salman khan (trek)
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Sub: Environmental Biotechnology (3MBT
04)
SALMAN KHANM.Sc
III Semester (bt)Reg no: 10204015
9th
sept 2011
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FUEL
Any material that stores energy that can laterbe extracted to perform mechanical work in a
controlled manner. Most fuels used by humans
undergo combustion, a redox reaction in whicha combustible substance releases energy afterit ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air.
Other processes used to convert fuel intoenergy include various other exothermicchemical reactions and nuclear reactions, such
as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion
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CONVENTIONAL FUELS
PETROL (Gasoline) -2,2,4-Trimethylpentane(isooctane)
34 megajoules/Lt The flash point of
gasoline is about -72°C
Viscosity of around0.88-0.71 cSt at 40°C
Fractional distillation
@ 40°C
DIESEL - C12H23
38.6 megajoules/Lt
Diesel at -45°C
1.3 to 4.1 cSt at 40°C
Fractional distillation @250°C
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Standard Reference
Date CO HC NOx PM
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 17.3 to32.6
2.7 to 3.7 ----------------
------------------
BharatStage II
Euro 2 2001-04 11.202.40
14.4 ------------------
BharatStage III
Euro 3 2004-Present
4.0 to 4.5 1.1 7.0 to 8.0 0.15
BharatStage IV
Euro 4 2010onwards
2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10
Emission Standards for all commuting vehicles,g/kWh
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WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?
A combustible fuel produced from any sort ofvegetation or other organic derivative(“biomass”).
3 MAIN TYPES:
Bioethanol
Biodiesel
Purified biogas
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OVERVIEW OF BIO FUEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies
Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic biomass andbiowaste
Advanced hydrolysis & fermentaion
Biogas SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) Lignocellulosic biomass
and residues
Pyrolysis/Gasification
Biodiesel Biomass to Liquid (BTL), Fischer-Tropsch (FT)diesel, synthetic (bio)diesel
Lignocellulosic biomass andresidues
Pyrolysis/Gasification & synthesis
Other Biofuels Biomethanol, heavier (mixed) alcohols,biodimethylether (Bio-DME)
Lignocellulosic biomassand residues
Gasification & synthesis
Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic biomass andbiowaste
Gasification & synthesis orbiological process
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HOW AN ENGINE WORKS?
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WHAT ARE THE BIOFUEL OPTIONS?
Starch conversion to ethanol (maize,wheat, rice, various tubers)
Sucrose conversion to ethanol (sugar
cane) Biodiesel: plant ( algae) oils converted
to diesel
Ligno-cellulose conversion to ethanol
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ETHANOL AS A FUEL
Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, M.wt= 46.1, is an alcohol, a
group of chemical compounds whose moleculescontain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to acarbon atom
Ethanol melts at -114.1°C, boils at 78.5°C, andhas a density of 0.789 g/ml at 20°C. Its lowfreezing point of temperatures below -40°C, Auto
ignition temperature being 423°C. Specific gravity of Ethanol is 0.79
Octane number of 106-111
Calorific value of 11,500
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GASOHOL
Ethanol fuel mixtures have "E" numbers which
describe the percentage of ethanol fuel in themixture by volume, for example, E85 is85% anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline.
Gasoline is the typical fuel mixed with ethanolbut there are other fuel additives that can bemixed, such as an ignition improver used in theE95 Swedish blend. Low ethanol blends, fromE5 to E25, are also known as gasohol , thoughinternationally the most common use of theterm gasohol refers to the E10 blend.
India is under E5 norms.
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INDIA
By 1980 India became self sufficient forethanol production.
Sources of ethanol:
Maize (Zea mays )- 7th Place in world yield,11 million MT.Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum )-
Ranks 2nd in world total production, 348
million MT.Agricultural waste
Low average cost of Rs.18/liter projected
Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion liters
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Volkswagen Jetta TDI 2010
Mitsubishi Lancer EX 2011
Chevorlet Tahoe S1.8 2010Honda Civic FLEX 2010
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STARCH TO ETHANOL
Advantages Maize:
Agricultural infrastructure in place.
Fermentation and distilling technology
Will lower oil importsincrease energy security
cause oil prices to decrease.
