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modeli

s a r C e v i

I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba§1. ujredis sasicocxlo cikli .............................................................................................7mitozi§2. dnm-is gaormageba _ replikacia ....................................................................................11replikaciaSi monawile nivTierebebi§3. hipoTeza: erTi geni _ erTi cila ..................................................................................15§4. genetikuri kodi ......................................................................................................................19transkripciatranslacia§5. usqeso gamravleba ..................................................................................................................26usqeso gamravlebis formebi§6. sqesobrivi gamravlebis formebi ...................................................................................30gametebis agebulebagametogenezimeiozi§7. ganayofiereba ...........................................................................................................................36organizmebis individualuri ganviTareba _ ontogeneziembrionaluri da postembrionaluri ganviTareba§8. ujredTa diferenciacia ....................................................................................................40ujredTa diferenciaciis molekuluri meqanizmi§9. yvavilovan mcenareTa ganayofiereba .........................................................................45§10. parTenogenezi _ qalwulebrivi gamravleba ........................................................50parTenogenezis formebi

II genetika§11. mendelis mier dadgenili memkvidreobiTobis kanonzomierebebi ...........57hibridTa erTgvarobis kanoni niSan-TvisebaTa daTiSvis kanoni§12. dihibriduli Sejvareba ....................................................................................................70mendelis III kanoni§13. genebis SeWiduli damemkvidreba .................................................................................75§14. sqesis genetika ......................................................................................................................82sqesTan SeWiduli niSnebis damemkvidreba§15. genebis urTierTqmedeba ...................................................................................................92arasruli dominirebakomplementaroba, epistazi, polimeriagenTa mravlobiTi moqmedeba§16. memkvidruli cvalebadoba ...............................................................................................100§17. aramemkvidruli cvalebadoba .......................................................................................108

III Tanamedrove genetikuri teqnologiebi§18. bioteqnologia .......................................................................................................................111genuri inJineriagenmodificirebuli baqteriebi§19. genmodificirebuli mcenareebi. maTi miRebis mizani .....................................116genmodificirebuli mcenareebis miRebis teqnologiebigenmodificirebuli mcenareebis gamocda

§20. genmodificirebuli cxovelebi. maTi Seqmnis mizani ......................................121cxovelTa klonireba§21. genmodificirebuli organizmebi da biologiuri ............................................126 usafrTxoeba§22. adamianis genomis proeqti ...............................................................................................130genetikuri testireba medicinaSigenetikuri testireba kriminalistikaSi§23. genuri Terapiis meTodebi ...............................................................................................139veqtoris problemaRerovani ujredebigenuri Terapiis eTika

IV evolucia§24. Sexedulebebi cocxali samyaros evoluciis Sesaxeb ........................................156lamarkis evoluciuri Teoria§25. Carlz darvini .........................................................................................................................160darvinis Sexeduleba xelovnur gadarCevazearsebobisaTvis brZoladarvinis Sexeduleba bunebriv gadarCevaze§26. evoluciis sinTezuri Teoria .......................................................................................170saxeoba. saxeobis kriteriumebipopulacia§27. mikroevolucia .......................................................................................................................175mikroevoluciis faqtorebi: mutacia, populaciuri talRebi, izolacia, genebis nakadi da dreifi§28. bunebrivi gadarCeva ............................................................................................................183bunebrivi gadarCevis formebi§29. organizmTa Seguebuloba _ bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegi ...........................188mimikriaqceviTi Seguebulobafiziologiuri SeguebulobaSTamomavlobaze zrunva§30. saxeobis warmoqmnis formebi .........................................................................................198geografiuli saxeobaTawarmoqmnaekologiuri saxeobaTawarmoqmnamakroevoluciaevoluciis damamtkicebeli sabuTebidivergenciuli da konvergenciuli evolucia§31. biologiuri progresi da regresi ...............................................................................209evoluciis mimarTulebebi _ arogenezi, alogenezi, katagenezi

