saptrang shikshak darshika 6 - saraswati house material/saptrang_tm_6.pdf · lirjax...

$: Saptrang Shikshak Darshika 6 - SARASWATI HOUSE Material/Saptrang_TM_6.pdf · lIrjax f'k{kd&nf'kZdkf'k{kd&nf'kZdk 6 ysf[kdk MkWú eatq"kk lat; Lokeh vÙet mejmJeleer neGme (Fbef[Ùee)$
lIrjaxf'k{kd&nf'kZdkf'k{kd&nf'kZdk

6

ysf[kdk

MkWú eatq"kk lat; Lokeh

vÙet mejmJeleer neGme (Fbef[Ùee) Øee0efue0eqacbZ-400062 (Fbef[Ùee)

Second Floor, MGM Tower, 19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India) Phone : +91-11-43556600Fax : +91-11-43556688E-mail : [email protected] : www.saraswatihouse.comCIN : U22110DL2013PTC262320Import-Export Licence No. 0513086293

Branches:

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Reprint 2016

ISBN: 978-93-5041-624-2

Published by: New Saraswati House (India) Pvt. Ltd.19 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (India)

The moral rights of the author has been asserted.

©Reserved with the Publishers

All rights reserved under the Copyright Act. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transcribed, transmitted, stored in a retrieval system or translated into any language or computer, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual, photocopy or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Printed at: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., Sahibabad (Uttar Pradesh)

This book is meant for educational and learning purposes. The author(s) of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the author(s) has/have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for any corrective action.

izLrkoukjk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd /ksj.kkph :ijs"kk (2005) ;keè;s gh lwpuk fnyh xsyh vkgs dh eqykauk 'kkys; thoukcjkscj vkiY;k lHkksorkyP;k okrkoj.kk'kh tksMk;yk gos- uohu jk"Vªh; 'kS{kf.kd /ksj.kkr eqykaps f'k{k.k ‘Learning without Burden’ Ogkos vls lkafxrys vkgs- gs èkksj.k iqLrdh Kkukph th ijaijk vkgs] R;kP;k usedh myV vkgs- uohu vH;klØekoj vkèkkfjr vkeps ^lIrjax* gs ikBÔ iqLrd eqykapk o;ksxV vkf.k R;kaph uSlfxZd vkoM y{kkr ?ksÅu r;kj osQys vkgs- gs iqLrd eqykauk ikBkarj dj.;kiklwu ijko`Ùk djsy o ejkBh Hkk"kk f'kd.;kph vkoM fuekZ.k djsy-

;k iqLrdkP;k okpukeqGs eqykaps Kku o`f¼xar gksbZy vkf.k R;kapk lok±xh.k fodkl] thou tx.;kph dyk] i;kZoj.k laj{k.k] mRÑ"V pkfjf=kd xq.k rlsp uSfrd ewY; ok<hl ykxrhy- eqys tsOgk vkbZ&oMhy vkf.k ?kj ák orqZGkarwu ckgsj ;srkr o f'kLrhP;k ckaèkysY;k okrkoj.kkr izos'k djrkr rsOgk R;kaP;k eukr Hkhrh vlrs- R;kaP;klkBh 'kkGk] R;kaps uohu fe=k] f'k{kd ák lx›;k xks"Vh uohu vlrkr- thoukP;k ekxkZoj ifgys ikÅy Bso.kk:;kalkBh gs iqLrd Eg.kts ,d [kjk lkFkhnkj vkf.k ekxZ nk[kfo.kkjk fe=k Eg.kwu mi;ksxh gksbZy-

eqykauk Hkk"ksP;k O;kogkfjd okijklkBh ák iqLrdkr osxosxGs jax] 'kjhjkps vo;o] iQGs&iqQys] i'kq&i{kh ;kaph fp=ks fnyh vkgsr- ák fp=kkaoj dke dj.;kus eqykaP;k Kkukr Hkj iMsy R;kpizek.ks uohu Kku R;kauk feGsy o ijLij O;ogkjkr Hkk"kspk 'kq¼ okij djk;yk rs f'kdrhy- Hkk"ksph loZ izdkjph ;ksX;rk&,sd.ks] cksy.ks] f'kd.ks vkf.k fyfg.ks] fopkj dj.ks vkf.k let.ks b- f'kd.;klkBh dkgh vH;kl fnysys vkgsr-

f'k{kd&nf'kZdk gs iqLrd f'k{kdkalkBh fyfgY;kxsysys vkgs- lIrjax& iqLrdkr fnY;kxsysyh mfn~n"Vs fon;kF;k±i;Zr iksgpkoh o R;kaP;k Kkukr Hkj iM.;klkBh gs iqLrd ekxZ n'kZuij vlsy-

f'k{kdkadMwu rlsp vuqHkoh f'k{kdkadMwu fnY;k tk.kk:;k ly.;kaps vkEgh Lokxr djrks R;keqGs ;k iqLrdkP;k la'kks/ukr enr feGsy-

ysf[kdk

(iii)

vuqØef.kdk

1. larok.kh% iSy rks xs dkÅ dksdrkgs ............................... .05

2. iqQyosM;k ekbZ .......................................................... .07

3. Lej.k'kDrhps izksisQlj ................................................. 10

4. uok f'kikbZ ............................................................... 13

5. ekekP;k ?kjh ............................................................. 15

6. xksoqQGk"Veh .............................................................. 18

7. eukph Jhearh ........................................................... 21

8. oqQrwgy .................................................................... 24

9. ek>s vknjLFkkuµf'kMhZ ................................................ 27

10. Fkksjyh vkbZ ............................................................... 30

11. lgt[kw.k ................................................................. 33

12. 31 fMlsacj .............................................................. 35

13. lar clos'oj ............................................................ 38

14. pkyrk pkyrk dk; gksrs ............................................. 40

15. ik.kh;kojh edjh ....................................................... 41

16. eqacbZ% ,d LoIuuxjh ................................................. 43

(iv)

lIrjax % f'k{kd nf'kZdk (Hkkx&6) | 5

1. larok.kh% iSy rks xs dkÅ dksdrkgs

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';dfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh fon;kF;k±uk dforsrhy

'kCn HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-

l izHkqHkDrhr yhu gksÅu vkuan izkIr dj.ks] larkaps lkfgR; tk.kwu ?ks.ks] o fon;kF;k±uk larkaph egrh lkax.ks-

ewGHkkoia<jhjk;kP;k HksVhlkBh vkrqjysY;k HkDrkaP;k eukr ia<jhjk;kph HksV

dèkh gksbZy ;kph fpark lnSo eukr vlrs R;k ia<jh jk;kP;k HksVhlkBh izk.k oaQBklh ?ksÅu HkDr nson'kZuklkBh vkGo.kh djrkr-

dkoG;kP;k 'kqHk'koqQukeqGs ia<jh jktkaph HksV gks.kkj vkgs gk Hkko ;k dforsr of.kZysyk vkgs-

fon;kF;k±uk larkP;k fde;sps o.kZu d:u lkax.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl fon;kF;k±uk larkps egkRE; o.kZu djkos-

l ijes'oj foB~Bykfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk dk; ekfgrh vkgs ;k fo"k;h ekfgrh d:u ?ks.ks-

l lar Kkus'ojkafo"k;h dFkk lkax.ks o R;kaP;k thoudk;kZpk laf{kIr ifjp; d:u ns.ks-

l dkoG;kps vkxeu gk 'kqHk'koqQu vlrks gk vFkZ fon;kF;k±uk letkowu ns.ks-

ikBkjaHkdfork Lojcn~/ d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh- ,d&,d vksG Eg.kwu

nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-

6 | lIrjax % f'k{kd nf'kZdk (Hkkx&6)

dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPpkjkdMs y{kn;kos- tlsµe<hu] ikÅ] xksBh] okjh] MgkGh] 'koqQu] Kkus'oj] ia<jhjk.ks-

'kCnkFkZiwohZizek.ks vH;kl dj.ks-

vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. dkoGk iSyrhjkoj clyk vkgs- 2. ?kjh ia<jhps ikgq.ks ;s.kkj vkgsr- 3. dkoGk ngh Hkkr [kk;yk ;s.kkj vkgs- 4. ia<jiwjps foëòy yodjp HksV.kkj vkgs- gh 'kqHkokrkZ dkoGk

lkax.kkj vkgs-

2. nqèks Hk#uh okVh ykohu rq>s oksBh lR; lkaxs xksBh foBks ;sbZy dk;h-

3. dkoGk ?kjh ;s.kk:;k ikgq.;kaph 'kqHk okrkZ vkèkhp nsr vlrks R;keqGs ia<jhukFk osQOgk ikgq.ks Eg.kwu ?kjh ;s.kkj vkgs ;kph okrkZ lkax.kk:;k dkoG;kps ik; 'kqHkokrkZ lkafxrY;koj lksU;kus e<o.kkj vkgs-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. dko&dko 2. E;ko&E;ko 3. pqdpqdrs 4. csa&csa 5. MjkWo&MjkWo 6. fpo&fpo

2. 1. oqQ=kh 2. dksacMh 3. dkoGh 4. iksiVh.k 5. fpe.kh 6. ukfx.k


2. iqQyosM;k ekbZ

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';èkMk okpwu ?ks.ks o èkMk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk

èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k èkM;krwu dks.krk cksèk >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

>kMkfo"k;h izse] ftOgkGk gh Hkkouk fon;kF;k±P;k eukr fuekZ.k dj.ks-

ewGHkkoekbZpk tUe ,dk [kkunkuh ?kjk.;kr >kyk R;kaP;k rksykeksyk izek.ks

lkljgh Jhear feGkys- okMk gk lkljP;k yksdkauh Hkjysyk gksrk- ?kjkr y{eh ik.kh Hkjr gksrh- i.k ?kjclY;k vk;rs [kkÅu] oSHko xsys] iSdk] xsyk okMk fodyk i.k ygkui.kkiklwu vlysys iqQyosM R;kauh yXu>kY;kojgh tksiklys- R;k rklurkl ckxsr fgaMk;P;k iqQykacjkscj cksyk;P;k- ekb±uk lkjhp iqqQys vkoMr- ekb±uk >kMkyk ika<js iwQy ;srkp czEgkuan gksr vls- ekb±uk 'ksoarh] eksxjk] tqbZ] Msfy;k] XykWfMvksyl iqQys vkoMr- okMk fodY;koj R;k jMY;k o R;kauh pkj oqaQM;k fodr ?ksrY;k o vkiyh gkSl Hkkxoyh-

fon;kF;k±uk iqQykaoj izse djkos gs f'kdo.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl fon;kF;k±uk rqEgkyk fjdkE;k osGkr dk; djk;yk vkoMrs

