saqartvelos sapensio politika da msoflio gamocdilebasaqartvelos sapensio politika da msoflio...
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ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti
sadoqtoro programa: politikis mecniereba
jaba urotaZe
sadisertacio naSromi
saqarTvelos sapensio politika da msoflio gamocdileba
samecniero xelmZRvanelebi:
lauri lepiki - talinis universiteti, mmarTvelobis, samarTlisa da
sazogadoebis skola, estoneTis mosaxleobis kvlevebis instituti, wamyvani
mkvlevari, socialur mecnierebaTa doqtori
korneli kakaCia - ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti, profesori, politikur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori
Tbilisi
2016
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saqarTvelos sapensio politika da msoflio gamocdileba
sarCevi:
Sesavali 4
I Tavi: kvlevis instituciuri, meTodologiuri da Teoriuli
safuZvlebi
10
1.1. kvlevis instituciuri CarCo 10
1.2. kvlevis meTodologia 13
1.3. kvlevis Teoriuli CarCo 16
II Tavi: sapensio sistemebis modelebi – msoflio gamocdileba 21
2.1. sapensio sistemebis msoflio istoriuli gamocdileba -
agraruli sazogadoebidan sayovelTao keTildReobis
saxelmwifomde
21
2.2. estoneTis sapensio sistema – SemTxvevis Seswavla 38
2.3. sazRvargareTis qveynebis Tanamedrove sapensio sistemebis
SedarebiTi analizi
50
2.4. sapensio sistemebis mdgradoba da gamowvevebi 74
III Tavi: saqarTvelos sapensio sistemis kvleva: ganviTarebis
tendenciebi da molodinebi
78
3.1. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sapensio politika 78
3.2. demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba
saqarTveloSi
88
3.2.1. demografiuli viTareba saqarTveloSi 88
3.2.2. socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi 93
3.3. sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva: sazogadoebis informirebuloba
da damokidebuleba sapensio sistemis mimarT
96
3.3.1. Tbilisis mosaxleobis gamokiTxva 97
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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3.3.1.1. Tbilisis mosaxleobis informirebuloba sapensio
sistemebis Sesaxeb
97
3.3.1.2. Tbilisis mosaxleobis damokidebuleba sapensio sistemebis
mimarT
100
3.3.2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxva 110
3.3.2.1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis informirebuloba sapensio
sistemebis Sesaxeb
113
3.3.2.2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis damokidebuleba sapensio
sistemebis mimarT
117
3.4. kvlevis Teoriuli konceptualizacia 133
3.5. sapensio sistemebis alternatiuli modelebi – SedarebiTi
analizi
143
daskvna 159
bibliografia 164
danarTebi 176
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Sesavali
sapensio politika saxelmwifos socialuri politikis erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilia. efeqtiani sapensio sistemis danergvis
gareSe rTulia qveynis ekonomikis ganviTareba da moqalaqeTa socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba.
msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinare
mosaxleobis daberebis procesis1 gamo gansakuTrebul aqtualobas iZens am
qveynebSi sapensio sistemis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofis sakiTxi. msoflio
bankis (2014) angariSidan gamomdinare, ganviTarebuli qveynebis udides
nawilSi xandazmulTa mzardi raodenobis gamo sapensio uzrunvelyofis
xarjebis mniSvnelovani zrda aris mosalodneli, rac damatebiTi wnexi
iqneba saxelmwifo biujetze da gadasaxadis gadamxdelebze (radgan mzardi
xarjebis dasafarad SesaZlebelia, rom gadasaxadebis gazrda gaxdes
saWiro) da gaauaresebs moqalaqeebis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas.
imisaTvis, rom momavalSi am qveynebis sapensio sistemebma SeZlon pensiebis
arsebuli donis SenarCuneba, saWiroa sapensio sistemis reformirebis
gzebis Zieba.
mosaxleobis daberebis procesi saqarTveloSic mimdinareobs da
sapensio asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili momavalSi mniSvnelovnad
gaizrdeba, Sesabamisad, gaizrdeba wnexi saxelmwifo biujetze da sapensio
uzrunvelyofis alternatiuli wyaros Seqmnis gareSe, mniSvnelovnad
garTuldeba xandazmuli piris uzrunvelyofa Rirseuli cxovrebisaTvis
aucilebeli odenobis pensiiT mxolod biujetis xarjze.
amJamad, saqarTveloSi moqmedebs gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistema,
romlis mixedviT, dRevandeli dasaqmebuli ixdis gadasaxadebs dRevandeli
pensioneris socialuri uzrunvelyofisTvis. mosaxleobis sapensio
uzrunvelyofa xorcieldeba mxolod saxelmwifo biujetidan, romlis
mniSvnelovani nawili ixarjeba asakiT pensiebze.
1 mosaxleobis daberebis procesis Taobaze angariSi `World Population Ageing 2013” gamoscagaerom 2013 wels
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sadisertacio kvlevis aqtualoba: saqarTvelos demografiuli
mdgomareobis tipis qveynebisTvis, romelsac axasiaTebs eris daberebis
mkveTrad gamoxatuli tendencia, sapensio sistemis gamarTuli
funqcionireba warmoadgens qveynis ganviTarebis erT_erT umTavres
winapirobas. arsebuli dinamikidan gamimdinare qveyanaSi mimdinare
mosaxleobis daberebis procesi, momavalSi mniSvnelovnad gaarTulebs
xandazmulTa maRali pensiebiT uzrunvelyofas. amitom, mniSvnelovania
moxdes sapensio sistemis reformireba, raTa safrTxe ar Seeqmnas qveynis
socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
literaturis mimoxilva:
Tanamedrove msoflioSi saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba aRiarebs
moqalaqeTa socialur uflebebs (Marshall, 1998) da maTi uzrunvelyofis
mizniT socialuri dacvis sistemas qmnis. socialuri dacvis sistema
sxvadasxva komponentebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris sapensio sfero
gamorCeul adgils ikavebs. sapensio Temaze msjeloba kidev ufro
aqtualuri xdeba msoflioSi mimdinare mosaxleobis daberebis procesis
gamo. msoflio bankis mier 1994 wlis (The World Bank, 1994) angariSis mixedviT,
msoflioSi mimdinare mosaxleobis daberebis procesis Sedegad, rodesac
pensionerTa wili mosaxleobaSi TandaTan gaizrdeba, mxolod saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistema (pirveli sveti) veRar SeZlebs pensionerTa
uzrunvelyofas sasurveli odenobis pensiebiT, amitom rekomendebulia
savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva, romelic unda
gaxdes sapensio uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi wyaro, xolo saxelmwifo pensia
siRaribis Semcirebisken iqneba orientirebuli. amiT moxdeba riskis
diversificireba da sapensio uzrunvelyofa ar iqneba damokidebuli
mxolod gadanawilebiT, an nebismier, sxva erTsvetian sistemaze.
momdevno wlebSi ramdenime mecnierma (uoren makgilivrei (McGillivray,
1996), katarina miuleri (Muller, 1999)) gaakritika aRniSnuli naSromi. kritika
ZiriTadad exeboda Semdeg sakiTxebs: meore svetis pensiebis odenoba
damokidebulia sainvesticio mogebaze, rac didi riskia dasaqmebulisTvis,
radgan ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi sainvesticio mogeba SeiZleba iyos
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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uaryofiTi da man SeiZleba dakargos danazogis mniSvnelovani nawili;
ganviTarebad qveynebSi kapitalis bazari sustadaa ganviTarebuli, rac xels
SeuSlis investiciebis diversifikacias da Sesabamisad, sistemis
momgebianobas; axal sistemaze gadasvlam SeiZleba gamoiwvios deficiti
gadanawilebiT sapensio sistemaSi, radgan Tu Senatanebis nawili miemarTeba
meore svetSi, pirvel svets daakldeba resursebi da saxelmwifos
gardamaval etapze mouwevs damatebiTi sabiujeto resursebis moZieba
mimdinare sapensio valdebulebebis dasafarad.
2014 wels msoflio bankma gamosca naSromi, romelic igive Temas exeba
da aanalizebs sapensio sferoSi ganviTarebul movlenebs da im problemebs,
romlebic arsebobs sapensio sistemebSi. ZiriTadad ganxilulia igive
problema (mosaxleobis dabereba), romelSic pirvel naSromSi iyo saubari.
erT-erTi mTavari rekomendacia am SemTxvevaSic aris dagrovebiTi sistemis
ganviTareba da mravalsvetiani sapensio sistemis Camoyalibeba, oRond,
amjerad ar aris saubari savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis danergvis aucileblobaze, erT-erT alternativad rekomendebulia
avtomaturi CarTvis (am tipis sistemaze dawvrilebiT qvemoT gveqneba
saubari) kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemis amoqmedeba, romelic warmatebiT
muSaobs did britaneTsa da axal zelandiaSi.
sxvadasxva qveynis sapensio sistemebis analizis kuTxiT
mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD) perioduli
publikaciebi, am organizaciaSi Semavali saxelmwifoebis sapensio
sistemebis Sesaxeb. bolo angariSi gamoica 2015 wels (OECD, 2015a).
