san urart red pol pottery-diyabakir 2005

7/30/2019 San Urart Red Pol Pottery-Diyabakir 2005

1/18

Anadolu / Anatolia 28, 2005 O. San

73

URARTIAN RED BURNISHED POTTERY

FROM DYARBAKIR MUSEUM

Oya SAN

zet

Urartu Krall sadece organize devlet yaps, gelimi mimarisi, sulama kanal sistemi ve stn niteliklimaden iilii ile deil madeni kaplara yknen krmz perdahl seramii ile de kendisinden szettirmektedir. Urartu mlekileri bu tr seramii retirken zellikle astar ve perdahna nem vererekkaplar ekici hale getirdikleri gibi, madeni kap grntsn hissettirmeyi de baarmlardr. Uzmanmlekiler tarafndan arkta biimlendirilen seramiklerin hamurlar elenmi kilden bazen ince kum

katlarak hazrlanmtr. Youn olarak krmz ve tonlarnda olan astarlar kaplarn zerine frnlamadannce uygulanmtr. Olduka iyi perdahlanan kaplarn grnmleriyle madeni kaplardan farkl olmadanlalmaktadr. Tm Urartu tarihi boyunca kullanld bilinen bu seramiin evre kltrler zerindeetkili olmad kralln ykl ardndan ise ortadan kalkt grlr.

Urartu Krallnn kapsad geni corafyada benzer form ve yapm teknikleriyle karmza kan veuzunca bir sre youn olarak kullanlan krmz perdahl Urartu seramiinin kaliteli rnekleri almayakonu olan ve satn alma yoluyla Van Blgesinden gelen Diyarbakr Mzesi rnekleri arasnda da

bulunmaktadr.

Tantlan toplam 14 adet vazo farkl formlarda olup tipik Urartu mallar durumundadr ve formlarKaseler(Lev. Ia-b; IIa), Tabak(Lev. IIb), Ayakl Kadehler(Lev. IIIa-b), Yonca azl testiler(Lev. IVa-b; Va),Tek kulplu vazo (Lev. Vb), mlekler(Lev. VIa-b; VIIa) ve Ufak mlek(Lev. VII-b)den olumaktadr.

Diyarbakr Mzesinde yer alan ve almaya konu edilen ondrt Urartu seramii her ne kadar buluntuyerleri ve durumlar bilinerek kesin tarihlenemese de aratrmalarla ortaya kartlan dier krmz

perdahl seramiklere eitlik katmakta ve hatta rneklerine az rastlanan formlara katkda bulunmaktadr.

Abstract

Urartian Kingdom has not only become known by its organized state structure, advanced architecture,irrigation system, superior quality metal workmanship but also has become known by its red burnished

potteries, which imitate metallic pots. Potteries pastes, which were given shape at paddle wheels byexpert potters, were prepared by using very well sieved clay and sometimes by using additive small pieceof sand. Slip, which were usually red and tones of red, were applied before drying in the kiln. The otheroperation that was realized before the stage of drying in the kiln was burnishing. After a good qualitydrying, possibly by getting polished with a soft material like leather, their surfaces were provides evenand smooth and therefore, there was not any difference in the apparition of the metallic pots. It is knownthat this pottery was used during whole Urartian history, as well as there was not any pioneer of this

pottery, before Urartian Kingdom in the region, and it is known that it was vanished after the collapse ofthe Kingdom.

The good quality samples of the red burnished Urartian pottery that was encountered in similar forms andproducing techniques and was used intensely for a long period of time in the large area that was spread by


2/18

Urartian Red Burnished Pottery From Diyarbakr Museum

74

Urartian Kingdom, found among the samples, which are subject to the article, and found in the Museumof Diyarbakr, where they had reached there through the purchase that were done with Van Region.

The total of 14 vessels that are introduced, have different shapes and they are typically an Urartianmanufatures. Forms are composed from Bowls (Pl. Ia-b; IIa), Plate (Pl.IIb), Stemmed Goblets (Pl. IIIa-b),

Trefoil Jugs (Pl. IVa-b; Va), Single Handled Cup (Pl. Vb), Jars (Pl. VIa-b; VIIa) and Small Jar(Pl.VII-b).

Fourteen Urartian pots that are included in this work, although their exact places, statuses and dates areunknown, enrich other red burnished potteries came into light until now and even contribute to rarelyknown form.

Urartian Kingdom that had begun to existsince the second half of the eighth centuryB.C. in East Anatolia, in the course of timehad gained power by spreading through a

very wide area of Northwest of Iran,Transcaucasia, Southeast Anatolia andUrartian Kingdom has not only becomeknown by its organized state structure,advanced architecture, irrigation system,superior quality metal workmanship but alsohas become known by its red burnished

potteries, which imitate metallic pots.