;klkj[ks iz'u fopkjkos-l ¶ek>k vkoMrk Nan¸ ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk 5 rs 7 okD;

cksyk;yk ykokohr-l izfl¼ O;Drh o R;kaps Nan ;kfo"k;h f'k{kdkauh fon;kF;k±'kh

ppkZ djkoh-


l ekb±ps iqQykaojhy izse] iqQykafo"k;hph vkReh;rk fon;kF;k±uk letkowu lkax.ks-

ikBkjaHkf'k{kdkauh ,d mrkjk okpwu nk[kokok- fon;kF;k±uh R;kps vuqdj.k

d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkj.kkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµtUeY;k] xPp] okM;kryh] jDrkph] yXu] y{k] czEgkuan]

rqEgkyk] oaqQM;k] Hkh"ekizek.ks-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. ekb±ps lklj ,d [kkunkuh ?kjk.ks gksrs- R;kapk okMk eksBk

o ek.klkauh xPp Hkjysyk vlk;pk okM;kryh x.kirhph vkjkl vkf.k fnokGhps nk#dke ikgk;yk v[[kh eqacbZ yksVs- ldkGh iaxrhyk eqys vlyh rjh iRrk ykxk;pk ukgh- ysdh lquk uVwu FkVwu gGnhoaqQdokyk ckgsj iMY;k Eg.kts izsaQp fcztojP;k xkM;k tkxP;k tkxh Fkcdk;P;k-

2. ?kjclY;k vk;rs [kkÅu fdrh fnol iqj.kkj 'ksoVh tquk [kkunkuh [kpZ] yXudk;Z rs gqaMs R;k ojkrh] R;k tso.kkoGh] Eg.krk Eg.krk iSdk xsyk] oSHko xsys] okMk xgk.k iMyk- HkkÅcandh lq: >kyh- ,dkp fBdk.kh ikp pqyh >kY;k ,dkp jDrkph ek.kls ftuk p<rk&mrjrkauk ekuk [kkyh ?kkywu tkÅ ykxyh- ;krp ekb±ps ;teku xsys o gkrkrksaMk'kh vkysyk eqyxk nsok?kjh xsyk- eqyh vkikiY;k okVsus yXu d:u lksMwu xsY;k- v'kk izdkjs okM;kyk vodGk vkyh-


3. ekbZ ygkui.kkiklwu iqQyosM;k gksR;k ygkui.kh ekbZ rklu~rkl vkiY;k ckxsr fgaMk;P;k] iqQyka'kh [ksGk;P;k o iqQyka'kh cksyk;P;k iqQys ikfgY;koj ekb±uk vkuan gksr vls yXu >kY;kojgh R;kaps iqQyosM dk;ep gksrs-

4. ekb±uk lkjhp iqQys vkoMr i.k xqykc gk R;kapk fo'ks"k vkoMrk- xqykc cjkscj- 'ksoarh] eksxjk vkf.k tqbZ foyk;rh iqQykar Msfy;k vkf.k XyWfMvksyl- ekb±uk ejO;kph iQkj vkoM gksrh-

5. okMk&iSdk xsyk rjhgh ekb±ps iqQyosM ek=k xsys ukgh okMk fodY;koj ckxgh fnlsuk'kh >kyh iqQy >kMkaph gkSl ekb±uh pkj oqaQM;k fodr ?ksÅu Hkkxoyh o R;kr R;kauh pkj >kMs ykoyh R;k ftFks tkr frFks R;k vkiY;k oqaQM;k ?ksÅu tkr-

6. vkt ekb±ps mrkjo; vkY;koj R;kauk pkyrk ;sr ukgh] cksyrk ;sr ukgh- glrk ;sr ukgh- ekbZ f'k";kizek.ks 'kjiatjh igqMY;k vkgsr- ekbZ vkiY;k vkoMR;k iqQykapk 'ksoVpk fujksi ?ksr vkgsr- ekb±ps iq"i thou laiys vkrk R;kaps iq"i ej.k pkyw vkgs-

2. 1. okMk 2. iq"ithou 3. ekb±uk 4. [kkunkuh 5. pqyh 3. 1. gl.ks 2. xjhc 3. uhp 4. vLoLFk 5. 'kkarrk 6. fjdkes

Hkk"kk&Kku

1. 1. orZekudkG 2. orZekudkG 3. HkwrdkG

2. 1. vkEgh 2. rks 3. rw 4. R;k 1. nq%[k gks.ks

okD;µ'ksrd:;kaps d"V ikgwu ek>s MksGs ik.kkoys-


2. iz'kalk dj.ks okD;µek>s xk.ks ,sowQu lxG;kauh ek>s dkSrqd osQys-

3. vkoM vl.ks okD;µeyk iqQys xksGk dj.;kph vkoM vkgs-

fygk l gk iz'u fon;kF;k±uh Lor% fygkok-

3. Lej.k'kDrhps izksisQljf'k{k.k&mn~ns';

èkMk okpwu ?ks.ks o èkMk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk

èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr

;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k èkM;krwu dks.krk cksèk

>kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

,[kknk fo"k; vH;kl.;klkBh] y{kkr Bso.;klkBh osxosxG;k ;qDR;k

'kksèk.ks- o rks fo"k; Lej.kkr Bso.ks- ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk ekxZn'kZu dj.ks-

ewGHkko

ys[kdkauh vuqHkoysY;k izlaxkph jkspd dFkk bFks of.kZysyh vkgs-

,dnk xkMhrwu izokl dj.;klkBh ys[kd fu?kkys xkMhrp R;kaph HksV

izk- foljHkksGs o vU; vè;kidka'kh >kyh ekul'kkL=k ;k fo"k;koj ppkZ

jaxysyh gksrh- yxspp izk- foljHkksGs ;kauh vkiyh Lej.k'kDrh fdrh

;ksX; Js"B vkgs gs lkaxk;yk lqjokr osQyh- izksisQljkauh Lej.k'kDrhyk

O;k;ke ns.;klkBh ?kksoaQiV~Vh d'kh mi;qDr vkgs] ;kfo"k;h rj dèkh

Lej.k'kDrh ok<o.;klkBh lYyk ns.kkjs izksisQlj ek=k Lor%P;k >ksiysY;k

eqyhyk xkMhr Bsowu Lor% nqljh xkMh xkBwu uxjyk ,dVsp iksgpys gksrs-


v'kkizdkjs gkL;fouksn ?kMo.kkjk izlax fon;kF;k±uk letkowu lkax.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l Lej.k'kDrh Eg.kts dk;\ ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk cjsp iz'u fopkjkos-

l Lej.k'kDrh d'kh ok<okoh ;kfo"k;h ekxZn'kZu djkos-

l osxosxGs 'kCn dls y{kkr Bsokos ;klkBh dks.krh ;qDrh ;kstkoh ;kfo"k;h ekxn'kZu djkos-

l Lej.k'kDrh ok<fo.kk:js izksisQlj dls foljHkksGs Bjys ;kfo"k;h ekxZn'kZu djkos-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkj.kkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµvH;klØe] gYyh] vè;kid] xIik] nh?kZ] Js"B iwohZ] "k.eq[k]

vn`";] vtqZukus] Fkd] nkSaM;kP;k-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. fon;kFkhZ n'ksrhy ys[kdkauh osQysyk vgenuxj izokl

o xkMhrhy izksisQlj foljHkksGs ys[kdkuh o R;kaP;k xerh&terh lkafxrY;k-

2. ,[kkn;k bafæ;kapk ¯dok 'kDrhpk nh?kZdkG mi;ksx osQyk ukgh rj rs bafæ; ¯dok 'kDrh u"V gksrs v'kh ladYiuk izksisQljkauh ys[kdkyk lkafxryh-


3. 146 ;k vkdM;kph ewrhZ MksG;kiqBs èkjyh dh] rks vkdMk dèkhgh foljk;pk ukgh- ,deq[k fo".kq vkf.k "k.eq[k dkfrZosQ; ;kaP;keè;s prqewZ[k czãnsokph Lokjh fojkteku >kysyh vkgs- gh ;qDrh izksisQljkauh lkafxryh-

4. izksisQlj iQkj foljGHkksGs gksrs- R;kauk vgenuxj vkf.k vgenkckn gh nksu ukos y{kkr jkgr ulr-

5. izksisQlj foljHkksGs vkiY;k eqyhyk nk[ko.;klkBh uxjkl tkr gksrs R;kaph eqyxh nkSM;kaP;k LVs'kuoj mrjrkuk izksisQlj fryk r'khp futysyh lksMwu ,dVsp xkMhrwu mrjys- ;ko:u rs fdrh foljHkksGs vkgsr ;kph tk.kho gksrs-

2. 1. izksisQljkaps caèkw izksisQljkauk

2. izksisQljkauhµys[kdkauk

3. izksisQljkauhµcaèkwuk

4. izksisQljkauhµys[kdkauk

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. ¶vkrk yodj tkÅ ;k!¸

2. ¶rksp xk<okyk dk cjs gyork ;srks¸\

3. ¶egkjkt! xq#th Eg.kkys¸- 4. ¶tjk ikgw;k rj [kja!¸

2. 1. HkwrdkG 2. orZekudkG

3. HkwrdkG 4. orZekudkG

3. 1. tj ikÅl iMyk rj 'ksr cgjsy- 2. ekÖ;k ?kjkvyhdMs nsÅG vkgs-

3. tso.kkuarj ykMw [kk-


4. vkbZyk cjs uOgrs R;keqGs rh 'kkGsr tkÅ 'kdyh ukgh- 5. vkbZ nqikjh >ksirs-

4. uok f'kikbZ

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';dfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh- fon;kF;k±uk dforsrhy