Teoriuli kuTxiT, mniSvnelovani naSromebi aqvT lauri lepiks (2006),
katarina miulers (1999), pol pirsons (1996 da 2000), simon grimaizens (2004),
agneSka Clon dominCaks da marek moras (2003), iorgen gul andersens (2001),
frank bionkers (2005). avtorebi cdiloben sxvadasxva Teoriebis gamoyenebiT
axsnan, Tu ra faqtorebi iwveven politikis cvlilebas sapensio sferoSi.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT dawvrilebiT pirvel TavSi gveqneba saubari.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos sapensio sistemis reformasTan
dakavSirebuli ramdenime kvleva ganxorcielda: USAID-is xelSewyobiT -
„savaldebulo dagrovebiTi pensia da sapensio reforma“ (Balbin & Darchia,
2012), ioseb arCvaZisa da naTia arCvaZis mier - `mosaxleobis demografiuli
dabereba da sapensio sistemis optimizaciis problemebi~ (arCvaZe & arCvaZe,
2012), „ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris“ mier - „saWiroa Tu ara
sapensio reforma?“ (ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centri, 2013).
maTi avtorebi miuTiTeben sapensio reformis ganxorcielebis saWiroebaze
da rekomendacias uweven savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergvas saqarTveloSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia daviT vekuas da irakli vekuas
naSromi `saqarTveloSi socialuri dazRvevis sistemis makroekonomikuri
regulirebis gzebi da mimarTulebebi~, sadac ganxilulia saqarTveloSi
socialuri dazRvevis sistemis modernizaciisa da ganviTarebisTvis saWiro
gzebi, Camoyalibebulia winadadebebi kerZo da nebayoflobiTi socialuri
dazRvevis sistemis modernizaciasTan mimarTebaSi (vekua & vekua, 2013). 2016
wels saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros mier
msoflio bankis mxardaWeriT momzadda sapensio reformis angariSi,
romelsac qvemoT ganvixilavT (saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministro, 2016).
kvlevis mizani: sapensio politikis alternativebis gaanalizeba da
saqarTvelosTvis optimaluri sapensio sistemis SerCeva.
sakvlevi SekiTxva: rogoria saqarTvelosTvis optimaluri da mdgradi
sapensio sistema, romelic daabalansebs sazogadoebis molodinebs da
socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas?
am miznis misaRwevad gadaiWra Semdegi amocanebi:
msoflioSi sapensio sistemebis danergvisa da ganviTarebis istoriis,
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sferoSi amJamindeli viTarebisa da momavlis
gamowvevebis Seswavla da SedarebiTi analizi;
sapensio sistemebis Seswavla sxvadasxva qveynis magaliTze;
saqarTvelos da sazRvargareTis qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri da
demografiuli viTarebis Seswavla;
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sapensio reformasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos xelisuflebis
gegmebis ganxilva;
moqmedi sapensio sistemis resursuli potencialis Seswavla;
moqmedi sapensio sistemis naklovanebebis gamovlena da im uaryofiTi
Sedegebis dadgena, rasac gamoiwvevs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisTvis arsebuli sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis
SenarCuneba;
sapensio reformis ganxorcielebis xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli
faqtorebis gamovlena;
amJamad arsebuli da alternatiuli sapensio sistemebis mimarT
saqarTvelos sazogadoebis damokidebulebisa da informirebulobis
Seswavla;
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Sesaxeb eqspertTa
mosazrebebis Seswavla;
konkretuli rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba.
naSromSi aseve ganxilulia qveyanaSi savaldebulo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis danergvis mizanSewoniloba, rogorc pensionerTa
socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saSualeba;
gamovlenilia moqmed sapensio sistemaSi arsebuli problemebi – maTi
aqtualoba da simwvave; gamovlenilia is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rasac
gamoiwvevs arsebuli sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis SenarCuneba qveynis
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis; dasaxulia problemis gadaWris
alternatiuli gzebi; warmodgenilia rekomendaciebi SerCeuli
alternativis gansaxorcieleblad.
naSromSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi Teoriebi: istoriuli
institucionalizmis, aqtorze centrirebuli institucionalizmis,
ideaciuri midgomisa da inovaciis gavrcelebis Teoriebi.
kvlevis meTodebi: naSromSi gamoyenebulia Teoriuli da empiriuli
kvlevis meTodebi.
Teoriuli – literaturis analizi, dokumentebis analizi, meoradi
informaciis analizi da SemTxvevis Seswavla – kvleva Catarebulia
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saqarTveloSi da msoflioSi moqmedi sapensio uzrunvelyofis sferos
maregulirebeli normatiuli aqtebis, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
sferoSi saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis, qveyanaSi kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis ganviTarebis tendenciebis, agreTve saqarTveloSi arsebul
demografiul da socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze statistikuri
monacemebis Segrovebisa da SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze.
empiriuli - Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi: dokumentebis
analizi, eqspertTa azris Seswavla siRrmiseuli intervius gamoyenebiT,
sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva pirispir intervius gamoyenebiT.
raodenobrivi kvlevis empiriuli monacemebi damuSavda statistikuri
paketis - SPSS 19.0 - saSualebiT. monacemTa analizis meTodebi:
erTganzomilebiani statistika, korelacia da regresia, faqtoruli
analizi.
kvlevis mecnieruli siaxle:
1. saqarTveloSi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb manamde Catarebuli
kvlevebis umetesoba samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
mxardaWeriT ganxorcielda. arsebobs sxva damoukidebeli kvlevebic.
naSromis mecnieruli siaxle swored isaa, rom pirvelad ganxorcielda
sakiTxis kompleqsuri Seswavla – dokumentebis SedarebiTi analizi,
sociologiuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebis interpretacia sxvadasxva modelebTan
mimarTebaSi, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis upiratesobis dasabuTeba;
2. ganxorcielda msoflio sapensio sistemebis kompleqsuri Seswavla
da SedarebiTi analizi;
3. samomavlo demografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri da fiskaluri
viTarebis analizis Sedegad gamovlinda is uaryofiTi Sedegebi, rasac
gamoiwvevs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis arsebuli
sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistemis SenarCuneba;
4. naSromSi warmodgenilia ekonomikuri gaTvlebi, Tu ra Sedegi
SeiZleba gamoiwvios savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvam
sabiujeto SemosavlebTan da sapensio sistemis momgebianobasTan
mimarTebaSi;
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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5. sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis da Teoriuli CarCos gamoyenebiT
gamovlenili sapensio reformis xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli faqtorebis,
aseve sazRvargareTis qveynebis da saqarTvelos sapensio sistemebis, maTi
demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis SedarebiTi analizis
safuZvelze, moxda gamokvleuli sapensio modelebis ranJireba sargeblisa
da danakargis maCveneblebis mixedviT da SerCeul iqna saqarTvelos
sapensio sistemis optimaluri modeli.
naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba:
1. naSromi damoukidebeli mkvlevris Tvalsazrisia da politikuri
dokumentisgan gansxvavebiT, iZleva praqtikul da miukerZoebel
rekomendaciebs;
2. naSromi daexmareba xelisuflebas saqarTvelos sapensio politikis
dagegmvaSi, saqarTvelos sapensio sistemis optimaluri modelis
SemuSavebasa da ganviTarebis gzebis gansazRvraSi;
3. naSromi, rogorc samecniero wyaro, sasargeblo iqneba analogiuri
problematikiT dainteresebuli mkvlevrebisaTvis;
4. masalis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia saswavlo procesSi umaRlesi
swavlebis samive safexurze.
naSromis struqtura da moculoba: disertacia Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami
Tavis, daskvnis, literaturis CamonaTvalisa da danarTisgan.
disertaciis moculobaa teqstis 163 gverdi, 7 cxrili da 27 grafiki,
167 literaturis dasaxeleba, 3 danarTi
I Tavi: kvlevis instituciuri, meTodologiuri da Teoriuli safuZvlebi
1.1. kvlevis instituciuri CarCo
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba awesebs organizebis, regulirebis
gansxvavebul formebs, romelic adgils iWers instituciur erTeulebSi.
normebis, wesebis da kanonebis SemotaniT institutebi qmnian garkveul
CarCoebs, romelTa dacva da manifestireba savaldebulo xdeba.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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mosaxleobis socialuri uzrunvelyofisTvis instituciuri CarCoebi
sxvadasxva sferoebs moicavs, maT Soris sapensio sistemasac. gansxvavebuli
sazogadoebebi qmnian maTTvis adaftur sadazRvevo sistemebs. aqedan
gamomdinare arsebobs sapensio sistemis sxvadasxva modeli, romlebsac
naSromSi ganvixilavT.
sapensio sistemis sxvadasxva modelis daxasiaTeba da terminebis
ganmarteba ZiriTadad efuZneba msoflio bankis mier 1994 wels gamocemul
angariSs (The World Bank, 1994).
sapensio sistema SeiZleba iyos gadanawilebiTi, an dagrovebiTi.
gadanawilebiTi (pay as you go) sapensio sistemis farglebSi, dRevandeli
dasaqmebulebi ixdian gadasaxadebs dRevandeli xandazmulebis sapensio
uzrunvelyofisTvis; sistema efuZneba TaobaTa solidarobis princips.
dagrovebiTi (funded) sapensio sistemis farglebSi, sapensio Senatanebi
akumulirdeba sapensio fondSi dasaqmebulis saxelze gaxsnil angariSze da
xdeba am Tanxis investireba sxvadasxva instrumentSi (aqcia, obligacia,
sabanko depoziti, uZravi qoneba da sxva). Tanxis gacema xdeba am adamianis
pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg. dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi monawileoba
SeiZleba iyos savaldebulo, an nebayoflobiTi da SeiZleba imarTebodes
saxelmwifos an kerZo seqtoris mier;
sapensio sistemis Semadgeneli elementebi – sapensio sqemebi -
SeiZleba iyos ori tipis:
1) sqema, sadac gansazRvrulia Senatanebis odenoba (Defined contribution
pension scheme - DC) da pensia damokidebulia sapensio fondSi monawilis
(piri, romlis sasargeblodac xdeba Senatanebis ganxorcieleba da pensiis
gacema) angariSze Senatanebis saxiT dagrovebuli Tanxebisa da sainvesticio
mogebis odenobaze;
2) sqema, sadac gansazRvrulia gasacemi pensiis odenoba (Defined benefit
pension scheme - DB) romelic damokidebulia samuSao staJze da xelfasze,
magram araa damokidebuli dagrovebuli Tanxebisa da sainvesticio mogebis
odenobaze; aqedan gamomdinare sainvesticio riski damsaqmebelze gadadis.