Urartian potters, while producing thiskind of potteries, as well as making these

pots attractive by considering, particularlythe burnish and the slip were successful incausing to perceive as metallic pots.1Potteries pastes, which were given shape at

paddle wheels by expert potters, wereprepared by using very well sieved clay andsometimes by using additive small piece ofsand.2 Slip, which were usually red and tonesof red, were applied before drying in the

I would like to express my thanks to N. nal,Director of the Diyarbakr Museum for his permis-

sion, to N. Soyukaya and .Yumruk, for their help.1 Van loon 1966, 32; According to Lehmann-Haupt

slip was made of crushed vessels dissolved in water(Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien einst Jetzt, II/2, Berlin,1910-1931, 577).

2 Emre 1969, 292. The discovery of a potters wheelat Karmir Blur has been known (see. H.H. von derOsten, Die urartaische Tpferei aus Van und dieMglichkeiten ihrere Einordnung in die AnatolischeKeramik I, Orientalia 21 (1952), 310)

kiln. The other operation that was realizedbefore the stage of drying in the kiln wasburnishing. After a good quality drying,possibly by getting polished with a soft

material like leather, their surfaces wereprovides even and smooth and therefore,there was not any difference in the apparitionof the metallic pots.3

Red burnished pottery was made indiversity of forms, among the most commonJug with single handle and trefoil rim,stemmed goblets, deep and shallow bowls,

plates with sharp or S profile rims, storagejars with wide mouths. Miniature versions of

these forms were also made in considerablequantities4. Some of the vessels that wereusually left smooth without any decorationhave horizontal groove under the rims.Sometimes, not quite often though, theembossed ornaments were placed on thesurface of the pots. Sometimes the vesselswere stamped while still damp before firing,on the underside or edge of the base, on the

body or handle. There is usually inciseddecoration consisting of plants, geometricmotifs, towers, stars, crescent, or smallcircles on the handles or where the handles

join the body. Such signs were done potteryworkshops and were called as potters mark.5

3 Van Loon 1966, 30; Emre 1969, 280; ilingirolu1997, 134, 138.

4 Van loon 1966, 34, ilingirolu 1997, 138.5 Derin 1999, 81.


3/18


75

This type of pottery had been used by aclass whose members are mostly Urartianand probably, the public or other peoplefrom different regions that are not Urartian

had used this pottery less than Urartians6. Inaddition to that, the recent excavations atUrartian Fortresses and cemeteries show thatthis pottery was utilized as daily wares, as

burial gifts in the cemeteries, and as a good,people used them for their wishes as a votiveand left them in the temples. This situationindicates the diversity of the functions of

pots and their usage purposes.

Formerly the red burnished pottery wascalled Toprakkale Ware by Burney, due tothe large amount of it was discovered, inToprakkale7. In the first period of time, whenVan Fortress was excavated, term ofVannic Sherds was used8. While Kroll

believes the most appropriate term for thispottery was Palastware9, lastly Tarhan andSevin preferred to use Bianili Ceramicsterm, which is nowadays used widely for this

pottery that was produced in the fortresses,which were established by centralgovernments.10

It is known that this pottery was usedduring whole Urartian history, as well asthere was not any pioneer of this pottery,

before Urartian Kingdom in the region11, and

6 ilingirolu 1997, 134.7 Burney 1957, 42. Urartian red burnished pottery has

been being discussed since the last quarter of thenineteenth century (see. H.H. von der Osten,Orientalia 21, 308) But until the excavationsundertaken by K. Lake at Van, this subject did not

reach the stage of serious investigation. From theSecond World War onwards research on Urartianpottery has considerably developed and excavationsat the Urartian sites have increased our knowledgeof the pottery.

8 Tarhan-Sevin 1991, 432.9 Kroll 1976, 9.10 Tarhan-Sevin 1976-77, 292.11 Von der Osten has pointed out the resemblence

between Hittite and Urartian pottery. Because there

it is known that it was vanished after thedemolishment of the Kingdom12. Althoughthe excavations and the surveys indicate thatthis pottery was utilized mostly at Van Lake

District13, it is known that it was produced inevery area that was in the kingdomssovereignty. This pottery was produced,especially under the supervision of thegovernment, at the pottery workshops with auniform, in respect to quality, form anddecoration and the potteries that werediscovered in Urartian fortresses, houses,and cemeteries are similar in terms ofappearance and technique14. At the sametime, instrumental neutron activation

analysis that was applied on the Urartianpotteries, which were obtained from variouscenters, provides information about the

production of the pottery. Results of theanalysis show that this type of pottery was

produced in many centers of UrartianKingdom and traded between the Urartiancenters, and come into the light that even,there was a trade of pottery between VanRegion and Northwest of Iran.15