V ekologia§32. ekologia _ samecniero disciplina ..........................................................................212§33. ekologiuri faqtorebi .....................................................................................................215abioturi faqtorebiklimatisinaTle

§34. abioturi faqtorebi ...........................................................................................................222temperaturawyali§35. abioturi faqtorebi ...........................................................................................................228niadagi§36. bioturi faqtorebi ..............................................................................................................236pozitiuri, negatiuri da neitraluri urTierTobebi§37. kvebiTi jaWvebi ......................................................................................................................242kvebiTi qselebi§38. ekologiuri piramidebi ....................................................................................................246ricxvTa, biomasisa da energiis piramidebi§39. populaciis ricxobriobaze moqmedi faqtorebi ................................................253populaciis dinamikapopulaciis homeostazi§40. adamianis populaciis zrda ............................................................................................260§41. biogeoqimiuri wrebrunva ................................................................................................266naxSirbadis cikli§42. azotis cikli ...........................................................................................................................270§43. adamiani da garemo ................................................................................................................273atmosferos dabinZureba§44. wylisa da xmeleTis dabinZureba ..................................................................................283§45. adamianis dadebiTi moqmedeba garemoze .................................................................289mavneblebis kontroliekosistemebis marTva: saTburebi da Tevzebis meurneoba

VI adamiani da mikroorganizmebi§46. infeqciuri da arainfeqciuri daavadebebi ...........................................................297paTogenebi _ virusebi, baqteriebi, protistebi, sokoebi, Wiebi§47. daavadebebis prevencia .....................................................................................................302usafrTxo wyaliusafrTxo sakvebi§48. antisxeulebi da imunuri pasuxi ...................................................................................307imunologiis gamoyeneba§49. individualuri da saerTo dacva daavadebebisgan ............................................312mZime infeqciuri daavadebebi: Sids-i da tuberkulozidaavadebebis prevenciaSids-isa da tuberkulozis gavrceleba msofliosa da saqarTveloSi§50. sasargeblo mikroorganizmebi ......................................................................................320sokoebis gamoyeneba puris cxobasa da yvelis warmoebaSiantibiotikebibaqteriebis roli Rvinis warmoebaSi. fermentebis miReba genmodificirebuli baqteriebidan

I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba

§1

ujredis sasicocxlo cikli

mitozi

Tavisive msgavsis warmoqmna, yvela cocxali arsebis aucilebeli Tvisebaa.miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva organizmi sxvadasxvagvarad mravldeba,

gamravlebis safuZveli ujredis gayofaa.ujredis gayofa erTujrediani organizmebisTvis maTi gamravlebis sa­

Sualebacaa. mravalujredian organizmebSi ki ujredebis intensiuri gayofa aucilebelia, raTa erTaderTi ujredidan miliardobiT ujredebis Semcve­li organizmi ganviTardes. amasTan, ujredebis mudmivi gayofa aucilebelia, raTa axalwarmoqmnilma ujredebma Secvalon daRupuli ujredebi, sxvadasx­va dazianebis dros ki aRadginon organoebi da qsovilebi.

eukariotuli ujredis gayofis ZiriTadi xerxi mitozia. mitozuri gayo­fis Sedegad dediseuli ujredi or Svileul ujredad iyofa.

dediseuli ujredis daniSnulebaa, mitozuri gayofis dros gadasces Svileul ujredebs misTvis da misi saxeobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qromoso­muli kompleqti. amis misaRwevad mitozis win dediseuli ujredebi didxans emzadebian. mosamzadebel etaps interfaza hqvia. ujredis mitozuri gayofa da interfaza erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli. maTi erToblioba mo­cemuli ujredis sasicocxlo cikls Seadgens.

ujredis sasicocxlo cikli ujredis sicocxlis periodia, warmoqmnidan mis Svileul ujredebad dayofamde.

ujredis sasicocxlo ciklis xangrZlivoba damokidebulia ujredis tipze da mis saarsebo garemoze. baqteriul ujredebs SeuZliaT yovel 20 wuTSi erTxel gayofa, nawlavis epiTelis ujredebs yovel 8­10 saaTSi, xaxvis

ujredis sasicocxlo cikli

mitozi

interfaza

fesvis wveris ujredebs yovel 20 saaTSi, xolo nervuli sistemis ujredebis umrav­lesoba arasdros iyofa.

