98

wyaro 3`amisganve (leon afxazTa mefisTvis) sagonebel ars ganTavisufleba afxazTa kaTalikosisa

nebiTave berZenTaTa~.`maRals adgilzed ars Wyondidi, eklesia gumbaTiani, didSeni... ese aRaSena mefeman afxazTaman

giorgim da Seamko yovliTa SemkobiliTa saeklesiosaTa~.vaxuSti batoniSvili.

wyaro 4`dasavleT saqarTvelos mier politikuri suverenitetis mopovebas uSualod ukavSirde-

ba eklesiurad gamoyofis sakiTxi. saeklesio gamoyofa erTbaSad ar xdeba. jer xorcieldeba egris-afxazeTis eklesiebis gaerTianeba, rogorc konstantinopolis samwysoSi Semavali eparqiisa, romelsac saTaveSi afxazTa kaTalikosi edga; Semdeg IX s-is ganmavlobaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesia gamoeyofa konstantinopols da mcxeTis taxts uerTiandeba, xolo afxazTa kaTalikosi sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikoss uqvemdebardeba. konstantinopolidan gamoyofis Semdeg iwyeba berZnuli kaTedrebis moSla da maT sapirispirod qarTuli saepiskoposo centrebis daarseba (bedia, moqvi, Wyondidi)~.

m. lorTqifaniZe.

wyaro 5`aseT viTarebaSi SemuSavda `qarTlis~ politikuri mniSvnelobis is farTo gageba, romelic

gvamcnobs, rom `qarTlad friadi qveyanai aRiracxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTai Jami Seiwirvis da locvai yoveli aResrulebis...~. niSandoblivia, rom giorgi merCules es formula IXs. Sua wlebis movlenebs asaxavs~.

n. berZeniSvili

saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSid

amat

ebiT

i ma

sal

aqa

rT

ul

i sa

mef

o -

samT

avr

oeb

is w

armo

Soba

davaleba 11. gaixsene arabTa saxalifosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos Soris politikuri damokidebuleba.2. ra faqtorebi uwyobda xels afxazTa saerisTaos dawinaurebas?3. rogor fiqrob, ratom ewoda dasavleT saqarTvelos afxazeTis samefo, da ara _ kvlav egrisi?4. wyaro 2-Si CamoTvlili saerisTaoebis mixedviT gansazRvre afxazeTis samefos mosaxleobis eTnikuri Semadgenloba.

damoukideblobis mopovebisTanave afxazeTis samefom sxva samefo-samTavroebTan erTad dai-wyo zrunva teritoriis gafarToebaze, rac TandaTan saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolaSi gadaizarda. brZolis umTavres obieqtad imTaviTve qarTli iqca, romlis flobasac garda poli-tikur-strategiuli da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisa, garkveuli istoriuli datvirTvac hqonda _ erTiani saqarTvelos mefe aucileblad qarTlis mafec unda yofiliyo.

damoukideblobisa da saqarTvelos gaerTianebisaTvis brZolam afxazeTis samefo karis winaSe eklesiis problemac daayena.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi arsebuli eparqiebi _ lazeTis samitropolito da afxazeTis saaarqiepiskoposo, bizantiis eklesias eqvemdebarebodnen. episkoposad kurTxevisas xel-dasxmas ara mcxeTis kaTalikosisagan, aramed konstantinopolis patriarqisagan iRebdnen; RvTismsaxureba eklesiebSi berZnul enaze aRevlineboda.

kiTxvebi 1. rogor fiqrob, ratom iwyeben afxazeTis mefeebi brZolas dasavleT saqarTvelos ekle-siis damoukideblobisaTvis?2. ratom cdiloben afxazi mefeebi dasavleT saqarTvelos damoukidebeli eklesiis mcx-eTis sakaTalikososTvis daqvemdebarebas?

davaleba 2Seafase afxazeTis saeklesio reformis saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvneloba.

istoriuli wyaroebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos garTianebisaTvis warmoebul brZolaSi al-anebi afxaz mefeTa mokavSireebad gvevlinebian. urTierTobis simtkicisaTvis erTmorwmuneoba mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo. Sesabamisad, bizantiisa da afxazeTis samefo kari erTnairi mondo-mebiT cdilobda oseTSi qristianobis gavrcelebas. warmatebisTvis, rogorc Cans, orive mxares

99

qarT

ul

i samefo

- samTavr

oebis war

moSo

bakaxeT

is samefo

miuRwevia _ oseTis arqiepiskoposi konstantinopolis mier dainiSna, xolo afxazeTis mefem uSualo monawileoba miiRo alanTa mTavrisa da misi axloblebis monaTvlaSi. qristianobis mTavari simbolikis qarTuli saxeli `jvari~ mxolod aRmosavleT saqa-

rTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli, xolo dasavleTSi mas bizantiis gavleniT berZnul Sesatyviss _ `stavross~ uwodebdnen. afxazi mefeebis mier aRebuli politikuri kursis Sedegad `jvari~ araTu mTel saqarTveloSi, osur enaSic myarad damkvidrda. TiTqmis erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi (725-