Tu sainvesticio mogeba dagegmilze naklebi aRmoCnda, maSin sqemaSi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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gaCndeba deficiti da sapensio valdebulebebis dasafaravad kompanias
damatebiTi resursebis moZieba mouwevs, rac amcirebs kompaniis mogebas da
safrTxes uqmnis mis konkurentunarianobas. Tu sapensio sqemis
damfuZnebelia saxelmwifo, maSin deficitis dasafaravad saxelmwifos
mouwevs damatebiTi sabiujeti saxsrebis moZieba.
msoflioSi miRebulia sapensio sistemis dayofa svetebad (anu qve-
sistemebad), rogorc wesi gamoyofen sam svets.
pirveli sveti aris saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi pensia, romelic
SeiZleba iyos ori tipis:
1) DB (Defined benefit pension scheme) sqema: finansdeba damsaqmeblisa da
dasaqmebulis SenatanebiT da pensiis odenoba damokidebulia pensiaze
gasvlamde piris saSualo xelfasze da samuSao staJze;
2) socialuri pensia: finansdeba saerTo gadasaxadebidan, misi odenoba
ar aris damokidebuli Senatanebze da staJze. misi mizania xandazmuli
mosaxleobis siRaribisgan dacva. mocva SeiZleba iyos universaluri, an
Semosavalze damokidebuli.
zogierTi qveynis sapensio sistema orive tips moicavs.
pirvel svetSi monawileoba savaldebuloa.
meore da mesame sveti warmoadgens dagrovebiT sapensio sistemebs. im
qveynebSi sadac dagrovebiTi pensia savaldebuloa: meore sveti warmoadgens
savaldebulo dagrovebiT pensias, xolo mesame – kerZo nebayoflobiTs;
xolo iq, sadac dagrovebiTi pensia ar aris savaldebulo, meore sveti
moicavs profesiul sapensio sqemebs, xolo mesame – kerZo individualur
sapensio sqemebs.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis sapensio sistemebi umetes SemTxvevaSi
mravalsvetiania (erTze meti sveti).
terminTa ganmarteba:
sapensio danagrovi – monawilis sapensio angariSze aRricxuli
saxsrebi.
sapensio fondi – saxsrebis erToblioba, romelic iqmneba
Senatanebisa da sainvesticio mogebis xarjze
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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pensiis Canacvlebis koeficienti - pensiis odenobis Sedareba
xelfasTan, romelic pirs hqonda pensiaze gasvlamde
profesiuli sapensio sqema - profesiul sapensio sqemas afuZnebs
damsaqmebeli dasaqmebulTa sapensio uzrunvelyofisTvis. Senatanebs
SeiZleba axorcielebdes mxolod damsaqmebeli, an damsaqmebeli da
dasaqmebuli erToblivad;
individualuri sapensio sqema - individualur sapensio sqemaSi piri
erTveba damsaqmeblisgan damoukideblad. aRniSnuli sqemis monawilea
TviTdasaqmebuli, an daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli, romelic rogorc wesi ar
aris profesiuli sapensio sqemis monawile.
1.2. kvlevis meTodologia
sakvlevi sakiTxis kompleqsurobidan gamomdinare, kvleva daigegma
triangulaciuri midgomis safuZvelze, rac gulisxmobs erTze meti kvlevis
meTodis kombinaciur gamoyenebas. kvlevis farglebSi ganxorcielda
Teoriuli da empiriuli - raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi meTodebis
kombinireba, maTi upiratesobebis maqsimizacia da SezRudvebis minimizacia
(Flick, 2014).
kvlevis sawyis etapze mopovebul iqna Sesabamisi literatura,
statistikuri monacemebi saqstatidan da sxva saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebidan. internetiT moZiebul iqna sxva qveynebis sajaro
dawesebulebebis da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis kvlevebiს monacemebi, ris
safuZvelzec ganxorcielda literaturis analizi, dokumentebis analizi
da meoradi informaciis analizi.
saxeldobr, Segrovebul iqna:
samecniero naSromebi sapensio politikis Sesaxeb;
samarTlebrivi aqtebi;
samTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis angariSebi;
statistikuri informacia.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dokumentebis analizis meTodi gamoyenebulia rogorc damoukidebeli
meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac mopovebuli iqna sakvlev sakiTxze
mniSvnelovani informacia da rogorc damxmare meTodi, kvlevis
instrumentebis formirebisTvis.
dokumentebis SegrovebisTvis gamoyenebulia internet Zebna da xeliT
Zebna. internet Zebna ZiriTadad ganxorcielda eleqtronuli samecniero
bazebiს - Elsevier SCOPUS, Elsevier Science Direct, JSTOR, EBSCO Host da sxva –
safuZvelze. calkeul SemTxvevaSi moxda popularuli saZiebo sistemebis
(http://www.google.com; http://www.msn.com; http://www.search.aol.com; da a.S.) gamoyeneba.
monacemebis Sesagroveblad visargebleT sityva-gasaRebis'sxvadasxva
kombinaciebiT. xeliT Zebna ganxorcielda rogorc adgilobriv, ise ucxour
biblioTekebSi.
monacemebis Segrovebis Semdeg moxda dokumentebis Sefaseba.
konkretulad, Sefasda monacemebis sizuste da Rirebuleba. dokumentebis
validobis dasadgenad gamoyenebul iqna manionisa da kohenis validobis
ganmsazRvreli 4 kriteriumi: “auTenturoba, damajerebloba (sizustis,
legitimurobisa da gulwrfelobis CaTvliT), reprezentatuloba
(xelmisawvdomobis CaTvliT da ra dokumentebmac gauZlo drois
msvlelobas) da mniSvneloba (realuri da interpretaciuli)” (koheni,
manioni, & morisoni, 2011).
Segrovebuli dokumentebis Sefasebisa da validobis dadgenis Semdeg
ganxorcielda maTi Sedareba, komponentebad daSla da daskvnebis gamotana.
eqspertTa gamokiTxva: siRrmiseuli intervius meSveobiT gamoikiTxa 16
eqsperti. eqspertebi SeirCa sapensio, ekonomikisa da demografiul sferoSi
maTi codnisa da kvalifikaciis mixedviT.
eqspertTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad moxda sakvlevi sakiTxis siRrmiseuli
analizi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT.
kvlevis Teoriuli da Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebiT miRebuli
Sedegebi aisaxa raodenobrivi kvlevebis instrumentebSi.
sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva: sapensio sistemebis mimarT mosaxleobis
informirebulobis, damokidebulebisa da molodinebis Seswavlis mizniT,
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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ganxorcielda ori raodenobrivi kvleva. pirveli - dedaqalaqis
mosaxleobis kvleva da meore - saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kvleva.
orive SemTxvevaSi gamokiTxva Catarda pirispir interviuს (face to face)
meTodiT, struqturirebuli kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT.
dedaqalaqis mosaxleobis gamokiTxva Catarda 2014 wlis zafxulSi.
kvlevis samizne jgufi – q. TbilisSi mcxovrebi srulwlovani pirebi.
SerCevis CarCo - 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis amomrCevelTa sia.
SerCevis zoma - 707 dasrulebuli interviu. SerCevis meTodi – martivi
SemTxveviTi SerCeva. cdomilebis zRvari: 3.6% sandoobis 95%-iani
maCvenebliT, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs kvlevis Sedegebis generalizeba
movaxdinoT Tbilisis mosaxleobaze.
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kvleva Catarda 2015 wels. kiTxvaris
Sedgenisas gaTvaliswinebul iqna evrobarometris indikatorebi (European
Commission, 2004): evrobarometris Sesabamisi kvleva Catarda 2001 wels,
evrokavSiris 15 wevr qveyanaSi sapensio sakiTxebze evrokavSiris
moqalaqeebis Sexedulebebis dasadgenad.
samizne jgufi: saqarTvelos 18+ asakis mosaxleoba. SerCevis CarCo: 2012
wlis saparlamento arCevnebis baza. SerCevis zoma – 1000 dasrulebuli
interviu. SerCevis meTodi: stratificirebuli klasteruli SerCeva.
SerCevis etapebi:
1. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis bazis stratifikacia dasaxlebis tipis,
zomisa da regionis mixedviT.
2. stratebis dayofa klasterebad/saarCevno ubnebad.
3. SerCevis moculobis gansazRvra klasterSi: „dizain efeqtis“
simciris mizniT, klasterSi SerCevis moculoba ganisazRvra 5 erTeuliT/5
respondentiT.
4. SerCevis moculoba (1000) ganawilda stratebis moculobis
proporciulad.
5. strataSi SesarCevi klasterebis ricxvi ganisazRvra, strataSi
gamosakiTxi respodentebis SefardebiT 5-Tan (klasteris moculoba).
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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6. strataSi klasterebis SerCeva moxda sistemuri SerCevis meTodiT
bazidan, romelSic TiToeuli klasteri moTavsebulia imdenjer, ramdeni
adamianic cxovrobs am klasterSi (PPS - meTodi).
7. TiToeuli SerCeuli klasteridan SemTxveviTad SeirCa erTi sawyisi
wertili, ganisazRvra biji (yoveli me-10 ojaxi).
8. ojaxSi respondentis SerCeva moxda uaxloesi dabadebis dRis
mixedviT.
cdomilebis zRvari: 4%-iani cdomileba dizain efeqtis da
stratificirebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sandoobis 95%-iani maCvenebliT, rac
saSualebas gvaZlevs kvlevis Sedegebis generalizeba movaxdinoT Tbilisis
mosaxleobaze.
orive SemTxvevaSi, savele samuSaoebis dasrulebisTanave,
ganxorcielda kiTxvarebis logikuri kontroli/redaqtireba da kodireba,
SPSS–Si monacemTa bazis Seqmna, redaqtireba da statistikuri damuSaveba.
raodenobrivi monacemebi gaanalizda erTganzomilebiani,
organzomilebiani da mravalcvladiani analizis meTodebis gamoyenebiT.
miRebul masalaze dayrdnobiT Camoyalibda ZiriTadi mignebebi da
rekomendaciebi.