RviZlSi aris ujredebi, romlebic xan­gr Zlivad imyofebian interfazaSi da mxo­lod krizisul situaciebSi iyofian. ma­ga liTad, RviZlis nawilis qirurgiuli mo cilebisas, es ujredebi intensiur gam­rav lebas iwyeben da swrafad aRadge nen uj re de bis im raodenobas, romelic sa Wi­roa am organos normaluri funqcionire­bis Tvis.

rogorc ilustraciaze xedav, ujre­dis sasicocxlo ciklSi mniSvnelovan dros interfaza ikavebs.

7

erT­erTi umniSvnelovanesi procesi, romelic interfazaSi xdeba. dnm­is sinTezia, amitom am fazas S faza uwodes (ingl. Synthesis). dnm­is sinTezi in­terfazis Sua periodSi mimdinareobs.

S fazamde yoveli qromosoma dnm­is erTi molekulisgan Sedgeba. dnm­is molekulas aqvs unikaluri unari, warmoqmnas Tavisive msgavsi, anu gaormag­des. Tu rogor axerxebs dnm­is molekula amas, Sen mogvianebiT gaigeb.

gaormagebis Sedegad yovel qromosomaSi dnm­is ori, absoluturad iden­turi molekula _ qromatidi warmoiqmneba. interfazaSi qromatidebi abur­dul Zafebs hgvanan.

interfazis periodebs S fazamde da mis Semdeg G1 da G2 asoebiT aRniSna­ven (ingl. Gap _ intervali, naprali). GG1 fazaSi intensiurad mimdinareobs dnm­is sinTezisTvis saWiro fermentebisa da sxva struqturuli cilebis sinTezi, warmoiqmneba ribosomebi. am fazaSi ujredi zomaSi matulobs.

G2 fazaSi ujredSi aqtiurad mimdinareobs metaboluri procesebi: sin­Tezdeba cilebi da atf, ormagdebian mitoqondriebi, qloroplastebi da centriolebi.

Tu mitozuri gayofis mimdinareobisas, mikroskopSi sxvadasxva dros Caixedav, verc ki warmoidgen, rom erTi da igive ujreds akvirdebi, imdenad gansxvavebul suraTs dainaxav.

mitozi uwyveti procesia, romlis yoveli faza SeumCnevlad gadadis Sem­dgom fazaSi, magram misi aRweris moxerxebulobisTvis mas oTx fazad yofen.

mitozi profaziT iwyeba. is mitozis yvelaze xangrZlivi fazaa. am dros cvlilebebi xdeba rogorc birTvSi, ise citoplazmaSi. birTvi izrdeba mo­culobaSi, yoveli qromosomis qromatidebi iwyeben spiralurad daxvevas. isini imdenad ixvevian, rom sawyisi sigrZis mxolod 4% xdebian. TiToeul qromosomas ukve gansazRvruli, sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli forma aqvs. misi Semcveli qromatidebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia centromerebiT da erT mTlian qromosomas qmnian. interfazaSi gaormagebuli ujredis centris centriolebi Sordebian erTmaneTs da miemarTebian polusebisken. ujredis birTvSi qrebian birTvakebi, birTvis membrana iSleba da birTvis garsi qreba. centriolebidan gamomavali mikromilakebi iwyeben gayofis TiTistaris war­moqmnas. zogierTi mikromilaki birTvidan citoplazmaSi gadmosuli qro­mosomebis centromerebs ukavSirdeba da isini ujredis centrisken gadaaqvs, zogier Ti ki sawinaaRmdego polusidan gamosul mikromilaks.