'kCn HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-l f'kik;kpk vk;q";kdMs c?k.;kpk n`"Vhdksu dfors}kjs letko.ks-

ewGHkkouO;k dkGkrY;k uO;k f'kik;kps euksxr baFks O;Dr osQys vkgs-

f'kik;kyk dks.krhp tkr] iaFk] ns'k] Lor%eèks ckaèkw 'kdr ukgh- R;kyk oqaqQi.kkr jkg.ks vkoMr ukgh- R;kyk oqQikrhy eaMwd Ogk;yk vkoMr ukgh- loZ=k xsY;koj oqQBsgh R;kyk R;kph HkkoaMs fnlrkr lxGhdMs vkiyhp ?kjs vkgs vlsgh tk.kors- oqQBsgh xsY;koj r`.kko`rk Hkw o MksD;koj fuykEcj fnlrs- lxGhdMs R;kyk- lxGs ek>s vkgs o eh R;kapk vkgs ghp Hkkouk tk.kors- ^eh* gk 'kCn f'kik;kyk vkoMr ukgh- R;kyk ygku&eksBs] lkèkq&pksj ;kr iQjd dj.ks vkoMr ukgh- ns'kkrhy dyg feVwu tkbZyk v'kh vk'kk f'kik;kyk okVrs- 'kkarhps lkezkT; fuekZ.k dj.;kl rks vkrqj vkgs- ;k f'kik;kps thou o R;kP;k eukrhy ns'kkfo"k;hph dkGth fon;kF;k±uk letkfo.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl f'kikbZ dks.k vlrks R;kyk dks.krs dke djkos ykxrs ;kfo"k;h

fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh ns.ks-


l tj rqEgh f'kikbZ >kykr rj rqEgh ns'kklkBh dk; djky ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±ps fopkj tk.kwu ?ks.ks-

l f'kikbZ eu mnkRr BsÅu fo'o caèkqrk] lerk 'kkarh d'kh izLFkkfir djrks ;kfo"k;h ekxZn'kZu dj.ks-

ikBkjaHkdfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh- ,d&,d vksG Eg.kwu

nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkj.kkdMs y{kn;kostlsµczkEg.k] loZ=k] g"kwZu] laiq"Vh] };fg] osQUæk] fuxqZ.k-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. uok f'kikbZ Lor%yk dks.kR;kgh tkrhpk ¯dok èkekZpk

ekur ukgh- tkrh èkek±P;k ukok [kkyh uO;k f'kik;kyk vkiyk izns'k vk[kwu ?;k;yk vkoMr ukgh R;kyk vkiY;k fopkjkaP;k eG;kyk d'kkpsgh oqaQi.k udksls okVrs-

2. uO;k ;qxkrhy uok f'kikbZ iw.kZ txkyk leku utjsus c?krks- R;kyk lkoyhr [ksG.kkjh xksaMl eqys rlsp mUgkr iqQy.kkjh iqQys ikgwu vkuan gksrks-

3. uO;k ;qxkrhy uO;k f'kik;kyk lSfud cuwu 'kwji.kk nk[kok;pk vkgs- R;kyk dks.kR;kgh ,d èkek±pk ikbZd u curk ekuorkoknh fopkjkapk izlkj djk;pk vkgs-

4. dksBsgh xsys rjh uO;k f'kik;kyk ik;k[kkyh fgjos xor vkf.k MksD;koj fuGs vkdk'k iljysys fnlrs- R;kyk loZ ek.kls vkiY;k HkkoaMklkj[kh okVrkr- uO;k f'kik;kyk gs lkjs vkiY;k ?kjklkj[ks okVrs-


5. uO;k f'kik;kyk uO;k fopkjkaph Hkwd vkgs- laoqQfpr {kqæ fopkjkauh R;kaph Hkwd Hkkxr ukgh- tks fofgjhykp tx ekurks- R;kaP;k fopkjkauk e;kZnk ?kkrysyh R;kyk lgu gks.kkj ukgh-

2. czkEg.k ukgh] fganqgh ukgh] u eh ,d iaFkkpk] rsp ifrr dh ts vk[kfMrh izns'k lkdY;kpk!

vFkZµdfous dforsr lSfudkaP;k eukrhy Hkkoukps o.kZu osQys vkgs doh Eg.krkr dh lSfudkyk oqQBsgh xsY;koj vkiyh Lor%ph HkkoaMs fnlrkr- o gs lkjs fo'o vkiysp ?kj vkgs vls R;kyk okVrs-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. rh 'kwj eqyxh vkgs- 2. rw vkr cl-

2. 1. f'kikbZ.k 2. cgh.k 3. eqyxh 4. lkèoh 5. firk 6. ohjkaxuk

3. 1. eqys 2. iqQys 3. lq[ks 4. oqaQi.ks 5. [kq.kk 6. eGs

5. ekekP;k ?kjh

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';

èkMk okpwu ?ks.ks o èkMk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k èkM;krwu dks.krk cksèk >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

dks.kkP;kgh caèkukr jkg.;kis{kk] Jhearhpk miHkksx ?ks.;kis{kk


Lora=k jkgwu xfjchr thou tx.;kph dyk vaxhÑr djkoh ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk ekxZn'kZu dj.ks-

ewGHkko

lkfo=khpk uojk esY;koj rh eqykcjkscj nq%[kh thou txw ykxyh ?kjkoj tIrh vkY;koj ek=k rh vkiY;k eqykyk ?ksÅu ,dk xkoh xsyh eksB;k ?kjktoG Fkkacyh frFks frpk HkkÅ jkgr gksrk R;kus iQDr jk=kHkj jkg.;kph lwV cfg.khyk fnyh o ldkGh tk;yk lkafxrys- cfg.khlkBh f'kGh Hkkdjh o HkkP;klkBh nwèk ikBoys- ldkG >kY;koj ekekP;k ?kjh ckGkyk Bsowu lkfo=kh ?kj lksMwu fu?kwu xsyh- ekekus R;k eqykyk 'kkGsr ?kkrys i.k R;kps vH;klkr y{k ykxsuk 'ksoVh ekekdMs vlysY;k estokuhr xksI;kus lxG;kauk =kkl fnyk- ekek jkxoY;koj R;kus ekekP;k eqykps pkaxys diMs ?kkrys dkekoj tk.ks VkGys- jkx vkY;koj ekek xksI;kyk jkxoyk- xksI;kusgh ekekps ?kj lksMys o LokfHkekukus txw ykxyk-

LokfHkekukus txkos ;k eqY;kph #to.k f'kf{kosQus fon;kF;k±P;k eukr djkoh-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl vkbZ ¯dok oMhy ulY;koj eqykaoj dks.krs izlax vks<orkr-l vukFk eqykauk d'kkizdkjph okx.kwd lektkr ¯dok ukrs

okb±dkdMwu feGr vlrs-l fon;kF;k±P;k eukr vkbZofMykaps izse o R;kapk vkèkkj vk;q";kr

fdrh egRRokpk vlrks ;kfo"k;h ekxZn'kZu djkos-


d#u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-


tlsµèkksaM;krwu] nqnsZo] eksgik'k] EgksjD;k] VkaX;kP;k] [kqphZoj] Li"V-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. lkfo=khpk uojk ej.k ikoyk gksrk- lkfo=kh vkrk fujkèkkj

>kyh gksrh- NksV;k xksiwyk ?ksÅu rh nkjksnkj fiQjyh 'ksoVh vkèkkjkP;k vis{ksus rh vkiY;k nknkdMs vkyh-

2. lkfo=khpk HkkÅ lkfo=khyk ?kjkr Bso.;kl r;kj uOgrk lkfo=khus fouo.kh osQY;koj nknkus jk=kh jkg.;kph ijokuxh fnyh i.k ldkG >kY;koj rq>s rksaM nk[kow udksl vla lkaxwu HkkP;klkBh nwèk ikBoys- lkfo=khus eukr fopkj osQyk ekekP;k eukr HkkP;klkBh izse vkgs HkkÅ vkiY;k eqykpk uDdh lkaHkkG djhy Eg.kwu rh eqykyk HkkokdMs VkowQu xsyh-

3. xksI;k ekekdMs jkgw ykxyk eksBk >kY;koj 'kkGsr tkÅ ykxyk- i.k R;kps y{k vH;klkr vftckr uOgrs- rks [kksM;k dk<.;kr iq<s gksrk ,osQ fno'kh xq#thauh pkyrs gks.;kl lkafxrys- vH;klkr jl ulY;keqGs xksikG us 'kkGsr tk;ps VkGys-

4. ekekP;k ?kjh estokuh gksrh- eksBeksBh ek.kla estokuhlkBh vkyh gksrh- [kwi iDokUu cuoyh gksrh- lxGs èkuk<; yksd T;k xkM;kauh vkyh gksrh- R;kaP;k Vk;joj f[kGs ekjys] NdMs] VkaX;kps f[kGs dk<ys gs lxGs dkjLFkku xksI;k o R;kP;k fe=kkuh osQys gs ekekauk dGys R;keqGs xksI;k o fe=kkoj ekek jkxkoys-


5. xksI;kus ,dnk ekekP;k eqykps diMs ?kkrys o rks jkukr xqjkauk ?ksÅu xsyk ukgh ;keqGs ekek xksI;kyk [kwi jkxoyk R;kus xksI;kyk ?kjkckgsj dk<ys- vki.k bFkwu vkèkhp fuèku tk;yk gos gksrs vls xksI;kyk okVys- LokfHkekukus jkg.;klkBh xksI;kus ?kj lksMys-