1.3. kvlevis Teoriuli CarCo
kvlevis pirvel etapze miRebuli empiriuli monacemebis asaxsnelad
gamoyenebul iqna qvemoT mocemuli Teoriebi:
inovaciebis gavrcelebis Teoria miznad isaxavs axsnas, Tu rogor
inergeba siaxleebi sazogadoebaSi. aRniSnuli Teoria SeimuSava profesorma
everet rojersma (Rogers, Diffusion of innovations, 1962) (Rogers, Difussion of Innovations,
2003) romlis mixedviT, inovaciis gavrcelebis xarisxze gavlenas axdens
Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: ra xarisxiT aRiqmeba inovacia, rogorc mis win
arsebul ideaze ukeTesi; ramdenad Tavsebadia inovacia arsebul
RirebulebebTan, warsulis gamocdilebasTan da inovaciis potenciuri
mimRebebis saWiroebebTan; ramdenad adviladaa gasagebi da gamosayenebeli
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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inovacia; ramdenad eqvemdebareba inovacia testirebas da ramdenadaa
SesaZlebeli inovaciis Sedegebis danaxva.
rojersma gamoyo inovaciis mimRebTa 5 kategoria, romelic
erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba siaxlis miRebisadmi midrekilebis xarisxiT:
inovatorebi, adreuli adeptebi, adreuli umravlesoba, gviani umravlesoba
da CamorCenilebi. pirvelebi ecnobian siaxles inovatorebi (Seadgenen
mosaxleobis 2,5%-s), romlebic siamovnebiT iTviseben axal ideebs. aqvT
kontaqti sakuTari wris gareTac. maT mniSvnelovani finansuri resursebi
gaaCniaT da amitom mzad arian gariskon da naklebad idardon SesaZlo
danakargebze. isini xels uwyoben inovaciis gavrcelebas socialur
sistemaSi. Semdeg modian adreuli adeptebi (13,5%) – maT aqvT didi
avtoriteti sazogadoebaSi. arian finansurad uzrunvelyofilni da
momdevno kategoriebTan SedarebiT ufro informirebulni. maT mier
inovaciis miReba aCens ndobas sazogadoebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi am
siaxlis mimarT. maT mohyveba adreuli umravlesoba (34%), romlebSic
inovacia pirvel or kategoriasTan SedarebiT ufro didi drois manZilze
vrceldeba. Semdeg siaxles iRebs gviani umravlesoba (34%), yvelaze bolos
inovacia SeiZleba miiRos CamorCenilTa kategoriam (16%), romlebic eWviT
uyureben siaxleebs da umetes SemTxvevaSi ara aqvT sakmarisi Semosavali.
rojersis azriT, mniSvnelovania am jgufebis identificireba da TiToeul
segmentTan Sesabamisi muSaobis strategiis SemuSaveba (Rogers, Difussion of
Innovations, 2003) (Robinson, 2009).
aseve, naSromSi gamoyenebuli iqna Teoriebi: istoriuli
institucionalizmis (historical institutionalism), aqtorze centrirebuli
institucionalizmisa (actor-centered institutionalism) da ideaciuri midgoma
(ideational approach).
Teoriebis, romlebic safuZvlad daedo Cvens kvlevas, mizania axsnas
Tu ra faqtorebi iwveven politikis cvlilebas sxvadasxva sferoSi da
rogor inergeba siaxleebi sazogadoebaSi.
istoriuli institucionalizmis Teoriis mixedviT, gadawyvetilebebi
romlebic warsulSi aris miRebuli Zlier gavlenas axdens
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze momavalSi da im arCevanis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saSualebebze, romelic aqvT konkretul sferoSi politikis gamtarebel
subieqtebs. istoriuli institucionalizmi cdilobs axsnas, Tu ra gzebiT,
ra doziT axdens gavlenas istoria politikis Sedegebze dRes (Steinmo, 2008).
istoriuli institucionalizmi emyareba `arCeul gzaze
damokidebulebis~ (path dependence) ideas (Financial Times, 2016) (David, 1985),
romelic cdilobs axsnas cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas, ramdenad mniSvnelovania warsulSi miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebi, anu istoria mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mimdinare
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesze da strategiul dagegmvaze. pirsonis
mixedviT (Pierson, 1996) (Pierson, Increasing Returns, Path Dependence, and the Study of
Politics, 2000): rodesac konkretuli gza aris arCeuli, ukve Zneli xdeba am
gzidan gadaxveva; TiToeuli gza iwyeba da mTavrdeba kritikuli momentiT
(critical juncture), rodesac raime mniSvnelovani/gansakuTrebuli movlena biZgs
aZlevs cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas.
mecnierTa ((Muller, 1999), (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System:
Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006)) kvlevebidan Cans, rom mxolod
istoriuli institucionalizmis Teoria, yovelTvis ver xsnis cvlilebis
konkretuli mimarTulebis arCevis mizezebs. estoneTSi savaldebulo kerZo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva, rac arCeuli gzidan mkveTri
gadaxveva iyo, ar iyo ganpirobebuli raime saxis gansakuTrebuli movleniT,
an krizisuli viTarebiT. estoneTSi sapensio reformis momzadeba daiwyo
1997 wlidan, xolo ganxorcieleba 1998 wlidan. am periodSi qveyanaSi
aRiniSneboda ekonomikuri zrda, xolo demografiuli problemebi,
mosaxleobis dabereba ar warmoadgenda myisier gamowvevas da axlo
momavlis perspeqtivas.
aqtorze centrirebuli institucionalizmis Teoriis mixedviT,
socialuri movlena ganmartebul unda iqnes, rogorc sxvadasxva aqtorebs
Soris urTierTqmedebis Sedegi. am urTierTqmedebebis da maTi Sedegebis
formireba xdeba im instituciuri garemoTi, romelSic isini xorcieldeba.
instituciuri garemo gavlenas axdens magram ar ganapirobebs
aqtorebis qcevas (Scharpf, 1997). Sesabamisad, konkretuli Sedegis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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ganmapirobebeli uSualo mizezi aris aqtorebis qmedeba da ara
instituciuri garemo.
katarina miulerma gamoiyena aqtorze centrirebuli
institucionalizmis midgoma, raTa aexsna, Tu ratom airCies sapensio
reformis erTi da igive gza ungreTma da poloneTma (savaldebulo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis SemoReba) da gansxvavebuli - CexeTma
(nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva), maSin roca samive
qveyanas erTi da igive warsuli hqonda (Muller, 1999). miuleris azriT,
instituciuri garemo TavisTavad ar ganapirobebs Sedegs, aramed zRudavs
arCevanis saSualebebs aqtorebisTvis. Sedegi ki ganisazRvreba aqtorTa
erTobliobis urTierTqmedebiT.
instituciuri garemos ganmartebisas miuleri aqcents akeTebs
ekonomikur konteqstze, romelic moicavs sagareo valis moculobas da
sapensio sistemis mdgradobas (aRiniSneba Tu ara defifciti pensiebis
dafinansebis kuTxiT - aWarbebs Tu ara saxelmwifo sapensio
valdebulebebi, socialuri SenatanebiT miRebul Semosavals) da politikur
institutebze - romel struqturas/organizacias aqvs sakmarisi
politikuri Zala rom ganaxorcielos reforma, an xeli SeuSalos mis
ganxorcielebas (veto power).
90-ian wlebSi, saxelmwifo sapensio sistema iyo deficituri ungreTsa
da poloneTSi, xolo CexeTSi aRiniSneboda preficiti, sapensio danaxarjebi
mTlian Sida produqtTan mimarTebaSi yvelaze dabali CexeTSi iyo
(Grimmeisen, 2004). sagareo valis moculoba gacilebiT didi iyo ungreTsa da
poloneTSi, vidre CexeTSi, aqedan gamomdinare, miuleris mixedviT,
ekonomikurma konteqstma ganapiroba reformis mTavari warmmarTvelis saxiT,
finansTa saministros CarTuloba ungreTsa da poloneTSi., vinaidan es
uwyeba, zogadad orientirebulia imgvar politikaze, romelic sabiujeto
xarjebis dazogviskenaa mimarTuli; xolo CexeTSi, sadac fiskaluri
riskebi gacilebiT naklebi iyo, socialur sakiTxTa saministros
CarTuloba, romelic rogorc wesi gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemazea
orientirebuli, radgan fiskaluri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa mis
uSualo amocanas ar warmoadgens. igive mizeziT ungreTisa da poloneTis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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reformaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula msoflio bankma (The World Bank,
2016a), romelic uzrunvelyofs ganviTarebad qveynebs finansuri (sesxebi
SeRavaTiani pirobebiT, grantebi), analitikuri da teqnikuri mxardaWeriT.
msoflio banki emxroba kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis ganviTarebas,
rogorc qveynebis fiskaluri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT
saSualebas msoflioSi mimdinare mosaxleobis daberebis procesis fonze.
zemoaRniSnuli aqtorebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad,
ungreTSi 1997 wels, xolo poloneTSi 1998 wels SemoRebul iqna
savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, xolo CexeTSi
ganviTarda nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema.
mxolod aqtorze centrirebuli institucionalizmis midgoma ver
xsnis sapensio sferoSi konkretuli politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis
mizezebs:
a) Clon-dominCakma da moram (Chlon-Dominczak & Mora, 2003), 25 qveynis
sapensio eqspertTa gamokiTxvis Sedegad daaskvnes, rom fiskaluri deficiti
TavisTavad warmoadgens sapensio reformis gamomwvev mizezs, miuxedavad
imisa, Tu romeli struqtuta (adgilobrivi, Tu saerTaSoriso) da ra doziT
aris CarTuli procesSi.
b) estoneTSi savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
dainerga miuxedavad imisa, rom am qveyanaSi ungreTisa da poloneTis msgavsi
finansuri problemebi ar aRiniSneboda, piriqiT, saxelmwifo sapensio
sistema preficituli iyo, Tanac reformis procesSi wamyvan rols
socialur sakiTxTa saministro asrulebda (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian
Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006).
ideaciuri midgoma gulisxmobs, rom politikuri gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis procesSi mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod procesis monawileebis
kerZo interesebs, aramed ideologiur aspeqtebsac (Campbell, 2002).
anderseni (2001) Seecada aexsna, ratom xdeba, rom zog SemTxvevaSi,
qveynebi, romlebic radikalur reformas mimarTaven, sakmaod mokrZalebuli
ekonomikuri gamowvevebiT xasiaTdebian. anderseni Tvlis, rom ekonomikuri
gamowvevebis rols reformis procesSi gadaWarbebulad afaseben, maSin
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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roca arasaTanadodaa Sefasebuli gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa interesebi,
ideebi, Sexedulebebi; meti yuradReba unda mieqces gamowvevebis socialur
aspeqts, vidre ekonomikurs.
marTlac, estoneTSi 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi, sapensio
sistemaSi ar SeiniSneboda krizisuli viTareba. sistema preficituri iyo,
Tumca radikaluri reforma mainc ganxorcielda.
bionkeri (2005 citirebulia Hinrichs, 2011-dan) aerTianebs ra ideaciur
midgomas aqtorze centrirebul institucionalizmTan, gamoyofs 4
faqtors, romelic xels uwyobs erT svetian, saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi
sapensio sistemis mqone qveynebSi mravalsvetiani sistemis danergvas:
a) Zveli, gadanawilebiTi modelis SesaZleblobebis amowurva,
grZelvadiani finansuri problemebisadmi gamklavebis kuTxiT;
b) axali modelis Tavsebadoba qveyanaSi damkvidrebul
ideologiasTan;
g) cvlilebebi mmarTvel elitaSi (xelisuflebis cvlileba, an Zveli
modelis mxardamWeri eqspertebis da administratorebis axliT Canacvleba),
cvlilebebis mxardamWeri interesTa jgufebis gaZliereba, romelTac
SeuZliaT Zveli politikuri paradigmis dangreva;
d) sxva qveynis pozitiuri magaliTis arseboba.
lepiki (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and
Policy Outcomes, 2006) adasturebs, rom oTxive faqtorma moaxdina gavlena
estoneTSi sapensio reformis ganxorcielebaze.