The good quality samples of the red

burnished Urartian pottery that wasencountered in similar forms and producingtechniques and was used intensely for a long

period of time in the large area that wasspread by Urartian Kingdom, found among

is a similarity in the slip and the polish applicationtecnique (see. H.H. von der Osten, Orientalia 21,314). But Hittite pottery was not used in CentralAnatolia later than 1200 B.C. According to Emrethe similarity between Urartian and Hittite potteryin slip and gloss technique should be attributed to

their common roots, that is, adherence to the oldnative Anatolian tradition (Emre 1969, 298). Onthe other hand Bittel writes that the Hittite traditioncould have passed on to the Urartians through theHurrrian (see. K.Bittel, Grndzge der vorFrhgeschichte Kleinasiens. 2. Auflage (1952), 80).

12 Emre 1969, 288; ilingirolu 1997, 134.13 ilingirolu 1997, 134.14 Emre 1969, 289.15 Speakman et.al. 2004, 119, 126.


4/18


76

the samples, which are subject to the article,and found in the Museum of Diyarbakr,where they had reached there through the

purchase that were done with Van Region.

The total of 14 vessels that areintroduced, have different shapes and theyare typically an Urartian manufatures. Formsare composed from Bowls (Pl. Ia-b; IIa),

Plate (Pl.IIb), Stemmed Goblets (Pl. IIIa-b),Trefoil Jugs (Pl. IVa-b; Va), Single HandledCup (Pl. Vb), Jars (Pl. VIa-b; VIIa) andSmall Jar(Pl.VII-b).

Bowls (Pl. Ia-b, IIa)

One of the most used forms of theUrartian red burnished pottery is bowls thathave different forms themselves. Generally,the rims are everted and sometimes theremay be a deep groove under the rim. At thesame time, metallic bowls that werediscovered at the Igdir16, Altntepe17 andKarmir Blur excavations and which were

probably used at the cult rituals have thesimilar forms of ceramic ones and therefore,

it indicates that that kind of bowls wereinspired and produced from this type ofmetallic models18.

Bowls, which are studied, are representedby three samples. First one (Pl. Ia) attractsthe attention with its simple form. Bowlsrim is everted slightly and body, as

becoming narrow downwards, sits on a flatbase. On the surface of the pinkish bufffabricated, a dark orange, red slip and dense

burnish can be identified. The similar forms

of these potteries, which are known to bemanufactured in large numbers in theUrartian pottery repertoire19, could be met in

16 Barnett 1963, 166; Fig. 23.1-3.17 Emre 1969, 282.18 Sava ve Estetik 2004, 268.19 Kroll 1976, 115, Type 13a.

Van Fortress20, Ayanis21, Van-Altntepe22,Erzincan-Altntepe23, Bastam24 and ArmavirBlur25.

The second sample of the group is formedby a bowl, which is thick and which has aneverted rim, rounded body, and flat base (Pl.Ib). Pinkish buff fabricated bowls slip coloris dark red and burnish marks, which areinside and outside of the bowl, are clear. VanFortress26, Erzincan Altntepe27, andArgitihinili28 are the Urartian settlementsthat have the similar samples of this group29.

The last bowl sample is differentiatedfrom the others with its symetrical small

vertical handle (Pl. IIa). Under rim of thebowl, which has a simple rim, there is a deepgroove. The wide and oval body sits on a flat

base downwards. The bowls paste, whichhas a deep red paste structure, has the samecolor slip with its paste and on the surface; a

pale burnish could be seen. In addition tothat, the color waves, caused by drying in thekiln could be identified on the surface. Those

bowls and similar bowls that were evaluatedby Kroll, within Type 156, do not have much

place in the Urartian red burnished pottery 30.At the same time, although it does not have ahandle, a bowl that has the same form withits groove, under the rim was founded at VanFortress31. Another bowl sample, which is

pale burnished with grooved rims andhandles, is met at avutepe32. avutepe

20 Tarhan-Sevin 1991, Fig. 19: 2-3; Sevin 1994, Fig.21: 4.3; Tarhan 1994, Fig. 22.3;

21 ilingirolu-Derin 1998, Fig. 9.22 Sevin et.al. 2000, Fig. 6.1.23 Emre 1969, Pl. II.3.24 Kroll 1970, Pl. 3.9.25 Barnett 1963, Fig. 19.26 Tarhan-Sevin 1991, Fig. 19.6.27 Emre 1969, Pl. II. 2.28 See. A. A. Martirosjan,Argitihinili (1974), Fig. 66.29 Kroll 1976, 119, Type 23.30 Kroll 1976, 117, Type 156.31 Tarhan 1994, Fig. 23.4.32 Erzen 1978, Fig. 36/7.