6. feaèksi.kkus thou tx.;kis{kk LokfHkekukus txkos- gk lans'k ;k ikBkrwu feGrks-

2. 1. lkfo=kh nknk ofguhyk Eg.kkyh- 2. nknk lkfo=khyk Eg.kkyk- 3. nknk ofguhyk Eg.kkyk-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. ¶vxa ;k ygku eqykpk dk; nks"k\¸ 2. ¶rq>s vkbZoMhy dksBs vlrkrA¸ 3. ¶Ns! Ns!¸ eyk gs udks!¸ 2. 1. vk'khokZn 2. enr 3. tknk 4. mnkgj.k 5. fo'ks"k 6. peRdkj 3. 1. vusdopu 2. ,dopu 3. vusdopu 4. 1. eh cktkjkr tkrks 2. vkEgh ckxsr [ksGr vkgksr- 3. rs ?kjh xsys- 4. R;k ckgsj tk.kkj gksR;k-

6. xksoqQGk"Veh




;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k èkM;krwu dks.krk cksèk >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

l fganw èkekZeè;s o.kZu osQysY;k JhÑ".kkP;k thoupfj=kk}kjs xksoqQGk"Veh ;k l.kkfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh ns.ks-

ewGHkkoo"kZHkjkrhy osxosxG;k l.kkaps egRRo Hkkjrh; laLÑrh loZ=k xkSjfoyh

tkrs- lxG;keqykauk] fL=k;kauk] iq#"kkauk eukr vkuan ns.kkjk mYgkl fuekZ.k dj.kkjk l.k xksoqQGk"Veh vlrks- ;k fno'kh vkiY;k ykMD;k Ñ".kkpk tUe o nghgaM;k loZ egkjk"Vªkr osxosxG;k in~èkrhus iQksMY;k tkrkr- o xksfoank vkyk js vkyk ;k xk.;kP;k rkykoj lxGs ukprkr- JhÑ".kkP;k vla[; yhyk lxG;kaukp ekfgrh vkgsr Hkxon~xhrs lkj[kk fnO; lans'k R;kauh tuleqnk;kyk fnyk- ikp gtkj o"kZ gksÅu lqènk JhÑ".kkus fnysyk lans'k vki.k vktgh Lej.kkr Bsorks- fon;kF;k±uk JhÑ".kkP;k yhysfo"k;h ,[kknh xks"V lkaxwu mRlokps egRRo iVowu n;kos-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l egkjk"Vªkr dks.kdks.krs mRlo lktjs osQys tkrkr ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh fopkj.ks-

l fon;kF;k±uk dks.krk l.k vkoMrks o dk ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±ph ers tk.kwu ?ks.ks-

l nghgkaMh ikgk;yk xsY;koj rqEgkyk dks.krk vuqHko vkyk ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk LokuqHko fopkjkos-

l JhÑ".kkph ,[kknh dFkk fon;kF;k±uk lkaxkoh o ekgkRE; o.kZu djkos-

ikBkjaHk

f'k{kdkauh ,d mrkjk okpwu nk[kokok- fon;kF;k±uh R;kps vuqdj.k d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-


fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµlaLÑrh] JhÑ".k] tYyks"k] [kki:;k] iksg;kpk] lqènk] nqtZukapk]

j{k.k] vkn'kZ-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. l.k lktjs djrkauk tkrh&èkeZ&iaFk&laiznk; ;kaps caèku u ckGxrk

lxGs ,d=k ;sÅu osxosxGs l.k lktjs djrkr Eg.kwup Hkkjrh; laLÑrh lxG;kr Js"B vkgs vls EgVys vkgs-

2. xksoqQGk"Veh eFkqjk] iqjh] xksoèkZu] oankou] }kjdk] txUukFkiqjh] cukjl o laiw.kZ egkjk"Vªkrgh gk l.k FkkVkekVkus lktjk osQyk tkrks-

3. v"VehP;k fno'kh lxGs miokl djrkr- jk=kh ckjk oktrk ckGÑ".kkph ewrhZ ikG.;kr Bsowu lqanj vls xk.ks xkÅu ikG.kk gyorkr- loZ=k tYyks"kkps okrkoj.k vlrs- Hktu] dhrZu] izopu] iwtk vls osxosxGs dk;ZØe jkcoys tkrkr- laiw.kZ egkjk"Vªkr osxosxG;k Hkkxkr ukD;kukD;koj nghgaM;k iQksMY;k tkrkr- ¶xksfoank vkyk js vkyk¸ P;k rkykoj r#.k ^eqys] ek.kls] eqyh ukpr&xkr fejo.kwd dk<rkr-

4. JhÑ".kkP;k thoukiklwu vki.k vusd vkn'kZ vkiY;k thoukr mrjfo.;kpk iz;Ru osQyk ikfgts-

5. gk l.k lktjk djrkauk vkuan gksrks- vkEgh lxGs ,dk fBdk.kh jkg.kkjs jk=kh ,d=k ;srks nksu bekjrhP;k eèks nghgaMh ykorkr o lxGs xk.ka Eg.kr nghgaM;k iQksMrkr o vkuan lktjk djrkr-

2. 1. ngh&nwèk 2. JhÑ".kkus


3. dkfy;kµfo"kkjh 4. Hkkjrh;kapsµJh Ñ".k

5. v"VehP;k

3. 1. pwd 2. pwd 3. cjkscj 4. pwd 5. cjkscj

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. xks"Vh 2. MgkG;k 3. ck;k 4. ia[ks 5. js"kk 6. ek.kls 2. 1. eS=kh.k usgeh ladVkr mi;ksxh iMrs- 2. ckck vkiY;k eqykaoj pkaxys laLdkj djrkr- 3. dkdhauh oqQVqacklkBh iQkj lkslys- 4. jk.kh gh iztslkBh ekrsizek.ks vlrs- 5. fpe.kk pksphus fiYykauk ?kkl Hkjorks- 3. 1. r:.k 2. deh 3. v'kDr 4. nq%[k 5. e`R;w 6. nqx±èk

7. eukph Jhearh



l vkiY;k toG vl.kkjh jDde vkiY;klkBh [kpZ u djrk nql:;kalkBh [kpZ djkoh gh mnkj Hkkouk fon;kF;k±P;k eukr fuekZ.k dj.ks-

ewGHkkockyf'k{k.kkojhy iqLrd okpwu nknkauh ,d&,d #i;k lqek o


xksI;kyk fnyk- lqek nknkauh lkafxrY;kizek.ks #i;k [kpZ dj.;klkBh ckgsj xsyh o frFksp rks #i;k gjoyk- lqek jMr ?kjh vkyh o rs ikgwu vkbZus dBksj 'kCnkapk ekjk fryk ,sdoyk- xksI;k ckgsj iMyk fe=kkacjkscj [ksG.ks R;kus VkGys- cktkjisBsr tkÅu xksG;k ?ks.;kpk fopkj osQyki.k MkWDVjkaps 'kCn dkuh iMys- [ksG.;kph xkMh ikfgyh i.k [ksG.ks ?ks.ks VkGys] xksG;kgh ?ksrY;k ukgh] #i;kus flusek ikg.ksgh R;kus VkGys- eukr bPNk vlqugh R;kus #i;k[kpZ osQykukgh 'ksoVh ,dk iatkch ek.klkdMwu ve`rkph oqQih ?ksryh- rh oqQih R;kus 'ksBthyk fnyh dkj.k rs ,d ln~x`gLFk gksrs- v'kh pkaxyh ek.kls usgeh vkuanh jkgkoh Eg.kwu R;kus rks #i;k ijksidkjklkBh [kpZ osQyk ;k eukso`Rrhpk 'ksVth] nknk ofguhyk vkuan >kyk-

fon;kF;k±uk dFks}kjs ijksidkjh o`Rrh ckGxkoh gh f'kdo.k ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl >kM] <x ;kaps mnkgj.k nsÅu nql:;kauk ijksidkjkpk lans'k ns.kk:;k

dks.kdks.kR;k xks"Vh vkgsr gs fon;kF;k±dMwu tk.kwu ?ks.ks-l ckck vkeVs] ;kizek.ks vkiys thou ijksidkjklkBh [kpZ dj.kk:;k

,[kkn;k O;fDrfo"k;h ekfgrh fon;kF;k±dMwu ekghr d:u ?ks.ks-l fon;kF;k±P;k eukr nql:;kauk enr djkoh gk xq.k #tokok-l f'kf{kosQus ikBk}kjs fon;kF;k±uk eukph Jhearh Eg.kts dk; gs

f'kdokos-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµeTtko] fuc±èkkus] [kpZ] Lokra=;kus] dkSrqd] j=kh] HkS.kh]

lkaRoukps] tcM;k] O;k[;ku] izÑrh-



vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. ckyf'k{k.kkojhy ,dk iqLrdkryk mrkjk okpwu eqykauk

dkghrjh djk;yk laèkh n;koh vlk fopkj d:u nknkauh nks?kkauk ,d #i;k fnyk- o rks #i;k [kpZ d#u ?kjh ;k;pa gh vV Bsoyh-

2. nknkdMwu feGkysyk ,d #i;k vkiY;k eSf=k.khyk nk[ko.;klkBh ckgsj iMyh R;kr dkgh eSf=k.kh Jhear rj dkgh xjhc gksR;k- xfjckaP;k eqyhauh lqekps dkSrqd osQya flek&feuk dk<ysyk dehi.kk R;k JhearkaP;k ysdhauk [kiyk ukgh R;k fpMY;k o lqpsy rs cksyw yxY;k 'kCnkaps HkkaM.k gkr?kkbZoj vkys <dyk <dyh >kyh R;k HkkaM.kkr frpk gkrkryk #i;k fulVyk-

3. xksI;kus cktkjkr ok.;kP;k nqdkukr jaxhcsjaxh xksG;k] oM;k ikfgY;k- FkksMs iq<s xsY;koj R;kyk fujfujkG;k [ksG.;kauh Hkjysyh xkMh fnlyh- xkMhP;k iq<s R;kyk eksgufp=k eafnjkr ¶ok?kkpk tcMk¸ gk [ksG ikg.kk:;kaph xnhZ fnlyh- ,dk pkSdkr R;kyk ,d iatkch ve`rkph oqQih fodrkuk fnlyk- gs lxGs R;kus cktkjkr ikfgys-

