garemosa da adamianis uflebebis dacvas

Soris namdvilad TvalnaTelia. adamianis uflebebisa da ekologiuri

and Michael R. Anderson (edc.), Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection, 4-5 (1996). 207 M. R. Anderson, Human Rights Approaches to Environmental Protection: An Overview, in Alan E. Boyle

208 G. Handl, Human Rights and the Protection of the Environment: A Mildly Revisionist View, in Antonio gusto Cancado Trindade (ed.), Human Rights, Sustainable Development and the Environment, San Jose de Au

Costa Rica and Brasilia, 119 (1992).

- 126 -

iso da erovnuli

bul qveynebSi.

eobda: warmoSoba da ganviTareba ,,miwis

ganviTarebis mesame periodi iwyeba 1991 wlidan, rodesac saqarTvelom

samarTlis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi sistemis Tanadroul ganviTarebas

ramodenime upiratesoba aqvs: igi xels Seuwyobs garemos dacvis

mniSvnelobis gaZlierebas; gaaadvilebs saerTaSor

standartebis harmonizacias; gazrdis sazogadoebis garemosdacviTi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi monawileobis dones.

sxvadasxva obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezTa gamo saqarTvelos

ekologiuri samarTali ufro mogvianebiT Camoyalibda da ganviTarda,

vidre sazRvargareTis sxva ganviTare

zogadad, bunebis dacvis sakiTxebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze qarTuli

saxelmwifos arsebobis mTeli istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi

garkveulwilad aqtualuri iyo. es gamoixateboda rogorc xalxur

tradiciebSi, aseve garkveul saxelmwifo aqtebSi. ase, magaliTad,

pirvelad tyis da bunebis dacvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb jer kidev me-12

saukunis dokumentebSi moixsenieba. bunebis dacviTi saqmianoba, im

formiT, romelic dResdReobiT iTvleba misaRebad, saqarTvelos

teritoriaze me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan iRebs saTaves, am dros iqmneba

pirveli nakrZalebi. am process met-naklebad permanentuli xasiaTi

hqonda sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirobebSic da, miuxedavad seriozuli

naklovanebebisa, mainc viTardeboda.

arsebobis mokle drois ganmavlobaSi, saqarTveloSi, adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis, rogorc samarTlebrivi sistemis, formireba ori

ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT mimdinar

kanonmdeblobis“ farglebSi.

dargis ganviTarebis pirveli etapi 1917-1968 wlebs moicavs. 1958 wels

saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis mier miRebul iqna

kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb209, romelic bunebas, rogorc

socialisturi respublikis dacvis obieqts acxadebda da mis xelyofas

maSindeli konstituciis 144-e muxlis darRvevad miiCnevda. 1969-1980-ian

wlebSi miRebul iqna ukve konkretuli kanonebi, romlebic ekologiuri

samarTlisgan mijnavda tyis, wylis, mTis dacvis kanonmdeblobas.

209 ,,kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, sssr umaRlesi sabWos uwyebani, 1958 w. #5.

- 127 -

i saqarTvelos axali

i

iv, miiReboda dargis konkretuli

damoukidebloba moipova, miRebul iqna dargis maregulirebeli

sxvadasxva normatiuli aqti, damoukidebel

konstitucia da kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“210.

ganviTarebis pirvel etapze saqarTvelos ssr kanonmdebloba bunebis

dacvis sakiTxebs aqtualurs xdida imdenad, ramdenadac, mas miiCnevda

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis umTavres faqtorad. saubari iyo

bunebrivi resursebis dacvaze mxolod im mxriv, rom maTi moxmarebiT

qveynis mrewveloba mogebas iRebda.

Semdgom periodSi, ssrk 1936 wlis konstituciis miRebis Semdeg,

bunebrivi resursebis racionaluri gamoyenebisa da MmaT

kvlavwarmoebis sakiTxmac garkveuli aqtualuroba SeiZina. amgvari

moTxovna TavisTavad aRmocenda qveyanaSi (da mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi) im

dros gaCaRebuli qveynis industrializaciisa da soflis meurneobis

gaZlierebuli ganviTarebis fonze. 60-ian wlebamde saqarTveloSi da

mTel danarCen sabWoTa kavSirSi SeimCneoda bunebis dacvis sferoSi

arsebuli masalis erTgvari Tavmoyra, xolo 70-iani wlebidan miRebul

iqna dargis TiToeuli institutis maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebi,

rogorc saerTo sabWoTa kanonmdeblobis, aseve damoukideblad wevri

saxelmwifoebis doneze. ase magaliTad, miRebul iqna sabWoTa kavSirisa

da mokavSire respublikebis miwis, wylis, wiaRis, tyis kanonmdebloba,

romlebic erTdroulad adgendnen am bunebrivi obieqtebis marTvisa da

dacvis samarTlebriv reJimebs.

sabWoTa saqarTveloSi ekologiuri samarTlis sistema viTardeboda ori

mimarTulebiT: erTi mxr

mimarTulebebis maregulebeli normatiuli aqtebi, romlebic MmaT

samarTlebriv statuss adgenda da meore mxriv, miiReboda imgvari

normatiuli aqtebi, romlebic bunebrivi resursebis racionalur

gamoyenebas aregulirebda211. ase miRebul iqna 1981 wels kanoni

,,cxovelTa samyaros dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb“212, 1968 wels

saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa sabWos dadgenileba saqarTvelos

uwyebebi, 1981 w. 132-e muxli.

210 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani #1-2, 1997 w. 211 Г. Полянcкая, Правовые Вопроcы Охраны Природы в CCCР, 1963, 98. 212 saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos

- 128 -

resursebis,

sferos farglebSi

qveynebis garemosdacvTi

saxelmwifo nakrZalebis movla-dacvis mdgomareobis Semdgomi

gaumjobesebis RonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb da sxva213.

pirvelad, dargis maregulirebeli specializebuli kanonmdebloba yvela

mokavSire saxelmwifoSi miRebul iqna 1957-1963 wlebSi. es kanonmdebloba

sakmaod novaciuri xasiaTis iyo, kanonmdeblobis ganviTarebis axal

etaps ganekuTvneboda da miznad bunebis dacvas isaxavda. saqarTveloSi

miRebul iqna sakanonmdeblo aqtebi miwis, wiaRis, wylis

florisa da faunis, atmosferuli haerisa da nakrZalebis dacvis

Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad sanqciebic ganisazRvra am sakanonmdeblo aqtebis

debulebebis darRvevisaTvis maSindel sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi.214

80-iani wlebSi sabWoTa saqarTvelos ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis

formirebam im etaps miaRwia, rodesac sabolood Camoyalibda samarTlis

damoukidebeli dargi garemos dacvis sferoSi. kanonmdeblobis

ganviTarebis es etapi sakmaod gansxvavdeboda dargis konkretuli

sferos maregulirebeli normatiuli bazisgan imiT, rom igi

mizanmimarTuli iyo sferos kompleqsuri marTvis, ekologiuri da

bunebaTsargeblobis saqmianobebis, sameurneo saqmianobebiT gamowveuli

safrTxis aRkveTis RonisZiebebis Catarebis da

warmoqmnili sxva samarTalurTierTobebis regulirebisaken. amgvarad,

ekologiuri samarTlis ganviTarebis meore etapze 1968-1988 wlebSi

garemosdacviTma samarTalma iuridiul mecnierebaSi Tavisi adgili

daikava, radgan Camoyalibda ekologiuri samarTlis calkeuli

mimarTuleblebis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi sistemebi, romlebic

erT safuZvels eyrdnoboda.

Tumca, sazRvargareTis ganviTarebuli

gamocdilebis gaziarebasa da adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvaze

sabWoTa saqarTvelos ekologiur kanonmdeblobaSi naxsenebi, ra Tqma

unda, araferi iyo. iTvleboda, rom sabWoTa kavSiri uswrebda

mecnierebisa Tu ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mxriv yvela sxva

saxelmwifoebs da MmaTi mxridan sabWoTa qveynebs araferi eswavlebodaT.

saqarTvelos ssr mTavrobis dadgenilebaTa krebuli, 1968 w., me-17 muxli.

214 saqarTvelos ssr sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 1960 w., saqarTvelos ssr.

213

umaRlesi sabWos uwyebebi, 1961w. #1.

- 129 -

antropogenuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad dgeba.

bebia, romlebic

obas uzrunvelyofda sxvadasxva moqmedebebis Sesrulebis

dasabuTebulad da racionalurad dacvis mizniT, sufTa haeris

magram, samwuxarod, sabWoTa kavSirSi moxda imgvari ekologiuri

katastrofebi, romlebmac sazogadoebas daanaxa is safrTxe, rac

bunebrivi resursebis gadametebul eqspluatacias da garemoze adamianis

mavne zemoqmedebas sdevs Tan: Cernobilis katastrofa, aralis zRvis

ekologiuri katastrofa, ladoJis zRvis ekologiuri katastrofa da

sxva. am katastrofebma naTlad aCvena is saSiSroeba, rac garemoze

gadametebuli

saqarTveloSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakonstitucio

garantiebma Seqmna is safuZveli, rac saSualebas iZleva regulirebul

iqnes garemos xarisxobrivi mdgomareoba adamianis janmrTelobisa da

keTildReobis dacvis mizniT. Tumca, adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

konstituciuri dacvis sakiTxmac ganviTarebis sakmaod didi istoriuli

gza ganvlo, romlis mixedviTac, es uflebebi adamianis bunebrivi

uflebebis kategoriaSi erTiandeba. anu es imgvari ufle

warmoiSveba adamianis gaCenasTan erTad da wydeba misi sicocxlis

mospobis momentSi. sabWoTa kavSiris 1977 wlis konstitucia pirdapir ar

aregulirebda admianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxs, Tumca

garkveulwilad exeboda mas da 42 muxlSi adgenda:

,,ssrk moqalaqeebs janmrTelobis dacvis ufleba aqvT. am uflebis

ganxorcieleba uzrunvelyofilia ufaso samedicino momsaxurebiT...

garemos gajansaRebis RonisZiebebiT, amasTan bavSvTa Sromis akrZalvis

gziT, rac dakavSirebuli ar aris aRmzrdelobiT da saganmanaTleblo

saqmianobebTan; samecniero kvlevebis Catarebis gziT, romlebic

mimarTulia daavadebaTa aRkveTasa da Semcirebaze adamianis xangrZlivi

aqtiuri sicocxlis uzrunvelyofis mizniT“.

zemoaRniSnuli muxlidan irkveva, rom ssrk konstitucia adamianis

janmrTel

gziT. aRsaniSnavia, agreTve amave konstituciis me-18 muxlic, romelic

adgens: ,,axlandeli da momavali Taobebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT

sabWoTa kavSirSi tardeba mTeli rigi aucilebeli RonisZiebebi wiaRis,

wylis resursebis, florisa da faunis samecniero doneze

- 130 -

a da sakmao zegavlenas ganicdis

ekologiuri samarTlis saxeliT aris cnobili215. profesori a.

labaryava Tavis naSromSi ekologiur samarTals ganmartavs, rogorc

,,eko

SenarCunebis, aseve bunebrivi resursebis kvavwarmoebis da adamianis

garesamyaros gaumjobesebis mizniT.“ Tumca, muxlSi saubaria ara

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakonstitucio garantiebze, aramed

saxelmwifo valdebulebaze garemos dacvis sferoSi. saqarTvelos ssr

konstituciac swored amgvar debulebebs iTvaliswinebda da

konkretulad ar aregulirebda adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis

sakiTxebs.

dResdReobiT qarTuli ekologiuri samarTali erTgvari

transformaciis procesSi imyofeb

rogorc Sida, aseve gare faqtorebisgan. erTi mxriv, saqarTvelo

mniSvnelovan politikur-ekonomikur cvlilebebs ganicdis, meore mxriv,

ki qveyanaSi yoveldRiurad Zlierdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da igi

saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad principebze dayrdnobiT cdilobs

integrirdes msoflios demokratiul sazogadoebaSi.

qarTul samarTlebriv sistemaSi ekologiur samarTals mniSvnelovani

adgili ukavia. saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis mopovebis pirveli

wlebidanve aqtiuri muSaoba mimdinareobda erovnuli da imavdroulad

saerTaSoriso samarTalTan adaptirebuli ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis

SeqmnisaTvis. es moZraoba gansakuTrebiT 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi

gaZlierda, rodesac qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier

miRebuli iqna mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo aqtebi garemos dacvisa da

bunabaTsargeblobis sferoSi. garemos dacvis sferoSi arsebuli

saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebuli principebi gamyarebulia 1996

wels miRebul kanonebSi ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, ,,cxovelTa samyaros

Sesaxeb“, rom araferi iTqvas saqarTvelos konstituciaze da am

sferoSi arsebul sxva sakanonmdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare normatiul

aqtebze.

qarTul iuridiul literaturaSi garemos dacvis samarTlis mecniereba

l ormaTa sistemas, romelic ogiur da ekologizebul samarTlebriv n

- 131 -

warmoebis, MmaTi da mTlianad garemos

aregulirebs ekologiur-sameurneo urTierTobebs bunebrivi resursebis

racionalurad gamoyenebis, aR

dacvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT“.216 am sakiTxs exeba profesori

l.Wanturiac, romelic aRniSnavs: ,,Camoyalibda saxelmwifos mier

dadgenili qcevis wesebis mTeli sistema, romelmac unda moawesrigos

urTierTobebi bunebis obieqtebiT sargeblobisa da garemos dacvis

sferoSi. am qcevis wesebis gamoyenebis Sedegad warmoiSva samarTlebrivi

urTierTobebi. maTi erToblioba gvaZlevs samarTlis gansakuTrebul

dargs - ekologiur samarTals“217.

rogorc aRiniSna, sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis periodSi, saqarTveloSi

arsebobda mTeli rigi normatiuli aqtebi, romelTa saSualebiT

regulirdeboda bunebis dacviTi da bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebasTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianoba218, iseTebi, rogoricaa: 1958 wlis saqarTvelos

ssr kanoni bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb; 1972 wlis ssrk ministrTa sabWos

dadgenileba bunebis dacviTi RonisZiebebisa da bunebaTsargeblobis

gaumjobesebis Sesaxeb; 1977 wlis ssrk kanonmdebloba satyeo meurneobis

safuZvlebis Sesaxeb; ssrk kanoni ,,cxovelTa samyaros resursebis

dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb“; 1982 wels gamocemuli saqarTvelos

wiTeli wigni da sxva. am periodSi saqarTveloSi (iseve, rogorc mTel

sabWoTa kavSirSi) mTeli resursebi da maTi moxmareba saxelmwifos

xelSi iyo. arsebuli sistema iTvaliswinebda bunebaTsargeblobis ufaso

princips da, samwuxarod, ar iTvaliswinebda mdgradi ganviTarebis

elementebs. aRniSnvis Rirsia is garemoebac, rom sabWoTa

kanonmdeblobisTvis, erTi mxriv damaxasiaTebeli iyo bunebisdacviTi

saqmianobis sakmaod mkacri da efeqtiani RonisZiebebi, xolo meore mxriv

ugulvebelyofili iyo biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis mTeli rigi

mniSvnelovani principebi, iseTi rogoricaa ucxo saxeobebis xelovnuri

invazia da ricxovnobis regulireba. piriqiT, aseTi qmedebebi

215 T. uruSaZe, v. loria, ekologiuri samarTali, 2003; a. labartyava. ekologiuri samarTali, 1999.

a. labartyava, ekologiuri samarTali. 2003, gv 17. 217 l. Wanturia, globaluri ekologiuri problemebi da samarTali, Jurnal

216

i

,,samarTali“ 1992, #4, g. 45. 218 i. miqaZe, ekologia, Tbilisi, 2005 w., gv. 228.

- 132 -

eblobasTan mimarTebiT, Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini ar

vian da mxareebs

eblobas.219

stimulirdeboda kidevac (arsebobda premialuri sistema ,,mavne

saxeobebis“ gamoxSirvisaTvis).

saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis periodSi adgili hqonda sabWoTa

kanonmdeblobis TandaTanobiT Canacvlebas axali normatiuli aqtebiT.

Camoyalibda garkveuli sakanonmdeblo baza, romelic SemuSavebulia

evrokavSiris mier miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis, saerTaSoriso

SeTanxmebebisa da gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis 1992 wlis rio-de-

Janeiros garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis konferenciis mier miRebuli

,,garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis rios deklaraciis“, ,,21-e saukunis

globaluri ganviTarebis programis“ – ,,21-e dRis wesrigis“ daskvniTi

dokumentis safuZvelze. marto 1995-1999 wlebSi saqarTvelos

parlamentis mier garemos dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi

miRebuli iqna or aTeulze meti sakanonmdeblo aqti. axali

kanonmdeblobis safuZvlebSi Cadebulia axali principi, romlis

mixedviTac saqarTveloSi yovelgvari bunebaTsargebloba fasiania:

aqedan gamomdinare, SemoRebulia sxvadasxva mosakreblebi, xolo

bunebrivi resursebiT sargeblobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela saqmianoba

regulirdeba licenziebisa da nebarTvebis gacemis sistemiT. amgvari

sistemis SemoRebas minimumamde dahyavs saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi myofi

bunebrivi resursebis ukanono mopoveba da eqspluatacia. sayuradReboa

is garemoebac, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis da ,,normatiuli aqtebis

Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebs,

memorandumebs da konvenciebs, MmaT Soris, bunebis dacvisa da

biomravalferovnebis SenarCunebis sferoSi, eniWebaT prioriteti

erovnul kanonmd

ewinaaRmdegebian saqarTvelos konstitucias. es ukanaskneli

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rameTu, saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis

(romlebic ZiriTadad zogadi miTiTebebs iZle

moqmedebis minimalur standartebs usazRvraven) erovnul samarTalSi

inkorporacia maTi efeqtianobis xarisxs zrdis da warmoqmnis

Sesabamisi erovnuli normatiuli bazis SemuSavebis aucil

219 J.Ebbesson, Compatibility of International and National Environmental Law, 205 (1996).

- 133 -

lobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos

lebaTa

ri stimulirebis meqanizmebis,

erTiani sistema.

ada

aRiniSna, saqarTve

mux

,,3.

gar

valdebulia gaufrTxildes bunebriv da kulturul garemos.

dResdReobiT saqarTvelos ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis umniSvnelovanes

sayrden normatiul aqts Seadgens saqarTvelos konstitucia, romlis 37-

e muxlis me-3 da me-4 punqtebis Tanxmad yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes

janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi, xolo saxelmwifo valdebulia

uzrunvelyofs adamianis janmrTe

SenarCuneba axlandeli da momavali Taobebis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.220 saqarTvelos konstituciis am debu

ganxorcielebis mizniT miRebul iqna saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos

dacvis Sesaxeb“ (1996 wlis dekemberi)221. am kanonis ZiriTadi mizani

saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesabamisi debulebebis ganxorcielebaa.

imavdroulad, igi qmnis sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebis samarTlebriv

safuZvels garemos dacvis sferoSi, riTac uzrunvelyofs: garemos

dacvas mavne zemoqmedebisagan; garemos xarisxis gaumjobesebas; mdgrad

ganviTarebasa da bunebrivi resursebis mdgrad gamoyenebas; biologiuri

mravalferovnebisa da ekologiuri wonasworobis SenarCunebas;

unikaluri landSaftebisa da ekosistemebis dacvas; globaluri

ekologiuri problemebis gadasaWrelad garkveuli Zalisxmevis

warmarTvas; garemos dacvis sferoSi moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da

movaleobebis gansazRvras; garemosdacviT ganaTlebas. garemos dacvis

kanoni Seicavs debulebebs ekonomiku

licenziebis sistemisa da ekologiuri standartebis Sesaxeb. igi agreTve

adgens garemosdacviT moTxovnebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iqnes yvela tipis sawarmos Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros. am

debulebaTa Sesabamisad unda Camoyalibdes garemos dacvis marTvis

mianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis realuri berketi, rogorc

los 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciaa, romelic 37-e

lSi Sesabamis muxlobriv ganmartebebsac iZleva:

yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel

emoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi. yvela

220 saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1995 w. #31-33.

- 134 -

bebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT

adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelsayofad,

sazogadoebis ekologiuri da ekonomikuri interesebis Sesabamisad,

axlandeli da momavali Tao

saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs garemos dacvasa da racionalur

bunebaTsargeblobas.

adamians ufleba aqvs miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli informacia

misi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. “222

aRniSnuli muxli metad sainteresoa Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom misi me-5

punqti adgens moqalaqis uflebas garemos Sesaxeb informaciis

daubrkoleblad miRebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli debuleba ganmtkicebul iqna

saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 2000 wlis 11 Tebervals ,,garemosdacviT

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis xelmisawvdomobis,

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobisa da am

sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb“ q.

orhusis (dania) konvenciis ratificirebiT. konvencia ganixileba rogorc

garemos dacvis, ise demokratiis berketad. konvencias didi globaluri

mniSvneloba aqvs da, rogorc wina TavebSi aRiniSna, efuZneba

sazogadoebis monawileobis sam princips, romelTac xSirad sam sayrdens

uwodeben: informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, sazogadoebis monawileoba da

marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba. 223

amgvarad, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon nebismieris

garemosdacviTi informacia saxelmwifosgan, garda saelmwifo da

komerciuli saidumloebisa. r. oksinis azriT, informacia dabinZurebis

Sesaxeb: ,,es aris cnobierebis gasaRebi im saSiSroebis winaSe, rac

221 222 saqarTvelos konstitucia 1995 w. 24 agvisto, saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebebi, 1995, 31-33, 668-e muxli.223 1992 wlis 3-14 ivniss, rio-de-JaneiroSi Catarebuli gaeros konferenciaze

,,garemo da ganviTareba“ miRebuli deklaracia. misi me-10 principi ase JRers:

saqarTvelos parlamentis uwyebani, 1997 w. #1-2.