5/18


77

sample, which is from seventh century B.C.,attracts the attention with its vertical handle,which is wider than the sample we haveidentified above. The sample, we have

examined and which have entered to theUrartian red burnished pottery group, withtheir characteristics of slip, burnish andform, is the representative of a form that isnot seen often with its handle structure.

Plate (Pl. IIb)

One of the forms that was largelymanufactured as bowls in Urartian red

burnished pottery is plates33. With their

shallow bodies, smooth and circular bases,smooth and everted rims, these plates havevery simple forms. Among the identified

potteries only one plate represents this group(Pl. IIb). The plate that has lightly evertedrim is quite shallow and has a concave base.The plate that has a pinkish buff fabric andred burnish was burnished inside andoutside, densely. It may be said that, as withthe bowls, these kinds of plates have metallicsamples and they were inspired from these

metallic bowls34. For example, the plate thatwas from avutepe and dated to second halfof the seventh century B.C. resembles to thesample we have defined with its form and italso reminds the metallic pots with verycareful workmanship and dense burnish35.

Stemmed Goblets (Pl. IIIa-b)

The basic characteristics of the stemmedgoblets, which are sometimes big, sometimes

small in sizes, are their high and hollowstands. Goblets, which are one of the red

burnished potterys typical forms, may beseen in most of the Urartian settlements with

33 Kroll 1976, 122, Type 32.34 Barnett 1963, 166.35 Erzen 1978, Fig. 30; Pl. XXXIX.d.

similar form characteristics36. Two samples,related to this form, are mentioned in thisstudy. The first one attracts the attention withits big size (Pl. IIIa). Goblet, with everted

rim, wide cylindrical neck, global body andwhich sits on the high and hollow stand, hasa broken base. Pinkish buff fabricated, darkred slipped and dense burnished goblet has arelief band on the shoulder. The secondexample has the similar characteristics withthe former one, although its length is shorter(Pl. IIIb). Goblet, which has a protected wide

base cut, attracts the attention with itspinkish buff fabric, red and dense slip. It isobserved that the Erzincan-Atntepe sample

of such goblets, which were found in manyUrartian settlements, in different sizes andsimilar forms, are left as a votive object inthe cella of the temple37. This shows us thatin Urartian Kingdom, potteries were alsoused them as votives along with the metalobjects. In addition to Altntepe sample,Adilcevaz38, Toprakkale39, Van- Altntepe40,Kayaldere41, avutepe42, Karmir Blur43 andVan Museum44 samples, give us theinformation regarding the widespread use ofgoblets within Urartian Kingdom.

Trefoil Jugs (Pl. IVa-b; Va)

Trefoil jugs also have their place withinthe forms of vessels belonging to theUrartian red burnished pottery45. Althoughthey are slightly different from each otherwith their miniature and large sizes, thecharacteristic of trefoil rims is common

36 Kroll 1976, 129, Type 47a.37 Emre 1969, 5, 284, Fig.19; Pl. XXXIII, 3, Fig.7.38 n-Bilgi 1967, 165.39 See. Lehmann-Haupt, Armenien einst Jetzt, II/2,

Berlin, 1910-1931, 567.40 Sevin et.al. 2000, Fig.4.41 Burney 1966, Pl.XVb, Fig.15.42 Erzen 1976, Fig.3.43 Piotrovsky 1955, Fig.9.44 Sava ve Estetik 2004, 141.45 Kroll 1976, 128, Type 46.


6/18


78

among them without exception. The fact thattrefoil jugs, which came into life in Anatolia,third millenium B.C. and reappeared in IronAge in Urartian Kingdom, found in clusters

inside the Karmir Blur state warehouse,shows that trefoil jugs were extensively usedand produced within the UrartianKingdom46. The researches done until nowshowed that the same forms could be foundwithin the metal samples, especially bronzeones. This proves that trefoil jugs are alsoinspired from the metal pieces47. Althoughthe surface of the most of them are burnishedand does not have any decoration, there arevessels that have embossed long tongue

shaped decorations

48

. Founding conditionsand Urartian reliefs show that such jugs wereused for carrying and pouring water and as

burial gifts and urns in the graveyards, andvotives49 within the temples and as ritualobjects for the cult ceremonies50.

The first sample of the trefoil jug, wehave mentioned above, is larger than theother samples (P1. IVa). The pot with atrefoil rim, round body and flat base, has anembossed band under its neck and a groove

on its handle. Those properties make themeven more similar to the metal samples. The

jug has pinkish buff fabric, high quality darkred slip and dense burnish on the surface.Although the second one is in smaller size, ithas almost the same decorative and form

properties with the former sample and hasthe same quality fabric, slip and burnish, asif they were made by the same hand (Pl.IVb). Although the body of the third trefoil

jug has an oval shape, its rim, handle and

base form makes it a variation of the sametype of jugs and its pinkish buff fabric color,

46 Piotrovsky 1955, Pl. VII.47 Piotrovsky 1955, Fig.13.48 Sava ve Estetik 2004, 136.49 Emre 1969, 283.50 Depictions of Urartian cult ceremonies show similar

jugs being used (ilingirolu 1997, 102; Fig.21).

dark red slip and dense burnish are the mostimportant features (Pl. Va) .