849ww.) msoflios eklesia `xatTmebrZolebsa~ da `xatis TayvanismcemelTa~ Soris gaCaRebulma brZolam moicva. bizantiis keisarma da umaR-lesma samRvdeloebam xati kerpad Seracxes da mas daundobeli brZola gamoucxades. xatebi gaanadgures, mis Tayvanismcemlebs sapyrobil-iT, eqsoriiT, xSirad sikvdiliTac ki sjidnen. konstantinopolis sawinaaRmdegod, dasavleTis eklesiam (romis papma) xatis TayvanismcemelTa mxare daiWira _ papma grigol III-m xatebis wi-naaRmdeg mebrZolni SeaCvena. aRmosavleTis eklesiis erTaderTi warmomadgeneli, romelmac bizan-tiis damokidebuleba ar gaiziara, mcxeTis sakaTalikoso iyo.

ase Seiqmna Semdegi saxis problema _ saepiskoposoebi romlebic konstantinopolis sapatri-arqos eqvemdebarebodnen, magram gansxvavebul poziciaze idgnen, iZulebuli gaxdnen, uari eTqvaT axali episkoposis bizantiaSi xeldasxmaze da im eklesiisaTvis miemarTaT, sadac xatTmebrZoloba ar iyo gabatonebuli. swored ase iqceva guTebis episkoposi ioane, romelic saberZneTidan ukurTxebeli gamobrunda da xeldasxma iberiaSi, qarTveli kaTalikosisagan miiRo:

`iyo Jami, romel yovelsa saberZneTsa Sina marTlmadidebloba ara ipoveboda. da ioane guTel episkoposi mcxeTas ikurTxa episkoposad.~ (giorgi mTawmindeli)

sur. 2.4.1.3. brZola xatisTayvanismcemlebsa da xatTmebr-Zoleebs Soris.

damoukidebeli samuSao 1. werilobiT Camoayalibe da daasabuTe Seni azri, Tu ramdenad Seuwyobda xels xatTmebrZoloba dasavleT saqarTvelos eklesiis gamoyofas konstantinopolis sapatriarqos daqvemdebarebidan.2. imsjele, ra kavSiria saxelmwifo suverenitetsa da eklesiis damoukideblobas Soris.

ganmartebebi

eqsoria _ samSoblodan gaZeveba an gadaxvewa ucxo mxareSi.

§ 2. kaxeTis samefo

VIII saukunis 80-iani wlebisaTvis qarTlis saerisTavos kaxeTis samTavro gamoeyo. romelmac mogvianebiT, mezobeli hereTic SeierTa.

wyaro 1`gandga grigori mTavari da aman daipyra kaxeTi, kuxeTi da gardabani... iwoda kaxTa mTavrad

anu qorikozad~.vaxuSti batoniSvili

wyaro 2`Tavdapirvelad kaxeTis samefos organizacia Crdilo raionebSi iwyeba. bari... Camodis istoriuli

ambebis scenidan. mTa iwyebs brZolas arabTa uRlis gadagdebisa da samTavros organizaciisaTvis. am brZolis saTaveSi wanarebi dganan. wanarTa centri, daaxloebiT, dRevandeli yazbegis raionia... swored aqedan iwyeba wanarTa Seteva kaxeTis barze. CrdiloeTi TandaTan utevs bars da imorCilebs kidec mas. es mTisa da baris urTierTobis erT-erTi saxea... VIII saukunis dasasrulsa da IX sau- VIII saukunis dasasrulsa da IX sau-kunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis gaerTianeba wanarTa moTaveobiT momxdari faqtia~.

m. lorTqifaniZe.

100

wyaro 3basianis omis dros (XI s-is 20-iani ww.): giorgi I-ma `moirTo (SeierTa) Zali kaxeTisa.~

`matiane qarTlisai~.

`gaZlierda giorgi laSqriTa, rameTu moiyvana wanarni.~sumbat daviTis Ze.

qar

Tu

li

same

fo

-sa

mTav

ro

ebis

war

moSo

bad

amat

ebiT

i ma

sal

asaqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSi

wyaro 4`kaxeTis dedaqalaqi~ ars Telavi, romeli hyo kvirikem pirvel

gamefebulman kaxeTs, sasaxle didi, viTarca qalaqi.kvirike mefeman dasxa erisTavni sami kaxeTs da oTxi hereTs.

erTi dasua rusTavs da misca sruliad kuxeTi, ... meore dasva kveterasa, misca... erwo-TianeTi, fxovelni, ZurZukni da RvliRvi, mesame pankissa, da misca hereTis sazRvriszeiT kavkasamde...

xolo hereTs dasua pirveli xornabujs, meore vejins, mesame maWisa da meoTxe Storisa da amanve SeaerTa kaxeTi da hereTi~.

vaxuSti batoniSvili.

kiTxvebi 1. raze miuTiTebs sxvsdasxva qarTul wyaroSi kaxelebisa da wanarebis erTi mniSvnelobiT mox-senieba? 2. rogor fiqrob, ram Seuwyo xeli mTis tomis gavlenis gaZlierebas kulturulad dawinaurebul barze?

davaleba 1daaxasiaTe kaxeTis samTavros administraciuli mowyoba da gansazRvre, ra mizans isaxavs kvirike didis administraciuli RonisZieba.

kaxeTis mTavars qorepiskoposi ewodeboda. wanarTa qorepiskoposi Tavisi Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad sasuliero piri iyo, romelic kaxeTis mTianeTis sulier cxovre-bas uZRveboda. mogvianebiT, rogorc Cans, saero Zalauflebac SeiTavsa. Tavdapirvelad qorepiskoposoba arCeviTi iyo (`ganaCines qorepiskoposad~ _ wers qarTveli mematiane), droTa ganmavlobaSi ki memkvidreobiTi gaxda. Sesustda misi sasuliero funqciac da uzen-aes saero xelisuflad Camoyalibda.