NN

,,garemos dacvis sakiTxebi ukeT mogvardeba yvela dainteresebuli moqalaqis saTanado doneze monawileobis SemTxvevaSi. erovnul doneze TiToeul adamians xeli unda moiwvdebodes mTavrobis xelT arsebul mTel informaciaze, romelic Seexeba garemos, maT gaermocvaSi arsebul saSiS masalebsa da saqmianobebze informaciis CaTvliT, da SesaZlebloba unda hqondes monawileoba miiRos gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. qveynebma xeli unda Seuwyon sazogadoebis

nobierebasa da mgac onawileobas informaciis farTo gavrcelebis gziT.

- 135 -

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso

elmisawvdomia sazogadoebisaTvis225.

ekologiuri kriziss SeiZleba moyves. es informacia aucilebelia

efeqtiani monitoringis regulirebis ganxorcielebisa, dabinZurebis

aRkveTisa da SemcirebisaTvis.“224

ekologiuri informaciis sakonstitucio garantiebi, rogorc aRiniSna,

ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanonSi ,,garemos dacvis

Sesaxeb.“ es kanoni aregulirebs samarTlebriv urTierTobebs

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebsa da fizikur da iuridiul pirebs

Soris saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze garemos dacvisa da

bunebaTsargeblobis sferoSi. misi mizania daicvas garemos dacvis

sferoSi saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa konstituciiT dadgenili ufleba,

cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi. saerTaSoriso

gamocdilebis gaziarebiT da

valdebulebebis Sesrulebis mizniT kanoniT dadgenilia garemos dacvis

ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa Soris, aRsaniSnavia informaciia

xelmisawvdomobis principi, rac imas niSnavs, rom informacia garemos

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Ria da x

kanonis me-6 muxli kidev ufro naTels xdis saxelmwifo politikasa da

miznebs adamianis ekologiur uflebebTan mimarTebiT da adgens

moqalaqeTa ufleba_movaleobebs garemos dacvis sferoSi. kerZod,

moqalaqes ufleba aqvs cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel

garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi garemoTi, miiRos sruli, drouli da

obieqturi informacia Tavisi da samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, miiRos ekologiuri ganaTleba, aimaRlos

ekologiuri cnobierebis done, gaerTiandes garemosdacviT

organizaciebSi, monawileoba miiRos garemos dacvis sferoSi

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvisa da miRebis procesSi,

miiRos anazRaureba misTvis miyenebuli zaralisaTvis, romelic

gamoiwvia garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam,

uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes sasamarTlosa da administraciuli procesebis

efeqtiani xelmisawvdomoba, gamosworebisa da aRdgenis RonisZiebebis CaTvliT.“

velos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb,“ saqarTvelos parlamentis yebani #1-2, 1996, me-5 muxli.

224 Р.Оcтин, Информация о Загрязнении Окружающей Среды, Право окружающей cреды в CCCР и Великобритании, 1988, 127. 225 saqarTuw

- 136 -

uqciisa da eqspluataciis

sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxovos ekologiurad saSiSi obieqtebis

ganTavsebis proeqtebis, mSeneblobis, rekonstr

Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa Secvla.

garda zemoaRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa, dResdReobiT qarTuli

ekologiuri samarTali moicavs aTeulobiT sxva samarTlebriv aqts (maT

Soris, sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqtebs,

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs da SeTanxmebebs), romlebic efuZneba da

iziarebs saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnebs da adgens ekologiuri

samarTalurTierTobebis maregulirebel debulebebs, MmaT Soris,

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvisa da garemoSi mavne

nivTierebebis emisiisa da mikroorganizmebiT garemos dabinZurebis

zRvrulad dasaSvebi normebis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ qmnis ZiriTad

sakanonmdeblo bazas garemos dacvis sferoSi, icavs axlandeli da

momavali Taobebis ekologiur usafrTxoebas da gansazRvravs qveynis

mdgradi ganviTarebis principebs.

garemos mavne zemoqmedebisagan dacvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

principia nebarTvis gacemis wesis SemoReba im sawarmoo an sxva

saqmianobaze, romelsac SeuZlia safrTxe Seuqmnas mosaxleobas an

garemos. saqarTvelos kanonebi ,,ekologiuri nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.)

da ,,saxelmwifo ekologiuri eqspertizis Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.) miznad

isaxaven maqsimalurad gamoricxon garemosa da adamianis janmrTelobaze

samewarmeo da sxva saxis saqmianobis SesaZlo mavne zemoqmedeba

saqmianobis dagegmvis, daproeqtebisa da ganxorcielebis adreul

etapebze. Tumca, 2005 wels miRebulma kanonma ,,licenziebisa da

nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ garkveuli problemebi Seuqmna arsebul praqtikas

da Secvala ,,garemosdacviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ kanonis moqmedebis

sfero226. gauqmda saqmianobaTa oTx kategoriad dayofis samarTlebrivi

safuZvlebi da ganisazRvra im saqmianobaTa erTi CamonaTvali, romelic

226 saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba 2005 wlis 1 seqtemberi, ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis wesisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis

Taobaze“.

- 137 -

Si asaxulia cxovelTa

Tvelos ,,wiTeli nusxisa“ da ,,wiTeli

os parlamentma miiRo kanoni ,,kolxeTis daculi

saWiroebs garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas. aseve SeizRuda ekologiuri

nebarTvis gacemis vadebi 3 Tvidan 20 dRemde.

,,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.) saqarTvelos kanonis miRebam xeli

Seuwyo saqarTveloSi cxovelTa samyaros dacvisa da gamoyenebis

civilizebuli sistemis Camoyalibebas. mas

samyaros dacvisa da gamoyenebis sferoSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis

mier aRiarebuli Tanamedrove principebi, midgomebi da moTxovnebi.

cxovelTa samyaros, gansakuTrebiT, gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe myofi

saxeobebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, uaRresad mniSvnelovania kanoni

,,saqarTvelos ,,wiTeli nusxisa“ da ,,wiTeli wignis“ Sesaxeb“ (2003 w.),

romelic gansazRvravs saqar

wignis“ Sedgenisa da aRniSnuli saxeobebis dacvisa da gamoyenebis

samarTlebriv safuZvlebs. uzrunvelyofs saqarTveloSi saxeobrivi

mravalferovnebisa da genetikuri resursebis SenarCunebas da pirobebis

Seqmnas mowyvladi saxeobebis mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis. saqarTvelos

unikaluri bunebis SenarCunebisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs

daculi teritoriebis sistemis Seqmnas. saqarTvelos kanonma ,,daculi

teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb“ (1996 w.) Seqmna saqarTveloSi daculi

teritoriebis Seqmnis, marTvis, dacvis, teritoriul-funqcionaluri

organizaciis, MmaTi teritoriebis farglebSi saqmianobis warmoebis

samarTlebrivi baza. xsenebuli kanonis samarTlebrivi normebidan da

saqarTvelos mier aRebuli saerTaSoriso valdebulebebidan

gamomdinare, saqarTvel

teritoriebis Seqmnisa da marTvis Sesaxeb“ (1998 w.). daculi

teritoriebis saerTo farTobi Seadgens 44 313 heqtars. aRniSnul

farglebSi GgaCnda kolxeTis, borjom-xaragaulis erovnuli parkebi,

qobuleTis saxelmwifo nakrZali, qobuleTis aRkveTili, kolxeTisa da

qobuleTis mravalmxrivi gamoyenebis teritoriebi da a.S.. kanoni

uzrunvelyofs biologiuri mravalferovnebiT gamorCeuli, kolxeTis

bunebrivi an saxeSecvlili Warbteniani teritoriebis dacvasa da

aRdgenas.

- 138 -

sferoSi arsebuli samarTlebrivi

proeqtebis

is obieqtebis

saqarTvelos kanoniT ,,wylis Sesaxeb“ (1997 w.) regulirdeba wylis

resursebisa da wyalsargeblobis

speqtri Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri da sakanonmdeblo realiebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. kanonis me-17 muxli gansazRvravs Savi zRvisa da misi

resursebis dacvis samarTlebriv safuZvlebs.

saqarTvelos tyis kodeqsi miRebul iqna 1999 wels, romelSic aisaxa

tyis marTvisa da tyiTsargeblobis dagegmvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi.

ganisazRvra aRniSnul sferoSi sazogadoebis warmomadgenelTa

uflebebic. gaTvaliswinebul iqna tyeTmowyobis

savaldebulo wesiT gamoqveynebis, sajarod ganxilvisa da moqalaqeTa

winadadebebis ganxilvis wesi.

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,mSeneblobis proeqtebis saxelmwifo kompleqsuri

eqspertizisa da damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ (1999 w.) aregulirebs saxelmwifo

biujetidan dafinansebuli da saxelmwifo mniSvnelob

mSeneblobis proeqtebis saxelmwifo kompleqsuri eqspertizis Catarebis,

MmaTi ganxilvisa da damtkicebis wesebsa da normebs. gamomdinare kanonis

erT-erTi muxlidan, romlis Tanaxmadac proeqtis ganxorcielebis

procesSi aucilebelia adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebeli

sacxovrebeli garemos Seqmnis procesis Tanmimdevruli srulyofa da

bunebrivi garemos dacvis RonisZiebaTa ganxorcieleba, ekologiuri

eqspertiza, romelsac axorcielebs garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi

resursebis saministro, ganisazRvra kompleqsuri eqspertizis organul

Semadgenel nawilad.

Savi zRvis dabinZurebisgan dacvis garkveuli sakiTxebi regulirdeba

saqarTvelos kanoniT ,,sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb“ (1998 w.), romelic

krZalavs saqarTvelos zRvis sanapiroze da mdinareTa napirebze

ganlagebuli dabinZurebis wyaroebidan saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrcisa

da sanapiros dabinZurebas, aseve awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs

saqarTvelos sazRvao sivrceSi miwis masis Cayraze da fskeruli

danaleqis zRvidan amoRebaze. saqarTvelos sazRvao kodeqsi (1997 w.)

gansazRvravs sazRvao navsadguris administraciis kompetencias

- 139 -

deklaracia -

erovnuli

xmeleTze ganlagebuli wyaroebidan da gemebidan sazRvao akvatoriis

dabinZurebisagan dacvis sferoSi.

saqarTvelos 2000 wlis kanoni ,,saqarTvelos zRvisa da mdinareTa

napirebis regulirebisa da sainJinro dacvis Sesaxeb“ adgens

saqarTvelos zRvisa da mdinareTa sanapiro zonis gamoyenebis

samarTlebriv normebs da uzrunvelyofs sanapiro zonis mdgradobas.

kanoni gansazRvravs zRvisa da mdinareTa sanapiro zonebis sainJinro

dacvas daqvemdebarebul teritoriebs da awesebs garkveul SezRudvebs

aRniSnul teritoriebze mimdinare saqmianobebTan mimarTebiT.

,,saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb“ (1998 w.) saqarTvelos kanonis

mTavari mizania adamianis janmrTelobisa da garemos dacva saSiSi

qimiuri nivTierebebis usafrTxo warmoebis, SefuTvis, transportirebis,

moxmarebis, gadamuSavebis, gauvnebelyofis, saboloo ganTavsebis

xelSewyobis samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze.

garda erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa, saqarTvelo aris mravali

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri xelSekrulebis wevri saxelmwifo, rogorc

amas iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxli. rogorc

winamdebare kvlevidan Cans, saqarTvelo, rogorc gaerTianebuli erebis

organizaciis wevri (13.07.1999 w.), ekologiuri samarTlis Camoyalibebisa

da ganviTarebisas mTlianad eyrdnoba 1972 wlis stokholmisa da 1992

wlis rio-de-Janeiros deklaraciebis principebs. garda am ori

umniSvnelovanesi dokumentisa, arsebobs kidev erTi

mdgradi ganviTarebis msoflio samiti, romelic 2002 wlis 26 agvistodan

4 seqtembramde gaeros egidiT Catarda qalaq iohanesburgSi. aRniSnul

samitze, saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT227 gagzavnil iqna

Sesabamisi komisia, romelmac samitze mdgradi ganviTarebis erovnuli

Sefasebis angariSi waradgina. mdgradi ganviTarebis

strategiaSi mokled aris mimoxiluli is umniSvnelovanesi faqtorebi,

romlebic aferxeben qveynis stabilur politikur da ekonomikur

ganviTarebas da romelTa aRmofxvrac mniSvnelovan winapirobas qmnis

saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebisTvis. kerZod, TavSi saubaria imgvar

227 saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 23 maisis gankarguleba.

- 140 -

ri kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi. mdgradi

arisxi

laraciis miRma,

arTliT

nobierebis amaRlebis sakiTxs,

rac TavisTavad adamianis, MmaT Soris saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis umTavresi garantiaa. samwuxarod,

faqtorebze, rogoricaa saqarTveloSi amJamad arsebuli eTno-

teritoriuli konfliqtebi Tu konfliqtis potenciuri wyaroebi,

siRaribe da masTan dakavSirebuli migraciis problema da sxva. erovnul

strategiaSi aRwerilia ekologiuri dagegmvis procesi, is Tu ra

adgili uWiravs mas da ramdenad aris integrirebuli qveynis socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis indikaturi dagegmvis sistemaSi. aRniSnulia,

rom saqarTveloSi ekologiuri instituciuri potenciali Zalian mwiria,

politikosebis mxridan arsebobs formaluri mxardaWera garemos

dacvisadmi, Tumca, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ama Tu im

sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli ekologiuri aspeqtebi xSirad ukana planze

aRmoCndeba. amJamad garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTveloSi moqmedi

kanonmdeblobis erT-erTi mTavari naklovanebaa is, rom am sferos

maregulirebeli kanonebi ZiriTadad adgenen zogad samarTlebriv

normebs da MmaT Sesasruleblad umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris miRebuli

ufro detalu

ganviTarebis erovnuli Sefasebis angariSSi saubaria saqarTvelos

energousafrTxoebazec da imaze, rom energiis warmeba-moxmarebisas

garemoze da adamianis janmrTelobaze uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis x

saqarTveloSi sakmaod maRalia. dasasruls, warmodgenilia

rekomendaciebi saqarTveloSi ekologiuri ganaTlebis sistemis

srulyofisa da am sistemis qveynis ganaTlebis sistemaSi integrirebis

uzrunvelsayofad gasatarebeli RonisZiebebis Taobaze.

zemoaRniSnuli sami umniSvnelovanesi saerTaSariso dek

momdevno TavSi mimoixileba ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

konvencia, romelTa wevri saxelmwifoa saqarTveloc da romlebic,

marTalia, xSirad iribad, magram mainc did rols TamaSoben adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT, saqarTveloSi.

saqarTvelos erovnuli kanonmdeblobiTa da saerTaSoriso sam

garantirebuli normebis ganxilvisas ar SeiZleba saTanado yuradReba

ar daeTmos sazogadoebis ekologiuri c

- 141 -

i iyo garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis

is da mosaxleobis azris gaTvaliswinebiT.

ebebis Camoyalibebasa da

aqeebis

saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT ekologiuri cnobiereba Zalian dabalia da

mxolod axla iwyebs amaRlebas. sabWoTa periodSi, saqarTveloSi

saerTod ignorirebul

informirebisa da mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis sakiTxebi.

gadawyvetilebebis miReba xdeboda unificirebuli kanonmdeblobis,

normativebisa da standartebis safuZvelze, sabWoTa kavSiris erTiani

miznebidan gamomdinare, da ara realuri lokaluri situaciis,

respublikebis intereseb

mosaxleobis garemosdacviT cnobierebaze `zrunva“ Semoifargleboda

mxolod im sakiTxebis propagandiT, rac erTiani sabWoTa politikiT iyo

ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba garemosdacviT ganaTlebas, es procesi

mxolod zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebSi, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis

swavlebaSi aisaxeboda da ver uzrunvelyofda sazogadoebriv

cnobierebaSi ekologiuri Rirebul

ganmtkicebas.

bolo wlebSi miRebuli ekologiuri kanonmdeblobiT, sazogadoebas

mieniWa garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb drouli, sando informaciis da

garemosdacviT gadawyvetilebebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba.

1999 wels miRebuli iqna `saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli

kodeqsi~, romlis me-3 TavSi `informaciis Tavisufleba~ detalurad aris

mocemuli saxelmwifo struqturebis movaleobebi sazogadoebis, misTvis

saintereso informaciiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi da moqal

uflebebi am informaciis moTxovnis da miRebis Sesaxeb.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, 2000 wlis 10 Tebervals ratificirebuli iqna

`garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileobisa da am sferoSi marTlmsajulebis sakiTxebze

xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb~ konvencia (e.w. `orhusis konvencia~).

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis

uflebebs ganapirobebs Semdegi kanonebi:

- 142 -

warmomadgenlebs ufleba aqvT,

(1996 w.).

siuli da umaRlesi ganaTlebis

lferovnebis sferoSi momuSave profesiuli sazogadoebrivi

`daculi teritoriebis sistemis Sesaxeb~, 22-e muxli: ,,mosaxleobisa da

sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebis

monawileoba miiRon:

daculi teritoriebis daarsebis, ganviTarebis, Semcirebisa da gauqmebis

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi; menejmentis gegmebis, debulebebisa da sxva

dokumentebis ganxilvaSi; buferuli zonebis marTvis saqmianobaSi;

sakonsultacio sabWoebis muSaobaSi; arasabiujeto finansebis xarjvis

regulirebaSi da sxva~;

`tyis kodeqsi~, me-10 Tavi: ,,mosaxleobisa da sazogadoebrivi

organizaciebis warmomadgenlebs ufleba aqvT: monawileoba miiRon tyis

fondis marTvis dagegmvis RonisZiebebSi; gamoTqvan SeniSvnebi da

waradginon winadadebebi tyis fondis marTvis uflebis mqone

organoebSi; miiRon drouli da sruli informacia saxelmwifo tyis

fondis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da sxva.~

rac Seexeba garemosdacviT ganaTlebas, misi roli, mniSvneloba da

statusi gansazRvrulia CarCo kanoniT `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~

am kanonis me-3 Tavis me-8 da me-9 muxlebSi miTiTebulia, rom

aucilebelia GgaCndes ekologiuri ganaTlebis erTiani sistema, romelic

`moicavs saganmanaTleblo saswavleblebis, kadrebis momzadebisa da

kvalifikaciis amaRlebis dawesebulebaTa qsels~, agreTve `skolamdeli,

dawyebiTi, sabazo, saSualo, profe

etapebs~, anu daculi unda iqnes swavlebis uwyvetobis principi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom „mosaxleobis ekologiuri ganaTlebis saxelmwifo

programaSi“ didi adgili eTmoba araformalur ganaTlebas (pirovnebis

ekologiuri codnis da unaris mudmivi ganaxleba da daxvewa formaluri

saswavlo sistemis gareT arsebuli organizaciebis meSveobiT, mag:

treningisa da gadamzadebis centrebi, skolis gareSe dawesebulebebi,

bavSvTa da mozardTa sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebi, ekologiuri

banakebi, erovnuli parkebi da sxv.).228 am kuTxiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs

biomrava

228 damtkicebulia saqarTvelos prezidentis 2002 wlis 18 dekembris brZanebulebiT.

- 143 -

gamoyeneba ganpirobebulia: a)

fakultetebs

organizaciebis aqtiurobas. aseTi organizaciebi regionebSi Zalian

cotaa, bevrgan saerTod ar aris.

saqarTveloSi moqmed erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTalSi mkafiodaa

Camoyalibebuli yvela is moTxovna, romlebic unda uzrunvelyofdnen

iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas, romelic Tavisi

saqmianobiT damatebiT safrTxes ar Seuqmnis saarsebo garemos.

miuxedavad amisa, urTulesi ekonomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare,

mTavrobac da sazogadoebac xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebs garemos

xelyofis faqtebs, ris gamoc yvelaze ufro zaraldeba adgilobrivi

flora, fauna da bunebrivi landSaftebi. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos,

rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis mxridan garemos dazianeba da

bunebrivi resursebis aramarTebuli

arasakmarisi ekologiuri cnobierebiT; b) saqarTveloSi moqmedi

ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis arcodniT; g) saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv

da biznes seqtorebs Soris arasakmarisi koordinaciiT. garda amisa,

garkveul problemebs qmnis aRsrulebis meqanizmebis uqonloba.

dabalia Jurnalistebis daintereseba ekologiuri TematikiT.

Jurnalistikis fakultetebi (rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo

institutebSi) ar amzadeben kadrebs eko-Jurnalistikis ganxriT. amdenad,

sazogadoebis informirebis jaWvis yvelaze mZlavri rgoli mas-media am

kuTxiT praqtikulad araefeqtiania.