4. ,dk pkSdkr ,d iatkch gkrkr ve`rkph oqQih ?ksÅu vksjMr gksrk- ;k ve`rkP;k izk'kukus rki [kksdyk tkrks] iksV nq[kk;ps Fkkacrs Egkrkjk tokuklkj[kk fnlw ykxrks] èkMèkkdV curks- rh oqQih vn~Hkqr vkgs vlk fopkj d:u R;kus ,d #i;kr nksu oqQI;k ?ksÅu [kpZ osQyk-

5. ;k dFksrwu vki.k gk cksèk ?;k;yk ikfgts dh nql:;kaP;k


mi;ksxh iMkos] nql:;kauk enr djkoh iS'kkph Jhearh nk[kfo.;kis{kk eukph Jhearh nk[kokoh-

2. 1. nknk lqek o xksI;kyk Eg.kkys- 2. lqek nknkyk Eg.kkyh- 3. nknk lqek o xksI;kyk Eg.kkys- 3. 1. JhearkaP;k 2. ?kjh 3. eukrhy Jhearhph 4. ve`r

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. o"ksZ 2. xksG;k 3. #i;s 4. nqdkus 5. cf{kls 6. eksVkjh 7. ?kjs 2. 1. ofguh 2. cgh.k 3. ckbZ 4. eS=kh.k 5. oMhy 6. eqyxh 7. ckfydk 8. Egkrkjh

fygkl gk iz'u fon;kF;k±uh Lor%P;k eukus fygkok-

8. oqQrwgyf'k{k.k&mn~ns';

dfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh- fon;kF;k±uk dforsrhy 'kCn HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kaph iMrkG.kh d#u ?ks.ks-

l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-l fulxkZr gks.kkjs cny ek.klkP;k euklgqjgqj ykowu tkrkr-

izR;sdkP;k eukr dks.krsrjh oqQrwgy vlrs- rh ftKklw o`Rrh fon;kF;k±P;k eukr fuekZ.k djkoh-

ewGHkkoolar Írqps vkxeu gksrkp lxGhdMs iqQykaps rkVos lqanj o


osxG;k osxG;k jaxkP;k iqqQykauh iqQywu ;srkr- lxGh dMs >kMkoj] vkHkkGkr i{kh lapkj djrkr- i.k ckgsj mM.kkjs i{kh paækps vkxeu gksrkp ek?kkjh ?kjkdMs ijr ;srkr- R;k >kMkik'kh vkY;koj eukr tqU;k vkBo.kh tkX;k gksrkr- o eukr gh ftKklk fuekZ.k gksrs dh ;k >kMk[kkyh fdrh okVl: vkys vlrhy o fdrh okVl#aoj ;k o`{kkus iqQys mèkGyh vlrhy-

fon;kF;k±uk l`"Vhrhy cnykph ekfgrh ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZl osxosxG;k Írqaph ukos fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh vkgsr dk\ ;kph

ekfgrh ?ks.ks-l olar Írqr dk; cny gksrks gs y{kkr vk.kwu ns.ks-l osxosxG;k Írqr okrkoj.kkr dlk cny gksrks ;kph ekfgrh

d:u ?ks.ks-l fon;kF;k±P;k eukrhy ftKklk tk.kwu ?ksÅu R;koj f'kf{kosQus

ekfgrh ns.ks-


nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkjkdMs y{kn;kos-tlsµiqQyqfu] mMkY;k] paækifj] rk#] O;koqQGrk] iqQys-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. vk'kk i{;kaijh xxukr mMkY;k gksR;k- 2. >kMkyk iqQys vkY;koj R;k >kMk[kkywu tk.kk:;k fdrh


t.kkaoj >kM vksatGhr ?ksÅu iqQys m?kG.kkj vkgs ¯dok mèkGsy-

3. iqQykaps rkVos Hkjys vlrkauk paækps vkxeu gGwgGw gksr gksrs- paækcjkscj pkan.;kgh vkHkkGkph 'kksHkk èkkj.k djr gksR;k R;kP;k 'khry fdj.kkauh R;kus vklearkr cny gksr gksrk- i{kh vkiY;k ?kjkdMs ;s.;kr ekxs ijrr gksrh-

4. >kMkaoj iqQyysyh iqQys vksatGHkj [kkyh dfoP;k [kkan;koj iMyh-

2. rksp vpkud iqQys dksBquh iMyh vksatGHkj vkf.k [kksMdj rq>s gkr rs vkys [kka|koj-

HkkokFkZµdoh fgjoGhr oqQBysrjh Hkkoxhr xq.kxq.kr clys gksrs- R;kaP;k eukrY;k lqIr bPNk ;k i{;kaizek.ks xxukr mMkY;k gksR;k-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. eueksgd 2. d.kZeèkqj 3. izs{kd 4. loZK

2. 1. eqys [kwi [kksMdj vlrkr- 2. paæ vkdk'kkr jk=kh 'kksHkwu fnlrks- 3. ygku eqykauk loZp xks"Vhps oqQrwgy vlrs- 4. >kMkao#u iqQys [kkyh iMyh-

3. 1. pS=k µ xq<hikMok 2. T;s"B µ oVikSf.kZek 3. vf'ouµnljk 4. Hkkæinµx.ks'kksRlo 5. Jko.kµj{kkcaèku 6. dkfrZdµfnokGh 7. ikS"kµedjlaØkrh 8. iQkYxquµgksGh

4. 1. ik[kjs 2. vksatGh 3. èkkxk 4. okVs 5. ikoys 6. iwQy


9. ek>s vknjLFkkuµf'kMhZ



l egkjk"Vªkrp uOgs rj laiw.kZ Hkkjrkr izfl¼ vlysY;k f'kMhZps lkbZckck ;kaP;k thoukpk ifjp; fon;kF;k±uk d:u ns.ks-

ewGHkko

lkbZckckaP;k tkrhfo"k;h] vkbZofMykafo"k;h cjhp ekfgrh miyCèk ukgh- lkbZckck gs ,dk Jhear O;kik:;kyk taxykr HksVys- gjoysyk ?kksMk ;k >kMk[kkyh clysY;k r#.kkeqGs lkiMyk Eg.kwu R;kP;k psg:;kojhy vykSfdd rst ikgwu R;kauh R;k r#.kkyk vkiY;kcjkscj vk.kys- o vkiY;k eqykP;k yXukP;k ojkrh cjkscj f'kMhZyk ?ksÅu xsys- R;kaps rst ikgwu EgkGlkiar ;kauh R;kauk lkbZ Eg.kwu gkd ekjyh rsOgkiklwu R;kaps uko lkbZckck vls iMys-

lkbZckck varKkZuh gksrs] R;kaph jkg.kh lkèkh gksrh- rs usgeh vYyk Hkyk djsxk vls Eg.kr lkbZckackuk loZt.k nhukapk oSQokjh Eg.krkr- 1918 lkyh R;kauh lekèkh ?ksryh- lkbZckckafo"k;h eukr vknjHkkouk fon;kF;k±P;k eukr #to.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l egkjk"VªkrY;k larkaph ukos fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh vkgsr dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-

l R;kauk ekfgrh vlysY;k larkaps uko o R;kaps thou ifjp; lxG;kleksj dFkk:ikus cksyk;yk lkaxkos-


l osxosxG;k larkph ukos R;kaps fp=k eqykauk nk[kokos-

l lkbZckackpk ,[kknk pyfp=kiV vlY;kl rks fon;kF;k±uk nk[kokok-

ikBkjaHk


fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµKkuh] fnO;] izse] eqDr] oxSjs] vYyk] HkDrkaph] iw.kZ-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. vkSjaxkckn ;sFks Hkwi ukokP;k [ksM;kyxrp taxykr pkanHkkbZph

o lkbZckckaph HksV ?kMyh- pkanHkkb±pk ?kksMk ?kunkV taxykr okV pqdyk gksrk R;kyk 'kksèk.;klkBh rs xsys gksrs-

2. r#.kkP;k psg:;kojhy vykSfdd rst ikgwu R;kyk pkanHkkbZ vkiY;k ?kjh ?ksÅu vkys R;kaP;k eqykP;k yXukP;k o:gkMkcjkscj rs f'kMhZ ;sFks xsys-

3. oMkP;k >kMk[kkyh clysY;k r#.kkps lkfRod rst ikgwu EgkGlkiar ;kauh R;k r#.kkps uko lkbZckck Bsoys-

4. lkbZckckaph jkg.kh iQkj lkèkh gksrh rs vaxkr diQuh ?kkyhr MksD;kyk ,d iQMosQ xqaMkGhr- lkbZckckaps Lor%P;k tso.k[kk.kkdMs vftckr y{k uls- ygj vlsy rj rs iksVHkj tsor ukghrj mik'kh jkgr- rj dèkh iQDr ik.kh fiÅu jkgr rs nsokps lrr ukeLej.k djr ¶vYyk Hkyk djsxk¸ vls


Eg.kr rs xkbZEg'khaP;k 'ks.kkus lkjoysY;k ef'knhr jkgr- R;k ef'knhr nsoGkr VkaxysY;k vlrkr r'kk ?kaVk vlr-

5. lkbZckckauh ,dk Jhear O;kik:;kus vk.kys rsOgkiklwu rs f'kMhZr vlysY;k ,dk ef'knhr jkgr rh e'khn 'ks.kkus lkjoysyh vls R;kr nsoGkizek.ks ?kaVk gksR;k- rs dMqfyackP;k >kMk[kkyh clr rs T;kef'knhr jkgr R;kyk rs }kjdkckbZ vls Eg.kr rsFks usgeh èkquh isVysyh vls ;k èkquhiklwu r;kj gks.kkjk vaxkjk rs lok±uk nsr lkbZckck f'kMhZr >ksGh ?ksÅu fHk{kk Hkkxr o dèkh HkDrkadMs iSls ekxr- vktgh f'kMhZr vla[; Hkkfod ex rs dks.kR;kgh èkekZps&tkrhps vlks f'kdysys ok deh f'kdysys vlks lxGsp lkb±P;k njckjkr ;srkr o bfPNr xks"V izkIr djrkr-