Will increase income of farmersWill stimulate economy
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MICROBES EMPLOYED
Fungi: (95%)
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Rosillo-Calle & Hall, 1987)Saccharomyces saki Saccharomyces oviformis Saccharospora crassa
Aspergillus oryzae Neurospora crassa Trichosporium cutaneum Candida utilis
Candida albicans ( Pathogenic )Another problem overcome was the inability of S. cerevisiae to process thecomplex sugar xylose, a common component of leaves and stems. To solve thishurdle three genes from the yeast species Picchia stipitis , a natural fermenter ofxylose, were introduced.
( Genetic engineering- By Grant Banks January 2,2011
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Bacteria: (5%)
Clostridium sporogenes
Clostridium thermocellum
Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum
Clostridium papyrosolvans
Clostridium indolis Zymomonas mobilis , Ssp. Pomaceas (anaerobe)
Spirochaeta aurantia
Spirochaeta litoralis
Sarcina ventriculi
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
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CONVERSION OF SUGARS TO ETHANOL
1. Starch (Maize) to Simpler Glucose (by hydrolysis)Starch (C6H10O5)n + Water → Amylase → Glucose C6H12O6
2. Sucrose (Sugarcane) to Glucose (by hydrolysis)
Sucrose C12H22O11 + water → Sucrase → Glucose C6H12O6 + FructoseC6H12OFructose isomer of glucose (Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase / phosphoglucoseisomerase )
One mole of glucose is converted into two moles of ethanol and two molesof carbon dioxide:Glucose- C6H12O6
Ethanol- C2H5OHConversion-
C12H22O11 +H2O + invertase →2 C6H12O6
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STARCH TO ETHANOL (MAIZE)
Disadvantages Maize:
large amounts of high quality land needed. displaces traditional commodity crops (Soy
bean)Maize will be diverted from export markets
raising prices on international market. (Japan,Mexico, Africa etc.)
Maize will be diverted from feed market Engines must be modified; costly but feasible;
fueling stations must be modified (feasible).
Possible pressure to utilize virgin lands/ forestarea.
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WHAT IS BIODIESEL ? Alternative fuel for diesel engines
Made from vegetable oil or animal fat
Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer
Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.
Chemically, biodiesel molecules are produced usually from
triglyceride esters (transesterification) Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel
(B20, BXX).
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
Vegetable Oil
BiodieselFA
FAFA
FA
Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils using the base catalyzed
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Almost all biodiesel is produced from virgin vegetable oils using the base-catalyzedtechnique as it is the most economical process for treating virgin vegetable oils,requiring only low temperatures and pressures and producing over 98% conversion yield
During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presenceof a catalyst, usually a strong alkali (NaOH, KOH, or Alkoxides). The main reason fordoing a titration to produce biodiesel, is to find out how much alkaline is needed to
completely neutralize any free fatty acids present, thus ensuring a completetransesterification. Empirically 6.25 g / L NaOH produces a very usable fuel. One usesabout 6 g NaOH when the WVO is light in color and about 7 g NaOH when it is dark incolor.The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester (or biodiesel) andcrude glycerol. The reaction between the biolipid (fat or oil) and the alcohol is
a reversible reaction so the alcohol must be added in excess to drive the reaction
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CHEMISTRY OF TRIGLYCERIDES Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride
with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol…). What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of
glycerol and three fatty acids:
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SOURCE!?
Sources of biodiesel:Danti/ pratyanshrani (Jatropha curcas )Honge -Honge oil is extracted from the
seeds of the Honge tree (Pongamiya pinnata
).Canola (Brassica napus L.) High capital, broad scale production plan
initiated
Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27
Canola inflorescence
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BIODIESEL, WHY?
Burning fossil fuels increases
atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide Fossil fuels are a
finite resource
Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage
Biodiesel’s Closed Carbon
Cycle
30% Increase
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JATROPHA Biodiesel from Jatropha
Seeds of the Jatropha nut iscrushed and oil is extracted
The oil is processed andrefined to form bio-diesel.
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BIODIESEL: PLANT OILS CONVERTED TO DIESEL
Advantages
• fossil energy ratio between 2 to 3. Greenhouse gasreduction 40 to 70% over conventional diesel perkm.
• Soybean oil is cheap because it is a byproduct.Soybean meal is of higher market value.
• It is 11% oxygen by weight and contains no sulfur
• Biodiesel is safe to store, and has a high flashpoint
• Biodiesel Lowers toxic emissions and ParticulateMatter (PM)
• Biodiesel has greater Cetane (50-56) and Lubricity
Disadvantages
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Disadvantages Jatropha produces 1/6 as much fuel per acre as corn
ethanol.