am momentidan iwyeba mitozis meore faza _ metafaza, romelSic qromo­somebi ekvatorul sibrtyeSi erT mwkrivad ise lagdebian, rom sapirispiro polusebidan gamosuli Zafebi ukavSirdebian TiToeuli qromosomis sxva­dasxva qromatids.

rodesac surT, Seiswavlon qromosomebis struqtura, ricxvi, zoma da forma, dasakvirveblad swored mitozis am fazas irCeven, vinaidan qromo­somebi yvelaze kargad metafazaSi Canan.

metafazas anafaza mosdevs. anafazaSi Svileuli qromosomebi erTmaneTs scildebian. motoruli cilebiT qromosomebi mikromilakebis `liandagze~ centriolebisken moZraoben. amavdroulad, mikromilakebi mokldebian.Tum­ca, is mikromilakebi, romlebic qromosomebTan ar arian dakavSirebuli,

8

grZeldebian, rasac ujredis formis Secvla mohyveba _ isic grZeldeba.1 ramdeni qromosoma da ramdeni qromatidi iqneba metafazaSi adamianis

ujredSi?amrigad, ujredis sxvadasxva polusze aRmoCndeba erTnairi genetikuri

informaciis Semcveli qromatidebi, anu Svileuli qromosomebi. mitozis bolo faza telofazaa. polusebze miRwevis Semdeg qromati­

debis Zafebi iwyeben gaSlas _ despiralizacias. sinaTlis mikroskopSi kar­gad SesamCnevi struqturebidan isini isev Txel, Zafisebr warmonaqmnebad gar daiqmnebian. TandaTan warmoiqmneba birTvis membranebi, birTvakebi, yal­ibdeba ori birTvi. or momaval ujreds Soris organoidebic gadanawildebi­an. telofazis bolos citoplazma iyofa. aqtinis monawileobiT citoplazma uj redis Sua nawilSi viwrovdeba da orad iyofa. sabolood ori erTnairi ujredi erTmaneTisgan gamoiyofa.

2 ramdeni qromosoma da ramdeni qromatidi iqneba adamianis axlad war­moqmnil Svileul ujredebSi?

amrigad, mitozi dediseuli ujredidan iseTi ori ujredis warmoqmnis procesia, romlebic raodenobrivadac da Tvisobrivadac, anu genetikuri in­formaciis Semcvelobis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc erTmaneTis, ise dediseuli ujredis identurebi arian.

metafaza

1

2 3 4

anafaza telofaza

interfaza profaza

interfaza da mitozi

9

1. mitozuri gayofis sxvadasxva fazaSi myofi ujredebi Senc Se­giZlia dainaxo. amisTvis:

a. qinZisTaviT gaCxvlite nivris kbili da moaTavse wylian sin­jaraSi ise, rom misi fuZe wyalSi iyos. sinjara datove 3­4 dRe.

b. nivris kbils ramdenime 1­2 sm sigrZis fesvi ganuviTardeba. frTxilad moaWeri am fesvebs wverebi.

g. moaTavse fesvis moWrili nawilebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia ZmarmJava. daaxure Tavi sinjaras da datove mTeli Rame oTax­is temperaturaze.

d. meore dRes pincetiT Zalian frTxilad gadaitane fesvis na­wilebi petris finjanSi, sadac gamoxdili wyali asxia. gamoc­vale finjanSi wyali ramdenimejer.

e. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia marilm­Javas erTmoluri xsnari da gaaCere 3 wT 600C temperaturaze.

v. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaridan petris finjanSi, ro mel­Sic gamoxdili wyali asxia. gamocvale finjanSi wyali ramden­jerme.

z. gadaitane fesvis wverebi sinjaraSi, romelSic asxia fiolge­nis reaqtivi da Tavi daaxure. dade gril, bnel adgilas (um­jobesia macivarSi) sul mcire, 2 saaTi.