II Tavi: sapensio sistemebis modelebi: msoflio gamocdileba
2.1. sapensio sistemebis msoflio istoriuli gamocdileba - agraruli
sazogadoebidan sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifomde
me-19 saukunis meore naxevramde, socialurad mowyvladi jgufebisTvis
daxmarebis gamwevi, ZiriTadad iyvnen: religiuri dawesebulebebi, ojaxebi
da Temebi.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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agraruli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo ramdenime
Taobisgan Semdgari didi ojaxebis arseboba. soflis meurneobaSi CarTul
pirebs SeeZloT siberemde muSaoba da rodesac maTi Sromisunarianoba
qveiTdeboda, maT hqondaT ojaxis ufro axalgazrda wevrebis daxmarebis
imedi. rogorc wesi, adamianebi ar gadaadgildebodnen did manZilze da
mTel cxovrebas erT adgilas, erT TemSi/socialur jgufSi atarebdnen. im
SemTxvevaSi Tu xandazmul pirs ar hyavda ojaxis wevri, maSin eklesia, an
mezoblebi aRmouCendnen daxmarebas (Schwarz & Arias, 2014).
me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan, socialuri riskebis marTva
ojaxebidan da sxvadasxva adgilobrivi instituciebidan (eklesia, gildiebi
da sxv.), gadavida saxelmwifos xelSi. am periodSi dasavleT da samxreT
evropis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi Seiqmna saxelmwifo socialuri dacvis
sistemebi mosaxleobis dasacavad sxvadasxva riskebisgan (xandazmuloba,
SezRuduli SesaZlebloba, avadmyofoba, sawarmoo travmebi, umuSevroba da
sxva) (Maydell, 2006) (Crouch, 1999) (Swaan, 1988). am gadasvlis mizezi iyo
industrializaciis mzardi tempebi, romlis Sedegad gaizarda migraciuli
nakadebi soflebidan qalaqebisken, izrdeboda muSebis ricxovnoba, isini
cxovrobdnen da muSaobdnen im adamianebis garemocvaSi, romlebTanac susti
naTesauri an socialuri kavSirebi gaaCndaT. ramdenime Taobisgan Semdgari
didi ojaxebis raodenoba mcirdeboda, maT adgils nuklearuli ojaxi
(ojaxi, romelic Sedgeba col-qmrisa da Svilebisagan, an Svilebis gareSe...
(wulaZe, 2012)) ikavebda. muSebis cxovrebis da muSaobis pirobebi sakmaod
rTuli iyo. yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gaizarda samuSaos
dakargvis, sawarmoo travmebis, sibereSi saTanado finansuri
uzrunvelyofis gareSe darCenis riskebi.
muSaTa klasi sul ufro organizebuli xdeboda da sul ufro
naklebi survili hqonda Segueboda arsebul mZime socialur-ekonomikur
pirobebs da axali industriuli sazogadoebis farglebSi simdidris
araTanabar ganawilebas. imisaTvis, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT socialuri
daZabuloba da politikuri arastabiluroba, evropuli saxelmwifoebis
umravlesobam daiwyo socialur sferoSi sxvadasxva RonisZiebebis gatareba:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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SromiTi kanonmdeblobis miReba, sawarmoo travmebis dazRveva, sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis danergva da sxva (Maydell, 2006).
pirveli qveyana, sadac sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema dainerga, iyo
germania. 1889 wels, kancler oto fon bismarkis iniciativiT, germaniaSi
miiRes siberisa da Sromisuunarobis dazRvevis kanoni da Seiqmna
socialuri dazRvevis sistema, romelmac moicva is muSebi, romelTa
xelfasi ar aRemateboda dadgenil zRvars (iTvleboda, rom
maRalanazRaurebadi muSebi damoukideblad SeZlebdnen sakuTari siberis
uzrunvelyofas).
sadazRvevo sistema finansdeboda saxelmwifos, damsaqmebelTa da
dasaqmebulTa SenatanebiT. saxelmwifos Senatani Seadgenda fiqsirebul
Tanxas sistemis yvela monawilisTvis, miuxedavad maTi xelfasebisa. am
gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizezi iyo is, rom Tu saxelmwifos mier
ganxorcielebuli Senatani damokidebuli iqneboda dasaqmebulis xelfasze,
SedarebiT maRalanazRaurebadi dasaqmebuli gaumarTleblad met sargebels
miiRebda. saxelmwifos mier gadaxdili Tanxebis wili pensiisTvis
gankuTvnili mTliani Tanxebis 33-40%-s Seadgenda. damsaqmebeli da
dasaqmebuli Tanabari odenobis Senatans axorcielebda da maTi odenoba
damokidebuli iyo xelfasze (Social Security Board, 1937).
pensiis misaRebad ori piroba arsebobda:
1) sapensio asaks (70 weli) miRweva;
2) Sromisunarianobis dakargva aranakleb ori mesamediT.
pensiis odenoba damokidebuli iyo muSaobis ganmavlobaSi
ganxorcielebuli Senatanebis odenobaze. sistemis mizans warmoadgenda
pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg cxovrebis im donis SenarCuneba, rac adamians
muSaobis periodSi hqonda (Maydell, 2006) (Boersch-Supan & Wilke, 2004) (Schwarz &
Arias, 2014) (Verbon, 1988).
bismarks imedi hqonda, rom muSebisTvis garkveuli socialuri
garantiebis dawesebiT is SeZlebda muSaTa klasSi arsebuli revoluciuri
ganwyobebis Semcirebas. TandaTanobiT, muSaTa SromiTi uflebebis dacvis
moZraobam dakarga revoluciuri xasiaTi da masSi arsebuli radikaluri
elementebi, romelTa mizani iyo xelisuflebis da kapitalisturi sistemis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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damxoba, mniSvnelovnad Sesustda. am periodSi, muSaTa klasis uflebebis
ZiriTad damcvelad social-demokratiuli partia gamodioda da misi
gavlena TandaTanobiT matulobda, Tumca partiis mcdelobebi mimarTuli
iyo bismarkis mier Seqmnili socialuri dacvis sistemis daxvewisken da
mizans ar warmoadgenda sistemaSi fundamenturi cvlilebebis
ganxorcieleba (Social Security Board, 1937).
me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan, meore msoflio omamde periodSi,
bismarkis modelma bevr sxva evropul qveyanaSi hpova gavrceleba, pirveli
aseTi qveynebi iyvnen: luqsemburgi (1911), rumineTi (1912), SvedeTi (1913),
niderlandebi (1913) (Social Security Board, 1937).
me-20 saukunis 20-ian wlebSi sapensio dazRvevis sistema gavrcelda
laTinuri amerikis zogierT qveyanaSi (argentina, brazilia, Cile, kuba,
ekvadori, urugvai), Tumca pirTa wre mniSvnelovnad SezRuduli iyo. pensias
mxolod konkretul sferoSi dasaqmebulebi iRebdnen: argentinasa da
urugvaiSi - sajaro moxeleebi da bankebSi dasaqmebulebi; braziliaSi -
sajaro moxeleebi, rkinigzaSi da portebSi dasaqmebulebi; ekvadorSi -
bankebSi dasaqmebulebi. mxolod Ciles sapensio sistemaSi monawileobis
ufleba ar Semoifargleboda konkretuli dargiT, am qveyanaSi sapensio
dazRvevis sistemaSi CarTuli iyo yvela dasaqmebuli, romelTa Semosavali
ar aRemateboda dadgenil zRvars (Social Security Board, 1937).
1891 wels daniaSi, 1898 wels axal zelandiaSi, xolo 1908 wels did
britaneTSi - dainerga germanuli modelisgan gansxvavebuli sapensio
sistema. misi mizani iyo ara pensioneris cxovrebis donis SenarCuneba,
aramed siRaribis Semcireba. bismarkis modelisgan gansxvavebiT, am sistemaSi
pensiebi saerTo gadasaxadebidan finansdeboda da mxolod Rarib
xandazmulTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili (Maydell, 2006), (Macnicol, 2002), (Гайдар, 2004).
did britaneTSi sapensio sistemis SemoRebis pirvelive
aTwleulebidan moyolebuli izrdeboda sapensio danaxarjebi da
pensionerTa raodenoba. amis mizezi iyo is, rom 1908 wlidan 1933 wlamde
gaormagda pensiebi, aseve gaizarda pensiis miRebis uflebis mosapoveblad
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saWiro maqsimaluri Semosavlis zRvari. sapensio asaki iyo 70 weli (Social
Security Board, 1937).