6. lkbZckackuh Lor%yk nso Eg.kwou ?ksrys ukgh rs usgeh nsokps ukeLej.k djhr HkDrkauk vk'khokZn nsr ^vYyk Hkyk djsxk\* vls Eg.kr HkDrkaph vusd ladVs R;kauh nwj osQyh- i.k R;kcn~ny Lor%dMs eksBsi.kk ?ksrysyk ukgh Eg.kwu lxG;kaps nq%[k u"V dj.kkjk- vlk nhukapk oSQokjh lxGs R;kauk Eg.kr-

2. 1. xtkuu egkjkt 2. Lokeh leFkZ 3. lkbZckck 3. 1. lkbZckckaph 2. nRrkpk 3. iQkanhph 4. MksD;kyk 4. 1. HkDr 2. ?kksMs 3. ladVs 4. iQMosQ 5. 1. vlarq"V 2. e`R;[email protected] 3. nkuo 4. vfo'okl

fygkl gk iz'u fon;kF;k±uh Lor%P;k eukus fygkok-


10. Fkksjyh vkbZ


èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k èkM;klwu dks.krk cksèk >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

vkbZph tkxk vkiY;k vk;q";kr dks.khgh ?ksÅ 'kdr ukgh i.k rso<sp izse ?kjkrY;k eksB;k vkbZdMwugh izkIr gksrs- eus laoqQfpr d# u;s jDrkaP;k ukR;kizek.ks izsekph ukrh tikoh gh f'kdo.k fon;kF;k±uk ns.ks-

ewGHkko

ysf[kosQP;k FkksjY;k vkbZus cjspmiokl] ozr] uol osQys i.k R;kauk ewy&ckG >kya ukgh- ex frusp gV~V d#u uo:;kps nqljs yXu ykoys nksu o"kkZrp uojhyk ckG >kys Eg.ktsp ysf[kosQpk tUe >kyk ysf[kosQps FkksjY;k vkbZoj [kwi izse gksrs- rh xkoko:u ;srkauk ysf[kosQlkBh cjsp inkFkZ [kk;yk vk.kr vls- o dkgh fnol jkgwu >kY;koj ijr vkiY;k xkoh tkr vls- FkksjY;k vkbZP;k VªaosQ eè;s [ksG.ks vlr i.k ysf[kosQph vkbZ ek=k FkksjY;k vkbZ'kh uhV okxr uls oMhy xsY;kuarj ysf[kdk o R;kaps oqVqac lxGs roanhyk xsys frFksgh FkksjY;k vkbZus eukpk eksBsi.kk nk[kowu laiw.kZ bLVsVhP;k fdYY;k ysf[kosQP;k vkbZyk fnY;k- ysf[kosQyk cjsp xq.k FkksjY;k vkbZ dMwup feGkys ysf[kosQps yXu >kY;kojgh frP;kojhy izse ek=k deh >kys ukgh- eksB;k vkbZps izse dls vlrs vkbZ d'kh vlkoh ;kfo"k;h izseG Hkkouk fon;kF;k±P;k eukr fuekZ.k dj.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l ?kjkr vl.kkjh osxosxGh ukrh dks.krh vki.k R;kaP;k'kh dls okxrks ;kfo"k;h ekxZn'kZu dj.ks-


l iQkjiwohZ [ksG.kh d'kk Lo:ikr vlk;ph R;kauk dks.kR;k 'kCnkauh lacksfèkr djr gksrs ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk Hkk"ksph vksG[k d#u ns.ks-

l ^vkbZ* ;k 'kCnkps egRRo] izse fon;kF;k±uk lkax.ks-l ^Fkksjyh vkbZ* dks.kkyk lacksèkrks ;kfo"k;h ekfgrh nsowu R;kanks?kkaeè;s

vlysyh vkiqydh] ftOgkG;kps lacaèk izse o.kZu dj.ks-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµo"kkZuh] 'kqØokjh] ,dek=k] lad"Vh] iznks"k] fdYyh] rsjM;kpk]

BD;k] okD;k] MC;kr-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. FkksjY;k vkbZus cjsp ozr&oSdY;] miokl] uol osQys i.k

R;kaph owQl mtoyh ukgh- ?kjkyk ?kji.k ;kos ygku eqykaP;k jM.;kus ?kj fuuknkos Eg.kwu fouo.;k d#u FkksjY;k vkbZus uo:;kpk nqljk lalkj FkkVyk-

2. Fkksjyh vkbZ roanhyk vkY;koj eqykaps [kwi ykM djk;ph ;srkuk eksjfilkpk tqMxk] nksMD;kph tkGh] vkoGs] iksgs] ykg;k] iqj.kiksG;k] pdY;k] lkaT;kph iksGh o eqykalkBh osxosxGh [ksG.kh vk.kk;ph-

3. Fkksjyh vkbZ vkY;koj Vªad m?kMh R;kr dkpsP;ke.;kapk iks'kk[k] fo.kysY;k HkkoY;k] jaxhr cksGdh] firGsph HkkaMh] ykdMhd<;k] panuh ckgqY;k] dkiMkps ?kksMs] iksiV] nkfxus]


dkiMkph jk.kh- jktk] jk.khpk nkfxU;kpk Mck R;kr okD;k] d.kZiqQys] lkt] rksMs] dejspk iV~Vk] ikVY;k] iqrG;k] Bq'kh b- vlr-

4. bafnjsP;k vkbZyk o eko'khyk Fkksjyh vkbZ vkoMr uls R;k usgehp FkksjY;k vkbZfo"k;h okbZVlkbZV&cksyr R;keqGs Fkksjyh vkbZ bafnjs'kh ekstD;k cksyr Eg.kwu fryk jkx ;sbZ-

5. Fkksjyh vkbZ vR;ar xjhc oqQVqackryh gksrh- yXu >kY;kojgh Jhear ?kjkr xsY;kojgh frP;kr ?kesaM o`Rrh fuekZ.k >kyh ukgh- frus vkiY;kyk ewy gks.kkj ukghgs dGrkp uo:;kpk nqljk lalkj FkkVyk i.k Lor%ek=k rh R;kaP;kcjkscj u jkgrk rh 'ksrh ikgr vls dèkhdkGh ?kjh vkY;koj eqykalkBh osxosxGs inkFkZ] [ksG.kh vk.kr] jkèkkyk vki.k vkoMr ukgh gs fryk ekfgrh gksrs- i.k frus R;kdMs nqyZ{k osQys uojk esY;koj lxGh laiRrh jkèkkyk fnyh] nsokèkekZph mikld] izseG] v'kh vkbZ ;k ikBkr js[kkVyh vkgs-

6. FkksjY;k vkbZdMwu ysf[kdk lMk- lkjo.k jkaxksGh] vkf.k cjhp dkes frus vkbZdMwu f'kdyh ik[kjkauk vax.kkr ik.kh Bso.;kpgh rh FkksjY;k vkbZdMwu f'kdyh-

2. 1. vkbZµysf[kosQyk Eg.kkyh- 2. vkbZµeqykauk Eg.kkyh- 3. Fkksjyh vkbZµysf[kosQyk Eg.kkyh-

3. 1. owQl 2. y{k 3. vkeP;k'kh 4. ekxs 5. xksM

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. dMw 2. jM.ks 3. lksih 4. èkkdVh 5. lklj 6. Øksèk 7. ukoM.ks 8. ;s.ks


2. 1. jek ckgsj xsyh- 2. eqyxk [kkÅpk Mck vk.krks- 3. 1. ikVY;k 2. ik[kjs 3. nkfxus 4. jkaxksG;k 5. ckgqY;k

fygkl gk iz'u fon;kF;k±uh vkiY;k eukizek.ks fygkok-

fp=ko.kZul fp=ko.kZugh fon;kF;k±uk ljkoklkBh fnysy vkgs R;kps ys[ku

Lor% djkos-

11. lgt[kw.k

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';dfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh fon;kF;k±uk dforsrhy

'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk- vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-l thoukr ;s.kkjh lq[k&nq%[ks nks?kkaukgh xksM ekuwu vkuankus thou

txkos gh f'kdo.k fon;kF;k±uk ns.ks-

ewGHkkolgtp iqQykauh iqQykos R;kpk oklgh lgtp njoGkok i.k R;kauh

vtwu iqQykos vlk vV~Vgkl d: u;s osxosxGs Hkkx ,d=k vkY;koj iqQykauk vki.k eku nsrks i.k ikdG;k] nsB] ijkx] iwQy tj osxGs >kys rj R;kyk vFkZp mjr ulrks- nksu ikoys Bsork ;srhy ,o<p vkiya tx vlkos [kwi eksBs ekx.;kpk iz;Ru osQyk rj 'ksoVh fgjoG gh feGr


ukgh rsgh u"V gksrs o iq<s iQDr jsrkM] Hk;k.k] djMs okGoaV vlrs- iwQy[kjs vlsy rj lqoklgh [kjk vlrks- okGweè;sgh ,d [kksy >jkgh vlrks ,[kkn;k xks"Vh vkM dks.krh xks"V yiysyh vkgs gs tk.k.;kis{kk lkèka ljG gl.k vkuan nsr vlr-

vokLro ekx.;k d:u vkiys vk;q"; nq%[kh dj.;kis{kk lq[kh jkgkos gh f'kdo.k ikBk}kjs ns.ks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l fon;kF;k±uk rqEgkyk vk;q";kdMwu dk; go;a vlk iz'u fopkjkok o R;kaP;k bPNk tk.kwu ?;koh-

l vki.k iwQy d'kkyk Eg.krks ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk Kku ns.ks-

l ts vkgs R;kr lekèkkuh jkgkos ;kcn~ny lkax.kkjh dFkk lkaxkoh-

l ,d lkèks izseG gl.ks dls egRRokps vlrs ;kfo"k;h ekfgrh ns.ks-


nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-

dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkjkdMs y{k n;kos-

tlsµvêðkgkl] ikdG;k] jsrkM] leqækph] ?;kok-

'kCnkFkZ

iwohZizek.ks vH;kl dj.ks-

vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. ts vkgs R;kr lekèkkuh jkgkos vtwu cjp dkgh feGfo.;kpk

vêðkgkl d: u;s R;keqGs vkiY;ktoG vkgs rsgh


vkiY;kiklwu nwj tkrs- ek.klkps vk;q"; gs e`xtGkizek.ks vkgs gO;kl o`Rrh ckGxqu 'kksdkarhd 'ksoV gksrks-