T. amoiRe erTi wveri da moaTavse sasagne minaze erT wveT Zmarm­JavaSi.

i. moaWeri wvers bolo 1­2 mm. darCenili nawili gadaagde.k. daafare anaTals safari mina. preparati moaTavse brtyel ze­

dapirze, zemodan daafare ramdenime fena filtris qaRaldi da daaweqi cera TiTiT. ecade, rom safari mina adgilidan ar daiZras.

l. daakvirdi preparats mikroskopis mcire da did gadidebaze da ipove ujredebi, romlebic mitozis sxvadasxva stadiaze imy­ofebian.

m. Caixate birTvebi mitozis sxvadasxva fazaSi da gaukeTe war­werebi.

periods ujredis erTi gayofidan meore gayofamde ujredis sa­sicocxlo cikli hqvia. is interfazasa da mitozs moicavs. mito zi ujredis gayofis iseTi xerxia, romlis Sedegad miRebul Svileul ujredebs raodenobrivad da Tvisobrivad erTnairi genetikuri informacia gaaCnia da is zustad iseTia, rogoric dediseul uj­reds hqonda.

10

1. rasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli interfazaSi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT mitoqondriebis warmoqmna?

2. ujreduli ciklis romel fazaSi Sedgeba qromosoma ori qro­matidisgan?

3. adamianis erTi somaturi ujredis dnm­is saerTo masa GG1 fa­zaSi daaxloebiT 6X10­9 mg­ia. gamoTvale mitozis bolos erT Svileul ujredSi yvela qromosomis dnm­is masa.

4. interfazas zogjer ujredis ciklis mosvenebis periods uwo­deben. daeTanxmebi am mosazrebas?

2. suraTze mitozis fazebi araswori TanmimdevrobiTaa ganla­gebuli.

1

2

34

CamoTvlili variantebidan romeli asaxavs fazebis swor Tanmim­devrobas? a. 1, 4, 3, 2; b. 3, 1, 2, 4; g. 3, 1, 4, 2; d. 4, 3, 2, 1.

5. diagrama giCvenebs ujredis sa­si cocxlo cikls. Seecade amo­icno ciklis TiToeuli etapi. daasabuTe, ras efuZneba Seni va­raudi.

1. dnm­is ramden molekulas Seicavs somaturi ujredis TiToeu­li qromosoma profazisa da telofazis stadiebze:

a. profazaSi _ 1, telofazaSi _ 1;b. profazaSi _ 1, telofazaSi _ 2;g. profazaSi _ 2, telofazaSi _ 1;d. profazaSi _ 2, telofazaSi _ 2.

11

2. dnm­is ramden molekulas Seicavs somaturi ujredis TiToeu­li qromosoma metafazisa da anafazis stadiebze:

a. metafazaSi _ 1, anafazaSi _ 1;b. metafazaSi _ 1, anafazaSi _ 2;g. metafazaSi _ 2, anafazaSi _ 1;d. metafazaSi _ 2, anafazaSi _ 2.

3. gadawere teqsti rveulSi da Casvi gamotovebuli frazebi: telofazas Sebrunebul profazas uwodeben, radgan mitozis

am fazis dros xdeba ................... garsis warmoqmna. ................... de­spiralizdebian, TiTistaras Zafebi ...................

simsivnis sawinaaRmdego qimioTerapiaSi gamoyenebuli preparati A xels uSlis cila tubulinis polimerizacias, meore preparati B ki _ mis depolimerizacias. axseni:a. ratom aqvT maT simsivnis sawinaaRmdego moqmedeba?b. rogor aferxebs preparati A ujredis gayofas?g. mitozis romel fazaze moqmedebs is?d. rogor aferxebs preparati B ujredis gayofas?e. mitozis romel fazaze moqmedebs is?

ujredis sasicocxlo cikli _ life cycle of a cell; mitozi _ mitosis; interfaza _ interphase; qromatidi _ chromatid; profaza _ pro-phase; metafaza _ metaphase; anafaza _ anaphase; telofaza _ telophase.