As a result of the surveys and

excavations, up until now, it is understoodthat although known samples from centerssuch as the Van Fortress51, Toprakkale52,avutepe53, Van-Altntepe54, Ayanis55,Adilcevaz56, Idr57, Erzincan- Altntepe58,Karmir Blur59, Armavir60 and Bastam61 havesome differences in their forms, they pointout the extensive usage of trefoil jugs in theUrartian civilization with their similarfeatures of trefoil jugs.

Single Handled Cup (Pl. Vb)

The pot, which is represented with asingle sample, is a typical Urartian

production with its red dense burnish andpinkish buff fabric. However, when it isexamined according to its form, we soonrealize that it is an extraordinary piece (P1.Vb). The vase with flat rim, cylindrical wideneck, that sits on a flat base diving below,has a single handle passing over its rim and

joining with the edge of its shoulder.Although we may not find many similar

pieces with the defined form propertieswithin Urartian red burnished potteries, thedouble handled Urartian jar, found in Bastam,and shows us with a very similar form62.

51 Tarhan-Sevin 1991, Fig. 20:1; Sevin 1994, Fig.21.3; 3-4.; Tarhan 1994, Fig. 25.1.

52 Erzen et.al. 1960, 17, Fig. 20, 21.53 Erzen 1976, Fig. 4; 1978, Pl. XLIIa-b, Fig. 37-1,2.54 Sevin et.al. 2000, Fig. 6: 5,6.55 Derin 1999, Fig. 6:44, 54, 71.56 n 1967, Fig. 17.57 Barnett 1963, Fig. 20.2.58 Emre 1969, Pl.III, Fig. 18.59 Piotrovsky 1952, Fig.15-16; 1955, Pl. VII; 1969,

49-50; 1970, Cat. 117; Barnett-Watson 1982,Fig.16.

60 See. A. A. Martirosjan, Argitihinili (1974), Fig.4,5.

61 Kroll 1970, Pl. 1,2, 1.7;26.62 Kroll 1970, Pl. 5.3.


7/18


79

Jars (Pl. VIa-b; VIIa-b)

Jars of different sizes and forms make upthe last group of pieces, found in the

Diyarbakir Museum and are represented byfour samples.

The first sample of the group is the Ovalbodied cremation Jar (Pl. VIa), which has

buff fabric, light red slip and pale burnish, aneverted rim, short cylindrical neck, oval

body and a flat base. There are twoembossed bands within the transition fromthe bottom of the neck to shoulder and twoadjacent holes, which indicate that this piecewas used for the cremation purposes, as urns

to be more specific63. These forms anddecorations, which Kroll regards as they

belong to Type 4964 and Derin regards asthey belong to Ba group65, are usedfrequently as urns and burial gifts incemeteries and storage jars in daily life.

These types of urns were generally buriedinside the niches, rock cracks or directlyunder the ground and as burial gifts were leftinside of and near it66. In addition, we see

that the mouths of the urns are closed with aplate or bowl for preservation67. Extensivevariety of urn samples found in centers suchas the Van Fortress68, Van-Altntepe69, Dil-kaya70, Kalecik71, Adilcevaz72, Habibua73,

63 The Holes in the urns show an important feature.Cremation burials were usually placed in urnswhich had a hole or holes (Derin 1994, 50).

64 Kroll 1976, 130, Type 49.65 Derin 1994, Fig. 6.2.2; 6.3.66 Usually the metal objects such as arrow head, belts

etc. were crushed and left beside the urns or were

broken and put in the urns with the ashes andcrumbled bones (Barnett 1963, 153)

67 Barnett 1963, 153; Derin 1994, 49.68 Sevin 1980, 151.69 Sevin 2000, 424, Fig. 4; Sevin-zfrat 200, 219, Fig.

6.70 ilingirolu 1991, 29.71 n 1978, 672.72 n 1974, 448.73 Ik 1987, 551, 562.

Kayaldere74, Erzincan-Altntepe75, Patnos76,Li77, Kars Arpaay78, Idr79, Nor Are80,Arin Berd81, Aliar82, Argitihinili83 and inVan and Elazig Museums84 within the wide

geography of Urartian Kingdom, shows usthat this burial form is as wide spread asinhumation burial form.