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi ekologiuri informaciis arapopularulobas

misi arakomerciuli mxare ganapirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, televiziiTa

da presis saSualebiT garemosdaciTi informaciis gavrceleba

fragmentulia. rac Seexeba analitikur gadacemebs, isini mxolod

damkveTis gadamxdelunarianobazea damokidebuli, xolo is saxelmwifo

uwyebebi, romlebic uSualod arian dakavSirebulni

biomravalferovnebis problemebis gadawyvetasTan, qveyanaSi arsebuli

mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo, praqtikulad aragadamxdelunarianni

arian.

msgavsi situaciaa Seqmnili ekologiuri samarTlis sferoSic. arc erT

saxelmwifo da kerZo umaRlesi saswavleblis iuridiul

- 144 -

sabiujeto organizaciebs, qveyanaSi

sebuli mZime ekonomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, sareklamo

qmianobisaTvis ar gaaCniaT Sesabamisi Tanxebi (mcire gamonaklisia

erTaSoriso programebis biujetidan dafinansebuli reklamebi da

deo klipebi); saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mixedviT (kanoni `reklamis

esaxeb~, me-12 muxli - `socialuri reklama~), socialuri reklamis

faso ganTavseba Tavisi wliuri sareklamo drois aranakleb xuTi

ocentis farglebSi, evaleba reklamis gamavrcelebel im

rganizaciebs, romelTa saqmianoba nawilobriv an mTlianad finansdeba

xelmwifo biujetidan (mag. saxelmwifo teleradiomauwyebloba).

anonis es moTxovna, cxadia, ar vrceldeba kerZo kompaniebze da

socialuri reklamis ganTavseba mxolod MmaT keTil nebazea

damokidebuli; socialuri reklama moicavs iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa

`mosaxleobis sicocxlis, janmrTelobis da qonebis, agreTve garemos

dacva~ (kanoni `reklamis Sesaxeb~, me-12 muxli - socialuri reklama~).

aqedan gamomdinare, 5%-iani limiti sakmaod zRudavs sareklamo kampaniis

warmoebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi reklamis gamavrcelebeli

organizaciebidan uaris Tqmis sababia im motiviT, rom socialuri

rek

ar gaaCniaT garemos dacvis kaTedra, ar arsebobs garemos dacvis

(ekologiuri) samarTlis saxelmwifo saswavlo programa, Sesabamisad, ar

aris damtkicebuli konkretuli saswavlo programebi da ar arsebobs

saxelmZRvanelo (bibliografiuli) bazac. marTalia, saxelmwifo

universitetis samoqalaqo samarTlis kaTedraze ikiTxeba ekologiuri

samarTlis kursi, magram es mxolod calkeuli leqtorebis iniciativaze

da fakultetis xelmZRvanelobis keTil nebazea damokidebuli, romelic

xelmZRvanelobis cvlasTan erTad praqtikulad yovelwliurad icvleba.

swored aqedan gamomdinare, problemebia garemosdacviT

samarTalwarmoebaSi (ekologiuri samarTlis specialistebis mwvave

deficiti), rac orhusis konvenciis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT,

kidev ufro did sirTuleebs Seqmnis.

aseve sirTuleebia garemosdacviT sareklamo saqmianobasTan

dakavSirebiT, kerZod: saxelmwifo

ar

sa

sa

vi

S

u

pr

o

sa

k

lamisaTvis gankuTvnili drois limiti amowurulia.

- 145 -

saqarTveloSi ekologiuri informaciis

lmisawvdomobisa da cnobierebis amaRlebis sferoSi ikveTeba:

s da

amdenad, zemoT ganxiluli magaliTebis safuZvelze, identificirebulia

is problemebi, romlebic

xe

mosaxleobaSi ekologiuri cnobierebisa da ganaTlebis dabali done;

moqalaqisadmi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso samarTliT miniWebuli

ufleba-movaleobebis arcodna da, aqedan gamomdinare, gadawyvetilebis

miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis sruli pasiuroba; araformaluri

ganaTlebis sferoSi qmedebebis fragmentuli xasiaTi; mas-mediis

saSualebebis dabali interesi da araprofesionalizmi garemosdacviT

sakiTxebSi; regionebSi biomravalferovnebis sferoSi moRvawe

profesiuli arasamTavrobo organizaciebis simcire; garemos dacvis

samarTlis profesionali kadrebis nakleboba; saxelmwifo, bizne

sazogadoebriv organizaciebs Soris garemos dacvis sferoSi saerTo

interesebis gaucnobierebloba.229

229 saqarTvelos biomravalferovnebis dacvis strategia da moqmedebaTa gegma, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 19 Tebervlis #27 dadgenileba.

- 146 -

aod sustia da Sesabamisad

rveles yovlisa, saWiroa erovnuli ekologiuri

Sekrulebebi qarTuli samarTlebrivi

ida

4.1. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi

samwuxarod, miuxedavad sakanonmdeblo garantiebisa, dResdReobiT

saqarTvelos ekologiuri sistema sakm

naklebad aqtualuria230, Tumca kanonmdeblobiT deklarirebulia

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxebi. saqarTvelos

ekologiuri kanonmdebloba moiTxovs Semdgom daxvewas da Tanamedrove

msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekologiur standartebTan

adaptirebas. adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis samomavlod realurad

realizaciis mizniT, upi

kanonmdeblobis optimizacia da evropul samarTalTan integracia.

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso

samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi da normebi da

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xel

sistemis nawilia. amasTanave, Tuki saqarTvelos mier dadebuli

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis pirobebi ewinaaRmdegeba S

kanonmdeblobas, upiratesoba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis debulebebs

eniWebaT (Tu isini ar ewinaaRmdegebian konstitucias, konstituciur

SeTanxmebas).

amJamad, saqarTvelos garemosdacviTi da bunebrivi resursebis

gamoyenebis sferoSi dadebuli sam aTeulamde saerTaSoriso

mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebis da MaTi ZiriTadi oqmebis monawilea. am

sferoSi ormxrivi xelSekrulebebi saqarTvelos yvela mezobel

saxelmwifosTan aqvs gaformebuli.

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso garemosdacviT TanamSromlobaSi aqtiuri

monawileoba misi axali ekologiuri politikis erT-erT elements

Seadgens. saqarTvelo gaeros ,,ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis

230 bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi SeimCneva adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis sakiTxis

aRsruleba, mag. britanuli kompania ,,briTiS petroliumi“ baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis procesSi mudmivad iyenebda sazogadoebis informirebisa da gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvis procesSi maTi CarTvis

aqtualizacia da, am mxriv sakanonmdeblo valdebulebebis srulyofilad

saSualebebs.

- 147 -

is da faunis saxeobebiT vaWrobis da sxva sakiTxebTan

obis Warbteniani, wylis

sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis“ (1992 weli) gadawyvetilebebis

CarCoebSi mimdinare msoflio procesis monawilea. miRebulia erovnuli

ekologiuri samoqmedo programa (2000 wlis 20 maisi), romelic

,,ganviTarebis da garemos dacvis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis“

gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze SemuSavda.

saqarTvelo aqtiurad monawileobs biomravalferovnebis, klimatis

cvlilebebis, ozonis Sris dacvis, did manZilebze haeris

transsasazRvro dabinZurebis, gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe mdgari

gareuli flor

dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis ganxorcielebaSi da aris

maTi wevri saxelmwifo.

unda aRiniSnos, rom wina aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi dadebuli

xelSekrulebebi adamianis uflebebis dacvis sferoSi, rixcxovnobis

mixedviT, bevrad CamorCebian imave drois monakveTSi miRebul

garemosadacviT xelSekrulebebs.

im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebidan, romelTa wevri saxelmwifo

saqarTveloa, mniSvnelovania mimoxilul iqnes ramdenime, maT Soris:

ramsaris konvencia ,,saerTaSoriso mniSvnel

frinvelTa sabinadrod vargisi teritoriebis Sesaxeb“ (1971). konvencia

atarebs ramsaris saxelwodebas misi miRebis adgilis gamo (ramsari,

irani). ZalaSi 1975 wels Sevida da dRemde 81 saxelmwifos mier iqna

ratificirebuli. mxareTa konferencias iwveven sam weliwadSi erTxel.

konvenciis samdivno - ,,ramsaris konvenciis biuro“ - mdebareobs qalaq

glandSi (Sveicaria). konvenciis fondi arsebobs 1992 wlidan. ramsaris

konvencia aris erT-erTi globaluri saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba,

romelic iTvaliswinebs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobas Waobiani

adgilebis SenarCunebisa da dacvis sferoSi. Waobebi Zalian

mniSvnelovani wylis ekosistemebia, romlebic iTvleba saerTaSoriso

binadrobis adgilebad. isini did rols asruleben mcenareuli da

cxoveluri samyaros, migraciuli saxeobebis SenarCunebaSi, gavlenas

axdenen ekologiur procesebze, amJamad Waobebis efeqtiani dacvisaTvis

aucilebelia saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba. konvenciaSi Sedian

- 148 -

iebi da wylis frinvelebi,

SeTanxmebuli mxareebi msoflios yvela regionidan, rogorc

ganviTarebuli, ise ganviTarebadi qveynebidan (mag. aSS, iaponia, italia,

safrangeTi, Sveicaria, germania, aseve poloneTi, bulgareTi, alJiri,

vietnami, zambia, Sri lanka da sxva;) konvenciis daxmarebiT ganisazRvra

saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani teritoriebis nusxa. konvencia

Tavisi miznebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis aiZulebs wevr

saxelmwifoebs daicvan Warbteniani teritor

rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bunebrivi nakrZalebis Seqmnis

TvalsazrisiT.

konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi iSviaTi saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis Sesaxeb (CITES) miRebuli iqna vaSingtonSi, 1973 wels.

konvenciis samdivno mdebareobs lozanaSi. konvenciis mizania

gadaarCinos cxovelebis zogierTi saxeoba zedmeti eqspluataciisa da

antropogenuli zemoqmedebisagan nebarTvis import-eqsportis sistemis

meSveobiT da amgvarad daareguliros veluri faunisa da floris

saxeobebiT saerTaSoriso vaWroba. konvenciiT dadgenili nebarTvebi

gaicema sertifikatebis saxiT, romelTa wardgena xdeba cxovelebis

gadayvanisas wevri saxelmwifos sazRvrebze.

rio-de-JaneiroSi msoflio samitze mxareebi SeTanxmdnen SeemuSavebinaT

konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis dacvis Sesaxeb, rac miRebul

da xelmoweril iqna gaero-s generaluri asambleis mier rio-de-

JaneiroSi 1992 wlis 5 ivniss. konvencia ZalaSi Sevida 1993 wlis

dekemberSi. xelmowerilia evrogaerTianebisa da 162 saxelmwifos mier.

ratificirebulia 56 saxelmwifos mier. konvenciis samdivno

ganlagebulia monrealSi. msoflioSi daaxloebiT 3-dan 100 milionamde

saxeobaa biomravalferovnebis dargSi da swored am saxeobebis

globalur mniSvnelobas, prioritetul xasiaTs, MmaTs SenarCunebasa da

mdgrad gamoyenebas mieZRvna aRniSnuli konvencia, romelic aregulirebs

biomravalferovnebis dargSi saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebs.

biomravalferovnebis dacvis konvencia ganixilavs ra

biomravalferovnebis dacvis problemas, rogorc kacobriobis saerTo

sazrunavs, amave dros gulisxmobs TiToeuli saxelmwifos

- 149 -

avalferovnebis konvenciis egidiT SemuSavda biousafrTxoebis

pasuxismgeblobas am sferoSi. konvencia iTvaliswinebs - daculi

teritoriebis sistemis Seqmnas, ekosistemebisa da bunebriv sabinadro

pirobebSi saxeobaTa populaciebis dacvas; gadaSenebis piras myofi

saxeobebis xelovnurad Seqmnil pirobebSi aRdgenas; biologiuri

resursebis gamoyenebis regulirebas biomravalferovnebaze uaryofiTi

gavlenis minimumamde dayvanis mizniT; Sesabamis sferoebSi kadrebis

momzadebas da saganmanaTleblo saqmianobas.

biologiuri mravalferovnebis kartaxenas oqmi biousafrTxoebis Sesaxeb

- biomr

oqmi (e.w. kartaxenis oqmi), SeTanxmeba, romelmac unda daareguliros

saerTaSoriso vaWroba, marTva da gamoyeneba nebismieri genuri

inJineriis saSualebiT miRebuli organizmisa romelmac ,,SesaZloa

araxelsayreli zegavlena moaxdinos biomravalferovnebis konservaciasa

da Tanazomier gamoyenebaze, agreTve safrTxe Seuqmnas adamianis

janmrTelobas“ (biousafrTxoebis oqmi, pirveli muxli).

biousafrTxoebis oqmis Seqmnaze eqspertTa specialuri jgufi 1995

wlidan muSaobda. oqmis proeqtis momzadeba 1998 wlis bolosaTvis

dasrulda da 1999 wlis TebervalSi kartaxenaSi, kolumbia,

molaparakebisa da biousafrTxoebis oqmze saboloo SeTanxmebisaTvis 135

qveynis warmomadgeneli Seikriba. miuxedavad konsensusisa delegatTa

umravlesobas Soris, molaparakeba CaiSala marcvleulis eqsportiori

qveynebis blokis, e.w. maiamis jgufis mier, romelSic Semdegi qveynebi

Sedian: aSS, kanada, avstralia, argentina, Cile da urugvai. es qveynebi

winaaRmdegi iyvnen SemuSavebuliyo biousafrTxoebis oqmi, romelic,

cxadia, gavlenas moaxdenda MmaTs saeqsporto bazarze. amotom iyo

zewola, raTa biousafrTxoebis problemis daregulireba msoflio

savaWro organizaciisaTvis gadaelocaT da iq Seqmniliyo e.w.

,,bioteqnologiis samuSao jgufi“. magram es wamowyeba CaiSala sietlSi,

msoflio savaWro organizaciis Sexvedraze 1999 wlis noemberSi. da,

sabolood, 4 dReRamis intensiuri molaparakebebis Semdeg 2000 wlis 29

ianvars biousafrTxoebis oqmze SeTanxmebas miaRwia 133-ma qveyanam. am

oqmis mixedviT, yvela monawile mxare valdebulia ,,uzrunvelyos, rom

- 150 -

o organos

etanis Sesaxeb. samdivno (gaerTianebuli erebis

kologiuri programis egidiT) ganlagebulia qalaq bonSi. konvenciis

xelSemkvreli mxareebi aRiareben da acnobiereben migrirebadi

saxeobebis saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobas da gamoxataven mzadyofnas

ganaxorcielon garkveuli qmedebebi am mimarTulebiT, kerZod, saWiro da

misaRebi nabijebi aseTi saxeobebisa da habitatebis dasacavad. konvencia

gansazRvravs im saxeobebisa da MmaTi sabinadro teritoriebis sruli

dacvis aucileblobas, romlebsac gadaSeneba emuqrebaT. igi mouwodebs

monawile qveynebis mTavrobebs dadon mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebi,

mimarTuli im calkeuli saxeobebisa da taqsonomiuri jgufebis

dacvisaken, romlebic migraciis procesSi regularulad xvdebian am

saxelmwifoTa teritoriebze da dacvis koordinirebul zomebs

moiTxoven. konvencia aseve iTvaliswinebs mxareTa TanamSromlobas am

saxeobaTa gamokvlevis da MmaTi dacvis saswrafo RonisZiebebis

nebismieri cocxali modificirebuli organizmis miReba, gadacema,

transportireba, gamoyeneba da gamoTavisufleba xorcieldebodes ise,

rom ar Seeqmnas safrTxe biologiur mravalferovnebas an es safrTxe

minimumamde iyos dayvanili, adamianis janmrTelobis usafrTxoebis

gaTvaliswinebiT“ (biousafrTxoebis oqmi, me-2 muxli, me-2 punqti). 2004

wlis 11 seqtembers oqmi sabolod Sevida ZalaSi. samwuxarod, aRniSnuli

oqmi jer ar aris ratificirebuli saqarTvelos parlamentis mier,

Tumca saratifikaciod wargenilia umaRlesi sakanonmdebl

winaSe.

adamianis garemosadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze miRebul moqmedebaTa

gegmis 32-e rekomendaciis Sedegad (stokholmi, 1972), romelic agreTve

mowodebul iqna gaeros generaluri asambleis 27-e sesiaze, SemuSavebul

iqna konvencia gareul cxovelTa migrirebadi saxeobebis dacvis Sesaxeb,

romelic xelmowerili iqna q. bonSi 1979 wels da ZalaSi Sevida 1983

wels. ratificirebulia 44 saxelmwifos mier. mxareTa konferencias

iwveven sam weliwadSi erTxel. konferenciis muSaobas uzrunvelyofs

konvenciis samecniero sabWo, romelic amuSavebs rekomendaciebs

migrirebad saxeobaTa dacvis Taobaze da winadadebebs ama Tu im

saxeobis danarTSi S

e

- 151 -

dacvis sxva zomebTan erTad,

valiswinebs mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebebis dadebas konkretuli

ganxorcielebis sferoSi. bonis konvencia,

iT

saxeobebis dacvis sferoSi TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb. SeTanxmebis garda,

konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebulia egreT wodebuli ,,urTierTgagebis

memorandumis“ (Memorandum of understanding) xelmowera, rac ufro

swrafmoqmedi zomaa, vidre SeTanxmeba. urTierTgagebis memorandumis

xelmoweris Semdeg muSaoba da TanamSromloba uSualod xelisuflebis

doneze mimdinareobs, zedmeti formalobebis gverdis avliT.

adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas axlo da megobar

saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromloba iZens. am mxriv mniSvnelovania xazi

gaesvas saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da azerbaijanis mTavrobas Soris

dadebul SeTanxmebas garemos dacvis sferoSi (18. 02. 1997 w.); ukrainis

mTavrobasa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas Soris dadebuli memorandumi

garemos dacvis dargSi (13. 04. 1993 w.); saqarTvelosa da aSS Soris

dadebuli SeTanxmeba kavkasiis regionuli ekologiuri centris Seqmnis

Sesaxeb (8.10.2000 w.); aseve SeTanxmebebi evropis sxva saxelmwifoebTan,

romlebic finansur mxardaWerasac iTvaliswineben (daniasTan,

germaniasTan da a.S.).

- 152 -

doneze, saTanadod uzrunvelyon

i da Tavad qarTuli garemosdacviT

romlis yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofazec

eCerebis gareSe231, sasurvelia xazi gaesvas im

iZens adamianis

is aseTi Semobrunebis

gamo, aucilebelia ekologiuri samarTlis Sinaarsis gadaxedvac,

4.2. jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

samarTlis zrunvis seriozuli obieqtia. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas,

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis normebma unda Seqmnan iseTi

pirobebi, rom saxelmwifoebma erovnul

TiToeuli individis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis realizeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis adgili

samarTlis erovnuli sistemaSi swored erovnuli ekologiuri

samarTlis CarCoebSi jdeba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, am problemis

gadaWris sqema konstituciis me-6 muxlSia dafiqsirebuli. masSi

naTqvamia, rom saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvels

saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebi da

normebi da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi Seadgenen. am muxlis

Sesabamisad, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri samarTlis sayovelTaod

aRiarebuli normebi qarTuli ekologiuri samarTlis nawilia. amrigad,

saqarTvelos ekologiuri samarTali Sedgeba saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul

kanonmdeblobaSi Sesuli normebisagan. amgvarad Camoyalibebuli

qarTuli ekologiuri samarTlis SemadgenlobaSi jansaR garemoSi

cxovrebis ufleba ZiriTadi konstituciuri uflebaa (saqarTvelos

konstituciis 37-e muxli),

zrunavs ekologiuri samarTlis yvela norma.

ekologiuri samarTlis Sinaarsis da socialuri daniSnulebis

problemaze detaluri S

faqts, rom samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos da adamianis uflebebisTvis

prioritetuli mniSvnelobis miniWebis pirobebSi icvleba saqarTvelos

mTeli samarTlebrivi sistemis orientacia: igi

uflebebis da Tavisuflebebis ganxorcielebis mimarTulebas.

saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sistemis daniSnuleb

231 М. Бринчук , Экологическое Право, Учебник. 1998, 83-95.

- 153 -

bis sakonstitucio garantias

ulebiT vlindeba: ufleba

li, drouli da obieqturi

afexurze imyofebian, advilia

irobebis dacvis ufleba (30-e muxli),

radganac igi sul ufro gamoeyofa bunebriv resursebze orientirebul

samarTals da axdens erT-erTi ZiriTadi konstituciuri uflebis,

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis ganxorcielebis uzrunvelyofas.

saqarTvelos dRevandeli ekologiuri samarTlis Sinaarsis gageba, misi

adamianis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis uzrunvelyofis amocanis

normebTan mibmis gareSe, SeuZlebelia.