es sainteresoa:Tanamedrove ucxouri wyaroebi kaxeTis samTavros `sanarias~ (wanarias) uwodebdnen.bizantiis oficialuri xelisufleba kaxeTis qorepiskoposs `wanarTa arxontad (mTavarad)”

moixseniebda.qarTul istoriografiaSi kaxeTis mTavris titulis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli mosazrac gvxvdeba:`qorepiskopozi umecarsa mweralsa `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ gauryvnia. qorikozi qaragmiT

qorepiskopozi hgonebia. qorepiskopozi _ usamwyso episkopozs ewodebis berZZnulad da qorikozi mefis nacvalsa hqvian~.

sulxa-saba orbeliani.

istorikosebi d. baqraZe, n. berZeniSvili da g. CubiniSvili iziareben sulxa-saba orbelianis mosazrebas, kaxeTis mTavris `qorikozobis~ (mefis nacvlobis) Sesaxeb; m. brose, iv. javaxiSvili da s. janaSia ki `qorepiskosobas~ aniWeben upiratesobas.

gadaxede mocemul wyaroebs da gansazRvre, romel versias emxroba vaxuSti batoniSvili.

sur. 2.4.2.2. kvetari.

aRwera kaxeTisa`xolo qveyana ese ars friad nayofieri yovliTa marcvliTa, venaxiTa, xiliTa, pirutyviTa,

nadiriTa, frinveliTa da TevziTa... nayofiereben yovelni, ... abreSumiT, brinjiT, bambiT, da xurma da wabli imereTisaganca aq umjobesi ars. ara sTesaven Roms, arca ars kirCxibi aqa. xolo xilni aqaur umjobes arian qarTlisasaca, da Tafli imereTisa umjobes da umravles aqaurTa~

101

saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSikaxeT

is samefo

qarT

ul

i samefo

- samTavr

oebis war

moSo

ba

aRwera egrisis queyanisa anu afxazeTis, anu imereTisa`marcvalni yovelni nayofiereben friad, garna brinj-bambas

sTesen iSviaT da egreTve xorbalsa, Romsa friad mravlad da gamoizrdebianca miT. ... abreSums akeTeben da qsoven lars uoqromkedosa, da xmaroben sxuebrca. egreTve bambasa da kanaf-Tagan tilosa.

aqa ars xurma, wabli da vaSl-atami qarTlzed meti, melsa-peponi (sazamTro) da punpula (nesvi) umuSakod nayofiereben. soko mravalni sxvadsxvani... niyvi ars.

pirutyvni Tvinier aqlemisa ars yoveli... cxovarni udumoni da kudianni, maradis mSobeli tyupTa, da odesme sam-oTxTa... Zroxa, kambeCi, cxeni jogad...

...Tevzni arian loqo, goWa, bolo wiTeli, kobri, da wvrilni Tevzni da kalmaxni mravalni... rionsa Sina ipyroben zuTxsa ...~.

vaxuSti batoniSvili.

davaleba 2a) daiyaviT jgufebad da gaixseneT, romel sameurneo dargebs misdeven dRes aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi; rogoria misi flora da fauna; Seadare isini istoriul monacemebs da aRmoaCine msgavseba da gansxvaveba.

sur. 2.4.2.3. riwis tba. afxazeTi.

ganmartebebi

fxovelni _ fxovis (Tanamedrove fSav-xevsureTis) mkvidrni.RliRvi _ CeCnebisa da inguSebis (Crd. kavkasieli xalxebi) Zveli saxelwodeba.

wyaro 1`xolo aSot mTavrobda qveyanasa mas Sina (qarTlSi)... gaZlierda xelmwifeba agarianTa (arabebi)

da iwyes Zieba aSot kurapalatisa, da ver uZlo winaaRdgomad maTda aSot da iltvoda maTgan.... dedawuliTurT da SviliTurT. da moiwivnen xevsa SavSeTisasa. xolo xevi SavSeTisa uSenebeli iyo maSin, rameTu yruman Semusra da... moaoxra,... da mciredRa darCes kacni adgil-adgil. ...maT mkvidrTa SavSeTisaTa Seiwynares igi (aSoti) sixaruliTa da siyvaruliTa, da daemkvidra mun. misca RmerTman gamarjveba da axelmwifa igi SavSeT-klarjeTsa zeda.

da aman aSot kurapalatman pova klarjeTis tyeTa Sina klde erTi, romeli pirvel vax-tang gorgasals cixed aReSena, saxeliT artanuji; da aoxrebul iyo... igi ganaaxla aSot da... aRaSena qalaqi~.

sumbat daviTis Ze.

wyaro 2`ganadida ufalman mefoba aSot kurapalatisa: eu-

fla qarTls da sazRvarTa misTa. rameTu maTve Jamsa Sesrul iyo maslama (arabi sardali) saberZneTad, da Seiqca mouZlurebuli da gawbilebuli. maSin berZenTa mefeman mouboZa kurapalatoba aSots. mouZlurebul iyvnes sarkinozni (IX s.-is dasawyisi) da gandidda aSot... da daipyra (qveyana) klarjeTidan vidre qs-namde~

`matiane qarTlisai~.