Second sample is the Round Bodied Jar(Pl. VIb). The vessel with an everted rim,low cylindrical neck, and asymmetricalround body sits on a flat and straight base.As in the previous example, there is a widerelief band from neck to shoulder of the jar.The vessel, which has a buff fabric, has lightreddish partially waving slip and a dense

burnish on the surface. It is also known thatbronze samples of the ceramic potteries ofthe same form (Pl. VIa-b, VIIa) also exist.They are similar in form and they have holeson the shoulder regions as their ceramiccounterparts85. As a result, it can be statedthat these types of potteries are produced,imitating the metal samples, as in the case ofother forms.

The last sample for big sized jars is again

aRound Bodied Jar(Pl. VIIa). However, thisone is different with its decorative properties(P1. VIIa). The jar, which has an everted rimthat has grooves on, long neck, round bodyand flat base, has buff fabric, red slip anddense burnish on the surface. On theshoulder, there are dangling triangles, whichare filled with the round patterns on the inner

74 Burney 1966, 107.75 Emre 1969, 280; zg 1969, 15.76 n 1978, 668.77 n 1978, 648.78 San 2003, 2, Fig. 2.79 Barnett 1963, 155-156.80 Barnett 1963, 153.81 Piotrovsky 1964, 94.82 n 1974, 448.83 See. A.A. Martirosjan,Argishtihinili (1974) Fig.14,

III, 52.84 Derin 1994, 49-62.85 Barnett-Gke 1953, 124; Klein 1977, 87-88.


8/18


80

edges, within a 3 cm band. Moreover, thecolor differences established via slipping theinsides of the triangles with a lighter colorattracts the attention. We may see that in

Urartian Pottery decorations on such jars arerarely seen86. For example, we may see asimilar decoration on the shoulder edge of anurn found in the rock cracks in Igdir87; and,on another sample coming from Kars-Arpacay, we may see a decoration fieldconsisting of dangling triangles hatched frominside88.

The fact that there are no holes on the lasttwo samples, we have discussed here, causessuspicions on their use for the cremation

purposes. Although there are urns with noholes on them in Urartians, we are unable tocome into a conclusion on their exact usage,as we do not have enough informationregarding their foundling states. Therefore,the vessels may be used as urns, but they asmay be used as daily storage vessels.

Round Bodied Small Jar (Pl. VIIb)

A rather small pot sample is the lastexample within the group (Pl. VIIb). With aneverted rim, low cylindrical neck,asymmetrical round body; the pot sits on aflat and straight base. The vessel contains allthe properties of a typical red burnishedUrartian pottery with pinkish buff fabric,dark red smooth slip and dense burnish.Although, it looks like the urn style vessels,it is much smaller in size and there is noinformation found yet, proving the usage of avessel of this size as an urn. On the otherhand, the fact that there are no same potsfound in the region show us the rare use ofsuch vessels in Urartu. However, we may

86 Derin 1994, Fig. 6.3.23.87 Barnett 1963, Fig. 14.11.88 San 2003, Fig. 2.

find only one similar sample within theceramics found in Bastam89.

Red burnished Urartian pottery, which

had become a symbol for Urartu, from theestablishment to the declination of theUrartian Kingdom, is a product of Urartianroyal art. As in the case of other Ancient

Near East Civilizations, royal arts of Urartufollowed predetermined styles and traditionsand as a result, the ceramics resembled the

products of the same form and techniques;and therefore they played a binding role

between the communities under themanagement of the central authority. Thoseceramics, produced in specific workshopswith similar forms, also shows theconservative approach to this art; the reasonfor that is, although they had given theopportunity to ceramic artists to express theirabilities, the fact that the same form wasused without any change for centuries,

proves their conservativeness. Their highcompetency in metal work encouraged themto produce pieces, imitating metal works,using ceramics. However, those vessels,which were highly appealing for the eye, did

not have any effect on the nearby culturesand disappeared after the collapse of thekingdom. In conclusion, fourteen Urartian

pot that are included in this work, althoughtheir exact places, conditions and dates areunknown, enrich other red burnished

potteries came into light until now and evencontribute to rarely known form.

Yrd.Do.Dr.Oya SAN

Dicle niversitesi Fen Edebiyat Fakltesi,Arkeoloji Blm,[email protected]

89 Kroll 1970, Pl. 5.5.


9/18


81

Catalog of Illustrated Pottery

Abbreviations used: RD (Rim Diameter), BD(Base Diameter), H (Height) All

measurements are in meters.Plate IaBowlRD. 15; BD. 2.5; H. 5.5Wheel made; pinkish buff fabric; darkorange red slip; brightly burnished; well-fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 26/30/76.Plate IbBowlRD. 13; BD. 4; H. 4.2Wheel made; pinkish buff fabric; dark red

slip; brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 11/11/97.Plate IIaBowl with Vertical HandleRD. 13; BD. 4.5; H. 6Wheel made; dark red fabric; dark red slip;

pale burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 17/9/82.Plate IIbPlateRD. 14; BD. 2.8; H. 3Wheel made; light red fabric; red slip;

brightly burnished inside and out; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 5/8/77.Plate IIIaStemmed GobletRD. 13.5; BD. 7 (broken); H. 31Wheel made; light red fabric; dark red slip;

brightly burnished; well-fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 13/67/77.Plate IIIbStemmed GobletRD. 8; BD. 6; H. 18.5