zrdasruli organizmebis zogierTi ujredebi, magaliTad, nei­ronebi da limfocitebi ar iyofian. maTi ujreduli cikli mTavr­deba apoptoziT _ daprogramirebuli sikvdiliT. zogierT Sem­TxvevaSi apoptozs organizmis sxva ujredebic eqvemdebarebian.apoptoziT icileben kuds bayayis Tavkombalebi, mwerebis Wupre­bi ki zedmet qsovilebs zrdasrul organizmad gardaqmnis. apop­tozi exmareba organizms moicilos daavadebuli da daberebuli ujredebi.

12

§2

dnm-is gaormageba _ replikacia

replikaciaSi monawile nivTierebebi

pirveli kiTxva, romelic dnm­is ormagi spiralis modelis avtorebs da­us ves, aseTi iyo: Tu modeli sworad asaxavs dnm­is struqturas, maSin axse­niT, rogor axerxebs aseTi molekula misi erT­erTi mTavari funqciis Ses­rulebas _ ujredis mitozuri gayofisas, Svileul ujredebs gadasces masSi arsebuli genetikuri informacia?

3

31

2 2

dnm­is gaormageba uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT

1. nukleotidebi; 2. Zveli jaWvebi; 3. axali jaWvebi.

j. uotsonma da f. krikma kidev erTi Tamami da uCveulod martivi hipo­Teza wamoayenes. maT dauSves, rom ujredis gamravlebisas dnm­is molekula or polinukleotidur jaWvad iSleba da Semdeg ujredSi arsebuli nukle­otidebisgan TiToeul maTganze axali jaWvebi Sendeba. ase miiReba dnm­is er Ti molekulisgan misi msgavsi ori erTnairi dnm­is molekula, romelsac Svileuli ujredebi Rebulobs.

I organizmTa gamravleba da ganviTareba

13

dnm­is molekulas gaormagebis unari aqvs. ferment helikazas mo­qmedebiT dnm­is molekula or jaWvad iSleba. TiToeul jaWvze ferment dnm­polimerazas moqmedebiT axali, Svileuli jaWvebi Sendeba.

1957 wels f. stali da m. mezelsoni Seecadnen eqsperimentulad gamoecadaT j. uotsonisa da f. krikis Teoriuli mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom dnm­is molekulas gaormagebis unari aqvs. dnm­is replikacias f. stali da m. mezelsoni baqteriebSi akvird­ebodnen. mecnierebi baqteriebs azotis mZime izotopis _ 15N­is Semcvel sakveb areSi amravlebdnen (A). maTi azriT, am pirobebSi baqteriebSi unda warmoqmniliyo mZime azotiT `datvirTuli~ dnm­is molekula. is gacilebiT mZime unda yofiliyo baqteriebis im dnm­Tan SedarebiT, romelic Cveulebriv azots _ 14N N­s Seicavs. Semdeg maT A baqteriebi gadahqondaT 14N N­is Semcvel sakveb areSi da oci wuTiT ayovnebdnen (B). am drois ganmavlobaSi baqteriebi erTxel gayofas aswrebdnen.

dReisTvis es hipoTeza mravali eqsperimentiTaa dadasturebuli. ukve sa yovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom dnm­s aqvs unikaluri unari, warmoqmnas zus­taDd Tavisi msgavsi meore molekula, anu gaormagdes. cnobilia am procesis monawile yvela nivTiereba, romelzec j. uotsonsa da f. kriks warmodgenac ki ar hqondaT.