§ 3. tao-klarjeTis samefo

tao-klarjeTis samTavros Camoyalibeba (IX saukunis damdegi) aSot bagrationis _ qa-rTlis bolo erismTavaris saxels ukavSirdeba. rogorc iciT, erisTavebi qarTlSi arabi mmarTvelebis mxridan sistematur devna-Seviwroebas ganicdidnen, safrTxe aSotsac daemuqra.

sur. 2.4.3.2. artanuji.

102

wyaro 3`amas aSots keisarman misca kurapalatoba... aman aSot... aRaSena dabebi da ganamravla soflebi.

da mravalgzis mosca RmerTman Zleva Zlieri sarkinozTa zeda, da daipyra qveyana nebiTa berZen-TaTa~.

vaxuSti batoniSvili.

kiTxvebi 1. gaixsene qarTlis erismTavarTa mimarT arabi mmarTvelebis damokidebuleba da ivaraude, ra SeiZleboda gamxdariyo aSot kurapalatis devnis mizezi?2. wyaro 1-isa da 2-is mixedviT isaubre gareSe faqtorebis rolze tao-klarjeTis samTavros CamoyalibebaSi.3. wyaro 2-isa da 3-is mixedviT imsjele, rogoria bizantiisadmi tao-klarjeTis damokidebuleba _ aris dapyrobili, gavlenis qveS myofi Tu mokavSire qveyana?

tao-klarjeTSi farTod gaiSala samonastro saqmianoba, romlis iniciatori da xelmZ-Rvaneli grigol xanZTeli iyo (759-861 ww.). grigol xanZTels mravalricxovani mowafe da

mimdevari gamouCnda. maTi moTaveobiT Sendeba xanZTis, Satberdis, gunaTles, meris, ubes, zarzmis, parxlis, iSxnisa da sxva eklesia-monastrebi.

wyaro 4am samonastro moZraobas saqarTvelosTvis fasdaudebeli mniSvn-

eloba hqonda imitomac, rom berebs udabno adgilebis ZebnaSi yur-adReba uneblied saqarTvelos aoxrebul, uSen da uRvaw kuTxeebisTvis unda mieqciaT da miaqcies kidec. maTma iq daSenebam udaburi tyeebiT moculsa da mtrisagan ganadgurebuls adgilebSi kvlav sicocxlisa da kulturis kera Seqmna. ugzo-ukvlo adgilebSi gzebi gakeTda, gauval tyeebSi mSvenieri Senobebi aigo, didebuli nangrevebi, mitovebuli cixe-qalaqebi da eklesiebi ganaxlda, ...udaburs utyvs qveyanaSi adamianTa cxoveli sityva gaisma, daba qalaqebiT moifina, miudgomel adgilebze

monazonTa da axalSenTa medgaris Sromis wyalobiT naxnavebi gakeTda da mSvenieri mtil-venaxebi gaSenda... ~.

iv. javaxiSvili.

wyaro 5`xanZTis mSeneblobisas `gabriel, didebulman aznaurman,

friadiTa keTiliTa warmogzavna... da moscna kiroTxuroni da nivTi yoveli qvitkirisa eklesiis saSeneblad~.

Satberdis mSeneblobisas bagrat kurapalatma .̀..sixaruliT misca... yovelive saxmari saSeneblad~.

xanZTis axali eklesiis mSeneblobisas aSot kuxma (eri-sTavi) `uricxvi Sesawiravi gardahmata mas~.

giorgi merCule.

sur. 2.4.3.3. aSot kurapalati.

sur. 2.4.3.4. zarzma.

saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSit

ao-k

lar

jeT

is s

amef

oqa

rT

ul

i sa

mef

o-

samT

avr

oeb

is w

armo

Soba

kiTxvebi 1. Seni azriT, ramdenad exmianeboda grigol xanZTelisa da misi mimdevrebis moqmedeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mes-veurTa miswrafebas qveynis aRorZineba-gaerTianebisaken? 2. ra mniSvneloba hqonda samonastro mSeneblobebs eris-kacTa saxelmwifoebrivi miznebis miRwevisaTvis?3. rogor fiqrob, SeZlebda saero xelisuflebis mx-ardaWeris gareSe samonastro saqmianoba farTod gaS-las?

sur. 2.4.3.5. oSki.

103

bagrationTa sagvareulo warmoSobiT speris olqidan aris (ispiri _ saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia, dRevandeli Turqe-Ti). bagrationTa erTi Sto somxeTSi aRzevda da bagratunTa samefo dinastias daudo safuZveli, xolo meore _ saqarTveloSi daemkvidra da 900 welze met xans mefobda.

garda imisa, rom bagrationTa dinastia erT-erTi uZvelesia da yvelaze xangrZlivi evropul dinastiaTa Soris, `am samefo sagva-reulos sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom misi warmomadgenlebi ara marto Rirseulad emsaxurebodnen saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrio-bisa da damoukideblobisaTvis brZolis saqmes... aramed yovelmxriv uwyobdnen xels qveyanaSi kulturis, mecnierebisa da teqnikis gan-viTarebas. ...swored am dinastiis araCveulebrivma SemoqmedebiTma potencialma warmoSva araerTi saxelovani poeti, mwerali da... mecnierebaTa sxvadasxva dargis warmomadgeneli.~

r. Ciqovani. rogorc ukve iciT, antikur epoqaSi qveynis mmarTveli Tavs xSirad RmerTad acxadebda da

qveSevrdomTagan saTanado Tayvaniscemasa da morCilebas moiTxovda. qristianuli samyarosaTvis kerpad Tavis gamocxadeba miuRebeli iyo, magram xelisuflebi RvTiuri warmoSobis ideas ver eleodnen magaliTad, evropul samefo sagvareuloTa (Tiudorebi, hohencolernebi da sxvani) mema-tianeebis mtkicebiT RmerTma qveynis Seqmnisas sanimuSo wesrigi daamyara da yvelas Tavisi adgili ganuCina, mefesac Zalaufleba RvTisgan eboZa.

sxva samefo dinastiebis msgavsad, qarTveli bagrationebic cdilobdnen winaprebi bibliur pirTa Soris epovaT da Tavs `... daviTian, solomonianebs~ uwodebdnen.