Wheel made; light red fabric; red slip;brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 6/2/77.Plate IVaTrefoil Mouthed JugRD. 7.5; BD. 6.5; H. 31

Wheel made; light red fabric; dark red slip;brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 5/3/77.Plate IVb

Trefoil Mouthed JugRD. 3.5; BD. 3.9; H. 12.5.Wheel made; pinkish buff fabric; dark redslip; brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 4/196/2000.Plate VaTrefoil Mouthed JugRD. 6; BD. 5.5; H. 15.Wheel made; pinkish buff fabric; dark redslip; brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 6/4/82.Plate Vb

Single Handled CupRD. 10.5; BD. 3; H. 10.Wheel made; pinkish buff fabric; dark redslip; brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 6/3/77.Plate VIaOval bodied Cremation Jar (Urn)RD. 13.2; BD. 10; H. 26.2.Wheel made; buff fabric; red slip; pale

burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 7/21/86.Plate VIbRound Bodied JarRD. 16.5; BD. 14; H. 36.5.Wheel made; buff fabric; red slip; brightly

burnished, well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 9/6/78.Plate VIIaRound Bodied JarRD. 13.5; BD. 12.9; H. 26.Wheel made; buff fabric; orange red slip;

brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 7/4/86

Plate VIIbRound Bodied Small JarRD. 6; BD. 3; H. 12.Wheel made; pinkish buff fabric; dark redslip; brightly burnished; well fired.Diyarbakr Museum Inv No: 16/17/76


10/18


82

REFERENCES

Barnett-Watson 1952 R.D.Barnett; W.Watson, Russian Excavations in Armenia, Iraq XIV, (1952):132-147.

Barnett-Gke 1953 R.D.Barnett; N.Gke, The Finds of Bronzes at Altntepe Near Erzincan,AnatStudies, 3, (1953): 153-198.

Barnett 1963 R.D.Barnett, Urartian Cemetery at Idr,AnatStudies, 13, (1963): 178-197.

Biscione 1994 B.Biscione, Recent Urartian Discoveries in Armenia: The Columbarium ofErevan, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 34, (1994): 115-135.

Burney 1957 C.A.Burney, Urartian Fortresses and Towns in the Van Region, AnatStudies, VII,(1957): 37-45.

Burney 1966 C.A.Burney, A first Season of Excavation at the Urartian Citadel at Kayaldere,AnatStudies, 16, (1966): 55-111.

Burney-Lang 1971 C.A.Burney; D.M.Lang, The Peoples of the Hills , Ancient Ararat and Caucasus,(1971).

ilingirolu 1991 A.ilingirolu, The Early Iron Age at Dilkaya in A. ilingirolu - D.H.French(Eds),Anatolian Iron Age,2, (1991): 29-38.

ilingirolu 1997 A.ilingirolu, Urartu Krall Tarihi ve Sanat, (1997).

ilingirolu Derin 1998 A.ilingirolu; Z.Derin, Ayanis Kalesi Kazlar-1996, 19.KST-I , (1998): 591-606.

ilingirolu 2001 A.ilingirolu; M.Salvini (Eds), Ayanis I: Ten Years. Excavations at RusahiniliEidurukai 1989.1998, CNR Istituto pergli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, Roma,(2001).

Derin 1994 Z.Derin, The Urartian Cremation Jars in Van and Elaz Museum, inA.ilingirolu-D.H.French (Eds),Anatolian Iron Ages, The Proceeding of the ThirdAnatolian Iron Ages, Colloquim held at zmir 4-8May 1990,(1994): 49-62.

Derin 1999 Z.Derin, Potters Marks of Ayanis Citadel, Van,in A.ilingirolu-R.J.Mathews(Eds), Anatolian Iron Ages, The Proceeding of the fourth AnatolianIron Ages , Colloquim held at Mersin,19-23 May 1997,AnatStudies 49, (1999): 81-100.

Ik 1987 C.Ik, Habibua Nekropol,Belleten, 200, (1987): 549-580.

Emre 1969 K.Emre, Altntepede Urartu Seramii,Belleten,XXXIII/131 (1969): 280-301.

Erzen et al. 1960 A.Erzen; Y.Boysal; B.n, 1959 Toprakkale Sondajlar, Trk Arkeoloji Dergisi,X-1, (1960):

Erzen 1976 A.Erzen, Van Blgesinde Yeni Urartu Aratrmalar, TrkTKVII/1, (1976): 251-262.