2. leqækph lgt [kw.k R;kr vl.kk:;k Fksack o#u dGrs-

3. fgjohxkj fgjoG laiY;koj iQDr okGoaV mjrs- okGoaV djMs] jsrkM o Hk;k.k vlrs- vkf.k R;k iksdGheèks xsY;koj izk.kgh xqnejk;yk ykxrks-

4. lqokl] ikdG;k] ijkx&nsB gs ,d=k vkY;koj iwQy Xokgh nsrks-

2. vksGhiw.kZ djk- 1. iwQy [kjs vlsy rj lqokl rksgh vkgs [kjk- 2. okGwbrdkp [kjk vkgs okGweèkyk [kksy >jk-

3. nksu ikoykiqjr tx vlra o gsp [kja vlra nksu ikoykiqjrh fgjohxkj fgjoG vlrs- vkf.k R;kiq<s tk.;kpk iz;Ru osQyk rj osQoG okGoaVp mjrs-

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. iqQys 2. ikoys 3. ikdG;k 4. nsBs 5. fgjoGh 6. [kq.kk 7. eq[koVs 2. 1. [kks:;k 2. nkSyr 3. ra=k 4. lekjaHk 5. fookn 6. yrk 7. èkksM 8. 'kkyh

12. 31 fMlsacj





uohu o"kkZph pkgwy d'kh vlkoh R;k o"kkZps Lokxr dls djkos- ;kfo"k;h ekxZn'kZu djkos-

ewGHkko

ys[kdkauk njo"khZ 31 fMlsacjyk ijxkoh tkos] tqU;k o"kkZpk fujksi ?ksÅu uohu o"kkZph pkgwy >kY;koj rktsrokus gksÅu nql:;k frl:;k rkj[ksyk ijr ;kos vlk R;kapk Øe gksrk- i.k R;k o"khZ dkgh osxGsp >kys cjsp ikgq.ks R;kaP;k ?kjh vkys R;kauh ikgq.;kaps vkuankus Lokxr osQys ikgq.;klkBh ys[kdkauk cjkp [kpZ djkok ykxyk R;keqGs R;kauh uohu xkoh tk.;kis{kk 'krikoyh djr LVs'ku xkBys f[k'kkr iQkjls iSls uOgrs R;keqGs jsYosus izokl dj.;kis{kk ys[kd Lor% ik;hp izokl d: ykxys- ,dk nkxMkoj clwu 31 fMlsacjpk 'ksoVpk fujksi ?ksÅ ykxys- vkdk'kkr osxosxG;k jaxkps <x fnlr gksrs- vkdk'kkr lq;Zfdj.kkapk iV~Vk gksrk tqU;k o"kkZpk fujksi ?ksÅu uohu LiwQfrZe; thoukpk vkjaHk djr gksrs rs n`'; ikgwu ys[kdkauh R;kyk gkr tksMys-

uohu o"kkZpk vkjaHk uohu psrusus djkok ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk ekxZn'kZu djkos-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l 31 fMlsacj rqEgh dlk o oqQBs lktjk djrkr ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±ph ers tk.kwu ?ks.ks-

l uohu o"kkZP;k ;kstuk R;kaph oSf'k"Vs dk; vlrkr ;kfo"k;h fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh d:u ns.ks-

l fon;kF;k±uk uohu o"kZ R;kps vkxeu dls vkuafnr djrs- uohu o"kZ rs dls ?kkyorkr o R;k o"khZ dks.krk ladYi ?ksrkr ;kfo"k;h fopkj.ks-


l f'k{kdkauh uohu o"kkZps Lokxr dls djkos ;kfo"k;h ekfgrh ns.ks-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµo"kZ] Øe] lqê ðhr] LoHkko] g"kkZP;k] ijLij] fHkUu] Hkkj}kt]

lq;kZLr] tqU;k] Xokgh] nksUgh-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. njo"khZ 31 fMlsacj ¯dok R;k rkj[ksP;k vkliklP;k

fnolkr ys[kd cgqrsd ijxkoh tkr- tqus o"kZ vkf.k uos o"kZ ;kaP;k lafèkdkGkr ckgsj tkÅu vkf.k rktssrokus gksÅu uO;k o"kkZP;k nql:;k frl:;k rkj[ksyk ?kjh ijr ;sr-

2. lkfgR;laesyukps fufeRr d#u ukrkGP;k lqê ðhr ys[kdkadMs ikgq.ks ;sr- o Hkjiwj =kkl nsr ;kgh o"khZ ukrkGkph lqê ðh lq: gks.;kiwohZ pkj fnolkaiwohZ ikgq.;kph xkMh nkjk'kh ;srkp ys[kdkaP;k eukr èkMdhp Hkjyh-

3. ys[kdkadMs ikgq.ks vkY;kus R;kaP;k cjkp [kpZ >kyk R;keqGs njo"khZ izek.ks rs ;ko"khZ ckgsj xkoh tkÅ 'kdys ukgh- rsOgk nqèkkph rgku rkdkoj Hkkxo.;klkBh [kwi nwj uOgs toGp oqQBs rjh tkos ;klkBh rs jsYos LVs'kuoj xsys i.k iSls deh vlY;keqGs eqacbZP;k fn'ksus tkÅ ykxys okjk ean okgw ykxyk-


4. ys[kd cjkp izokl ik;h d:u vLrkdMs tk.kk:;k lw;kZyk ikgr nxMkoj clys- lw;Z tqU;k o"kkZpk fujksi ?ksr gksrk rs n`'; vxnh ân;Li'khZ gksrs- vkdk'kkr fofoèk jax fnlr gksrs- f{krhtkiklwu oj vkdk'kki;±r jaxhr NVk fnlr gksR;k- vls o.kZu lw;kZLrk ps osQys vkgs-

2. 1. ijxkoh 2. rkdkoj 3. LVs'kuoj 4. lqfpUgs 3. 1. uos 2. rksVs 3. jk=k 4. toG 5. ;s.ks 6. oj

Hkk"kk&Kku 1. 1. mn~xkjkFkhZ okD; 2. iz'ukFkhZ okD; 3. mn~xkjkFkhZ okD; 4. foèkkukFkhZ okD; 2. 1. lkgsckauk tsok;yk ok<w dk\ 2. rs rw [kjs Bjow udks-

13. lar clos'oj


èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-

vki.k vkiY;k xjtsoj fu;a=k.k Bsokos gh Hkkouk fon;kF;k±P;k eukr #tokoh-

ewGHkkolar clos'ojkaP;k?kjh pksjh >kY;koj R;kaP;k iyhps nkfxus pksjhyk

xsys] pksj lkiMyk i.k rks ljkbZr pksj uOgrk Lor%oj vks<oysY;k fcdV ifjfLFkrheqGs R;kus pksjh dsyh gksrh clos'ojkauk gs dGY;keqGs R;kauh iRuhps nkfxus R;k pksjkyk fnys-


ikBkjaHk iwoZl eksg VkGkok] dks.kR;kgh oLrqaqpk vfrjsd laxzg d: nsÅ u;s-l xjtw O;¯Druk enr djkoh-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-


vH;klikB&Kku 1. 1. clos'oj eaxyos<k jkT;kps egkea=kh gksrs- 2. uhykafcdspk xGÔkryk jRutMhr gkj xG;krwu vks<wu

dks.khrjh iGwu tkr vkgs rs ikgwu uhaykfcdk vpkud vksjMw ykxyh-

3. T;keqGs Lor%ps o oqQVqaokaps iksV Hkjsy vlk O;olk; vR;ar egRokpk vkgs-

2. 1. nq"dkG iMY;keqGs jke..kP;k 'ksrkr dkghp /kU; mxoys ukgh rlsp R;kpk ,d cSygh pk:;kf'kok; esyk- ckbZ lkgsokaP;k xG;kr nkfxus pedr gksus- rs ikgwu jke..kP;k eukr pksjhpk fopkj vkyk dkj.k R;kpheqys o ck;dks mik'kh gksrh-

2. clos'ojkauh pksjkyk mins'k dsyk dh eafnjkr tkÅup iwtk djrk ;srs vls ukgh & vki.k dke djr vlysyk fBdk.kh iwtk gksrs- T;keqGs vki.k o vkiys oqQVqac lq[kh gksbZy rks [kjk O;olk; gs dsY;kusp ek.kwl lq[kh gksrks-


14. pkyrk pkyrk dk; gksrs

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';

dfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh fon;kF;k±uk dforsrhy 'kCn&HkkokFkZ letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks-

l fon;kF;k±P;k vkdyu 'kDrhpk fodkl dj.ks-

ewGHkko>ksiY;koj eqykyk osxosxGs LoIu iMrkr rks LoIukrp bdMs frdMs

fiQjrks- osxosxG;k fBdk.kh tkrks i.k LoIukr R;kyk >ksisrp cqVkpk vkokt ;srks- o rks ?kkcjrks-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

ygku eqykauk fiQjk;yk vkoMys rqEgh oqQBs ckgsj tkrk ;kfo"k;h fopkjkos-

ikBkjaHk

dfork Lojcn~èk d:u xkÅu f'kdokoh- ,d&,d vksG Eg.kwu nk[kfoY;koj fon;kF;k±uk rh vksG ijr pkyhr Eg.kk;yk lkaxkoh-

dfork Eg.kr vlrkauk fon;kF;k±P;k mPPkkj.kkdMs y{kn;kos-

'kCnkFkZ


vH;klikB&Kku

1. 1. iq<s iq<s pkyr jkfgY;koj 'ksoVh jLrk laiwu tkbZy vls eqykyk okVrs-


2. xG;kr xyksy] gkrkrNMh] f[k'kkr 'ksaxnk.;kph iqMh ;k rhu xks"Vh fu?krkuk eqykus vk.kY;k-