`solomon Sva Svidni Zmani... da eseni Svidni Zmani warmovides da daSTes queyanaTa somxiTisaTa da dReindelad dRemde mTavroben somxeTs.

da oTxni Zmani maTni movides qarTls. erTi maTgani, saxeliT guaram, ganaCines erisTavad; da ese ars erisTavi qarTlisa da mama bagrationTa.~

sumbat daviTis Ze.

`daviT winaswarmetyvelisa da uflisa mier cxebulisa Svilad wodebulo xelmwifeo,~ _ mimarTavs aSot kurapalats grigol xanZTeli.

giorgi merCule.

`TviT samocdameTvrameteman Svilman daviTisaman, daviT~, _ wers daviT aRmaSenebelis Sesaxeb mematiane.

davaleba 1 (airCie mocemul davalebaTagan erT-erTi)1. rogor fiqrob, ratom uwevda gansakuTrebul mfarvelobas samefo kari mecnierebasa da kul-turas?2. rogor fiqrob, ratom cdilobdenen samefo dinastiebi TavianTi gvaris RvTiuri warmoamvlobis damtkicebas?

sur. 2.4.3.6. bagrationTa gerbi.

saqarTvelo IV - XUI saukuneebSiqar

Tu

li samef

o- samT

avro

ebis warmo

Soba

damat

ebiTi masal

a

damoukidebeli samuSao 1. moipove informacia gakveTilSi moxseniebuli istoriuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb. daadgine, romelma maTganma moaRwia dRemde da romelia dRevandeli saqarTvelos farglebs miRma. 2. gadaitane konturul rukaze CamoTvlili istoriuli Zeglebi.

ganmartebebi

mtili _ baRi, baR-bostani.kiriTxuro _ igivea, rac kalatozi.

104

§ 4. Tbilisis saamiro da `axalqalaqebis xana~ a) Tbilisis saamiro

IX saukunis damdegs qarTuli samefo-samTav-roebis brZolas damoukideblobisa da pirv-elobis mosapoveblad Tbilisis saamiroc uerT-deba.

damoukideblobisaTvis swrafva gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino amira ishak ibn Suabis dros gaxda, romelsac qarTuli wyaroebi amira sahakad moix-seniebdnen. igi 23 wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis damoukideblad marTavda saamiros, rac pirvel rigSi saxalifosaTvis xarkis SewyvetiT gamoix-ateboda. urCoba, ra Tqma unda, SeumCneveli ar rCeboda, da amas saxalifosagan damsjeli eqs-pediciebi mosdevda xolme. saxalifosa da saa-miros Soris warmoebul brZolebSi qarTveli mefe-mTavrebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen, maTi nawili Tbilisis amiras emxroboda, nawili ki saxalifos sardlebs uWerda mxars.

wyaro 1qarTlis dasakaveblad `gamoilaSqra aSot kurapalatman, uSvela Teodosi afxazTa mefeman...

romeli iyo siZe aSot kurapalatisa, movida grigol (qorepiskoposi, romelsac qarTlis nawili epyra) kaxeTiT, grigols uSvelis mTiulTa... da amiraman tfilelman, da Seibnen... gaaqcies grigol da daipyres qveyana romeli hqonda qarTlisagan~.

`matiane qarTlisai~.

wyaro 2sahakis dasamorCileblad laSqroba armeniis vals, muhameds, daevala:`mohamed movida qarTls, moerTo (eaxla) mas bagrat Ze aSot kurapalatisa, da misca mas qar-

Tli~. `xolo viTar movida mohamed qarTls... gamovida sahak laSqriTa... da movidnes kaxni Svelad

sahakisa... da iyo brZola maT Soris.~`matiane qarTlisai~.

wyaro 3853 wels amira sahakisa da arabuli mmarTvelobis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli somxeTis damor-

Cileba xalifam cnobil sardals buRa Turqs daavala:`maSin movida mona, Turqi, baRdadiT, spiTa didiTa: Semusra yoveli somxiTi da tyve yvna yoveli

mTavarni misni, da movida da moadga qalaqsa tfilissa, rameTu ara morCilebda amira saak. mokla sahak, Semusra tfilisi, dawva cecxliTa da moaoxrna yovelni areni misni.

da Teodosi, mefe afxazTa, gamovida winaaRdgomad misa. xolo buRam viTarca cna, waravlina spasalari Tvisi, da bagrat, Ze aSot kurapalatisa. Seibnes da gaaqcivnes afxazni, da moswyda sim-ravle uricxvTa.