Erzen 1978 A.Erzen, avutepe I(1978).

French-Summers 1994 D.H.French; G.D.Summers, Pre-Urartian and Urartian Pottery From the MuRegion,AnatStudies, XLIV, (1994): 77-84.

Klein 1974 J.J.Klein, Urartian Hieroglyphic Inscriptions from Altntepe, AnatStudies, 24,(1974): 77-93.

Kroll 1970 S.Kroll, Die Keramik aus der Ausgrabungen Batsam 1969, ArchaeologischeMitteilungen aus Iran,New Folge Band 3 (1970): 67-85.

Kroll 1976 S.Kroll, Keramik Urartaischen Festungen in Iran, Archaeologische Mitteilungenaus Iran, Erganzungsband 2(1976):


11/18


83

n-Bilgi 1967 B.n; E.Bilgi, Adilcevaz Kef Kalesi Kazlar 1967, TrkAD 16-1 (1967): 45-56.

n 1974 B.n, Urartu Halk Mezarlar, Cumhuriyetin 50. Yldnm Anma Kitab (1974):443-469.

n 1978 B.n, Die urartaischen Bestatungsbrauche, in ahin, S. (eds) Studen zur religionund Kultur Kleinasiens, Festschrift frr F.K. Drner zum 65. Geburstag am 28Februar 1976, 2 (1978): 639-678.

zg 1969 T.zg,Altntepe II, Mezarlar, Depo Binas ve Fildii Eserler(1969).

Piotrovsky 1952 B.B.Piotrovsky,Karmir Blur II 1949-1950 (1952).

Piotrovsky 1955 B.B.Piotrovsky,Karmir BlurIII(1955).

Piotrovsky 1969 B.B.Piotrovsky, Urartu (1969).

Piotrovsky 1970 B.B.Piotrovsky,Karmir Blur(1970).

San 2003 O.San, Kars Mzesinden Bir Grup Vazo Inda Erken Birinci Binylda Kars veYresi, Trk Arkeoloji ve Etnorafya Dergisi 3 (2003): 1-10.

Sava - Estetik 2005 Urartu: Sava ve Estetik(2005).

Sevin 1980 V.Sevin, Van Kalesinde Bir Kaya Mezar ve Urartularda l Yakma Gelenei,Anadolu Aratrmalar 8 (1980): 151-164.

Sevin 1994 V.Sevin, The Excavations at the Van Castle Mound,in ilingirolu-D.H.French(Eds), Anatolian Iron Ages3, The Proceeding of the third Anatolian Iron Ages ,Colloquim held at Van,6-12 August1990, (1994): 221-228.

Sevin 1999 V.Sevin, The Origins of the Urartians in the light of the Van/ KaragndzExvavations, Ed. A.ilingirolu-R.J.Mathews, Anatolian Iron Ages, TheProceeding of theFourth Anatolian Iron Ages , Colloquim held at Mersin,19-23May 1997,AnatStudies 49, (1999): 159-164.

Sevin-zfrat 2000 V.Sevin; A.zfrat, Van /Altntepe Kazlar, O. Belli (Ed), Trkiye Arkeolojisi vestanbul niversitesi (2000): 217-222.

Sevin et.al. 2000 V.Sevin; A.zfrat; E.Kavakl, 1997-1998 Van/Altntepe Urartu NekropolKazlar, 21KST-1 (2000): 421-431.

Speakman et al. 2004 R.J.Speakman; E.C.Stone; M.D.Glascock; A.ilingirolu; P.Zimmansky; H.Neff,Neutron Activation analysis of Urartian Pottery from Eastern Anatolia,Journal ofRadioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 262/1, (2004): 119-127.

Tarhan-Sevin 1976-77 T.Tarhan; V.Sevin, Van Blgesinde Urartu Aratrmalar I: Askeri ve SivilMimariye ait Yeni Gzlemler,AnadoluAra 4-7 (1976-77): 275-304.

Tarhan-Sevin 1991 T.Tarhan; V.Sevin, Van Kalesi ve eski Van ehri Kazlar, 12 KST/II (1991):429-455.

Tarhan 1994 T.Tarhan, Recent Research at the Urartian Capital Tupa, Tel Aviv 21/1 (1994):22-58.

Van Loon 1966 M.N.Van Loon, Urartian Art, stanbul, (1966).


12/18


84

a

b

Plate I


13/18


85

a

b

Plate II


14/18


86

a

bPlate III


15/18


87

a

b

Plate IV


16/18


88

a

b

Plate V


17/18


89

a

b

Plate VI


18/18


90

a

b

Plate VII

san urart red pol pottery-diyabakir 2005

Documents