Senatanebze dafuZnebuli socialuri dazRvevis sistema did
britaneTSi pirvelad SemoRebuli iqna 1911 wels `erovnuli dazRvevis
aqtiT~ (National Insurance Act) da exeboda avadmyofobis da umuSevrobis
dazRvevas. 1925 wels miRebuli kanoniT, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1928 wels,
SemoRebuli iqna sapensio dazRvevac. aRniSnuli sistemis farglebSi pensiis
miRebis ufleba eniWeboda 65 wels miRweul pirs, romelic 5 weli mainc
axorcielebda Senatanebs. sapensio Senatanebis odenoba iyo fiqsirebuli da
ar iyo damokidebuli xelfasze. Senatanebs Tanabrad ixdida dasaqmebuli
da damsaqmebeli. rogorc sapensio, aseve 1911 wels miRebuli kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli sadazRvevo sistema vrceldeboda mxolod dabali
anazRaurebis mqone dasaqmebulebze (Macnicol, 2002) (Office for National Statistics,
2005).
meoce saukuneSi moxda ganviTarebuli qveynebis sapensio sistemebis
TandaTanobiT daaxloeba. iq, sadac pensiebi ganisazRvreboda sadazRvevo
SenatanebiT (germania), SemoRebul iqna garantirebuli minimaluri pensia,
romelic ar iyo damokidebuli Senatanebis odenobaze. qveynebSi, sadac
Tanabari odenobis pensiebi iyo da dafinansebis wyaros saerTo
gadasaxadebi (saxelmwifo biujeti) warmoadgenda, gauqmda siRaribeze
kontroli (Гайдар, 2004), pirovnebis materialuri mdgomareoba aRar
ganixileboda, rogorc misi sapensio uzrunvelyofis winapiroba.
did britaneTSi 1946 wels miRebuli erovnuli dazRvevis aqtiT,
Tanabari odenobis minimalur pensias daemata savaldebulo socialuri
dazRveva. aRniSnuli reforma ganxorcielda mas Semdeg, rac meore
msoflio omSi germaniis damarcxebidan ori Tvis Semdeg, 1945 wlis 5
ivlisis arCevnebSi gaimarjva leiboristulma partiam, romelmac daamarcxa
uinston CerCilis konservatiuli partia da moipova umravlesoba didi
britaneTis parlamentSi. premier ministri gaxda klement etli. axalma
leiboristulma mTavrobam daiwyo sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
(welfare state) mSenebloba. 40-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi garda universaluri
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sapensio dazRvevisa, SemoRebul iqna umuSevrobis da Sromisuunarobis
universaluri dazRveva, aseve ufaso jandacvis momsaxureba yvela
moqalaqisTvis. am cvlilebebs safuZvlad daedo 1942 wels, ekonomistis,
uiliam beverijis angariSi (Beveridge, 1942), romelic momzadda mTavrobis
dakveTiT. angariSis ZiriTadi mizani iyo siRaribesTan brZolis da
mosaxleobis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis yvelaze efeqtiani meqaniznebis
SeTavazeba sazogadoebisTvis. angariSSi rekomendebuli iyo sayovelTao
socialuri dazRvevis sistemis Seqmna, romlis monawile iqneboda
TiToeuli moqalaqe da ara mxolod Raribi adamiani.
me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Senatanebze dafuZnebulma
dagrovebiTma sapensio sadazRvevo sistemebma didi moculobis rezervebi
Seqmnes, radgan sistemas axali monawileebi emateboda, xolo pensionerTa
raodenoba pirvel etapze sakmaod mcire iyo. am rezervebis arsebobis gamo,
saxelmwifoebs hqondaT saSualeba ufro meti daexarjaT asakiT pensiebze
da zogadad socialur sferoze: gaezardaT pensiebi, gaefarToebinaT
pensiis miRebis uflebis mqone pirTa wre, naklebad mkacri gaexadaT pensiis
daniSvnis pirobebi. magaliTad, germaniaSi Tavdapirvelad pensiis miRebis
erT-erTi piroba, konkretul asakTan erTad, iyo Sromisunarianobis
dakargva, me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan ki Sromisunarianobis dakargva
aRar warmoadgenda asakiT pensiis miRebis erT-erT pirobas.
sapensio sisemis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze, savaldebulo Senatanebze
dafuZnebuli sapensio sistemis monawileebi ZiriTadad iyvnen mrewvelobaSi
dasaqmebuli, SedarebiT dabali xelfasis mqone muSebi. mxolod SvedeTi
iyo is qveyana, romelmac Tavidanve (1913 wels) SemoiRo sapensio dazRvevis
sistema, romelic gavrcelda yvela dasaqmebulze miuxedavad maTi
Semosavlebisa da profesiisa (Maydell, 2006).
me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki meore msoflio omis
Semdeg, rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebi ekonomikur aRmavlobas ganicdidnen
(ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTliani Sida produqtis zrdis tempebi 1950-1973
wlebSi gacilebiT maRali iyo wina da momdevno aTwleulebTan SedarebiT
(International Monetary Fund, 2000) da sabiujeto Semosavlebi sagrZnoblad
matulobda, saxelmwifoebis socialuri politika sul ufro metad iyo
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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mimarTuli, ara mxolod mrewvelobaSi dasaqmebul muSebze, an Rarib
mosaxleobaze, aramed mTlianad qveynis mosaxleobaze. evropis qveynebis
absoluturma umravlesobam miznad daisaxa sayovelTao keTildReobis
saxelmwifos Seqmna beverijis universaluri mocvis principis Sesabamisad.
am politikis Sedegad, mniSvnelovnad gaizarda socialuri xarjebis
wili saxelmwifo biujetSi da mSp-sTan SedarebiT:
a) OECD qveynebis saSualo maCvenebeli mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi
socialuri xarjebis kuTxiT 1980 wels Seadgenda 15,4%-s, xolo 2014 wels
miaRwia 21,6%-s. es maCvenebeli imave periodSi gaizarda avstraliaSi 10%-dan
19%-mde, safrangeTSi 20,6-dan 32%-mde, iaponiaSi 10,3%-dan 23%-mde (2011w.),
aSS-Si 12,8%-dan 19,2%-mde, portugaliaSi 9,6-dan 25,2%-mde, espaneTSi 15,4%-
dan 26,8%-mde, fineTSi 18%-dan 31%-mde.
b) 1980 wlidan moyolebuli, sabiujeto xarjebSi socialuri xarjebis
wili gaizarda dasavleT evropis yvela qveyanaSi. magaliTisTvis 1980-2011
wlebSi: safrangeTSi 44,9%-dan 56,2%-mde, italiaSi 44%-dan 55,4%-mde, avstria
44,6%-dan 54,6%-mde. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli aseve gaizarda aSS-Si 37,2%-dan
46,3%-mde, avstraliaSi 30,9%-dan 51,2%-mde.
g) 2011 wlisTvis, OECD-is wevr 14 qveyanaSi sabiujeto xarjebSi
socialuri xarjebis wili Seadgens 50%-ze mets, 14 qveyanaSi es maCvenebeli
meryeobs 45%-dan 50%-mde, xolo 6 qveyanaSi 45%-ze naklebia. am kuTxiT
yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia espaneTSi – 58,6%, SveicariaSi – 57,4%, germania
– 56,6%, safrangeTi – 56,2%, italia 55,4%, iaponia 55,1% (OECD, 2016a).
me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi sapensio dazRvevis sistemaSi monawileTa
ricxvis mniSvnelovani zrda gamowveuli iyo ara marto sayovelTao mocviT,
aramed mosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempebiT, rasac Sesabamisad mohyva
samuSao Zalis mkveTri zrda. gaeros monacemebiT (United Nations, 1999),
msoflios mosaxleoba 1850 wlidan moyolebuli me-20 saukunis bolomde,
gaizarda TiTqmis xuTjer: 1 262 milionidan, 6 miliardamde. evropis
mosaxleoba amave periodSi gaizarda 276 milionidan, 730 milionamde.
CrdiloeT amerikis mosaxleoba ki 26 milionidan, 307 milionamde.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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kidev erTi mizezi samuSao Zalis da sapensio dazRvevis sistemaSi
monawileTa ricxvis zrdisa, iyo qalebis meti CarTuloba SromiT
urTierTobebSi (Schwarz & Arias, 2014).
samuSao Zalis ricxovnobis zrda iwvevda didi moculobis sapensio
rezervebis dagrovebas, ramac motivacia gauCina saxelmwifoebs, rom me-20
saukunis Sua periodidan moyolebuli, gadasuliyvnen gadanawilebiT (pay as
you go) sapensio sistemaze (Schwarz & Arias, 2014). aRniSnuli sistemis
farglebSi, Senatanebis gadamxdelebis mier aRar xdeboda Tanxebis
dagroveba, radgan Tanxebi miimarTeboda imdroindeli xandazmulebis
sapensio uzrunvelyofisTvis, xolo sanacvlod, Senatanebis gadamxdelebs
saxelmwifo hpirdeboda garkveuli moculobis pensiebs samomavlod, rac
momavali dasaqmebulebis SenatanebiT dafinansdeboda.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic amave periodSi
ganxorcielda iyo is, rom xandazmul adamianebs SeeZloT ecxovrad
mxolod pensiis xarjze. Tavdapirvelad, arsebuli asakis gamo pensiis
miRebis ori kriteriumi: asaki da Sromisuunarobis garkveuli xarisxis
arseboba, mniSvnelovnad uzRudavda adamians pensiaze gasvlis Sanss, Tanac
pensiebis odenoba umetes SemTxvevaSi dabali iyo da ganixileboda rogorc
mxolod sxva saxis Semosavlis (naxevar ganakveTze muSaoba, ojaxis
daxmareba da sxv.) danamati. mas Semdeg, rac pensiis miReba aRar iyo
damokidebuli Sromisuunarobaze da pensiebis odenobac gaizarda,
xandazmulebs SeeZloT mxolod pensiaze cxovreba da aRar iyo saWiro
muSaoba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, miuxedavad maTi Sromisuunarobis
xarisxisa, radgan maT daimsaxures Sromisgan Tavisufali sapensio periodi,
maT mier muSaobis ganmavlobaSi ganxorcielebuli SenatanebiT (Schwarz &
Arias, 2014).
sapensio danaxarjebis zrdaze sagrZnobi gavlena aseve moaxdina iman,
rom me-20 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda sapensio asaki.