... buRam ganaRo kari darubandisa da gadmoiyvana xazarni saxli samasi, da dasxna igini Sanqors. ... da warvida buRa.~

`matiane qarTlisai~.

davaleba 11. wyaroebis 1-is, 2-isa da 3-is mixedviT, rogor axsniT Tbilisis amiris mokavSireTa da mowi-naaRmdegeTa rigebSi qarTvel mefe-mTavarTa yofnas? 2. Seni azriT, pirvelobisaTvis mebrZol romel samefo-samTavros xelmZRvanels hqonda meti ufleba da SesaZlebloba gamxdariyo erTiani saqarTvelos mefe?3. rogor fiqrob, SeiZleboda Tu ara, rom Tbilisis saamiro Casdgomoda saTaveSi saqarTvelos gaerTianebis process?4. isaubre buRa Turqis laSqrobis Sedegebze.

sur. 2.4.4.1. Tbilisis saamiro.

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IX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan Tbiliss amira jafari ganagebs. xalifas arc is uxdis xarks. metic, amirobas memkvidreobiT umtkicebs STamomavlebs da jafarianTa dinastias saTaves udebs, romelic TiTqmis orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi marTavda Tbiliss.

wyaro 4`TavisdaTavad tfilisis damoukidebeli saamiros daarseba arabTa Zlierebis aucilebeli

damxobis momaswavebeli iyo, magram mainc tfilisis saamiro kidev karga xans sakmaod Zlieri iyo, rom masac Tavisi politika ewarmoebina da atexil brZolaSi mudam monawileoba mieRo~.

iv. javaxiSvili.

es sainteresoa: 914 wels saxalifom abul yasimis sardlobiT amierkavkasiaSi kidev erTxel gamoagzavna

jari, romelmac somxeTi da tao-klarjeTi aaoxra. abul yasimis laSqroba saqarTvelos isto-riaSi arabTa bolo laSqrobad iTvleba.

istoriuli wyaroebi saintereso cnobebs iZlevian TbilisSi arsebuli administraciuli

Tanamdebobebis Sesaxeb _ dRevandeli gagebiT policielis movaleobas `Surtebi~ asrulebdnen, qalaqSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa swored maT evalebodaT.

`muhTasibi~ iyo moxele, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebda moqalaqeTa saqcielsa da zneobas; mis movaleobas aseve Seadgenda quCebis keTilmowyoba da moqalaqeTagan valis amoReba, garda amisa igi unda `amowmebdes sasworebis sizustes da dadebul fasebs, Tvalyurs adevnebdes vaWrobas, rom yvelaferi rigze iyos... rom ar hqondes adgili motyuebas~. (nizam al-mulqi, arabi istor-ikosi)

qalaqSi Semosul saqonelze baJis dawesebasa da gadasaxadebis akrefisaTvis yuradReba `muS-ribs~ unda mieqcia.

amiras karis mimoweras saxalifosTan Tu sxva saxelmwifoebTan, agreTve ofi-cialuri sabuTebis warmoebas, special-uri moxele _ `amadi~ ganagebda.

Tbilisis mahmadian mosaxleobas ami-ras karze Tavisi warmomadgeneli hyavda _ romelsac `raisi~ ewodeboda. raisebi imavdroulad vaWarTa da xelosanTa amx-anagobebis meTaurebic iyvnen. qarTuli wyaro maTU`Tbilel berebs~ (uxucesebs) uwodebs.

marTlmsajulebas `yadi~ ganagebda. arabi istorikosis tabaris cnobiT, roca buRa Turqis laSqrobisas Tbilisi gadawves,

50000 kaci daRupula. es cifri savaraudod gadaWarbebulia, magram qalaqis mravalricxovnobas miuTiTebs. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili mahmadiani unda yofiliyo. VIII saukunis SuaxanebSi amiras sasaxle _ ̀ saamiro darbazi~ mtkvris marjvena napirze idga, dRevandeli botanikuri baRi-saken mimaval gzazze. mtkvris marcxena sanapirozeve ageben arabebi sakuTar cixes _ `soRdebils~.Daqve gadadis TandaTan sacxovreblad Tbilisis arabi aristokratia. qarTvelebi ki umetesad Zvel ubanSi _ mtkvris marjvena sanapiroze rCebian.

kiTxvebi1. Seni azriT, qalaqis marTvisaTvis romeli Tanamdebobebia mniSvnelovani?2. arsebobs Tu ara, Seni azriT, rubrikaSi `es sainteresoa~ moxseniebuli Tanamdebobebis

Tanamedrove Sesatyvisebi?3. rubrika `es sainteresoas~ mixedviT imsjele Tbilisis saamiros ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

Sesaxeb.

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sur. 2.4.4.2. Tbilisis gegma.

damoukidebeli samuSaoa) gaakeTe cxrili da masSi ganaTavse qarTveli mefe-mTavrebi imis mixedviT, Tu ra pozicia eka-vaT maT saxalifosa da saamiros mimarT. iqve, SeniSvnis saxiT, miuTiTe, misaRebia Tu ara SenTvis maTi pozicia.

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b) axalqalaqoba

arabTa Semosevebma, gamudmebulma ngrevam da sisxlis Rvram qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTa-reba mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa.

wyaro 1`maTi gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis simwvave, pirvel rigSi, rogorc wyaroebi gvauwyeben, qa-

laqebis xvedri yofila. am laSqrobaTa dros daqceul qalaqTagan bevri aRarc aRorZinebula. damaxasiaTebelia wyaroebis gamoTqmebi: ̀ da iyo qalaqi yrusadmde~ _ urbnisi; ̀ aw arRa ars qalaqi, aramed daba, rameTu Semdgomad yrusa mooxrda~ _ mcxeTa; an kidev, `iyo qalaq da cixe yrumde... da awsca oxer ars~ _ xoranTa~.