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis ufle

saqarTveloSi konstituciis 37-e muxli qmnis, romelSic saubaria

saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis konsituciur ekologiur uflebebze,

romlebic, konstituciis Tanaxmad, sami mimarT

cxovrobde janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi; ufleba sargeblobde

bunebrivi garemoTi; ufleba miiRo sru

informacia sakuTari samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb. garemosdacviTi uflebebis sakonstitucio aRiarebas uaRresad

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. konstitucia samarTlebrivi sistemis saTaveSi

dgas, yvela sxva norma mis Sesabamisad unda gamoices,232 rameTu isini

samarTlebrivi ierarqiis ufro dabal s

maTi Secvla, an, Tundac gauqmeba.233

konstituciiT pirdapir garantirebuli uflebebis garda, saqarTvelos

konstituciiT daculia imgvari uflebebi, romlebic pirdapir kavSirSia

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebebis realizaciasTan. amgvari

uflebebis ricxvs miekuTvneba:

sicocxlis ufleba (me-15 muxli), romelsac SesaZloa didi safrTxe

Seuqmnan ekologiurma katastrofebma, avariebma da qronikuli mavne

dabinZurebis wyaroebma;

adamianis pativis da Rirsebis xelSeuvalobis ufleba (me-17 muxli),

romelic krZalavs Rirsebis Semlaxlvel mopyrobas, rac SesaZloa

sxvadasxva ekologiuri faqtorebiT iyos gamowveuli;

Sromis usafrTxo da jansaRi p

jansaRi ekologiuri pirobebis gaTvalsiwinebiT;

Brandl, Ernst and Bungert, Hartwin, Constitutional Entrenchment of Environmental Protection: A

Comparative Analysis of Experiences Abroad, 4 (1992). 232

233 G. Witzsch, The Right to a Healthy and Decent Environment in New Lesotho Constitution?, 10 (1992).

- 154 -

amarTlo wesiT da saxelmwifo

flebis garantiebi

matiul aqtebSi Tanabradaa

unda xasiaTdebodes. meore mxriv,

. magram, es, isev da isev, Rrmad subieqturi

lebrivi moTxovnebis da qcevis

sakanonmdeblo da Semdgomi aRsrulebiTi praqtikis procesebSi

gansakuTrebul adgils im terminebis da cnebebis gamoyeneba ikavebs,

rom eblis azrebs da

adamianis janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli, oficialur CanawerebSi

arsebuli informaciis konfidencialurobis ufleba (41-e muxli), mavne

ekologiuri faqtorebiT gamowveuli janmrTelobis Seryevis SemTxvevebi;

saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa da mosamsaxureTagan

ukanonod miyenebuli zaralis sas

saxsrebidan sruli anazRaurebis ufleba (42-e muxli), ekologiuri

faqtorebis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevebSi;

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT gansazRvrul pirobebSi ufaso samedicino

daxmarebis ufleba (37-e muxli), mavne ekologiuri faqtorebiT

gamowveuli daavadebebis SemTxvevaSi.

informaciis Tavisuflad miRebis da gavrcelebis ufleva (24-e muxli),

ekologiur informaciasTan dakavSirebiT;

amgvarad, naTelia, rom jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis u

saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT sakmaod mravalferovania da, garda

pirdapir dadgenili konstituciuri uflebebisa, konstituciiT

garantirebulia sxva uflebebic, romlebic uSualo kavSirSia

ekologiuri uflebebis realizaciasTan.

amasTan, metad sainteresoa Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis analizi, rac

naTlad gviCvenebs qarTuli sakanonmdeblo cnebebis ganuzRvrelobas

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan mimarTebiT. qarTuli ekologiuri

sakanonmdeblo Tu kanonqvemdebare nor

gamoyenebuli sityvebi ,,jansaRi“, ,,xelsayreli“. cxadia, rom am cnebebs

msgavsi niSnebi gaaCniaT, magram ara gansazRvrulobis im doneze,

romliTac sakanonmdeblo norma

SeiZleba gamoiTqvas mosazreba, rom, miuxedavad sxvadasxva terminebis

gamoyenebisa, kanonmdeblebi pirvel da meore SemTxvevaSic ersa da imave

cnebebs gulisxmobdnen

daskvnebis sferoa da ar jdeba samarT

mkafiod gansazRvrul CarCoebSi.

lebic zedmiwevniT zustad gadmoscemen kanonmd

- 155 -

i mniSvneloba m. brinCukis SromebSi

nebebis da MmaTi Sinaarsis sakiTxebs gansakuTrebuli

Seusabamobebi

oiyofa:

amocanebs. garemosdacviT kanonmdeblobaSi msgavsi cnebebis gamoyenebis

problematikas gansakuTrebul

eTmoba. igi araerTxel aqcevs yuradRebas imas, rom ,,samarTalSi

gamoyenebuli c

iuridiuli mniSvneloba gaaCniaT“234.

qarTuli kanonSemoqmedebis pratqikam ekologiuri samarTlis sferoSic

ver SeZlo Tavidan aecilebina 90-iani wlebis damaxasiaTebeli, farTo

axsnis mqone terminebis da cnebebis gamoyenebis negatiuri tendencia.

kerZod, etimologiis TvalsazrisiT, cnebebs ,,xelsayreli“ da

,,janmrTeli“ (garemosTan mimarTebiT) mniSvnelovani

axasiaTebT. magaliTad, s. oJegovis leqsikonSi cneba ,,xelsayreli“

ganimarteba rogorc raimesTvis xelis Semwyobi, kargi, xolo

,,janmrTeli“, janmrTelobis mqone, ara daavadebuli.

amasTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania terminis, ,,bunebrivi“ garemos

gamoyeneba, rac ganimarteba, rogorc ,,bunebis kanonebis Sesabamisad

momxdari, MmaTze, da ara gareSe Carevaze damokidebuli“235. Tumca

qarTuli kanonmdebloba da, MmaT Soris, kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“,

me-4 muxlSi bunebrivi garemos sul sxvagvar ganmartebas iZleva:

,,bunebrivi garemo, garemos Semadgeneli nawili, romelic moicavs

urTierTdamokidebulebaSi myof bunebriv elementebsa da MmaT mier

Camoyalibebul bunebriv landSaftebs.“236

amdenad, realuri mdgomareoba terminologiis ganuzRvrelobiT

xasiaTdeba da xelsayrel garemoSi arsebobis uflebis ufro bundovani

ganmartebis SesaZleblobas qmnis.

rogorc cnobilia, tradiciuli gagebiT, MmaT Soris, qarTuli

kanonmdeblebis gagebiT, ekologiuri uflebis Semdegi Semadgeneli

elementebi gam

janmrTel garemoSi arsebobis ufleba;

garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb realuri informacis miRebis ufleba;

234 М. Бринчук, О аппарате Экологичеcкого Права, Гоcударство и Право, 1998, 20.

94. 235 C. Ожегов, Н. Шведова, Толковый Cловарь Руccкого Языка, 1997,236 saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, 1996, me-4 muxli.

- 156 -

an mimarTebiT, im parametrebTan, romlebis raime teqnogenuri

siamovnebis miRebis mizniT238. metic, m. brinCukis azriT,

qarTuli kanonmdebloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom

garemos dabinZurebis gamo janmrTelobisTvis miyenebuli zianis

kompensaciis miRebis ufleba;

sazogadoebrivi ekologiuri gaerTianebebis Seqmnis ufleba da zogierTi

sxva uflebebi.

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis Sinaarsis axsnisas unda aRiniSnos,

rom janmrTeli garemo uamravi faqtoris arsebobiT xasiaTdeba: garemo

unda iyos resurstevadi, daubinZurebeli, ekologiurad mdgradi da a.S..

amasTan, TiToeuli zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTebeli garkveul

parametrebs unda Seesabamebodes da es parametrebi erToblivad garemos

xarisxis Sefasebis mrvalganStoebian sistemas qmnian237.

cxadia, rom garemos xarisxis Sefasebis aseTi sistema, pirvel rigSi

sanitariul-higienuri da sxva normirebis safuZvelzea Seqmnili. maS,

rogor moviqceT sxva arsebul da sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan

parametrebT

an sxva CarCoebis farglebSi Casma SeuZlebelia? magaliTad, garemos

xarisxis erT-erTi aucilebeli maxasiaTebeli niSania misi esTeturoba.

marTlac, adamianebs surT xelsayrel pirobebSi arseboba, tyeSi

seirnoba, gareul cxovelebze bunebriv pirobebSi dakvirveba, dedamiwis

floris da faunis mravalferovnebiT datkboba. amasTan, yovelive es

xorcieldeba ara janmrTelobis SenarCunebis an sxva raime, magaliTad,

ekonomikuri mizezebis gamo, aramed bunebasTan urTierTobisgan

esTetikuri

,,garemo iTvleba xelsayrelad, Tuki misi mdgomareoba Seesabameba

garemosdacviT kanonmdeblobaSi gansazRvrul kriteriumebs, standartebs

da normativebs, romlebic exebian mis sisufTaves, resurstevadobas,

ekologiur mdgradobas, saxeobriv mravalferovnebas da esTetikur

simdidres“239.

cxadia, rom Tanamedrove

zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis mimarT erTgulebis deklarirebas

axdens, ar ganixilavs samarTlebrivi dacvis obieqtad adamianis uflebas

Э. Равилова. Законодательcтво о Нормативах Реализации Экологичеcких Прав Граждан, 1996, 149.

238 А. Голуб, Е. Труковаб, Экономика Природопользования, 1995, 67. 237

239 М. Бринчук, О Аппарате Экологического Права, Государство и Право, 1998, 23.

- 157 -

mde gaucnobierebeli momxmarebluri

miyenebuli ziani or kategoriad iyofa: ekonomikuri da

esTetikurad mdidar, biologiurad mravalferovan garemoSi iarsebos.

miuxedavad imisa, rom normatiul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis mTeli rigi

Seicavs debulebebs tyeebis, cxovelTa samyaros, mcenareuli safaris da

a.S. dacvis Sesaxeb, ufro metic, saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxli

adgens, rom ,,yvelas aqvs ufleba cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis

uvnebel garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi.“

magram qarTuli kanonmdeblobis analizidan mainc naTlad Cans, rom

qarTveli kanonmdeblebis ZiriTad motivacias ara moralur-esTetikuri,

aramed did wilad, bolo

mosazrebebi warmoadgenen. am TvalsazrisiT, dRevandeli mdgomareoba

Zalian axlos dgas me-18 saukunis arqaul garemosdacviT

kanonmdeblobasTan, romelic anZebis dasamzadeblad gamosadegi tyeebis

gaCexvas krZalavda, radgan misi gamoyeneba gemTmSeneblobaSi iyo

dagegmili.

jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebasTan mWidro kavSirSia garemosTvis

miyenebuli ziani, kompensaciis sakiTxic. dRevandeli midgomiT

garemosTvis

ekologiuri. gansaxilveli ziani ekologiur an, ufro zustad,

antropologiur tips (safrTxes uqmnis adamianis janmrTelobas da

sicocxles) ganekuTvneba. aseTi tipis zianis gamovlinebebia adamianis

janmrTelobis gauareseba, sikvdili an adamianis genetikuri programis

cvlileba.

arasasurveli zegavlenis wyaro adamianis saarsebo garemoa.

adamianisTvis sawarmoo-sameurneo da socialur-kulturul sferoebSi

miyenebuli ziani ar ganekuTvneba ekologiur tips. pirvel SemTxvevaSi

adamianisTvis miyenebuli zianis kompensaciis sakiTxebi sanitariuli

kanonmdeblobiT da adamianebis Sromis da janmrTelobis dacvis Sesaxeb

kanonebiT regulirdeba.

garkveul interess iwvevs SemTxvevebi, rodesac ziani miyenebulia

stiqiuri movlenebis an antropogenuli qmedebebis Sedegad. stiqiuri

movlenebi, xolo xandaxan ubederebebi, bunebrivi samyaros obieqtur

procesebs asaxaven. Tumca zogierT SemTxvevaSi iTvleba, rom

- 158 -

evaleba uzrunvelyos Tavisi moqalaqeebis janmrTelobis

acva (saqarTvelos konstitucia, 37-e muxli), valdebulia miiRos zomebi

anmrTelobisa an qonebisTvis miyenebuli zianis asanazRaureblad.

Tumca, am sakiTxebSi Seqmnili administraciuli urTierTobebis

iuridiuli specifikidan gamomdinare, zianis an zaralis anazRaurebis

sakiTxebi specialuri, yoveli konkretuli SemTxvevisTvis gamocemuli

dadgenilebebiT regulirdeba.

amasTanave mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi 2004 wels

miRebulma axalma sagadasaxado kodeqsma gaauqma gadasaxadi garemos

dabinZurebisaTvis da faqtobrivad, amiT dairRva garemos dacvis

saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi principi da aman saqarTvelos mier nakisri

saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas Seuwyo xeli. (Tumca

saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ isev ganmartavs

princips ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“, magram igi aRniSnuli koliziis gamo

umoqmedoa).

am problematikis analizis dasasruls unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul

kanonmdeblobaSi jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis ganmartebis

araerTgvarovneba, am uflebis realizaciis meqanizmisTvis sagrZnob

sirTuleebs warmoqmnis. magaliTad, aravisaTvis saidumlo ar aris, rom

qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtika ar moicavs esTetikurad mdidar garemoSi

arsebobis uflebis dacvis praqtikulad arcerT magaliTs. qarTul

samarTlebriv sistemaSi jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis amsaxveli

normebi gafantulia sxvadasxva samarTlebriv instrumentebSi, MmaT

Soris, Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normebSi da saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebebSi, MmaTi erToblivi aRqma sakmaod garTulebulia.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, SesaZlebelia moxdes jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis

uflebebis normatiuli Sinaarsis garkveulwilad sistematizireba.

SesaZlebelia specialuri kanonis miReba, romelic saqarTvelos

konstituciis 37-e muxlis debulebebis konkretizirebisa da

ganviTarebisken iqneba mimarTuli. aseTi kanonis miReba saqarTveloSi

SesaZlebelia MmaTi provocireba adamianis mier, magram zogadad isini

sazogadeobriv kontrols ar eqvemdebarebian. ra Tqma unda, saxelmwifo,

romelsac

d

j

- 159 -

gaZlierebas xels

euwyobda.

misi moqalaqeebis jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis

uzrunvelyofisken mimarTuli RonisZiebebis

S

- 160 -

240

4.3. ekologiuri informaciis sajarooba da gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileoba

informaciis gamWvirvaloba demokratiuli saxelwifos mTavar moTxovnaa

da amdenad, am institutis ganviTareba dRevandeli qarTuli

samarTlebrivi sistemebisaTvis metad aqtualuria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

evropul samarTlebriv sistemaSi saqarTvelos integraciis amJamad

mimdinare process.

informaciis Tavisufleba gulisxmobs saxelmwifo organoebSi daculi

informaciis xelmisawvdomobasa da xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis

Riaobas. sruli gamWvirvaleobis pirobebSi sazogadoebaSi aRar Cndeba

eWvi sajaro moxeleTa arakeTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb. informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis moTxovna vrceldeba nebismier sajaro

dawesebulebaze da, agreTve, saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi biujetis

saxsrebidan dafinansebul kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebze am

dafinansebis farglebSi.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis, garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis

saministros, raionuli, saqalaqo, dasaxlebebis da soflebis

mmarTvelobiTi organoebis kompetenciaSi mosaxleobisTvis obieqturi

ekologiuri informaciis miwodeba Sedis. am sakiTxebs dRes

saqarTveloSi, garda erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa, orhusis konvencia

aregulirebs. konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi vrceldeba

yvela sajaro dawesebulebaze, yvela tipis sazogadoebrivi

momsaxurebis sawarmosa (maT Soris, municipalur, satransporto da sxva)

da MmaTi kontrolis qveS myof nebismier fizikur Tu iuridiul pirze.

orhusis konvencia sazogadoebasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs

aniWebs uflebebsa da realur SesaZleblobebs: informaciis

xelmisawvdomobisaTvis; konkretul Tu strategiul gadawyvetilebebSi

religiuri gaerTianebebisa), agreTve nebismieri sxva piri, romelic kanonmdeblobis

240 anu administraciul organoebsa da saxelmwifo Tu adgilobrivi biujetidan dafinansebul kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebze (saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, 27-e muxli). administraciuli organo aris yvela saxelmwifo an adgilobrivi mmarTvelobisa Tu TviTmmarTvelobis organo da dawesebuleba, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri (garda politikuri da

- 161 -

ocesis Sesaxeb cnobierebis

monawileobis misaRebad; axdens MmaT aRWurvas sasamarTlo dacvis

saSualebebiTa da marTlmsajulebaze gamartivebuli xelmisawvdomobiT.

mTavrobebze am sferoSi mkafio valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT, konvencia

uzrunvelyofs informaciis met gamWvirvalobas, mis ufro efeqtian

xelmisawvdomobasa da gavrcelebas, rac sazogadoebasa da

arasamTavrobo organizaciebs saSualebas aZlevs, realuri gavlena

iqonion garemosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis

procesze. garemosdacviT sferoSi sazogadoebis monawileobiT miRebuli

gadawyvetileba yovelTvis ufro efeqtiania, ufro mdgradi da

gawonasworebulia, rac TavisTavad ufro misaRebia sazogadoebisaTvis.

informaciis xelmisawvdomobis gazrdili SesaZleblobebi

sazogadoebasa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebs saSualebas aZlevs, ukeT

gaerkvnen da meti codna miiRon garemos potenciur riskebsa da

saSiSroebebze, romlebic MmaT, MmaTs ojaxebsa Tu adgilobriv Tems

emuqreba. am procesSi MmaTi monawileoba uzrunvelyofs

gadawyvetilebebisa da politikis Sesabamisobas adgilobriv pirobebTan

da adgilobrivi codnisa da gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebas proeqtebis

Camoyalibebisa Tu ganxorcielebisas. Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis mier

mowodebuli informacia da wvlili gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi,

gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc dagegmili saqmianobis garemoze potenciuri

zemoqmedebis areSi cxovrobs, yovelTvis fasdaudebeli SenaZenia

gadawyvetilebis mimRebTaTvis. sxvadasxva azrTa, faseulobaTa, ideaTa

gaTvaliswineba da sazogadoebis wevrebisagan garemos mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb uSualo informaciis miReba ufro gaazrebuli da dasabuTebuli

gadawyvetilebis miRebis saSualebas iZleva. informaciaze meti

xelmisawvdomobisa da monawileobis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofiT,

konvencia iZleva gadawyvetilebis miRebis pr

amaRlebis saSualebas. amgvarad, igi safuZvels uyris sazogadoebis met

monawileobas saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi da amiT wvlili Seaqvs

demokratiuli procesebis ganviTarebaSi. amas garda, konvencia xels

uwyobs kargi urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis damyarebas

flebamosilebas (saqarTvelos safuZvelze asrulebs sajaro samarTlebriv u

- 162 -

bis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebas.

xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas, sxvadasxva dainteresebul jgufebs

Soris, momxmareblebis, sazogadoebis liderebis, zogadad, sazogadoebis,

arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da mediis CaTvliT. sazogadoebisa da

arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis informaciis meti xelmisawvdomobisa

da monawileobis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofa aZlierebs MmaT, aseve

exmareba qveynisa Tu adgilis cxovrebis konkretul pirobebze MmaTi

dadebiTi zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobis gacnobierebaSi. es ki aZlierebs

sazogadoebis Segnebulobas, socialuri erTobisa da pasuxismgeblobis

grZnobas, rac ukeTesi da ufro mdgradi garemos SenarCunebis

sawindaria. saxelmwifo moxeleTaTvis konvencia adgens valdebulebebsa

da uflebebs, procesebsa da procedurebs garemosTan dakavSirebuli

informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

sazogadoebis monawileobisa da marTlmsajulebisadmi

xelmisawvdomobisaTvis. igi aseve karg xelmZRvanelobas uwevs sajaro

dawesebulebebs am sakiTxTa praqtikaSi ganxorcielebisTvis. es

gansakuTrebiT saWiroa im qveynebis sajaro moxeleTaTvis, romlebSic

erovnuli kanonmdebloba zogad uflebebsa da valdebulebebs adgens,

magram ar moicavs regulaciebs, procedurebsa da debulebebs. aseT

qveynebSi SesaZlebelia konvenciaSi mocemul procedurebze dayrdnoba.

informaciis xelmisawvdomobis, sazogadoebis monawileobisa da

marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda da meti efeqtianoba,

sajaro moxeleebs saSualebas aZlevs ufro efeqtiani da gamWvirvale

gaxadon gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesi. amgvarad, konvencia aZlierebs

garemos dacvaze pasuxismgebel sajaro dawesebulebaTa pozicias sxva

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebTan da saministroebTan mimarTebiT da

sazogadoebis mxardaWeris safuZvelze, xels uwyobs garemosa da

janmrTelo

konvencia samoqalaqo sazogadoebas aZlevs xmis uflebas yvela im

gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, romelmac SesaZloa zemoqmedeba iqonios

garemoze. sazogadoebis wevrebs mniSvnelovani uflebebi da

SesaZleblobebi aqvT informaciis mosapoveblad, monawileobis

administraciuli kodeqsi, me-2 muxli). zogadi

- 163 -

unda gamoiyenon es SesaZlebloba.

vaSi, Tu gaecnobian gansaxilvelad gaxsnil dokumentebs,

ajaro

la ganacxadeben maTs

akisria

241

rulyos da ganaviTaros sakuTari ekologiuri

kanonmdebloba saerSoraSoriso moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, miT umetes,

rom orhusis konvencia pirdapir exmaureba saqarTvelos konstituciis

misaRebad da marTlmsajulebis misaRwevad. magram ar aris sakmarisi

uflebebis mxolod qaRaldze arseboba. konvenciis amoqmedebaSi

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis roli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom MmaTi uflebebi

ar darCes qaRaldze, rom MmaT

samoqalaqo sazogadoebam unda gamoxatos Tavisi mosazreba da

SeSfoTeba garemosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze da darwmundes, rom

isini gadawyvetilebebSi saTanadodaa gaTvaliswinebuli. magaliTad,

dainteresebuli sazogadoebis wevrebs ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon

dagegmili saqmianobis garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis

ganxilvis procesSi. gadawyvetilebaze isini gavlenas moaxdenen mxolod

im SemTxve

waradgenen MmaT komentarebs, daeswrebian gamocxadebul s

ganxilvebs, sadac moiTxoven sityvas da xmamaR

mosazrebasa Tu SeSfoTebas, daukavSirdebian sxva dainteresebul pirebs,

erToblivad imoqmedeben da a.S. am mxriv, sazogadoebasac

valdebuleba _ iyos aqtiuri da reagirebdes movlenebze. sazogadoebis

wevrebi pasiurad ar unda elodnen pirad mowvevebs ama Tu im

ganxilvaze. moqalaqe valdebulia dainteresdes, Tu ra xdeba mis

garSemo. man Tvali unda adevnos gamoqveynebul informacias dagegmil

saqmianobaTa Sesaxeb, gaecnos mis vadebs, monawileobis SesaZleblobebs,

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, moiTxovos damatebiTi informacia da

dokumentebi. rodesac irRveva maTi monawileobisa Tu informaciaze

xelmisawvdomobis uflebebi, ar unda daizaron sarCelis aRZvra da

samarTlianobis aRdgenis miRweva. orhusis konvenciis cxovrebaSi

gatareba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac sazogadoeba iyenebs

misTvis miniWebul uflebebs da axorcielebs yvela zemoT CamoTvlil

nabijs.

zemoaRniSnuli konvencia aris araCveulberivi saSualeba, raTa

saqarTvelom s

241 ba. saxelmZRvanelo saqarTvelos sajaro orhusis konvenciis ganxorciele

- 164 -

aqarTvelos moqalaqeebis konstituciur ekologiur

procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis

37-e muxls da ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 muxls,

romlebic pirdapir adgenen mosaxleobis uflebas ,,miiRos sruli,

obieqturi da drouli informacia Tavisi sacxovrebeli da samuSao

garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb“.

garemosdacviTi informaciis sajaroobis erovnul samarTlebriv

garantiebze msjelobisas, upirveles yovlisa, saTanado yuradReba unda

daeTmos saqarTvelos konstitucias, romelic ufro adre iqna miRebuli

(1995 w.), vidre orhusis konvencia. saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e

muxlSi saubaria s

uflebebze, romlebic konstituciis Tanaxmad, sami mimarTulebiT

vlindeba:

• ufleba cxovrobde janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel garemoSi;

• ufleba sargeblobde bunebrivi garemoTi;

• ufleba miiRo sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia sakuTari

samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.

garemosdacvis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi

sazogadoebis monawileobis princips, orhusis konvenciis debulebebis

msgavsad erovnuli kanonmdeblobac gansazRvravs amgvar vadebulebas.

kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ gansazRvravs imgvar debulebebs,

romlebic xelisuflebis organoebs, fizikur da iuridiul pirebs,

saqmianobis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis dros, avaldebulebs

ixelmZRvanelon garemos dacvis ZiriTadi principebiT, maT Soris

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

principiT, rac imas niSnavs, rom saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan

dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi

aucilebelia sazogadoebis CarTva, radgan swored

urTierTTanamSromloba da SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba am mimarTulebiT

sabolood uzrunvelyofs administraciuli gadawyvetilebebis xarisxis

gaumjobesebas.

moxeleTaTvis, Tbilisi, 2004, gv. 57.