OECD qveynebSi saSualo sapensio asaki 1970 wels iyo 68,4 kacisTvis da 66,4
weli qalisTvis. xolo 2000 wlisTvis igive maCvenebeli iyo Sesabamisad 63,2
weli da 61,1 weli. qveynebs Soris sapensio asakSi sxvaoba aSkara iyo: 2000
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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wels yvelaze dabali sapensio asaki iyo ungreTSi, 58,3 weli kacisTvis da
55,8 weli qalisTvis, xolo yvelaze maRali sapensio asaki ki meqsikaSi,
Sesabamisad 75 da 69,8 weli (OECD, 2013).
sapensio asakis Semcirebam da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdam
mniSvnelovnad gazarda adamianis pensiaze yofnis xangrZlivoba, ramac aseve
gazarda sapensio danaxarjebi: 1958 wels OECD qveynebSi pensiaze yofnis
saSualo asaki Seadgenda 13,4 wels, xolo 2010 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli
gaizarda 18,5-mde da savaraudod gaizrdeba momavalSic – prognozis
mixedviT, 2050 wels pensiaze yofnis saSualo asaki iqneba 20,3 weli (Chomik
& Whitehouse, 2010).
sapensio sistemebma istoriulad mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
xandazmulTa siRaribis aRmofxvris kuTxiT. amas adasturebs evrostatis
2014 wlis monacemebi, sadac Sedarebulia evrokavSiris qveynebis sxvadasxva
asakobriv jgufebSi arsebuli siRaribis riskebi: evrokavSiris 28 qveynidan
23-Si, 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis pirebis siRaribeSi yofnis riski (at risk of
poverty rate – gulisxmobs im adamianebis wils mosaxleobaSi, romelTa
Semosavali gadasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg Seadgens mosaxleobis saSualo
Semosavlis 60%-ze naklebs) ufro dabalia sxva asakobrivi jgufebTan
SedarebiT (Eurostat, 2015).
universaluri sapensio dazRvevis sistemis danergvisa da ganviTarebis
Sedegi aris is, rom ara marto SedarebiT dabalSemosavliani mosaxleobis,
aramed saSualo da maRali Semosavlebis mqone pirebis pensiebsac aqvT
maRali Canacvlebis koeficienti da maTi Semosavlebi mkveTrad ar ecema
pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg: magaliTisTvis italiaSi, SvedeTsa da ungreTSi im
adamianis pensiis, visi xelfasic qveyanaSi arsebul saSualo xelfass
orjer mainc aRemateba, Canacvlebis koeficienti ufro meti iqneba vidre,
saSualoze dabali xelfasis mqone pirisa; am kuTxiT umniSvnelo
gansxvavebaa poloneTSi, slovakeTsa da niderlandebSi; xolo fineTsa da
portugaliaSi saSualoze maRali Semosavlis mqone pirebis pensiebis
Canacvlebis koeficienti aRemateba qveyanaSi arsebuli Canacvlebis
koeficientis saSualo maCvenebels. saerTo jamSi saSualoze maRali
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Semosavlis mqone pirebis Canacvlebis koeficienti OECD-is wevri evropis
qveynebis umetesobaSi aRemateba 50%-s.
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos mSeneblobis erT-erTi
Sedegia dasaqmebis xangrZlivobis Semcireba SromiT bazarze gvian Sesvlis
(swavlis periodis gazrda) da adre gamosvlis (sapensio asakis Semcireba)
gamo. TiTqmis yvela dasavluri saxelmwifos saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi swavlis dro gaormagda meore msoflio omis Semdgom
periodSi. amavdroulad, pensiaze yofnis droc mniSvnelovnad gaizarda
sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdis gamo. zemoaRniSnuli ori procesi
sagrZnoblad zrdis moTxovnebs sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoze
(Maydell, 2006).
sapensio sistema ruseTis imperiasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi: saqarTveloSi
pensiebis SemoReba, misi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis periods
ukavSirdeba. amitom, aq ganvixilavT sapensio uzrunvelyofis istorias
ruseTis imperiasa da sabWoTa kavSirSi.
ruseTSi pensia SemoiRo petre I-ma samxedro oficrebisTvis, romlebic
pensiis miRebis uflebas moipovebdnen dadgenili samsaxuris staJis
dagrovebis Semdeg. pensiis daniSvnam da gacemam mwyobri sistemis saxe 1827
wels miiRo, nikoloz I-s dros. pensias iRebdnen saklaso Cinis mflobeli
saxelmwifo mosamsaxureebi, rogorc samxedro, ise samoqalaqo pirebi.
maqsimaluri odenobis pensiis misaRebad saWiro iyo 35 wliani samsaxuris
staJi. amis Semdgom, pensiis miRebis uflebis mqone pirTa wre TandaTanobiT
farTovdeboda da mogvianebiT moicva dabali rangis saxelmwifo
mosamsaxureebic, romlebsac ar hqondaT Cini - saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi
momuSave eqimebi, maswavleblebi, muSebi da sxv. (Кречетников, 2010) (Пенсионный
фонд Российской Федерации, 2016a).
bolSevikebma, xelisuflebaSi mosvlisTanave gaauqmes mefis ruseTis
droindeli pensiebi. 1918 wlidan maT SemoiRes pensiebi wiTeli armiis
invalidebisaTvis, mogvianebiT ki daaweses asakTan dakavSirebuli pensiebi:
1923 wlidan - partiuli aqtivistebisTvis (xandazmuli bolSevikebisTvis)
(Пенсионный фонд Российской Федерации, 2016b), 1924 wlidan - umaRlesi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis maswavleblebisaTvis (Совет Народных
Комиссаров РСФСР, 1924), 1928 wlidan - samTo-mopovebiTi da safeiqro
mrewvelobis muSebisaTvis. 1937 wlisTvis, asakiT pensiis miRebis ufleba
moipova yvela qalaqis muSam da saxelmwifo mosamsaxurem (Пенсионный фонд
Российской Федерации, 2016b). 1964 wels asakiT pensiis miRebis ufleba gaxda
sayovelTao, mas Semdeg, rac kolmeurneobebSi dasaqmebulebmac moipoves
misi miRebis ufleba (Верховный Совет Союза Советских Социалистических Республик,
1964). pensiebi finansdeboda saxelmwifo biujetidan, maT Soris
sawarmoebis/organizaciebis mier gadaxdili socialuri Senatanebis
meSveobiT. dasaqmebuli ar ixdida sapensio Senatanebs. socialuri
Senatanebidan miRebuli Semosavlebi ar iyo gancalkevebuli sxva
sagadasaxado Semosavlebisgan da miemarTeboda saxelmwifo biujetSi.
Sesabamisad, socialuri Senatanebidan akumulirebuli saxsrebis
moculobasa da gacemuli pensiis odenobas Soris kavSiri ar arsebobda
(Leppik & Mannik, 2002). sapensio asaki kacisTvis iyo 60, qalisTvis - 55 weli.
pensiis odenoba damokidebuli iyo SromiT staJsa da xelfasze.
sabWoTa kavSiris socialuri dacvis sistema iyo orientirebuli
konkretuli jgufebis (xandazmulebi, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone
pirebi, marCenaldakargulebi) socialur dacvaze da ara zogadad,
mosaxleobis siRaribisgan dacvaze. oficialuri ideologiis mixedviT,
sabWoTa kavSirSi siRaribe ar arsebobda, amitomac ar arsebobda
minimaluri socialuri pensia, romelic ar iqneboda damokidebuli samuSao
staJze da pensiamde arsebul xelfasze.
oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, qveyanaSi umuSevroba ar arsebobda
da amitom, ar iyo umuSevrobis Semweobac. Tumca, rogorc j. l. porketi
aRniSnavs, faruli umuSevrobis masStabebi sakmaod didi iyo (faruli
umuSevroba gulisxmobs SemTxvevas, rodesac adamiani dasaqmebulia, magram
misi Sromis produqtiuloba dabalia, an nulis tolia (Investopedia, a)). xSir
SemTxvevebSi, sawarmoSi/organizaciaSi imaze meti adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli,
vidre samuSao procesis saTanadod warmarTvas sWirdeboda. es movlena
politikuri da ideologiuri faqtorebidan gamomdinareobda. saxelmwifos,
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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umuSevrobis arsebobas, erCivna dabalproduqtiuli samuSao Zalis arseboba.
sxvadasxva wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, faruli umuSevroba Seadgenda
daaxloebiT 10-20%-s (Porket, 1987).
yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, mosaxleobis sapensio mocva
universaluri iyo, radgan aravis uWirda (Tu janmrTelobis mZime
problemebi ar hqonda da am SemTxvevaSi piri iRebda pensias SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis gamo) pensiaze uflebis mosapoveblad saWiro samuSao
staJis (25 weli kacisTvis, 20 weli qalisTvis) dagroveba.
radgan xelfasebs Soris sxvaoba ar iyo didi, minimalur da
maqsimalur pensias Soris sxvaobac mcire iyo. faruli umuSevrobis maRali
donis gamo, xalfasis odenoba naklebad iyo damokidebuli Sromis
produqtiulobaze. amrigad xelfasebis ganawilebac warmoadgenda
socialuri SeRavaTis erT-erT saxeobas (rac ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi
qveynebisTvis ucxoa) (Porket, 1987).
sapensio uzrunvelyofis istoria aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi:
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis sapensio sistemebi (SemoRebis TariRebi:
rumineTi 1912, iugoslavia 1922, bulgareTi 1924, Cexoslovakia 1924, ungreTi
1928, poloneTi 1933) me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi umetesad bismarkis
modelis mixedviT iyo Seqmnili da damoukidebeli iyo saxelmwifo
biujetisgan. sapensio sistemis mocva SezRuduli iyo da vrceldeboda
mrewvelobisa da momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulebze. sistema ar
moicavda soflis meurneobis sferoSi momuSave pirebs (garda bulgareTisa
da Cexoslovakiis sapensio sistemebisa). ungreTsa da poloneTSi ki
sistemaSi CarTva SeeZlo mxolod im dasaqmebulebs, romelTa xelfasi ar
aRemateboda dadgenil zRvars. me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi sistemas
dagrovebiTi xasiaTi hqonda, xolo meore msoflio omis Semdeg, evropaSi
arsebuli tendenciebis Sesabamisad, sistema daefuZna gadanawilebiT
princips (Muller, 1999) (Schmahl & Horstmann, 2002) (Social Security Board, 1937).
socialisturi reJimebis pirobebSi, socialuri dazRvevis sistemis
finansuri avtonomiuroba gauqmda. socialuri xarjebi integrirebul iqna
saxelmwifo biujetSi, socialuri Senatanebi saerTo sagadasaxado
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Semosavlebis nawili gaxda. gancalkevebuli socialuri dazRvevis biujeti
aRar arsebobda (Schmahl & Horstmann, 2002). dasaqmebulebis Senatanebi gauqmda
da sapensio sistemis dafinansebis erTaderTi wyaro gaxda damsaqmeblis
(romelsac rogorc wesi saxelmwifo warmoadgenda) Senatanebi. sistemis
mocva TandaTan izrdeboda da 1960-ian 1970-ian wlebSi gaxda universluri.
daiwia sapensio asakma 60 wlamde kacisTvis da 55 wlamde qalisTvis,
gamonakliss warmoadgenda poloneTi, sadac sapensio asaki iyo Sesabamisad
65 da 60 weli (Muller, 1999).
pensiebi damokidebuli iyo samuSao staJze (25 weli kacisTvis da 20
weli qalisTvis (Muller, Ryll, & Wagener, Transformation of Social Security: Pensions in
Central-Eastern Europe, 1999) da pensiaze gasvlamde bolo wlis xelfasze.
socialisturi sapensio sistemebis saSualo Canacvlebis koeficienti
ganviTarebuli qveynebis standartebTan SedarebiT iyo dabali – 40%
(Schmahl & Horstmann, 2002).
socialisturi wyobidan, sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi,
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi mkveTrad gaizarda umuSevroba, magaliTad:
poloneTSi 6,1%-dan (1990) 16%-mde (1994); ungreTSi 1,9%-dan (1990) 12,1%-mde
(1993) (Schmahl & Horstmann, 2002) imisaTvis, rom Semcirebuliyo umuSevrobis
masStabebi, gamartivda pensiaze adre gasvlis da SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis gamo pensiis mopovebis pirobebi. aRniSnul procesebs mohyva
pensionerTa raodenobis da sistemis damokidebulebis koeficientis
(ramdeni pensioneri modis yovel 100 Senatanis gadamxdel dasaqmebulze)
mkveTri zrda (Hirose, 2011) magaliTad: 38,9-dan (1989) 61,2-mde poloneTSi, 51,4-
dan (1989) 83,9-mde ungreTSi, 54,4-dan 60,5-mde CexeTSi (Muller, 1999), aman
gazarda wnexi saxelmwifo biujetze da safrTxe Seuqmna sapensio sistemis
mdgradobas.