3. eqyxk pkyrk pkyrk vkslkM jkuktoG vkY;koj lxGhdMs lkelwe >kys gksrs dMd Åugh rkiysys gksrs eqyxk èkkekèke >kY;keqys rks nxMkoj clwu jkfgyk-

15. ik.kh;kojh edjhf'k{k.k&mn~ns';

èkMk okpwu ?ks.ks o èkMk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr ;s.kkjs osxosxGs fopkj izdV dj.;kl lkax.ks- ;k èkM;klwu dks.krk cksèk >kyk vkgs gs y{kkr ?ks.ks-

vfr'k; dhrhZoar] mRÑ"V oDrk jke 'ksokGdj ;kaP;k fo"k;h ekfgrh ns.ks-

ewGHkko

dyk ØhMk {ks=kkr cU:;kp O;fDrauh iQkj eksBs dk;Z osQys vkgs R;kizek.ks mRÑ"V] oDrk Eg.kwu izfl¼ vlysY;k jke 'ksokGdj ;kauk ygkui.kh R;kaph vkbZ R;kauk lksMwu nsok?kjh xsyh vkthus R;kauk c:;kp pkaxY;k laLdkjkaph f'kdo.k fnyh ?kjh oMhy izfln~èk dhrZudkj gksrs lHkkèkhVi.kk] ok.khpk okjlk R;kauk ofMykadMwu feGys- R;kaps O;k[kku Hkkjrkrp uOgs rj vesfjosQr cksLVu 'kgjkr gh R;kaps uko loksZrkseq[kh >kys] dkO;laxzg] vkRepfj=k v'kh vusd iqLrosQ izfln~èk >kyh o R;kauk fMyhV inoh izkIr >kyh c:;kp iqjLdkjkauh R;kauk vyaÑr osQys v'kh cjhp'kh ekfgrh fon;kF;k±uk n;koh-


ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l fon;kF;k±uk R;kauk vkoM.kk:;k lkfgR;&{ks=kkrhy O;fDraph ekfgrh fopkjkoh-

l jke 'ksokGdjkaps ,[kkns O;k[;ku fon;kF;k±uk ,sdokos-

l f'k{kdkauh R;kaP;k dfork fon;kF;k±uk Eg.kk;yk ykokO;k-

l fon;kF;k±uk jke 'ksokGdjkaps fp=k nk[kowu R;kaP;k thoukoj laf{kIr fucaèk fygk;yk lkaxkok-


d:u izdV okpu djk;yk lkaxkos-fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-tlsµLoa;Hkw] cksLVu] lDr] izfl¼] dkO;laxzg] vè;{k] o`Rrh-


vH;klikB&Kku

1. 1. 2 ekpZ 1939 >kyh jke ;kapk tUe vpyiwj bFks >kyk-

2. vkthus jkeyk ¶rksaM èkqrY;kf'kok;¸ R;kauk dkgh [kkÅu;s- rlsp laè;kdkG gks.;kiwohZ ?kjh ;kos gs dMd oG.k ykoys-

3. jkeps oMhy izfl¼ dhrZudkj gksrs- ofMykadMwu R;kauk lHkkèkhVi.kk] ok.khpk okjlk gs lxGs xq.k feGkys-

4. ^eSu vkWiQ fn b;j* lkfgR; èkqjaèkj] Lokeh foosdkuan iqjLdkj] larfe=k xzaFkJs"B iqjLdkj] Kkus'oj iqjLdkj]


lektHkw"k.k] oqQlqekxzt] ^mRrqax* fonHkZHkw"k.k] fonHkZxkSjo] izKkxkSjo] ukxHkw"k.k b- iqjLdkj feGkys-

5. ygkui.kh eqykyk tj ;ksX; oG.k ykoys rj eksBsi.kh rks fuf'prp vkn'kZ O;Drh cuw 'kdrks- R;klkBh R;k eqykusgh vFkd ifjJe] eksB;kapk vknj Bso.ks furkar xjtsps vkgs-

2. 1. izfrHkk 2. lksgGs 3. dhrZudkj

4. vesfjosQrhy 5. v[kaM ÑikyksHkkP;kµÑrKrkcq¼h

Hkk"kk&Kku

1. 1. HkwrdkG 2. orZekudkG 3. orZekudkG

2. 1. fu#i;ksxh 2. ldkG 3. efrean 4. >ksi.ks 5. dksest.ks 6. ;s.ks

1. 1. fu'p; dj.ks

okD;µ ohjkauh ns'kkyk Lora=krk feGowu ns.;kpk fuèkkZj osQyk-

2. [kwi vkuanh gks.ks

okD;µ jkeyk f'k";o`Rrh feGkY;keqGs R;kyk vkHkkG Bsax.ks >kY;klkj[ks okVw ykxys-

fp=ko.kZuµfon;kF;k±uh fp=k ikgwu fp=kkps o.kZu djkus-

16. eqacbZ% ,d LoIuuxjh

f'k{k.k&mn~ns';

èkMk okpwu ?ks.ks o èkMk letkowu lkafxrY;koj fon;kF;k±uk gk èkMk letyk vkgs dk ;kph iMrkG.kh d:u ?ks.ks- fon;kF;k±P;k eukr



eqacbZ ;k LoIuuxjhpk bfrgkl fon;kF;k±uk lkax.ks-

ewGHkko

egkjk"Vªkph jktèkkuh o Hkkjrkr lxG;kr tkLr yksdla[;k vlysys 'kgj Eg.kwu izfl¼ vkgs- txkrys 5os eksBs 'kgj Eg.kwu izfl¼ vlysY;k eqacbZps uko eqacknsoh ;k o:u Bso.;kr vkys- egkjk"Vª pGoGhuarj egkjk"Vª jkT;kph jktèkkuh eqacbZ >kyh- 18O;k 'krdkr fczfV'kka}kjs lkr csVkauk tksMwu gs 'kgj cufo.;kr vkys Hkkjrkps vkfFkZd 'kgj Eg.kwu eqacbZ izfl¼ vkgs- cjsp O;olk; o uksdjhP;k laèkh bFks miyCèk vkgsr- eqacbZ Hkkjrh; fp=kiVl`"Vhps tUeLFkku vkgs- v'kkizdkjs eqacbZps Hkkjr o txkrhy egRRo fon;kF;k±uk ekfgrh d:u n;kos-

ikBkjaHk iwoZ

l Hkkjrkeè;s rqEgh dks.kdks.kR;k 'kgjkyk HksV fnyh ;kfo"k;h fopkj.ks-

l flusekl`"Vh rlsp vkSn;ksfxd] O;olk;ka lkBh izfl¼ vlysY;k 'kgjkaph ukos fygk-

l fon;kF;k±uk osxosxGs iz'u fopk:u eqacbZ 'kgjkph ekfgrh ns.ks-

l f'k{kdkauh eqacbZ 'kgjkps pyfp=k nk[kokos o fon;kF;k±uk ;k 'kgjkpk eksBsi.kk lkaxkok-

ikBkjaHk


fon;kFkhZ èkMk okpr vlrkuk R;kaP;k mPpkjkdMs y{k n;kos-


tlsµokf"kZd] mRiUu ckWEcs] egkjk"Vª] jk"Vªh;] oaQiU;kps] jk"Vªh;] ekS;Z] dWFksjhu] fczVh'k-

'kCnkFkZ


vH;klikB&Kku

1. 1. eqacbZ gs 'kgj egkjk"VªkP;k if'pe fduk:;koj olysys vkgs-

2. vkiyh LoIus iw.kZ dj.;klkBh osxosxG;k Hkkxkrwu yksd eaqcbZr ;srkr- c:;kp yksdkaph LoIuiwrhZ ;kp uxjkr >kyh vkgs- Eg.kwu ;k 'kgjkyk LoIuuxjh vls Eg.krkr-

3. eqacbZyk ik.khiqjoBk lkr rykoµèkj.ks ;krwu gksrks Hkkrlk] rkulk] rqG'kh] fogkj] yksHkV* oSrj.kk o iobZ] rhu* un;k- nfglj] iksbZlj* o vksf'kojk* o feBh unh-

4. eqacbZ gk lkr csVkapk lewg gksrk- ;k csVkoj ik"kk.k;qxkiklwu oLrh vlY;kps iqjkos vkgsr- ;kpk lokZr tquk iqjkok b-l- iwoZ 250 lkyh xzhdkauh uksanoyk vkgs- b-l-iwoZ P;k lqekjkl gh csVs lezkVv'kksdP;k ekS;Z lkezkT;kr lekfo"V gksrh-

2. 1. 1915, eqacbZ 2. eqacknsoh 3. jktèkkuh 4. LoIuuxjh 5. fp=kiVl`"Vhps

Hkk"kk&Kku

1. 1. #nu 2. voÑik 3. csvnc

4. u"V 5. iko'kh 6. Ñr?u


2. 1. xqIrgsj 2. loZK 3. usrk 4. lR;kxzgh 5. vKku

3. 1. /wrZi.kk 2. 'kgk.ki.kk 3. xqykefxjh 4. ew[kZi.kk 5. osMsi.kk 6. fe=krk

4. 1. f'kf{kosQus fon;kF;k±uk pkSnkos jRu nk[koys-

2. vki.k vkbZofMykaps ikax d/h isQMw 'kdr ukgh-

3. pksj gkrkoj rqjh nsÅu iGyk-

4. eh ik.;kr >si ?ksryh-

5. eh cfg.khyk ek>s xqfir lkafxrys-


NOTES

saptrang shikshak darshika 6 - saraswati house material/saptrang_tm_6.pdf · lirjax...

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