T. gamsaxurdia.

sawyis etapze, saxalifoSic naklebad iyo vaWroba-xelosnoba ganviTarebuli. qalaqi mx-olod samxedro-strategiul placdarmebad aRiqmeboda, mosaxleobis nawili ki vaWrobas saTakilod miiCnevda da upiratesobas, rogorc Semosavlis wyaros, oms aniWebda.

mdgomareoba VIII saukunis meore naxevridan mkveTrad Seicala: xalifaTa axali dinastia _ abaselebi, vaWroba-xelosnobis ganviTarebas, ekonomikuri kavSirebis gafarToebas, gzebis keTilmowyobas da qalaqebis aRmSeneblobas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen. saxalifos ekonomikuri aRmavloba mis daqvemdebarebul qveynebze da, maT Soris, ra Tqma unda, saqarT-velozec aisaxa. miT umetes, rom bizantiasTan garTulebuli mdgomareobis gamo, saerTaSor-iso savaWro magistralma mtkvris auzSi gadainacvla.

Zvrebi saqarTvelos ekonomikur Tu politikur cxovrebaSi (samefo samTavroebis, axa-li politikuri centrebis warmoSoba da aRorZinebisaken swrafva) xels uwyobs qveynis sameurneo aRmavlobas, mitovebuli, gaudaburebuli adgilebis xelaxal aTvisebas. aRorZinda da daarsda araerTi qalaqi _ aRdga quTaisi, rusTavi, samSvilde, xunani; aSenda dmanisi, ax-alqalaqi, Tmogvi, olTisi da sxva qalaqebi. IX-X saukuneebs istorikosebi `axalqalaqebis xanasac~ ki uwodeben.

davaleba 11. isaubre savaWro gzis mniSvnelobaze qalaqebisaTvis.2. isaubre qalaqis mniSvnelobaze qveynisaTvis.

X saukuneSi warmoiSva qalaqi Telavi, romelic Saqisaken mimaval savaWro gzaze mde-bareobda da swrafadac dawinaurda. arabi mematiane al mukaddasi Telavs (arabulad Teb-las) iseTive mniSvnelovan qalaqad Tvlida, rogoric Samqori, ganja, Sirvani da sxva didi savaWro centrebi iyvnen. misive cnobiT, Telavi sakmaod xalxmraval qalaqad warmogvidgeba _ mosaxleobis udidesi nawili qristiani iyo, romelTa gverdiT 500 mahmadiani komlic cxovrobs.

amave periodSi aSenda qalaqi artanuji. mis strategiul mdebareobas, jer kidev vaxtang gorgasalma miaqcia yuradReba da aq cixe-simagre aaSena. artanujis mdebareoba sxva mxri-vac xelsayreli aRmoCnda _ masze Tbilisidan bizantiisaken mimavali gza gadioda. garda amisa, artanujis meSveobiT ukavSirdnebodnen somxeTis qalaqebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da dasavleT saqarTvelos. amis Sedegad artanuji saqarTvelos erT-erT umniS-vnelovanes qalaqad iqca.

wyaro 2`artanujis cixe Zalian mtkicea da aqvs didi rabatic da daba-qalaqic; da iq modis saqoneli

trapazuntisa, iberiisa, afxazeTisa, da armeniis da siriis yvela qveynidan; da am saqonlidan mas uamravi baJi Semodis. artanujis miwa-wyali didia da nayofieri da warmoadgens iberiis, afxaze-Tisa da mesxTa qveynis gasaRebs~.

konstantine porfirogeneti.

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b) gaaanalize tao-klarjeTis mmarTvelTa Sesaxeb wyaroSi mocemuli informacia da dawere ese _ `mizani amarTlebs saSualebas~. gamoxate Seni damokidebuleba gaerTianebisaTvis brZolis ma-Teuli taqtikis mimarT.

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Tbilisi rogorc saamiros dedaqalaqi, Tavisi aRmosavluri ieriT mniSvnelovnad gansx-vavdeboda sxva qarTuli qalaqebisgan.

Tavdapirvelad arabebma Tbilisze arCevani samxedro-politikuri mosazrebiT SeaCeres. mogvianebiT is amierkavkasiaSi umniSvnelovanes savaWro centrad Camoyalibda, rac savsebiT mosalodneli iyo, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis mdebareobas _ Tbilisze aRmosavleTidan dasav-leTisaken da samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mimavali msoflio savaWro gza gadioda. arabTa mflobelobam Tbilisis monawileoba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaaaqtiura.