- 165 -

ianis aRniSnuli samarTaldarRvebebisagan dacvis

zemoaRniSnul uflebaTa Selaxvis SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad individebi uflebamosilni arian mimarTon

marTlmsajulebas, rac saqarTvelos konstituciiT aris garantirebuli.

saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis Tanaxmad, nebismier

fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs ufleba aqvs, moiTxovos sajaro

dawesebulebaSi daculi yvela informacia, Tu igi ar ganekuTvneba

saxelmwifo, komerciul, profesiul da pirad saidumloebas. informaciis

moTxovnisas piri valdebuli ar aris, miuTiTos informaciis miRebis

motivi an mizani.242

saqarTvelos, rogorc Tanamedrove msoflios ganuyofeli nawilis,

samarTlebriv da socialur-politikur sistemaSi adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis aqtualizaciis faqtorebi ufro da ufro xSirad iCens

Tavs, rac adam

meqanizmebis gaZlierebis aucileblobas iwvevs. konstituciis miRma

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ me-6 muxlSi Zalze

zogadad adgens moqalaqis uflebas ,,cxovrobdes misi

janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel jansaR garemoSi“ da ,,miiRos anazRaureba

misTvis miyenebli zaralisaTvis, romelic gamoiwvia saqarTvelos

garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam“. Tamamad

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amgvari zogadi debulebebi ver akmayofilebs im

moTxovnebs, romlebic ekologiuri samarTalurTierTobebisas SesaZloa

warmoiSvan, isini abstraqtul-aRwerilobiT formas atareben da ufro

deklaracias Seesabamebian.

saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi awesebs sajaro

informaciis gacemis konkretul wessa da vadebs.243 imisaTvis, rom pirma

miiRos sasurveli sajaro informacia, man unda waradginos werilobiTi

gancxadeba Sesabamis sajaro dawesebulebaSi. zogadi administraciuli

kodeqsis me-40 muxlis Tanaxmad, sajaro dawesebuleba valdebulia,

sajaro informacia gasces dauyovnebliv an, konkretuli garemoebebis

arsebobisas, araugvianes 10 dRisa.

242 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, 37-e muxli, 1999 w. 243 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, me-3 Tavi, 1999 w.

- 166 -

avia, rom yvela sajaro

, oRond

xlis manZilze. aRniSnuli debuleba

ia informaciis

Seferxebis gareSe, miiRos informacia sayovelTaod xelmisawvdomi

wyar

kon

Tanamedrove sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

komponentia informaciis gacvla, amitom informacia sajaro

dawesebulebam unda gasces dauyovnebliv, rac, iuridiuli literaturis

Tanaxmad, niSnavs informaciis gacemas moTxovnisTanave, anu gancxadeba

registraciis dResve unda moxvdes sajaro informaciis gacemaze

pasuxismgebel pirTan, romelic kanoniT dadgenili wesiT uzrunvelyofs

moTxovnili informaciis gacemas. aRsaniSn

dawesebuleba valdebulia daniSnos sajaro informaciis gacemaze

pasuxismgebeli piri. Tu sajaro informaciis gacema SeuZlebelia

dauyovnebliv misi moculobisa da da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva

mizezebis gamo, dawesebulebas SeuZlia gamoiyenos 10-dRiani vada

amis Sesaxeb, agreTve, dauyovnebliv werilobiT unda ecnobos

ganmcxadebels.244

sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli

kodeqsi 50-e muxlSi Riad acxadebs 1990 wlis 28 oqtombramde arsebul

sajaro informacias, garda komerciuli, profesiuli da piradi

saidumloebisa, am informaciaSi moxseniebuli pirebis identifikaciis

gamomricxavi formiT maTi sicoc

iZleva bevr SesaZleblobas da aris sabWoTa saqarTvelos monacemTa

bazaSi daculi da amJamad arasaidumleobrivi informaciis sajarod

gavrcelebis saSualeba biurokratiuli meqanizmebis gverdis avlis gziT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom dasaxelebuli wesebi imperatiulia da savaldebuloa

yvela sajaro dawesebulebisaTvis.

saqarTvelos konstituciis 24-e muxliT aRiarebul

Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi ufleba ,,yovel adamians aqvs ufleba

Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos informacia.“245 am uflebis ZiriTadi

komponentia informaciis Tavisuflad miRebis garantia. ufro

konkretulad, yvelas aqvs ufleba, yovelgvari dabrkolebisa da

oebidan. TiTqmis yvela demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, romelTa

stituciebic aRiareben informaciis Tavisuflebas, maT Soris,

244 saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi, 40-e muxli, 1999 w.

- 167 -

a satelevizio sadgurebidan.

ve, saqarTvelos konstituciis 41-e muxlis pirveli

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT

Tu isini ar Seicaven

bis sfero moicavs ara marto

saxelmwifo an pirad saidumloebas. aRniSnuli debuleba pirdapir

saqarTveloSic, es ZiriTadi ufleba im periodis Sedegia, roca

sxvadsxva totalitaruli reJimis dros akrZaluli iyo informaciis

miReba ucxo qveynebis presidan, radio d

yoveli moqalaqis, rogorc Tavisufali da damoukidebeli pirovnebis,

ganviTarebisa da demokratiuli weswyobilebis ganmtkicebisaTvis

informaciis Tavisufleba aranaleb mniSvnelovania, vidre TviT azrisa

da masobrivi informaciis Tavisuflebebi.246

garemosdacviTi informaciis miRebis realuri berketi saqarTvelos

konstituciaa, romelic 37-e muxlSi Sesabamis ganmartebasac iZleva: ,,5.

adamians ufleba aqvs, miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli informacia

misi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.“247

amgvarad, moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT moiTxovon nebismier garemosdacviT

sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informacia saxelmwifosgan, garda

saelmwifo da komerciuli saidumloebisa. realurad garemosdacviTi

informaciis floba es aris berketi im saSiSroebis winaSe, rac

ekologiuri krizis SeiZleba moyves. es informacia aucilebelia

efeqtiani monitoringis, regulirebis ganxorcielebisa, dabinZurebis

aRkveTisa da SemcirebisaTvis248.

sainteresoa agreT

punqti, romelic agreTve informaciis sajaroobas exeba da adgens:

,,saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs

gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi masze arsebul informacias,

agreTve iq arsebul oficialur dokumentebs,

saxelmwifo, profesiul an komerciul saidumloebas“.

zemoaRniSnuli muxlis moqmede

moqalaqeebze arsebul informacias, aramed saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi

arsebul ofiacilur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven komerciul,

245 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 24-e muxli, 1995 w. 246 saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da

31-33. 1995 w.

Tavisuflebani, l.izoria, k.korkelia, k.kublaSvili, g.xubua, 2005 w., gv. 192. 247 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 wlis 24 agvisto, 37-e muxli, saqarTvelos

lamentis uwyebebi, NNpar

- 168 -

tkicebulia kanonSi ,,garemos dacvis

emos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Ria da xelmisawvdomia

aTleba, aimaRlos

kavSirSia konstituciis 37-e muxlis me-5 punqtTan, romelic adamianis

sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb sruli, drouli da obieqturi

informaciis miRebis saSualebas iZleva.

garda konstituciisa, garemosdacviTi informaciis sajaroobis

sakiTxebi, rogorc aRiniSna, ganm

Sesaxeb“, romelic aregulirebs samarTlebriv urTierTobebs saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis organoebsa da fizikur da iuridiul pirebs Soris

saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze garemos dacvisa da bunebaTsargeblobis

sferoSi. misi mizania daicvas garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos

moqalaqeTa konstituciiT dadgenili, janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel

garemoSi cxovrebis ufleba. saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziarebiT da

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis Sesrulebis mizniT kanoniT

dadgenilia garemos dacvis ZiriTadi principebi, romelTa Soris

aRsaniSnavia informaciis xelmisawvdomobis principi - rac imas niSnavs,

rom informacia gar

sazogadoebisaTvis249. kanononis me-6 muxli kidev ufro naTels xdis

saxelmwifo politikasa da miznebs adamianis ekologiuri uflebebTan

mimarTebiT da adgens moqalaqeTa ufleba-movaleobebs garemos dacvis

sferoSi, kerZod:

• moqalaqes ufleba aqvs cxovrobdes janmrTelobisaTvis uvnebel

garemoSi, sargeblobdes bunebrivi garemoTi;

• miiRos sruli, drouli da obieqturi informacia Tavisi samuSao

da sacxovrebeli garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;

• miiRos garemosdacviTi da ekologiuri gan

garemosdacviTi cnobierebis done;

• gaerTiandes garemosdacviT organizaciebSi;

• monawileoba miiRos garemos dacvis sferoSi mniSvnelovani

gadawyvetilebebis ganxilvisa da miRebis procesSi;

248 Р. Остин Информация о Загрязнении Окружающей Среды, Право Окружающей Среды в СССР и Великобритании, 1988, 127.

saqarTvelos parlamentis 249 saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, uwyebani #1-2 1996, me-5 muxli.

- 169 -

uflebas, miiRos sruli, obieqturi da drouli

ifo biujetidan.

resursTdamzogveli da saukeTeso teqnologiiTa da teqnikiT.251

• miiRos anazRaureba misTvis miyenebuli zaralisaTvis, romelic

gamoiwvia garemos dacvis kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Seusruleblobam;

• sasamarTlo wesiT moiTxovos ekologiurad saSiSi obieqtebis

ganTavsebis proeqtebis, mSeneblobis, rekonstruqciisa da eqspluataciis

Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebaTa Secvla.

metad sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos konstituciiT

ganmtkicebuli sayovelTao ufleba - cxovrobde janmrTelobisaTvis

uvnebel garemoSi da sargeblobde bunebrivi da kulturuli garemoTi250

organuladaa dakavSirebuli amave muxlis me-5 punqtTan, romelic

aniWebs adamians

informacia Tavisi samuSao da sacxovrebeli garemos Sesaxeb. zemoT

xsenebuli uflebis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobi principi gadmocemulia

,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi, romlis Tanaxmadac,

informacia garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb Ria da xelmisawvdomia

sazogadoebisaTvis.

am mizniT, ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-14 muxlis

Sesabamisad, sazogadoebis informirebisaTvis saqarTvelos garemos

dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro yovelwliurad warudgens

saqarTvelos prezidents garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb erovnul

moxsenebas, romlis Sedegadac saxelmwifo organoebi da saxelmwifo

iuridiuli pirebi valdebulebi arian, moTxovnidan ara ugvianes 2 Tvisa

usasyidlod miawodon saministros maT xelT arsebuli informacia.

erovnuli moxsenebis gamoqveynebasa da gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli

xarjebis dafinanseba xdeba saxelmw

garemos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb momxmarebelTa ukeT orientirebis mizniT,

saxelmwifo saqarTveloSi warmoebul ekologiurad sufTa produqcias,

,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ aniWebs ekomarkas, romelic miuTiTebs, rom

produqcia damzadebulia ekologiurad sufTa nedleulisgan,

250 saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlis mesame punqti. 251 kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, me-19 muxli.

- 170 -

aciis miwodeba produqciis Sesaxeb,

emis wesisa da

254

mxriv, ar moxda

amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom ekomarkireba aris nebayoflobiTi

RonisZieba, rac gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi

resursebis saministros brZanebaSi ,,ekomarkirebis Sesaxeb“ debulebis

damtkicebis Taobaze.252 niSandoblivia, rom aRniSnuli brZaneba

kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtia da gamocemulia kanonis

Sesasruleblad. amdenad, sasurvelia, rom ekomarkirebis

nebayoflobiTobis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanonSic iqnes gansazRvruli, raTa sazogadoebis am mxriv

informirebis sakiTxebi, uSualod sakanonmdeblo aqtiT iqnes

daregulirebuli.

informaciis gavrcelebis sakiTxis samarTlebrivi daregulirebis

mizniT miRebulia kanonebi ,,momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“

da ,,sursaTis uvneblobisa da xarisxis Sesaxeb“253, romlebmac unda

uzrunvelyon riskis Sefasebis safuZvelze momxmarebelTa

janmrTelobisa da sicocxlis dacva, momxmareblisaTvis drouli,

miukerZoebeli da obieqturi inform

raTa mas mieces arCevanis gakeTebis SesaZlebloba. Tumca, 2005 wels

miRebuli kanonma ,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“, Sesabamisad

gamocemulma saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 1 seqtembris

dadgenilebam ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gac

pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze“, kvebis mrewveloba,

romelic sakmaod mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens adamianis

janmrTelobaze, garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebas daqvemdebarebul

saqmianobad aRar ganisazRvreba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom ,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ kanonis

miRebis Semdeg garkveulwilad samarTlebrivi vakuumi gaCnda garemoze

zemoqmedebis nebraTvebis gacemis sferoSi. erTi

,,garemosdacviTi nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 15

saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros 15.01.99. #3 brZaneba

,,ekomarkirebis Sesaxeb“ debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze, 1-li muxli. 252

253saqarTvelos kanoni ,,momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb“, 20.03.96 da arisxis Sesaxeb“, 27.12.05.

254 garemosdacviTi mmarTeloba saqarTveloSi da evrokavSiris roli mis gaZlierebaSi, ,,mwvane alternativa“, 2006 w., gv. 14.

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sursaTisa uvneblobisa da x

- 171 -

mis wesisa da pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis

iuli aqtebi. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli

emos uzrunvelyofis

• adamianis janmTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemos uzrunvelyofis

mizniT, monawileoba miiRos saxelmwifo organos mier gadawyvetilebebis

ganx ba-ganxilvaSi256.

naTelia, rom garemosdacviTi informaciis miRebis orhusis

konv

mixe

noembris kanonis gauqmeba, romelic dResdReobiT mkvdari normaa da am

kanoniT daregulirebuli samarTalurTierTobebi dRes regulirdeba

saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2005 wlis 1 seqtembris dadgenilebiT, ,,garemoze

zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gace

damtkicebis Taobaze“. meore mxriv, es ukanaskneli SemuSavebulia

,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-40 muxlis

safuZvelze, romelic adgens, rom Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi

cvlilebebis Setanamde moqmedebs mTavrobis dadgenilebebi, anu

kanonqvemdebare normat

ewinaaRmdegeba ,,normatiuli aqtebis“ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 36-e

muxls, sadac aRniSnulia, rom normatiul aqtSi cvlilebebisa da

damatebebis Setana SesaZlebelia mxolod imave saxis normatiuli aqtiT.

am SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria, Tu ratom ar moxda garemosdacviTi

nebarTvebis sferoSi moqmedi sakanonmdeblo aqtis Secvla an gauqmeba da

ratom moxda imave samarTalurTierToebebis daregulireba

kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtiT.

garemosdacviTi informaciis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebiT

aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos sanitariuli kodeqsic, romlis Tanaxmad,

adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo gar

sferoSi fizikur an/da iuridiul pirs ufleba aqvs255:

• saxelmwifo organosagan miiRos informacia sanitarul-higienuri

mdgomareobisa da epidemiuri situaciiT, mosaxleobis janmrTelobaze

garemo faqtorebis SesaZlo mavne zegavlenais, agreTve moqmedi

sanitariuli normebis Sesaxeb;

ilvasa da programebis SemuSave

enciiseburi formirebis sakiTxebi, saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis

dviT, sakmaod mravalferovania da, garda pirdapir dadgenili

255 saqarTvelos sanitariuli kodeqsi, me-5 muxli.

- 172 -

veloSi praqtikulad Camoyalibebulia erTiani

konstituciuri uflebebisa, kanonmdeblobiT garantirebulia sxva

uflebebic (samwuxarod, zog SemTxvevaSi adre arsebuli uflebebi aRar

aris kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli), romlebic uSualo kavSirSia am

uflebebis realizaciasTan.

dResdReobiT, saqarT

samarTlebrivi sistema, romelic moqalaqes aZlevs saSualebas miiRis

misTvis saintereso informacia. orhusis konvenciis, saqarTvelos zogadi

administraciuli kodeqsisa da ,,sajaro informaciis aslis gadaRebis

mosakreblis Sesaxeb.“257

garemosdacviTi informaciis sajaroobis principTan pirdapir kavSirSia

garemosdacviTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileobis principi. saqarTvelos kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ me-

5 muxlis ,,l“ qvepunqtiT garemos dacvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv

principebze dayrdnobiT adgens saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa da

fizikur da iuridiul pirTa valdebulebas saqmianobis dagegmvisa da

ganxorcielebisas ixelmZRvanelon ,,gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi

sazogadoebis monawileobis principiT“, rac niSnavs saqmianobis

ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobas.258

zemoaRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqti CarCo kanonia da Sesabamisad

samarTalurTierTobebi misi normebis dacvis Sesabamisad unda

regulirdebodes, miT umetes, rom aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi saqme

saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv principTan gvaqvs, rac ara erTi

saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT, maT Soris, orhusis

256

komentarebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv.321-322 . saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sajar

Sesaxeb“, 13.05.05.

l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis

257 o informaciis aslis gadaRebis mosakreblis

258 amave kanonis me-4 muxlis ,,z“ qvepunqtSi ,,saqmianoba“ ganmartebulia, rogorc: ,,samewarmeo, sameurneo da yvela sxvagvari saqmianoba, gansaxlebisa da ganviTarebis

da proeqtebis ganxorcieleba, infrastruqturuli proeqtebis, a

nebrivi resursebis dacvis, gamoyenebisa da

bis xarisxze.“

gegmebisagan Senianebisa da seqtoruli ganviTarebis gegmebis, saqarTvelos teritoriaze wylis, tyis, miwis, wiaRisa da sxva busargeblobis proeqtebisa da programebis ganxorcielebis CaTvliT, aseve arsebuli sawarmoebis mniSvnelovani rekonstruqcia da teqnikuri ganaxleba, romlebic axdenen an SeuZliaT moaxdinon gavlena garemos mdgomareo

- 173 -

iwvevs. erTi mxriv, saxelmwifos akisria saerTaSoriso

maSin, roca gauqmebuli ar aris am sferos

konvenciiT aris garantirebuli.259 zemoaRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom, saqarTvelos konstituciis

me-6 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs

ierarqiulad upiratesoba eniWebaT Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiuli

aqtebTan mimarTebiT.