Land consumption. In India maize is more profitable It gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions (Nitrogen
oxide emissions from biodiesel blends could possibly
be reduced by blending with kerosene) Transportation & storage at lower temperature areas. Soybean oil will be more expensive if soybean meal is
in surplus. For farmer total value is important.
Engine life decreases (Biodiesel has excellent solventproperties).
Large investments in infrastructure may be needed inthird world countries.
Cold Weather Operation.
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E-DIESEL
Uses additives (n -butanol, Butylated hydroxytoluene,Tetranitromethane) in order to allow blending ofethanol with diesel.
Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%
Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel from
separating at very low temperatures or if watercontamination occurs.
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THE ULTIMATE FUEL: LIGNOCELLULOSE TO
ETHANOL.
Advantages: high yields per acre. The most abundant plant
product on earth. Estimated greenhouse gas reduction about 80
percent. Very large yield of biomass per acre. (example
eshel tamarisk tree. 10-12 tons/acre/year vrscorn 3.5 tons/ acre)
Different plant types for different soils, climates,can be developed and bred for higher yields.
Can be grown on marginal land.Generally need little fertilizer.
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Disadvantages
Technology must be developed toeconomically convert cellulose into sugarsand sugars to ethanol.
Technology must be developed to modify
feedstock so it is easier to convert.
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REFERENCE
Environmental biotechnology ,2002 -Geetha B, Ramamurthi, Sullia, Ajij S & Satish K
Environmental Chemistry. 2nd edition, 2005 (pg. 153- Fossil Fuels) -G.S Sodhi
Essential Environmental Studies. 1st edition, 2008 (pg. 159- Alternate
Emerging Fuel)- S.P Misra Environmental Biotechnology 1st edition, 2008 (pg. 246- Developing
Biofuels from Biomass Energy)-Rajiv K. Sinha & Rohit
Sinha Environmental Management. 2nd edition, (pg. 111- Air Pollution and its
Management) 2010H.M Saxena
Biotechnological Approaches for Ethanol Production 1st edition 2008,(pg.258, 267)
Vijaya t & Dev D.V
From Books:
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REFERENCE
Articles
1. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CHANNEL MAGAZINE-GreenDreams
By Joel K. Bourne, Jr- 2009 edition
2. SCIENCE published online 12 August 2008By Timothy Searchinger
3. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences(IJAES)
Biofuels: Clarifying Assumptions
17 October 2008:
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REFERENCE
Internet URL
http://www.reegle.info/?gclid=CIeEwZms26oCFcEa6wodTlZ28Q
http://oneclick.indiatimes.com/article/0ea88Ka2kY4sD?q=Bangkok
http://www.tatamotors.com/ http://www.bkkautos.com/feature/Gasohol-95
http://www.carsanook.com/read/events/15_sep_09/b84uq-p/mitsubishi_motors_thailand_launches_all_new_mitsu.htm
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5794183_diesel-fuel-volatility_.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html
http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains/PM/docs/documentation.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose
http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/743
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast
http://www.gizmag.com/yeast-ethanol-biofuel/17408/
http://www.carsanook.com/read/events/15_sep_09/b84uq-p/mitsubishi_motors_thailand_launches_all_new_mitsu.htm
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5794183_diesel-fuel-volatility_.html
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html
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http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains/PM/docs/documentation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/743http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://www.gizmag.com/yeast-ethanol-biofuel/17408/ http://www.hpagriculture.com/maize_processing.htmhttp://www.bdpedia.com/biodiesel/alt/alt.htmlhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/
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Videos
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHDYR2f5BMI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGAfHA44g3M
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7uErZH1LC4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNhgdGdzelIo
Leisure reading
Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of "EnergyIndependence“ (E-Book) By RobertBryce
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Image credit:www.tenaska.com/energy/biofuels.html
http://bantrel.com/markets/renewableenergy.aspxhttp://www.mahalo.com/answers/write-a-your-vision-of-indian-by-2020-what-needs-to-change-to-move-india-into-super-power-economics-essayhttp://biofuel-tech.com/AboutBiofuels.aspx
http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/World%20Demand%20for%20BioFuels_17700http://www.biodieselprocessor.org/biodiesel%20process.jpg
Tables Referredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard#Indiahttp://www.crophouse.co.nz/energy/fuels/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency
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