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wyaro 3`...mas (Tbiliss) gars Semovlebuli aqvs ormagi Tixis kedeli sami

kariT; es aris qalaqi nayofieri, gamagrebuli, mdidari produqtebiTa da iafi fasebis TvalsazrisiT; keTildReobiT igi aRemateba sxva danarCen mdidar saxelmwifoebsa da nayofier qveynebs. erTma kacma, romelsac iq Tafli uyidia, miTxra, rom oc ritlze meti SeuZenia dihremad. es qalaqi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan sasazRvro olqs yov-lis mxridan mtrebiT garemoculs. aq aris abanoebi... sadac wyali ucecxlod cxelia. qalaqi mdebareobs mdinare mtkvarze. TbilisSi mcuravi wisqvilebia, sadac fqvaven xorbalsa da puris marcvals... misi mcxovreblebi iseTi xalxia, romelTa Sorisac aris uSiSroeba da keTilad miReba ucxoelisa, keTilganwyobileba maTTan SemTxveviT moxvedrilisadmi”.

ibn hauqali, X saukunis arabi geografi.

kiTxvebi1. istoriul cnobebSi artanujisa da Telavis Sesaxeb ipove monacemebi, romelebic maT yofaSi aRmosavluri elementis arsebobaze miuTiTeben.2. rogori tipis qalaqs miakuTvnebdi Tbiliss _ savaWros, samxedros, samrewvelos Tu romelime sxvas?

sur. 2.4.4.3. abanoTubani, Tbilisi.

arqeologiuri monacemebi saintereso cnobebs iZleva Zveli Tbilisis yofa-cxovrebis Ses-axeb. qalaqis nagebobebi umTavresad riyis qvebisagan an Tixis gamomwvari agurisagan iyo naSenebi. aristokratTa sacxovreblebi moWiquli kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli, gars baRi da galavani ertya.

Tbilisis ubnebi erTmaneTs mokirwyluli quCebiT, anu `SukebiT~ ukavSirdeboda. yuradReba eqceoda qalaqis baRebiT gamSveierebasa da qalaqis dasufTavebas. sagangebod iyo

gamoyofili adgilebi, sadac nagavi iwveboda. keramikuli nawarmis naSTebs miwaSi marxavdnen an mtkvarSi yridnen. sawarmoebidan dabinZurebuli wyali Tixis milebiT mtkvarSi gaedineboda.

saxlebis umravlesobas hqonia calke gamoyofili samzareulo, romlis SuagulSi keria iyo moTavsebuli. puris sacxobad Toneebsac agebdnen.

aRmoCenili saojaxo WurWli _ doqebi, jamebi, langrebi, sawvneebi, dergebi Tu samarileebi um-Tavresad adgilobrivi xelosnebis naxelavia. WurWels spilenZisgan, Tixisgan, xisgan da minisagan amzadebdnen. rogorc Cans, Tbiliselebi esTetikur mxares did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen.

`WurWlis moyvaniloba-proporciebSic, Wiquris ferebsa da elferSic. mravalferad Sexame-baSi, da moxatulobasa da ornamentSic Cans gemovneba, xalisiani da kargi fantazia... saxelosnos nangrevTa Soris aRmoCenili moWiquli wiTelkeciani keramika warmoadgens Cveulebriv saojaxo WurWels, ubralo moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnilsa da advilad misawvdoms~.

g. lomTaTiZe.

TbiliselTa sayvarel TavSeyris adgils abanoebi warmoadgenda. moqalaqeTa Cacmuloba materialuri mdgomareobisa da sarwmunoebrivi kuTvnilebis mixedviT gansxvavdeboda erTmane-Tisagan _ qarTveli didebulebi, arabi moxeleebi, vaWrebi, Tu sasuliero pirebi, ra Tqma unda, sxvadasxvagvarad imosebodnen.

qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs am droisaTvis: `ecvaT bisoni, romelic Zvirfasi naWrisagan iyo Seker-ili. bisonis Suaguli Tavidan bolomde Zvirfasi qsoviliT _ diademiT iyo Semkuli, bisonis qveviT icvamdnen perangis msgavs tansacmels _ podrs, romelsac qarTulad fesvedi tansacmeli erqva. fexsacmels mefeebi wiTeli tyavisas atarebdnen da mas `tarsikons~ eZaxdnen.... dedoflis

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tansacmlis detalia mandili, maT sayureebic ekeTaT. qalis Tavsaburavis kuTvnilebas ridec Seadgenda~

iv. javaxiSvili.

`am epoqis (X-XI ss.) dedofalTa tanisamosi ufro grZeli iyo. maTac bisonebi ecvaT, magram ufro grZeli, ise, rom koWebic ar uCandaT~

n. CofikaSvili.

TbilisSi, jer kidev VI saukunidan moyolebuli, moqmedebda zarafxana, sadac monetebs Wridnen. zarafxanas arabobis periodSic ar Seuw-yvetia moqmedeba, oRond amjerad, ra Tqma unda, ara qarTul, aramed arabul fuls uSvebda. IX sauku-nis 80-iani wlebidan Tbilisis amirebma sakuTari damoukideblobis xazgasasmelad xalifas saxelis gverdiT vercxlis monetaze sakuTari saxelis amoW-rac daiwyes.

TbilisSi moWrili moneta, arabul dirhemebTan er-Tad, ruseTSi, baltiispireTsa da skandinaviaSi aris aRmoCenili.

damoukidebeli samuSaowarmoidgine Seswavlili periodis qalaqi, daxate misi gegma, ganaTavse gegmaze, Seni azriT, qa-

laqisaTvis aucilebeli Senobebi, sacxovrebeli saxlebi, parkebi da a. S. aRwere misi mmarTveloba, mosaxleoba da yofa-cxovreba.

ganmartebebi

dirhemi _ arabuli vercxlis fulis erTeuli.rabati (arab.) _ aRmosavlur qalaqSi vaWrebiTa da xelosnebiT dasaxlebuli ubani.ritli _ wonis erTeuli, daaxloebiT naxevari kilogrami.bisoni _ w.

sur. 2.4.4.4. Tbilisis amiras mier moWrili monetebi.

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