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi dResdReobiT mZime sakanonmdeblo vakuumia

Seqmnili am mimarTulebiT, rac ZiriTadad 2005 wels ,,licenziebisa da

nebarTvebis“ Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis miRebiT aris ganpirobebuli.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, am kanonis safuZvelze miRebulma mTavrobis

dadgenilebam ,,garemoze zemoqmedebis nebarTvis gacemis wesisa da

pirobebis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze“ uamravi

sakanonmdeblo xarvezi warmoqmna, maT Soris, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

procesSi sazogadoebis monawileobis miRebis mxriv. aRniSnul

dadgenilebaSi, saerTod ar aris gansazRvruli amgvari valdebuleba,

rac gaugebrobas

xelSekrulebebis keTilsindisierad Sesrulebis valdebuleba260 (maT

Soris, orhusis konvenciisa, romelic pirdapir avaldebulebs

saxelmwifoebs uzrunvelyon sazogadoebis monawileoba garemosdacviTi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi), romelTa Seusrulebloba

saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobas iwvevs. meore mxriv, garda

saerTaSoriso valdebulebebisa, saxelmwifo valdebulia Seasrulos

,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis moTxovnebi da

kanondarRvevaa maTi ugulebelyofa kanonqvemdebare normatiul aqtze

dayrdnobiT da Tan

maregulirebeli specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqti ,,garemosdacviTi

nebarTvis Sesaxeb,“ romlis me-16 muxli amgvar valdebulebas

iTvaliswinebs da romlis moqmedebac SezRudulia mTavrobis

zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebiT.

259

cvlilebis Sesaxeb, me-4 muxli da a.S. 1970 wlis gaeros deklaracia ,,saerTaSoriso samarTlis proncipebis da

saxlmwifoTa Soris megobruli urTierTobebis da TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb“ da

konvencia biomravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, me-14 muxli; konvencia klimatis

260

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdebis 103-e muxli.

- 174 -

RniSnos, rom am dadgenilebis Sesabamisad gzS-s

tarebas aRar eqvemdebareba iseTi mniSvnelovani saqmianobebis

nxorcieleba, romlebmac SesaZloa sakmaod mniSvnelovani zegavlena

axdinon garemoze, maT Soris, wiaRis mopoveba, soflis meurneobisa da

ebis mrewveloba, xe-tyis gadamuSaveba, qaRaldis, tyavisa da safeiqro

warmoeba, zogierTi saxis infrastruqturuli proeqti da a.S. Tumca,

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amgvar valdebulebas adgens saqarTvelos

kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, rac kidev erTi samarTlebrivi

koliziis magaliTia.

sainteresoa, rom zemoaRniSnuli dadgenileba kidev sxva problemasac

qmnis orhusis konvenciis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebiT, kerZod

dadgenilebis me-6 muxlSi dadgenilia, rom saqmianoba SeiZleba

gaTavisufldes garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisgan (rac TavisTavad

sazogadoebis monawileobis komponentis ganxorcielebis pirdapiri

saSualebaa), Tu saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebi moiTxovs, rom

saqmianoba daiwyos da gadawyvetileba amis Sesaxeb droulad iqnes

miRebuli. aRniSnuli Canaweri ewinaaRmdegeba orhusis konvenciiT nakisr

mTavrobis zemoaRniSnul dadgenilebaSi Setanilma cvlilebam, 31-e

muxlSi daadgina garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis angariSis sajaro

ganxilvis valdebuleba, isic saqmianobis ganmaxorcieleblisaTvis da

ara saxelmwifo organoTaTvis, rac kidev damatebiT gaugebrobas iwvevs.

am muxlis Tanaxmad, saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli valdebulia moawyos

garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis (gzS) sajaro ganxilva gzS-is angariSis

nebarTvis gamcemi administraciuli organosaTvis gansaxilvelad

wardgenamde an mSeneblobis nebarTvis gacemis meore stadiis

proceduris dawyebamde. amasTanave, sajaro ganxilvis mowyobis mizniT,

saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebeli valdebulia gamoaqveynos informacia mis

mier dagegmili saqmianobis Sesaxeb. informacia unda gamoqveyndes

rogorc centralur periodul beWdviT organoSi, ise im raionis

administraciuli teritoriis farglebSi arsebul periodul beWdviT

organoSi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi), sadac dagegmilia saqmianobis

ganxorcieleba.

amasTanave, unda a

Ca

ga

mo

kv

- 175 -

bas mniSvnelovani garemosdacviTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

ocesi gaxadon sajaro da uzrunvelyon sazogadoebis dainteresebuli

saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dawyebis

valdebulebas, romlis Tanaxmad, xelSemkvreli mxareebi kisruloben

valdebule

pr

warmomadgenlebis CarTva im gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi,

romlebic zegavlenas axdens an savaraudoa, rom moaxdens garemos

Semadgenel elementebze da adamianis janmrTelobaze. konvencia aseve

adgens amgvari qmedebebisgan xelisuflebis organoebis gaTavisuflebis

pirobebs, romelTa Soris saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi interesebis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebisgan saqmianobis

gaTavisufleba miTiTebuli ar aris. mTavrobis dadgenilebis amgvari

midgoma realurad iZleva

SesaZleblobas garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis nebarTvis aRebis gareSe.

yovelive zemoaRniSnlidan gamomdinare, sakmaod gaugebaria qarTveli

kanonmdeblis motivacia, rasac safuZvlad, faqtiurad saerTaSoriso

valdebulebebisa da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis

ignorireba udevs.

- 176 -

4.4. ekologiuri uflebebis dacva saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis

mixedviT

saqarTveloSi, samwuxarod, ekologiuri cnobierebis dabali xarisxisa,

Tu zogadad mosaxleobis marTlmsajulebisadmi undoblobis gamo,

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis motiviT sasamarTloebisadmi wardgenili

sarCelebis ricxvi Zalian mcirea. mxlod bolo wlebSi, isic

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri organizaciebisa Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris

aqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad, dafiqsirda ramdenime saCivari jansaR

garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis dacvisa da ekologiuri informaciis

sajaroobis dacvis moTxovniT.

saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sferoSi

arsebuli praqtikis ganxilvamde unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli

sasamarTlo praqtikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovani

dadgenileba gamoitana saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumma261

bunebis (garemos) dacvis Sesaxeb. plenumma ganixila sakiTxi bunebis

dacvaze kanonmdeblobis gamoyenebis sasamarTlo praqtikis Sesaxeb da

aRniSna, rom:

,,bunebadacviTi kanonmdeblobis Sesrulebis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani saSualebaa sasamarTloebis mier wyalsacavebisa da haeris

gabinZurebis, miwis waxdenis, tyis ukanono Cexvis (kafvis) da

ganadgurebis ,ukanono TevzWeris da nadirobis Sesaxeb saqmeTa swori

ganxilva, am moqmedebebiT miyenebuli materialuri zaralis anazRaureba.

sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom bunebis

dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis darRvevasTan

dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlisa da samoqalaqo saqmeTa ganxilvisas

sasamarTloebi jerovan yuradRebas ar uTmoben am problemas, iCenen

pasiurobas bunebis obieqtebze miyenebuli vnebisaTvis konkretuli

pirebisa Tu organizaciebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxSi.

261

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumis dadgenileba 1995 wlis 3 agvisto.

- 177 -

e. yovelTvis sworad ar

s gansazRvra florasa da

ari

miuxedavad imisa, rom respublikaSi uaresdeba ekologiuri mdgomareoba,

statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, saqmeTa isedac umniSvnelo

raodenoba wlidan wlamde mcirdeba. ukanaskneli oTxi wlis manZilze

bunebrivi resursebis dacvisa da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis

darRveviT gamowveuli zaralis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebuli

sarCelebis ricxvi TiTqmis ori mesamediT Semcirda, xolo sisxlis

samarTlis kodeqsis muxlebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben

pasuxismgeblobas aseTi darRvevebisaTvis, faqtobrivad umoqmedoa.

sasamarTloebi uSveben Secdomebs materialuri zaralis anazRaurebis

wesisa da odenobis gansazRvris dros, xolo zogjer, saerTod ar

msjeloben Mmaterialuri zaralis anazRaurebaz

wydeba ukanonod mopovebuli produqciis bedis sakiTxi. rogorc wesi,

sasamarTloebi ukanonod mopovebul Tevzs, nanadirevs, agreTve ukanonod

moWril xe-tyes utoveben braleul pirs simbolur fasebSi da ar xdeba

ekologiuri faseulobis zianis odenobi

faunasaTvis miyenebuli vnebis mixedviT. bunebis dacvaze kanonmdeblobis

gamoyenebaSi arsebuli darRvevebis aRmofxvris mizniT plenumi adgens:

,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Sesruleba, bunebrivi

resursebis momWirne, racionaluri gamoyeneba erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

saxelmwifo amocanaa, romlis gadawyvetaze didad aris damokidebuli

adamianebis janmrTeloba da keTildReoba, qveynis ekonomikuri da

socialuri ganviTarebis amocanebis gadawyveta. aqedan gamomdinare,

sasamarTloebi mTeli seriozulobiT moekidon konkretuli sisxlis

samarTlisa Tu samoqalaqo saqmis ganxilvas. bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb

kanonmdeblobis darRvevasTan dakavSirebuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa

ganxilvisas jerovnad Seamowmon, icaven Tu ara mokvlevisa da winasw

gamoZiebis organoebi kanonis moTxovnas saqmis garemoebebis yovelmxrivi,

sruli da obieqturi gamokvlevis Sesaxeb miiRon zomebi, raTa

danaSaulis CadenaSi monawile yvela piri micemuli iqnes pasuxisgebaSi

kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.“

amasTanave, plenumis amave dadgenilebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos

respublikis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsze dayrdnobiT daadgina, rom

- 178 -

Saulis

,,danaSauli damTavrebulad iTvleba adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis an

zRvis cocxali resursebisaTvis mavne nivTierebebis, narCenebis da

masalebis zRvaSi ukanonod Cayris momentidan. am dana

damTavrebulad cnobisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli, rom realuri ziani

miadges dasvenebis zonebs, an xeli SeeSalos zRvis gamoyenebis sxva

kanonier saxeobebs. sakmarisia, aseTi safrTxe Seeqmnas xsenebul

obieqtebs. adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis mniSvnelovani zianis

miyenebisaTvis, rac am muxlis meore nawilis makvalificirebeli niSania,

pasuxismgebloba dadgeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas mohyva adamianebis

sicocxlisaTvis saSiSi daavadeba, an MmaTi Sromisunarianobis myari

dakargva, an janmrTelobis xangrZlivi moSla.“

zemoaRniSnuli dadgenilebis me-18 punqtis mixedviT, uzenaesi

sasamarTlos plenumma daavala sasamarTloebs, sistematiurad

ganezogadebinaT sasamarTlo praqtika mocemul saqmeebze da mieRoT

zomebi SecdomaTa Tavidan acilebisaTvis.

am dadgenilebidan naTelia, rom saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos

xelmZRvanelobas kargad aqvs gaTviTcnobierebuli adamianis ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis sasamarTlo praqtikis ganzogadebis mniSvneloba da

aucilebloba. magram, miuxedavad aRniSnuli dadgenilebisa, cota ram Tu

gakeTda saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikaSi ekologiuri sakiTxebis,

MmaT Soris, saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuli adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis ganzogadebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc zemoT

aRiniSna, mxlod bolo wlebSi, isic saerTaSoriso ekologiuri

organizaciebisa Tu arasamTavrobo seqtoris aqtiuri muSaobis Sedegad

dafiqsirda ramdenime saCivari jansaR garemoSi cxovrebis uflebis

dacvisa da ekologiuri informaciis sajaroobis dacvis moTxovniT.

erT-erTi pirveli saqme wamowyebul iqna saqarTvelos strategiuli

kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis centris programis ,,moqalaqeebi

ekologiurad mdgradi da usafrTxo garemosaTvis“ farglebSi, romelmac

2002 wels mosaxleobis mier sasamarTlos gziT sakuTari ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis dadebiTi precedentebis Seqmnis mizniT, momzadda

sarCeli, Temqis dasaxlebaSi, xevZmaris xevSi arsebuli sakanalizacio

- 179 -

mxardamWeriT moqalaqeebma

MmaT ufleba hqondaT ecxovraT maTi

koleqtorTan dakavSirebiT. sasamarTlo ganxilvis Catarebamde

Sesabamisma uwyebebma uzrunvelyves adekvaturi RonisZiebebis gatareba

da Sesabamisad sarCelis Semdgomma aqtualizaciam azri dakarga.

2002 wels zemoaRniSnuli organizaciis

(lilos dasaxlebaSi mcxovreblebma) - t. beriZem, n.gobejiSvilma da

sxvebma mimarTes Tbilisis krwanisi-mTawmindis raionul sasamarTlos

MmaTi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis moTxovniT. sarCelSi mosarCeleebi

ganmartaven, rom Tbilisis saxalxo deputatTa saqalaqo sabWos

aRmasrulebeli komitetis 1989 wlis 3 noembris #1499 gankargulebiT im

dros saqarxno raionis teritoriaze unda mowyobiliyo droebiTi

nagavsayreli samSeneblo kombinatsa da lilos dasaxlebidan 1000

metris dacilebiT. amave gankargulebis me-2 punqtis Sesabamisad,

dizainisa da keTilmowyobis sammarTvelos saproeqto kantoras unda

daemuSavebina mosawyobi nagavsayrelis teqnikuri dokumentacia, romlis

safuZvelzec moewyoboda nagavsayreli. gankargulebis me-6 punqtis

Sesabamisad, saqarxno raisabWos aRmaskoms unda Caetarebina gamoyofili

miwis rekultivacia-regeneracia. sarCelis Setanis dRisTvis (2002 w.)

nagavsayreli kvlav funqcionirebda, Tumca ar iricxeboda Tbilisis

meriis keTilmowyobis sammarTvelos balansze da mosarCeleebis

araerTgzisi moTxovnis Sesabamisad, MmaT ar miewodaT nagavsayrelis

Sesaxeb arsebuli teqnikuri da sxva saxis dokumentacia. mosarCele

mxaris mtkicebiT, nagavsayrelze ar iyo daculi elementaruli

sanitariul-higienuri da usafrTxoebis normebi, rac xelsayrel

pirobebs qmnida sxvadasvxa epidemiebisa Tu daavadebebis

gasavrceleblad. mosarCeleebma sakuTari sarCelis Sedgenisas

ixelmZRvaneles saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxliT, orhusis

konvenciiTa da ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis me-6 da

34-e muxlebiT da ganacxades, rom

janmrTelobisaTvis usafrTxo garemoSi da mieRoT sruli, drouli da

obieqturi informacia MmaTi sacxovrebeli da samuSao garemos Sesaxeb.

aRniSnuli sarCeli sasamarTlos mier dakmayofilebul iqna da miRebul

iqna gadawyvetileba nagavsayrelis gonivrul da urTierTSeTanxmebis

- 180 -

mo organizaciam daxmareba sTxoves

lilos SemTxvevaSi ki nagavsayrelis daxurva

Sedegad dadgenil vadaSi daxurvis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, mosamarTlis

mier gadawyvetilebaSi ar iqna miTiTebuli saqarTvelos konstituciis

37-e, ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb kanonis“ Sesabamisi muxlebis da orhusis

konvenciis debulebebis darRvevis Sesaxeb.

Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom sasamarTlom dadebiTi gadawyvetileba

gamoitana, igi ar aRsrulebula. revoluciis Semdgom periodSi

ganxorcielda mravali reorganizacia Tbilisis municipalitetsa da

garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministroSi, informaciis

nawili daikarga da municipalitetis mier Tavis Tavze aRebuli

valdebulebebi ar Sesrulda. 2004 wels lilos dasaxlebis

mcxovreblebma da adgilobrivma saTe

centrs, radgan nagavsayreli kvlav funqcionirebda. atexili xmauris

gamo axalma xelisuflebam gadawyvita procesis daCqareba da

nagavsayrelis konservacia savaldebulo procedurebis dacvis gareSe

(rac gulisxmobda specialuri komisiis Seqmnas, romelic SeimuSavebda

konservaciis proeqts, Semdeg unda gamocxadebuliyo tenderi

konservaciis ganmaxorcielebeli kompaniis SesarCevad). municipalurma

samsaxurma gadawyvita ubralod daefara nagavsayreli miwis Txeli

feniT. eqspertTa azriT, msgavsi qmedeba safrTxes Seuqmnis adgilobriv

mosaxleobas. narCenebis wvis Sedegad gamoyofilma airma SesaZloa 500-

800 metrSi mdebare sacxovrebeli korpusebis sardafebSi povos

gamosavali da afeTqebis saSiSroeba warmoSvas. analogiuri SemTxvevebi

sazRvargareTis zogierT qveyanaSic dafiqsirebula. garda amisa,

nagavsayrelis daxurva, iseve rogorc ganTavseba, pirveli kategoriis

saqmianoba ,,ekologiuri nebraTvebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis

mixedviT, anu daxurvis procesi garkveuli procedurebis dacviT unda

mimdinareobdes.

samarTlebrivi darRveviT daiwyo.

2001 wlis 28 Tebervals axalcixis 425-ma dazaralebulma pirma

axalcixis sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo sarCeli Seitana. sarCelis

safuZveli 2001 wlis bolos axalcixis r-Si virusuli ,,A“ hepatitis

epidemiis gavrceleba gaxda, romelmac piks oqtomber-noembris TveSi

- 181 -

monawileobis procedurebi da rom milsadenis mSenebloba

miaRwia. hepatitis mizezi sasmeli wylis fekaluri masebiT dabinZureba

gaxda. epidemiis gavrcelebas adgilobrivi xelisuflebis

umoqmedeobamac Seuwyo xeli, romelic ignorirebas ukeTebda

sanepidsadguris mier mowodebul informacias epidemiis saSiSroebis

arsebobis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, adgilobrivma xelisuflebis organoebma

saWirod ar CaTvales mosaxleobis gafrTxileba SesaZlo safrTxis

Sesaxeb. dazaralebulebi saxelmwifosagan miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebas iTxovdnen, erT dazaralebulze, daaxloebiT, 600 laris

odenobiT. mopasuxeebad dasaxelebulia axalcixis raionis gamgeoba.

aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT dava axalcixis raionul

sasamarTloSi ganxilvis procesSia.

2003 wlis 17 maiss, asociacia „mwvane alternativam“ sarCeli aRZra

mopasuxeebis: garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministrosa da

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis kompaniis mimarT, 2002 wlis 30

noembers saministros mier kompaniaze gacemuli navTobis

transportirebis ekologiuri nebarTvis baTilad cnobis moTxovniT.

moTxovnis safuZveli iyo is, rom ekologiuri nebarTvis gacemisas,

srulad ar iyo daculi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli

sazogadoebis

im saxiT, ra saxiTac masze nebarTva gasca saministrom, safrTxes uqmnis

garemos. am saqmeSi asociacia Tavis saproceso uflebaunarianobas

asabuTebda orhusis konvenciis 2.5 muxlze miTiTebiT, romlis

mixedviTac, ekologiuri arasamTavrobo organizacia miiCneva

„dainteresebul sazogadoebad.“ 2003 wlis 24 ivniss, asociaciis mier

damatebiTi moTxovnis Sesrulebis Semdeg, Tbilisis saolqo

sasamarTlom saqme warmoebaSi miiRo, Tumca, saboloo jamSi, sarCeli man

ar daakmayofila.

2004 wlis 1 aprils dasrulda saqarTveloSi baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis

navTobsadenis proeqtis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebuli kidev erTi

sasamarTlo saqme. Tbilisis krwanisi-mTawmindis raionulma sasamarTlom

daakmayofila asociacia ,,mwvane alternativa“-s sasarCelo gancxadeba

,,saqarTvelos, azerbaijanis respublikasa da TurqeTis respublikas

- 182 -

nakveTze da mis

Soris azerbaijanis respublikis, saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis

respublikis teritoriebis gavliT baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis ZiriTadi

saeqsporto milsadeniT navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb“

xelSekrulebis (samTavroboTaSoriso xelSekruleba) da misi danarTebis

oficialurad gamoqveynebis Taobaze. sasamarTlom saqarTvelos

parlaments daakisra xelSekrulebisa da misi danarTebis oficialurad

gamoqveynebis uzrunvelyofa. krwanisi-mTawmindis raionul sasamarTloSi

mopasuxeebs warmoadgendnen saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministro da

saqarTvelos parlamenti, mesame pirad ki warmodgenilni iyvnen

saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro, baqo-

Tbilisi-jeihanis milsadenis kompania da saqarTvelos navTobis

saerTaSoriso korporacia. zemoaRniSnuli samTavroboTaSoriso

xelSekruleba da misi danarTebi ratificirebul iqna saqarTvelos

parlamentis mier jer kidev 2000 wlis 31 maiss, Tumca es dokumentebi

dRemde ar gamoqveynebula oficialurad da amdenad, saqarTvelos farTo

sazogadoebisTvis maTi Sinaarsi dRemde ucnobia. aRsaniSnavia, rom

swored es xelSekrulebebi gansazRvraven saqarTveloSi baqo-Tbilisi-

jeihanis navTobsadenis proeqtis ganxorcielebis samarTlebriv

moTxovnebs.