Zalian martivad Tu aRvwerT, dnm­is gaormagebis rTuli procesi Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs moicavs:

1. specialuri fermenti _ helikaza (ingl. Helix _ spirali) dnm­is or jaWvs Soris arsebul wyalbadur bmebsa da am bmebiT `gakeril~ ormag spi­rals or polinukleotidur jaWvad Slis;

2. calkeuli Tavisufali nukleotidebi, romlebic yovelTvis arian birT­vSi, `eZeben~ Sesabamis komplementarul mewyvileebs TiToeul jaWvze da maT wyalbaduri bmebiT ukavSirdebian;

3. fermenti _ dnm­polimeraza kovalenturi bmebiT `gadaakerebs~ erTma­neTs axlad mierTebul nukleotidebs da axal `Svileul~ jaWvebs warmoqmnis.

4. gaormagebis procesis damTavrebis Semdeg miiReba nukleotiduri Sed­genilobis mixedviT absoluturad identuri dnm­is ori molekula. TiToeu­li maTgani erT `Zvel~ da erT `axal~ `Svileul~ polinukleotidur jaWvs Se i cavs.

dnm­is gaormagebis process replikacia uwodes (ingl. Replication _ aslis aReba, gadaReba).

replikacia Zalian hgavs ukve arsebuli Targis mixedviT raRac axali ma­salis Seqmnis process. Zveli jaWvi TiTqos erTgvari Targia _ matrica axa­li jaWvisTvis. aseTi tipis reaqciebs matriculi reaqciebi ewodeba.

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amis Semdeg mecnierebi gamohyofdnen dnm­s baqteriebis A da B jgufidan da acentrifugebdnen. centrifugirebis Sedegi ase ga­moiyureboda:

warmoidgine, rom am samecniero jgufis erT­erTi wevri xar. CaerTe eqsperimentis daskvnebis gamotanis procesSi.

1. sqematurad warmoadgine uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mi­xedviT, A baqteriebis 15N-is Semcveli dnm­is gaormageba 14N-ian garemoSi. wiTeli da lurji feris xazebiT aRniSne A da B Bbaq­teri ebis dnm­is ormagi spiralis `mZime~ da `msubuqi~ jaWvebi.

2. centrifugirebis principebidan gamomdinare, dnm­is moleku­lis romeli maxasiaTebeli gansazRvravs sinjaris fskeridan misi fraqciis (zoli sinjaraSi, romelic dnm­s Seicavs) daci­lebis manZils?

3. ratom `damsubuqda~ B baqteriebis dnm?

mecnierebma eqsperimenti gaagrZeles _ daayovnes B baqteriebi kidev 20 wu­Tis ganmavlobaSi 14Nian sakveb areSi (C). gamoyves maTgan dnm da daacen­trifuges. centrifugis sinjaraSi ori fraqcia warmoiqmna.

4. Seadgine B baqteriebis dnm­is rep­likaciis sqema C baqteriebis warmo­qmnisas, uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezis mixedviT.

C A B

A

A B

B

14N15N

BA

A B

dnm

dnm

dnm

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5. Seadare C baqteriebis dnm­is jaWvebi A da B baqteriebis dnm­is jaWvebs.

6. am monacemebis mixedviT, mosalodneli iyo aseTi mdebareobis ori fraqciis gaCena centrifugis sinjaraSi? axseni, ratom?

7. gauZlo Tu ara uotsonisa da krikis hipoTezam eqsperimentul gamocdas?

namdvilad xdeba dnm­is erT `Zvel~ jaWvze meore `axali~ jaW­vis aSeneba?

8. warmoidgine, rom mogitanes centrifugis sinjara (X), romelSic baqteriis dnm garkveul pozicias ikavebs. Seadare X dnm­is cen­trifugirebis Sedegi A, B, C baqteriebis dnm­e bis centrifu­girebis Sedegs da gvipasuxe: rogori azotis Semcvel sakveb areSi mravldeboda es baqteria?

ilustracia asaxavs dnm­is replikaciis process. moniSne masze: a. azotovani fuZeebi;b. wyalbaduri bmebis adgili;g. ferment helikazas moqmedebis adgili;d. ferment dnm­polimerazas moqmedebis adgili;e. `Svileuli~ jaWvi.

replikacia _ replicationhttp://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120076/bio22.swf

CAX B

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