2004 wlis 17 seqtembers Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloSi gaimarTa

mosamzadebeli sxdoma saqmeze: asociacia ,,mwvane alternativa“

saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministrosa da

baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis (bTj) milsadenis kompaniis kontraqtori, Sps ,,spi

kapag petrofag interneiSenalis“ winaaRmdeg (mesame mxareebi:

saqarTvelos navTobis saerTaSoriso korporacia da bTj milsadenis

kompania). saqme exeboda saqarTvelos garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis

dacvis saministros mier 2003 wlis 24 dekembers Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag

interneiSenalisTvis“ gacemul garemosdacviT nebarTvas proeqtze,

romelic gulisxmobs baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanis navTobsadenis mSeneblobis

procesSi muSaTa banakebsa da samSeneblo moednebze warmoqmnili

narCenebis ganTavsebas specialur saTavsebSi q. marneulis SesasvlelTan

mdebare mSenebelTa banakis gverdiT gamoyofil miwis

- 183 -

Seasrula saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT

moTxovna ,,garemoze

sasamarTlosTvis dazustebuli sarCelis warsadgenad.

gadatanas Semdgomi dawvis mizniT gardabnis raionis sof. jandaris

mimdebared ganTavsebul e.w ,,insiniratorSi“. mosarCele ,,mwvane

alternativa“ amtkicebda, rom aRniSnul saqmianobaze ekologiuri

nebarTvis gacemisas garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis

saministrom ar

gaTvaliswinebuli moTxovnebi sazogadoebisaTvis ekologiuri

informaciis xelmisawvdomobis da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi

sazogadoebis monawileobis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb. saministrom aseve

daarRvia ,,ekologiuri nebarTvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis

moTxovnebi, ar mosTxova ra proeqtis investors saqarTvelos

kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli ekologiuri nebarTvis misaRebad saWiro

dokumentaciis wardgena. garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis

saministrom, samwuxarod, gaiTvaliswina ,,spi kapag petrofag

interneiSenalis“ absoluturad usafuZvlo

zemoqmedebis Sefasebis“ Catarebis valdebulebisagan gaTavisuflebis

Sesaxeb da amasTan, erTpirovnulad miiRo gadawyvetileba saqmianobis

,,garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis“ Catarebisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb,

risi uflebac mas saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT ar hqonda. 2004 wlis 17

seqtembers Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTloSi gamarTul sxdomaze

mopasuxis (garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros)

warmomadgenelma sasamarTlos warudgina saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa

da bunebrivi resursebis imdroindeli ministris qalbaton Tamar

lebaniZis brZaneba, romlis Tanaxmad, saministro baTilad cnobs

saministros mier 2003 wlis 24 dekembers Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag

interneiSenalisTvis“ gacemul garemosdacviT nebarTvas. amave brZanebiT

Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag interneiSenals“ eZleva ufleba ganagrZos

baTilad cnobili ekologiuri nebarTviT nebadarTuli saqmianobis

ganxorcieleba garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis saministros

mier 2002 wlis 30 noembers bTj milsadenis kompaniisTvis gacemuli

ekologiuri nebarTvis farglebSi. mosarCele ,,mwvane alternativam“,

axalaRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo, iTxova damatebiTi vada

- 184 -

is kaTedris daskvna, romlis Tanaxmad,

uaryofiTi zemoqmedebis efeqts da iwvevs mTel rig fsiqosomatur da

sxva

,,Tb

gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs sarCeli, romelmac ukve amowura

marTlmsajulebis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSualeba da adamianis

uflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis moTxovnaTa dacviT

gansaxilvelad wardgenil iqna adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli

sasamarTlos winaSe262.

aRniSnuli saqme exeba adamianis eklogiuri uflebebis dacvas xmaurisa

da haeris dabinZurebisagan. moqalaqeebma T. qamuSaZem, a. wulukianma, g.

goCaSvilma, o. gureSiZem, l. alaviZem da v. juRelma 2001 wlis 25

oqtombers sasarCelo gancxadebiT mimarTes Tbilisis saolqo

sasamarTlos. mopasuxeebad aRniSnul saqmesTan dakavSirebiT

gamodiodnen: saerTaSoriso energetikuli kompania ,,itera“, ss ,,saqgazi“,

ss ,,ei-es-Telasi“, ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentrali“, q.Tbilisis meria,

saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministro da saqarTvelos garemos

dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministro.

mosarCeleebi sasarCelo moTxovnebs afuZnebdnen im garemoebaze, rom

maTi sacxovrebeli korpusi mdebareobda ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“

teritoriis siaxloves, romlis funqcionirebisas ar iyo daculi

elementaruli sanitruli pirobebi da axlomdebare mosaxleobisaTvis

aranormaluri pirobebi iqmneboda. maTi mtkicebiT, ss

,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ sakvamuridan amofrqveuli Savi mtveri, misi

eleqtrogeneratorebi da axlos gamavali maRali Zabvis xazebi

damagrevlad moqmedeben mosarCeleebis janmrTelobaze. mosarCeleebis

mier warmodgenil iqna Tsu qimiuri teqnologiis laboratoriis daskvna,

romlis mixedviT, mavne nivTierebaTa Semcveloba haerSi zogjer aTjer

da metad aRemateba dasaSveb normas. agreTve, maT mier warmodgenil iqna

Tsu Sromis da fsiqologi

sacxovrebel saxlSi xmauri mniSvnelovnad aWarbebs xmauris gamomwvevi

talRebis intensivobis dasaSveb normebs, rac TavisTavad zrdis

daavadebebs. mosarCeleebi acxadebdnen, rom ss

oeleqtrocentrali“ moixmars dasaSvebze meti odenobiT Jangbads da

262 dResdReobiT saqme evropul sasamarTloSi saqmis daSvebis stadiaSia.

- 185 -

-1000265 muxlebs.

Sesaxeb“ da

mis nacvlad gamoafrqvevs didi odenobiT mavne nivTierebebs, romelTa

koncentraciis metobas aqvs adgili. zemoaRniSnuli garemoebebidan

gamomdinare, mosarCeleebi moiTxovdnen qonebrivi da araqonebrivi zianis

kompensacias da eyrdnobodnen saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 318-e263,

408-e264 da me

Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos administraciuli samarTlisa da

sagadasaxado saqmeTa kolegiis 2004 wlis 12 martis gadawyvetilebiT,

sarCeli dakmayofilda nawilobriv. Ggarda materialuri zianis

kompensaciisa, rac ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ teritoriidan wylis

CadinebiT sacxovrebeli saxlis sardafis kedlis dangreviT iyo

gamowveuli, saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis

saminsitrosa da ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ solidarulad daekisraT

pasuxismgebloba a. wulukianisa da T. qamuSaZis sasargeblod

janmrTelobis vnebiT miyenebuli moraluri zianis sakompensaciod

TiToeulisaTvis 5000 laris gadaxdis saxiT. kolegiam miiCnia, rom

zianis gamomwvevi mizezebia Tbilisis meriis, saministrosa da ss

,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ braleuli qmedebebi. kolegiam daadastura, rom

a. wulukianisa da T. qamuSaZis janmrTelobas ziani miadga ss

,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“ funqcionirebiT gamowveuli xmauriTa da

gamonabolqviT. gadawyvetilebebis gamotanisas sasamarTlo kolegia

daeyrdno ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“

organul kanons, kanons ,,saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis

saqarTvelos garemos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros

debulebas, rac zemoaRniSnul uwyebebs avaldebulebda gaetarebinaT

Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi garemos dacvisa da am mxriv adamianis ZiriTadi

uflebebis dacvis sferoSi.

mosarCeleebma Tbilisis saolqo sasamarTlos kolegiis gadawyvetilebis

gauqmeba moiTxoves da kasaciiT mimarTes saqarTvelos uzenaes

263 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 318-e muxli, informaciis gacemis

264 saqarTvelos samovaldebuleba.

qalaqo kodeqsis 408-e muxli, pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenis movaleoba. 265 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-1000 muxli, pasuxismgebloba nagebobidan gamomdinare mometebuli safrTxiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis.

- 186 -

sasamarTlos. kasatorebi iTxovdnen sasarCelo moTxovnebis srul

dakmayofilebas. sakasacio saCivarSi isini ukve ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“,

,,wylis Sesaxeb“ da ,,atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos

kanonebs eyrdnobodnen da acxadebdnen, rom irRveoda maTi ekologiuri

uflebebi.

aRniSnuli sakasacio sarCeli gansakuTrebulad sayuradReboa, rameTu

pirvelad qarTuli sasamarTloebis praqtikaSi, mosarCeleebis mxridan

maTi ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mozniT miTiTeba iyo gakeTebuli

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentul samarTalze,

kerZod, saqmeze lopez ostra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain),

romliTac evropuli konvenciis me-8 muxlis darRvevis gamo espaneTis

mTavrobas mosarCelis sasargeblod daekisra 4 000 000 pesetis gadaxdis

valdebuleba. Tumca, kolegiam es garemoeba ar gaiTvalisiwina im

mizeziT, rom lopez ostras saqmisgan gansxvavebiT, am saqmeSi

kasatorebma icodnen ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentrali“-s saqmianobis Sesaxeb

da maTi am teritoriaze dasaxleba da TviT saxlis aSeneba ufro gvian

moxda, vidre ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralisa“. am nawilSi kolegia daeyrdno

kanons ,,saSiSi nivTierebebiT gamowveuli zianis kompensaciis Sesaxeb“,

kanonis me-6 muxls. saboloo gadawyvetilebaSi sasamarTlom dadgina

mxolod qamuSaZisa da wulukianisaTvis araqonebrivi zianis

asanzRaurebis sakiTxi, maTi janmrTelobis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

rac xmauriTa da mavne gamonabolqviT iyo gamowveuli266.

gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa, rom kasatorebi ar dakmayofildnen uzenaesi

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT da saCivriT mimarTes adamianis uflebaTa

evropul sasamarTlos (i. juReli da sxvebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg).

miuxedavad imisa, rom saCivari jer ganxilvaSi miRebuli ar aris da

saqmis daSvebis Sesaxeb mimdinareobs Sesabamisi procedurebi, igi qmnis

pirvel da qarTuli sasamarTlo praqtikisaTvis fasdaudebel

precedents, roca xdeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis

motiviT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa saCivris wardgena evropuli

sasamarTlos winaSe.

- 187 -

266 saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos administraciul da sxva kategoriis saqmeTa palatis 2005 wlis 21 aprilis gadawyvetileba #bs-586-507-k-04.

- 188 -

arebas saqarTveloSi:

safuZvelzec erovnul sasamarTloebs da

ministraciul organoebs SeuZliaT maTi pirdapiri gamoyeneba,

daskvna

naSromis dasasruls SeiZleba gakeTdes ramdenime daskvna da gamoiTqvas

rekomendaciebi saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso praqtikis gaTvaliswinebiT

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan dakavSirebiT. miuxedavad

imisa, rom naSromSi ganxiluli sakiTxebi ZiriTadad exeba adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis warmoSobisa da dacvis sakiTxebs, mravali

daskvna, mosazreba da rekomendacia aseve exeba zogadad ekologiuri

samarTlis ganviT

1. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mkafiod gansazRvravs saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ierarqiul adgils qveyanaSi moqmed

normatiul aqtebs Soris. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs,

maT Soris, orhusis konvencias eniWeba sakmaod maRali ierarqiuli

adgili. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs aqvT upiratesi

iuridiuli Zala saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis mimarT, garda

saqarTvelos konstituciisa da konstituciuri SeTanxmebisa. miuxedavad

imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba mkafiod gansazRvravs

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ierarqiul adgils qveyanaSi moqmed

normatiul aqtebs Soris, praqtikaSi sasamarTlo da administraciuli

organoebi SeiZleba aRmoCndnen sirTuleebis winaSe, rac dakavSirebulia

samarTlebriv koliziebTan saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa

da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv normatiul aqtebs Soris. xsenebulidan

gamomdinare, SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom

saqarTvelos mier aRiarebuli TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso

xelSekruleba, maT Soris, orhusis konvenciac "TviTSemsrulebadi"

xasiaTisaa, ris

ad

sasurvelia erovnuli kanonmdebloba maqsimalurad moyvanil iqnes

SesabamisobaSi orhusis konvenciasTan, rac mis erovnul doneze ukeT

gamoyenebas da praqtikaSi danergvas Seuwyobs xels;

- 189 -

istemaSi saerTaSoriso samarTliT garantirebuli

ologiuri uflebebis amsaxveli normebi gafantulia sxvadasxva

idasaxelmwifoebrivi procedura, risi ignorirebac saqarTvelos mier

rhusis konvenciiT nakisri valdebulebebis Seusruleblobas niSnavs.

gadadgmac, rac

riTadad arsebuli kanonmdeblobis saTanado aRsrulebas, orhusis

konvenciiseburi midgomebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis cnobierebis

2. zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare da imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qarTul

samarTlebriv s

ek

samarTlebriv instrumentebSi da maTi erToblivi aRqma sakmaod

garTulebulia, SesaZlebelia moxdes ekologiuri uflebebis

normatiuli Sinaarsis garkveulwilad sistematizeba da specialuri

kanonis miReba, romelic saqarTvelos konstituciis 37-e muxlis da

orhusis konvenciis debulebebis dakonkretebasa da ganviTarebaze iqneba

orientirebuli;

3. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar moxdeba specialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtis

miReba orhusis konvenciis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTlebriv sistemaSi

ukeT harmonizirebis mizniT (rac TavisTavad gamomdinare sakanonmdeblo

paketis momzadebas moiTxovs), saWiroa SesabamisobaSi iqnes moyvanili

arsebuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi,

rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise orhusis konvenciasTan. am mxriv, pirvel rigSi,

sasurvelia aRmoifxvras da Seivsos is xarvezebi, rac garemosdacviTi

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis CarTvis sakiTxs

Seexeba da sakanonmdeblo doneze iqnes garantirebuli am principis

S

o

amasTanave, mniSvnelovania, rom garemoze zemoqmedebis Sefasebis

procesiT gaTvaliswinebuli informaciis sajaroobis principi axali

sakanonmdeblo aqtiT ganisazRvros, rameTu, am principis mxolod

kanonqvemdebare aqtiT gansazRvra, ,,normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“

saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenil normaTa ierarqiis moTxovnebis

darRvevas iwvevs;

4. erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis srulyofisa da ganmtkicebis garda,

sasurvelia saxelmwifos mxridan qmediTi nabijebis

Zi

- 190 -

ebulia: a) dabali ekologiuri

nobierebiT; b) saqarTveloSi moqmedi ekologiuri kanonmdeblobis

arakomerciuli mxarec

napirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, televiziiTa da presis saSualebiT

garemosdaciTi informaciis gavrceleba fragmentulia;

amaRlebasa da maTi am mxriv ndobis ganmtkicebas maqsimalurad unda

uwyobdes xels;

5. saqarTveloSi moqmed erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv

normebSi mkafiodaa Camoyalibebuli yvela is moTxovna, romlebic unda

uzrunvelyofdnen iseTi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas,

romelic Tavisi moRvaweobiT damatebiT safrTxes ar Seuqmnis saarsebo

garemos da Sesabamisad daculi iqneba TiToeuli moqalaqisa da Tavad

sazogadoebis ekologiuri uflebebic. miuxedavad amisa, urTulesi

ekonomikuri pirobebidan gamomdinare, mTavrobac da sazogadoebac

xSirad ignorirebas ukeTebs garemos xelyofis faqtebs, ris gamoc

yvelaze ufro zaraldeba adgilobrivi flora, fauna da bunebrivi

landSaftebi. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi

sazogadoebis mxridan garemos dazianeba da bunebrivi resursebis

aramarTebuli gamoyeneba ganpirob

c

arcodniT; g) saxelmwifo, sazogadoebriv da biznes seqtorebs Soris

arasakmarisi koordinaciiT. garda amisa, garkveul problemebs qmnis

aRsrulebis meqanizmebis sisuste da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, MmaTi uqonloba;

6. dabalia Jurnalistebis daintereseba ekologiuri samarTlis

TematikiT da kanonmdeblobis ganxorcielebis xarvezebiT. Jurnalistikis

fakultetebi (rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve kerZo institutebSi) ar

amzadeben kadrebs eko-Jurnalistikis ganxriT. amdenad, sazogadoebis

informirebis jaWvis yvelaze mZlavri rgoli, mas-media am kuTxiT

praqtikulad araefeqtiania. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi ekologiuri

informaciis arapopularulobas misi

ga

- 191 -

ra,

arsebobs garemos dacvis (ekologiuri) samarTlis saxelmwifo

e

eficiti), rac, orhusis konvenciis ZalaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiT,

ebidan, Sesabamisi dazRvevis ganxorcielebisaTvis umjobesia

afuZndes savaldebulo ekologiuri dazRvevis saxelmwifo kompania,

7. msgavsi situaciaa Seqmnili ekologiuri samarTlis swavlebis

sferoSic. arcerT saxelmwifo da kerZo umaRlesi saswavleblis

iuridiul fakultetebs ar gaaCnia garemos dacvis samarTlis kaTed

ar

saswavlo programa, Sesabamisad ar aris damtkicebuli konkretuli

saswavlo programebi da ar arsebobs saxelmZRvanelo (bibliografiuli)

bazac. marTalia, saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiul fakultetze

SesaZlebelia wakiTxul iqnes ekologiuri samarTlis kursi, magram es

mxolod calkeuli leqtorebis iniciativaze da fakultetis

xelmZRvanelobis keTil nebazea damokidebuli, romelic

xelmZRvanelobis cvlasTan erTad praqtikulad yovelwliurad icvleba.

swored aqedan gamomdinare, problemebia garemosdacviT

samarTalwarmoebaSi (ekologiuri samarTlis specialistebis mwvav

d

kidev ufro did sirTuleebs qmnis;

8. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos kanoni `garemos dacvis Sesaxeb~

moklebulia myar finansur meqanizms. dRemde ver xorcieldeba am kanonis

me-17 muxlSi moxseniebuli gansakuTrebiT saSiSi saqmianobis obieqtebis

savaldebulo ekologiuri dazRveva, romlis saSualebiTac Semosuli

Tanxebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes ekologiuri avariisa da katastrofis

Sedegebis aRmofxvrisa da MmaTi profilaqtikisaTvis, rac adamianis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mniSvnelovani winapirobaa. gamomdinare

saqarTvelos Taviseburebebidan da bolo wlebis sadazRvevo

gamocdil

Gd

romelic realurad ganaxorcielebs garemosadmi miyenebuli zianis

anazRaurebisa da prevenciul RonisZiebebs;

- 192 -

. erovnuli kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs garemos dabinZurebisaTvis

9. saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs ekologiuri sakiTxebis menejmentis meTodi

da gamocdileba. saqarTvelos sawarmoebSi ar arsebobs ekologiuri

samsaxurebi, ar moqmedebs saerTaSoriso ekologiuri standartebi267;

10

gadasaxadis ganakveTis arsebobas, rac erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

ekologiuri principis ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“ seriozuli darRvevaa da

erovnul kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebs Soris

kolizias warmoSobs. aucilebelia Sesabamisi cvlilebebis Setana

saqarTvelos moqmed sagadasaxado kodeqsSi da ,,damabinZurebeli ixdis“

principis aRdgena, miT umetes, rom am principis arsebobas iTvaliswinebs

saqarTvelos 1996 wlis kanoni ,,garemos dacvis Sesaxeb“, romelic

normaTa droSi moqmedebis principis gaTvaliswinebiT dRes umoqmedoa;

11. garda sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis aRmofxvrisa da mosaxleobis

ekologiuri cnobierebis amaRlebisa, sasurvelia moxdes Sesamabisi

administraciuli organoebis da sasamarTlo dawesebulebebis kadrebis

gadamzadeba uSualod MmaTi ekologiuri ganaTlebisa da cnobierebis

amaRlebis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT meti aqtiurobiT da ufro

efeqtianad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli is dafinanseba, rac sxvadasxva

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxridan eZleva saqarTvelos garemos

dacvis sferoSi. sasurvelia Gdaarsdes axali an ukeT dafinansdes ukve

arsebuli saxlmwifo samsaxurebi sajaro mosamsaxureTa da

mosamarTleTaTvis ekologiuri treningebisa da mecadineobebis Catarebis

mizniT;

12. garemosdacvis sferoSi profesionalTa codnis amaRlebis sferoSi

win gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba sajaro moxeleebis (ra Tqma unda, am

sferoSi momuSave adamianebis), mosamarTleebis, advokatebis da

267

standartebis moTxovnebs. nawarms unda gaaCndes ekologiuri sertifikati ISO 14000 dasavleTSi sawarmoebis ekologiuri saqmianoba emyareba saerTaSoriso

(garemos dacvis marTvis serTifikati). gamoiyeneba agreTve emasi-s standarti, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ISO 14001 saxelwodebiT _ ,,garemos dacvis marTvis sistemebi, moTxovnebi da xelmZRvaneloba~.

- 193 -

bis gaTvaliswineba. radgan, swored am pirebs eniWebaT

niSvnelovanesi roli saqarTveloSi adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis sakiTxi, sasamarTlom

lomde ver gaaTviTcnobiera garemos dacvis sferoSi saqarTvelos

erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da erovnuli

prokurorebis SesarCevi konkursebis sagamocdo sakiTxebSi ekologiuri

kanonmdeblo

um

dacvis praqtikul uzrunvelyofaSi;

13. dResdReobiT msoflioSi precedentuli samarTlis ganviTarebam

cxadyo, rom msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi sul ufro da ufro

xSirad xdeba adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacviT sasamarTlo

procesebis warmarTva, rac xSirad ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis mizniT

sxva uflebebis SezRudvas iwvevs. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi, evropuli

da sxva ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis motiviT sasamarTloebis winaSe wardgenil sarCelTa

ricxvi Zalze mcirea, SeiZleba iTqvas, TiTze CamosaTvlelia. yovelive es

gamowveulia mosaxleobis dabali cnobierebiT da qveynis ekonomikuri

mdgomareobiT. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlam

daadastura, rom, Tu erT-erT pirvel sasamarTlo saqmeSi, romelSic

warmoiSva adamianis

bo

sa

kanonmdeblobisYgamoyenebis aucilebloba, saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis

momdevno gadawyvetilebaTa analizi cxadyofs, rom nel-nela mkvidrdeba

adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis praqtika. Tumca, isic aSkaraa,

rom saqarTvelos sasamarTlo praqtikikisTvis jer kidec Zalian axali

da ucxo sferoa adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis dacva, Tumca amas

albaT aqvs Tavisi logikuri axsnac, kerZod, is, rom dResdReobiT

saqarTveloSi sazogadoeba da xelisuflebis organoebi ekologiuri

cnobierebis dabali xarisxis gamo bolomde ver acnobiereben im

faqtorebs, romlebic adamianis ekologiuri uflebebs arRveven.

garemosdacviTi problemebis sirTulidan gamomdinare sasamarTloebi

xSirad SeiZleba problemebis winaSec aRmoCndnen. amdenad, saqmeTa

ganxilvisa da gadawyvetilebebis gamotanisas, mowveul eqsertTa

- 194 -

Revandel msoflioSi

niWeba umniSvnelovanesi adgili adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis

amarTlos saqmianobis pirvel wlebSi sasamarTlo

sebiT ganxilvazec ar uSvebda ekologiuri uflebebis dacvasTan

zRvari SesaZlo da

amdgar ekologiur safrTxesa da demokratiuli sazogadoebis

Cvenebebis gamoyenebis praqtika marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi farTod unda

dainergos;

14. adamianis uflebaTa evropul konvencias d

e

dacvis sferoSi, rac saqarTvelosTvis samagaliTo da misabaZi unda

gaxdes. evropuli konvenciis moqmedebis pirvel wlebSi ekologiuri

uflebebis realizaciis sakiTxi aqtualuri ar iyo. im droisaTvis

msoflioSi jer kidev ar arsebobda realuri ekologiuri safrTxe, rac

mTeli kacobriobis keTildReobas safrTxes uqmnida. me-20 saukunis meore

naxevarSi dawyebulma aqtiurma ekonomikurma da samrewvelo procesebma

daadastura, rom ekonomikuri zrda ekologiuri wonasworobis

SenarCunebis xarjze unda mimdinareobdes, rac sazogadoebis

demokratiuli ganviTarebisa da jansaRi momavlis umTavresi atributia.

winamdebare naSromis Sedegad, ekologiur uflebebTan da adamianis

uflebaTa evropul konvenciasTan mimarTebiT SesaZlebelia gakeTdes

ramdenime daskvna:

14.1. msoflio ekonomikurma da samrewvelo procesebma sakmaod didi

zegavlena moaxdina evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis

ganviTarebaze. Tu sas

ar

dakavSirebul saqmeebs, Semdgom periodSi amgvari uflebebis realizacia

sasamarTlos mier egreT wodebuli par richochet - is principis gamoyenebiT

xorcieldeboda. sasamarTlom adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis

muxlebis mravalmxrivi interpretaciis da ganmartebis safuZvelze

SeZlo arapirdapiri gziT daecva jansaRi garemoTi sargeblobis

ufleba, rac demokratiis ganviTarebis metad aqtualuri faqtoria.

sazogadoebrivi da individualuri interesebis dabalansebis principis

dacviT, evropulma sasamrTlom SeZlo gaevlo

d

- 195 -

mimarTulebaSi gamoixateba: sasamarTlo

tiurobaSi da sasamarTlo pasiurobaSi. sasamarTlo aqtiuroba

rda me-8 da me-10 muxlisa). Tumca isic aRsaniSnavia,

om sasamarTlo did yuradRebas uTmobs wevri saxelmwifoebis

diskreciul uflebas ekologiuri safrTxis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT,

ramac didi roli iTamaSa sasamarTlos mier aqamde gamotanil Sesabamis

gadawyvetilebebze;

14.3. miuxedavad imisa, rom dResdReobiT evropuli sasamarTlos

precedentuli samarTali ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis met-nakleb

saSualebas iZleva da evropuli konvencia ,,cocxal dokumentad“

miiCneva, romlis muxlebis interpretacia cnobierebis ganviTarebas Tan

sdevs, aucilebelia, rom realizirebul iqnes evropis sabWos

saparlamento asambleis rekomendacia adamianis uflebaTa evropuli

konvenciis damatebiTi oqmis SemuSavebasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic

uSualod adamianis ekologiur uflebebs Seexeba;

aRmSeneblobas Soris. dResdReobiT evropuli konvenciis me-8 da me-10

muxlebi warmoadgenen evropuli sasamarTlos mier ekologiuri

uflebebis dacvis realur berkets, romelTa ganmarteba sasamarTlo

praqtikidan gamomdinare, metad mravalferovania;

14.2. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos praqtikidan naTlad

Cans, rom sasamarTlos midgoma ekologiuri uflebebis darRvevis

saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT or

aq

vlindeba sasamarTlos swrafvaSi moaxdinos konvenciiT garantirebuli

uflebebis mravalmxrivi interpretacia, rac mas ekologiuri uflebebis

arapirdapiri gziT dacvaSi exmareba. am mizniT sasamarTlo ZiriTadad

konvenciis me-8 da me-10 muxlebis ganmartebebs eyrdnoba. rac Seexeba

sasamarTlo pasiurobas, am mxriv aRsaniSnavia sasamarTlos Taviseburi

midgoma konvenciis sxva muxlebTan dakavSirebiT, rac gamoixateba

sasamarTlos aSkara TavSekavebulobaSi. kerZod, sasamarTlo Tavs

ikavebs ekologiuri uflebebis dacvis motiviT ganmartos konvenciis

zogierTi muxli (ga

r

- 196 -

a, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobam aRiara evropuli

kanonmdeblobis nawilad, misi aseTad aRiarebis faqti

avisTavad ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom damkvidrdes konvenciis

moyenebis praqtika saqarTveloSi. sakanonmdeblo doneze gatarebuli

a gadaidgas praqtikuli nabijebi

samarTloTa saqmeTa ganxilvis dros saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis

a, MmaT Soris, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis gamoyenebis

a aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleobisa da moxeleebis

Si

bas adamianis ekologiuri uflebebis efeqtiani dacvis

14.4. miuxedavad imis

konvencia qveynis

T

ga

RonisZiebebis garda, aucilebeli

sa

d

praqtikis dasamkvidreblad;

15. da bolos, und

ekologiuri cnobierebis da codnis amaRleba, ekologiuri saxelmwifo

programebis ukeT dafinanseba da efeqtiani ganxorcieleba, am sfero

arsebuli sakanonmdeblo vakuumis amovseba, saerTaSoriso gremosdacviTi

da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebuli saqarTvelos

saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT nakisri valdebulebebis Sesruleba

saqarTvelos miscems erovnuli kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis daxvewis

SesaZleblo

uzrunvelsayofad.

- 197 -

gamoyenebuli

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6 weli;

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,,wylis Sesaxeb“, 1997 weli;

velos kanoni ,,reklamis Sesaxeb“, 1998 weli;

8 weli;

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saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995 weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,cxovelTa samyaros Sesaxeb“, 1996 weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb“, 199

saqarTvel s kanoni ,,garemosdacviTi nebarTvis Sesaxeb“, 1996 weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saxelmwifo e

weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,sazRvao sivrcis Sesaxeb“, 1998 weli;

saqarT

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebis Sesaxeb“, 199

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsi“,

1999 weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,kolxeTis daculi teritoriebis Seqmnisa d

marTvis Sesaxeb“, 1999 weli;

saqarTvelos ,,tyis kodeqsi“, 1999 weli;

- 202 -

ignis“

xeb“, 1958 weli;

dacvisa da gamoyenebis

elos kanonmdeblobis

b“, 1997 weli.

ZiriTadi

nis da floris dacvis

eroSi bunebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1940 weli;

s konvencia adamianis uflebebisa da fundamenturi

Soriso paqti ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebaTa

so paqti samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa Sesaxeb, 1966

Sesaxeb, 1969 weli;

teritoriebis Sesaxeb,

da faunis gadaSenebis safrTxis winaSe

e

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos zRvisa da mdinareTa napirebis

regulirebisa da sainJinro dacvis Sesaxeb“, 2000 weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos ,,wiTeli nusxisa“ da ,,wiTeli w

Sesaxeb“, 2003 weli;

saqarTvelos kanoni ,,licenziebisa da nebarTvebis Sesaxeb“, 2005 weli;

s.s.r. kanoni ,,bunebis dacvis Sesa

s.s.r.k. kanoni ,,cxovelTa samyaros resursebis

Sesaxeb“;

saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba ,,saqarTv

evropis kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan harmonizaciis Sesaxe

4. gamoyenebuli

saerTaSoriso dokumentebi

konvencia zRvis goWebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1911 weli;

konvencia bunebriv mdgomareobaSi myofi fau

Sesaxeb, 1933 weli;

konvencia dasavleT naxevarsf

veSapebis rewvis saerTaSoriso konvencia, 1946 weli;

evropi

Tavisuflebebis Sesaxeb 1950 weli;

saerTa

Sesaxeb, 1966 weli;

saerTaSori

weli;

konvencia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis

konvencia saerTaSoriso mniSvnelobis Warbteniani

1971 weli;

stokholmis deklaracia adamianis saarsebo garemos Sesaxeb, 1972 weli;

konvencia gareuli floris

mdgari sax obebiT saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb, 1972 weli;

- 203 -

oriso vaWrobis Sesaxeb, 1973 weli;

ia xmelTaSua zRvis dabinZurebisgan dacvis Sesaxeb, 1976 weli;

axeb. 1985 weli;

is

we

nebis transsasazRvro gadazidvebze kontrolis

onvencia damoukidebel qveynebSi ZirZveli xalxebis da Temuri

obilebis mqone xalxebis Sesaxeb, 1989 weli;

giuri zemoqmedebeis

efasebis Sesaxeb, 1991 weli;

ebisa da transasazRvro mdinareebis

da mdgradi gamoyenebis sferoSi

Si) Sesaxeb, 1994 weli;

konvencia gadaSenebis piras myofi veluri florisa da faunis

saxeobebiT saerTaS

SeTanxmeba polaruli (TeTri) daTvebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1973 weli;

konvenc

konvencia Sor manZilebze atmosferuli haeris transsasazRvro

dabinZurebis Sesaxeb, 1979 weli;

bunebis dacvis msoflio strategia, 1980 weli;

bunebis msoflio qartia, 1982 weli;

konvencia ozonis Sris dacvis Ses

konvencia atmosferuli haeris dacvis Sesaxeb, 1985 weli;

konvencia birTvuli avariis SemTxvevaSi operatiuli Setyobineb

Sesaxeb, 1986 li;

konvencia saxifaTo narCe

Taobaze, 1989 weli;

k

wy

konvencia transsasazRvro konteqstSi ekolo

S

konvencia sawarmoo avariebis transsasazRvro zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb, 1992

weli;

konvencia baltiis zRvis raionis sazRvao garemos dacvis Sesaxeb, 1992

weli;

rio-de-Janeiros deklaracia garemos dacvis da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb,

1992 weli;

konvencia saerTaSoriso tb

gamoyenebisa da dacvis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;

konvencia klimatis cvlilebis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;

konvencia biologiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;

konvencia mdinare danubis dacvisa

TanamSromlobis, 1994 weli;

konvencia gaudabnoebasTan brZolis (gansakuTrebiT gvalvian, mag.

afrikis qveyneb

- 204 -

narCenebis da daRvrili sawvavis marTvis

mdgradi organuli dambinureblebis, 2001 weli;

on the environment (1987 to 1992);

ironment of the north-east Atlantic Convention for the protection of the marine

ork for Community action in the field of water policy;

konvencia saerTaSoriso wylebis arasanavigacio mizniT gamoyenebis

Sesaxeb, 1997 weli;

konvencia sanaosno gzebis arasanaosno miznebiT gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, 1997

weli;

konvencia radiaqtiuli

usafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, 1997 weli;

konvencia garemosdacviT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis

xelmisawvdomobis, gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sazogadoebis

monawileobis Sesaxeb, 1998 weli;

konvencia saSiSi qimiuri nivTierebebiTa da pesticidebiT vaWrobisas

winaswardasabuTebuli Tanxmobis proceduris gamoyenebis, 1998 weli;

kartaxenas oqmi biologiuri mravalferovnebis usafrTxoebis

konvenciis, 2000 weli;

konvencia

4.1. evropis gaerTianebis normatiuli dokumentebi

Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the Environment (OJ L158,

23 June 1990);

Council Regulation of 19 October 1987 on the continuation and implementation of a European

Community policy and action programme

Council Decision of 7 October 1997 on the conclusion of the Convention for the protection of

the marine env

environment of the north-east Atlantic;

Council Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October

2000 establishing a framew

Council Directive 80/68/EEC of 17 December 1979 on the protection of groundwater against

pollution caused by certain dangerous substances;

Council Decision of 4 April 2001 on the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of

the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy

Metals 2001/379;

- 205 -

minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers

ning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) (Official Journal of the European

ean Parliament and of the Council of 6 February

ombustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery (OJ L 146,

cil of 29

cision 2000/532/EC of 3 May 2000 replacing Decision 94/3/EC establishing a

2/EEC on waste and Council

hazardous waste (OJ L 226, 6.9.2000, p. 3);

d to

ouncil Directive 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from

89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage

9/618/Euratom of

mber 1989 on informing the general public about health protection measures to be

applied and steps to be taken in the event of a radiological emergency;

Corrigendum to Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29

April 2004 on the

to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive

within the mea

Union L 159 of 30 April 2004);

Council Directive 2003/10/EC of the Europ

2003 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the

risks arising from physical agents (noise) (Seventeenth individual Directive within the meaning

of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC);

Corrigendum to Directive 2004/26/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21

April 2004 amending Directive 97/68/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member

States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from

internal c

30.4.2004);

Council Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Coun

April 2004 on persistent organic pollutants and amending Directive 79/117/EEC;

Commission De

list of wastes pursuant to Article 1(a) of Council Directive 75/44

Decision 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste pursuant to Article 1(4) of Council

Directive 91/689/EEC on

Council Directive 76/160/EEC of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing water;

82/501/EEC;

Council Directive of 24 June 1982 on the major-accident hazards of certain industrial activities;

83/477/EEC;

Council Directive of 19 September 1983 on the protection of workers from the risks relate

exposure to asbestos at work (second individual Directive within the meaning of Article 8 of

Directive 80/1107/EEC);

C

industrial plants;

Council Directive

improvements in the safety and health of workers at work; Council Directive 8

27 Nove

- 206 -

osure to carcinogens at work;

Council Directive risks

related to exposure to carcinogens

ctive 89/391/EEC);

Council Regulation (EEC) No 1210/90 of 7 May 1990 on the establishment of the European

ation and Observation Network;

Council Regulation (EEC) No 880/92 of 23 March 1992 on a Community eco-label award

schem

Council Regulation llowing voluntary participation by

nvironment (OJ L158,

Impact Assessment;

nis

evropis Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, 1957 wels e.w.

ba atomuri energiis evropuli Tanamegobrobis Seqmnis

tis SeTanxmeba evropis kavSiris Seqmnis Sesaxeb, 1992 weli;

saxeb

qtika

Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified

micro-organisms;

Council Directive 90/313/EEC of 7 June 1990 on the freedom of access to information on the

environment;

Council Directive 90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the risks

related to exp

90/394/EEC of 28 June 1990 on the protection of workers from the

at work (Sixth individual Directive within the meaning of

Article 16 (1) of Dire

Environment Agency and the European Environment Inform

e;

(EEC) No 1836/93 of 29 June 1993 a

companies in the industrial sector in a Community eco-management and audit scheme;

Council Directive 90/313 on Freedom of Access to information on the E

23 June 1990);

Council Directive 85/337 on Environmental

xelSekruleba qvanaxSirisa da foladis evropuli gaerTianebis Seqm

Sesaxeb, 1951 weli;

xelSekruleba

romis SeTanxmeba;

xelSekrule

Sesaxeb, 1957 weli.

maastrix

amsterdamis SeTanxmeba evropis kavSiris Seqmnis Se

xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Sesaxeb, 1997 weli.

5. sasamarTlo pra

5.1. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos ganCinebebi

- 207 -

y);

l Rupublic of Germany);

United

ges v. the United Kingdom);

nd others v. the Federal Rupublic of Germany);

(X v. France);

zander SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden);

hakasoni da sturesoni SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Hakasson and Sturesson v. Sxeden);

g (Fredin v. Sweden);

osteri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Coster v. the United Kingdom);

apastavrou da sxvebi saberZneTis winaaRmdeg (Papastavrou and others v.

uli samefos winaaRmdeg (Muriel Herrick v. the United

ingdom);

nroth v. Sweden);

aueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v.

ra espaneTis winaaRmdeg (López Ostra v. Spain);

adeeva ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg (Fadeyeva v. the Russian Federation);

doq. s. germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (Dr S. v. the Federal

Rupublic of German

qs. da i. germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg (X and Y v. the

Federa

arondeili gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Arrondelle v. the

Kingdom);

bagzsi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Bag

paueli da raineri gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Powell and Rayner v.

the United Kingdom);

vearnkombi da sxvebi germaniis federaciuli respublikis winaaRmdeg

(Vearncombe a

qs. safrangeTis winaaRmdeg

fredini SvedeTis winaaRmde

,,pain valley developments ltd“ da sxvebi irlandiis winaaRmdeg (Pine Valley

Developments Ltd. and others v. Ireland);

k

zvolski da zvolski CexeTis respublikis winaaRmdeg (Zvolsky and Zvolsy v.

Czech Republic);

p

Greece);

muriel heriki gaerTianeb

K

gilou gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Gillow v. the United Kingdom);

sporongi da lonnroTi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Sporrong and Lon

f

the United Kingdom);

lopez ost

f

- 208 -

hers v.

aly);

oglou da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Athanassoglou and others v.

itzerland).

li sakanalizacio

biT, 2002 weli;

sarCeli - axalcixeSi sasmeli wylis fekaluri masebiT dabinZurebasTan

dakavSire

sarCeli - „mwvane alternativa“ ,,bTj milsadenis kompaniis“ winaaRmdeg

orhusis konvenciis darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, 2003 weli;

,bTj milsadenis kompaniis“ winaaRmdeg,

hatoni da sxvebi gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (Hatton and Others v. the

United Kingdom);

ana maria gera da sxvebi italiis winaaRmdeg (Anna Maria Guerra and ot

It

l.c.b. gaerTianebuli samefos winaaRmdeg (L.C.B. v. the United Kingdom);

tauria safrangeTis winaaRmdeg (Tauria v. France);

zanderi SvedeTis winaaRmdeg (Zander v. Sweden);

balmer SafroTi da sxvebi Sveicariis winaaRmdeg (Balmer-Schafroth and

Others v. Switzerland);

aTanas

Sw

5.2. sarCelebi wardgenili saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis winaSe

da dadgenilebebi

sarCeli - Temqis dasaxlebaSi, xevZmaris xevSi arsebu

koleqtorTan dakavSirebiT, 2002 weli;

sarCeli - lilos dasaxlebaSi nagavsayrelTis eqspluataciasTan

dakavSire

biT, 2001 weli;

sarCeli - „mwvane alternativa“ ,

2004 weli;

- 209 -

rCeli - „mwvane alternativa“ Sps ,,spi kapag petrofag

terneiSenalis“ winaaRmdeg (mesame mxareebi: saqarTvelos navTobis

nis kompania), 2004 weli;

i, o. gureSiZe, l. alaviZe

tikuli kompania ,,iteras“, ss

eleqtrocentralis“, q.Tbilisis

eriis, saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministrosa da saqarTvelos

bunebrivi resursebis saministros winaaRmdeg, 2004

li;

rCeli - T. qamuSaZe, a. wulukiani, g. goCaSvili, o. gureSiZe, l. alaviZe

eli saerTaSoriso energetikuli kompania ,,iteras“, ss

aqgazis“, ss ,,ei-es-Telasis“, ss ,,Tboeleqtrocentralis“, q.Tbilisis

os

aremos dacvisa da bunebrivi resursebis saministros winaaRmdeg, 2005

weli (sakasacio saCivari uzenaes sasamarTloSi);

saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos plenumis dadgenileba 3 agvistos

1995 wlis bunebis (garemos) dacvis Sesaxeb.

5.3. marTlmsajulebis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo

ungreTi slovakeTis winaaRmdeg (Hungary v. Slovakia), 1977 weli.

5.4. evropis marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlo

Marshall v. Southampton A.H.A.., Case 152/84, ECR (1986);

Faccini Dori v. RECREB Srl., Case 91/92;

Francovich and Bonifacci v. Italy. Case 679/90, 1993;

R. v. Secretary of State for Transport ex parte Factortame Joined Cases 4678/93;

Brasserie du Pecheur S.A v. Federal Republic of Germany Joined Cases 4678/93.

sa

in

saerTaSoriso korporacia da bTj milsade

sarCeli - T. qamuSaZe, a. wulukiani, g. goCaSvil

da v. juReli saerTaSoriso energe

,,saqgazis“, ss ,,ei-es-Telasis“, ss ,,Tbo

m

garemos dacvisa da

we

sa

da v. juR

,,s

meriis, saqarTvelos saTbob-energetikis saministrosa da saqarTvel

g

- 210 -

5.5. saerTaSoriso saarbitraJo ganCinebebi

Trail Smelter Arbitration, (United States v. Canada) (1941);

Lac Lanoux Arbitration, (France v. Spain) (1957);

Gut Dam Claims, (United States v. Canada), (1968).

5.6. didi britaneTi

„frinvelTa dacvis samefo sazogadoebis“ sarCeli 1996 weli.

5.7. ukraina

q. lvovis mosaxleoba da advokatTa sazogadoebis sarCeli 1982 weli.