90-ian wlebSi, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi arsebul ekonomikur
sirTuleebs aseve mohyva inflaciis donis mkveTri zrda. hiperinflacia
SeiniSneboda baltiispireTis qveynebSi 1991-1993 wlebSi, inflaciis donis
gansakuTrebulad maRali zrda aRiniSneboda poloneTSi da ungreTSi 90-
iani wlebis dasawyisSi (Schmahl & Horstmann, 2002). sabWoTa periodSi,
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saxelmwifos mier fasebis kontrolis gamo inflaciis done ar iyo maRali,
Sesabamisad pensiis avtomaturi indeqsaciis wesebi ar arsebobda. 90-iani
wlebis pirvel naxevarSi post-socialistur qveynebs jer ar hqondaT
finansuri SesaZlebloba, rom moexdinaT pensiebis avtomaturi indeqsacia. am
periodSi, aRmosavleT evropis umetes qveyanaSi, minimalur da maqsimalur
pensiebs Soris sxvaoba mcire iyo, xolo zogierTma qveyanam (magaliTad,
baltiispireTis qveynebi) SemoiRo Tanabari odenobis pensia yvelasaTvis. 90-
iani wlebis meore naxevarSi moxda post-socialisturi qveynebis
ekonomikuri zrdisa da inflaciis donis zrdis stabilizacia. am periodSi
SemoRebul iqna pensiis avtomaturi indeqsaciis wesebi (Holzmann & Hinz, 2005)
(Hirose, 2011) (Muller, Ryll, & Wagener, Transformation of Social Security: Pensions in Central-
Eastern Europe, 1999).
socialisturi wyobis periodSi adamianebis Semosavlebs Soris
sxvaoba mcire iyo, amitom pensiebis odenobas Soris sxvaobac ar iyo didi.
sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlisas, TandaTan Rrmavdeboda diferenciacia
adamianebis Semosavlebsa da xelfasebs Soris, xolo minimaluri da
maqsimaluri pensiebis odenobebs Soris gansxvaveba isev mcire iyo. amitom,
isini visac SedarebiT ufro maRali xelfasi hqonda iTxovdnen, rom
pensiebi ufro metad yofiliyo damokidebuli pensiaze gasvlamde arsebul
xelfasze (Muller, Ryll, & Wagener, Transformation of Social Security: Pensions in Central-
Eastern Europe, 1999). es moTxovna iyo erT-erTi ZiriTadi xelSemwyobi
faqtori, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvisa.
90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan moyolebuli, postsocialisturi
saxlmwifoebis didma nawilma SemoiRo savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistema: ungreTi (1998), yazaxeTi (1998), poloneTi (1999), latvia
(2001), estoneTi (2002), xorvatia (2002), bulgareTi (2002), makedonia (2003),
slovakeTi (2005) da rumineTi (2008), rogorc saxelmwifo biujetze
socialuri wnexis Semsubuqebis saSualeba, eris daberebisa da xandazmulTa
wilis ganuxreli zrdis fonze. laTinuri amerikis mraval qveyanaSi igive
mizeziT, kerZo dagrovebiTma sapensio sistemam Caanacvla saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiTi pensia.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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aRmosavleT evropaSi sapensio reformebi Seexo aseve sapensio
sistemis pirvel svets – saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas: gaizarda pensiis
miRebis uflebis mosapoveblad saWiro samuSao staJis xangrZlivoba,
gaizarda sapensio asaki, gadasvla pensiis saSualo xelfasTan
indeqsaciidan, inflaciasTan indeqsaciisken (Hirose, 2011).
2008 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebis umetesobam droebiT, an ganusazRvreli vadiT SezRuda Senatanebis
gadaricxva kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemaSi da dagrovebuli Tanxebi
gadaitana mimdinare sapensio valdebulebebis dasafinanseblad saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiT sapensio sistemaSi (Schwarz & Arias, 2014) (Hirose, 2011) (Égert, 2012)
(The World Bank, 2013).
yvelaze radikaluri cvlilebebi moxda ungreTsa da poloneTSi. 2011
wels ungreTSi gauqmda meore sveti, xolo poloneTSi, imave wels 7,3%-is
Senatani Semcirda 2,3%-mde, xolo 2014 wlidan, etapobrivad moxdeba kerZo
sapensio fondebSi dagrovebuli Tanxebis gadatana pirvel svetis
dasafinanseblad, xolo meore svetSi Senatanebis ganxorcieleba gaxda
nebayoflobiTi (Altmann, 2016) (Cohen & Cienski, 2014). es cvlilebebi ZiriTadad
ganpirobebuli iyo Semdegi mizezebiT:
a) msoflio ekonomikur krizisamde periodi (2000-2007 wlebi)
xasiaTdeboda maRali ekonomikuri zrdis tempebiT, gansakuTrebiT
aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi (The World Bank, 2016b). amas daemata
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrda, radgan SromiT
bazarze Sediodnen Taobebi, romlebic maRali Sobadobis periodSi
daibadnen da Sesabamisad, maTi raodenobac, sxva TaobebTan SedarebiT didi
iyo, Sedegad gaizarda gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa raodenoba pensionerebTan
SedarebiT, ramac gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis preficituroba
gamoiwvia, Tumca zogierTma qveyanam ar gaiTvaliswina, rom es droebiTi
movlena iyo da 1990-iani wlebidan Semcirebuli Sobadobisa da emigraciis
gamo samuSao Zalis zrdis procesi, isev Semcirebisken wavidoda. am
periodSi, ungreTsa da poloneTSi ukve danergili iyo savaldebulo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema. misi dafinansebis wyaro iyo socialuri
Senatanebis nawili, romelic reformamde mTlianad gadanawilebiTi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sapensio sistemis dasafinanseblad miemarTeboda. ungreTSi reformis
dawyebisas, socialuri Senatani Seadgenda 31%-s (2009 wlisTvis daiwia
25,5%-mde), poloneTSi - 19,52%-s, reformis Semdeg, ungreTSi socialuri
Senatanidan 6% miemarTa dagrovebiTi sistemis dasafinanseblad (es
maCvenebeli gaizarda 8%-mde 2004 wels), xolo poloneTSi 7,3%. amis gamo
pirvel svets daaklda resursebi da saWiro gaxda pirvel svetSi gaCenili
deficitis dafarva alternatiuli finansuri resursebis (saxelmwifo
biujeti, privatizaciidan miRebuli Semosavali) moZiebiT. ekonomikuri
zrdis maRali tempebidan gamomdinare, saxelmwifos Semosavlebis zrdis
Sedegad gaCenili damatebiTi resursebi gamoyenebul iqna saxelmwifo
pensiebis mniSvnelovnad gasazrdelad, ramac saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas
aramdgradoba SesZina da misi deficitis zrda gamoiwvia. es iyo
mniSvnelovani gadaxveva reformis gzidan, romlis mizani iyo mosaxleobis
daberebis gamo, pirveli svetis rolis Semcireba da kerZo danazogebis
waxaliseba. poloneTisa da ungreTis sapensio sistemebi msoflio
ekonomikur kriziss moumzadebeli Sexvdnen, sagadasaxado Semosavlebi
mniSvnelovnad Semcirda da gazrdili socialuri valdebulebebis srulad
dafinanseba mniSvnelovnad garTulda.
b) krizisamde periodSi poloneTsa da ungreTs hqondaT, aRmosavleT
evropis qveynebTan SedarebiT, sakmaod didi moculobis saxelmwifo vali
da fiskaluri deficiti (Trading Economics, 2016a). stabilurobisa da zrdis
paqtis (evrokavSiris qveynebs Soris SeTanxmeba, romlis mizania erTiani
finansuri politikis gatareba da fiskaluri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa)
mixedviT, fiskaluri deficiti ar unda aRematebodes mSp-is 3%-s, xolo
saxelmwifo vali - 60%-s. krizisis periodSi, poloneTis da ungreTis
saxelmwifo vali Seadgenda, Sesabamisad mSp-is 55%-s da 80%-s, xolo
deficitis 3%-ian zRvars orive qveyana 2000-ian wlebSi TiTqmis
yovelwliurad aWarbebda. aRsaniSnavia, rom fiskaluri deficitis udidesi
nawili ar iyo gamowveuli meore svetis SemoRebiT. amrigad, fiskaluri
disciplina aRniSnul or qveyanaSi, regionis sxva saxelmwifoebTan
SedarebiT dabali iyo.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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aqedan gamomdinare, didi moculobis valebisa da fiskaluri
deficitis kompensirebisa da biujetis dabalansebis erT-erTi saSualeba,
meore svetSi dagrovebuli Tanxebi gaxda.
Sedegad, moklevadian perspeqtivaSi am qveynebs SedarebiT
gauadvildebaT socialuri valdebulebebis Sesruleba, magram ekonomikuri
TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (OECD) eqspertis, edvard
uaiThauzis (Whitehouse, 2012) azriT, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi maT
mniSvnelovnad daumZimdebaT fiskaluri tvirTi mosaxleobis daberebis
gamo. OECD-is mier 2011 wels gamocemul dokumentSi/angariSSi `Pensions at a
Glance~ aRniSnulia: `...dasanani iqneba im sapensio reformebidan gadaxveva,
romlis mizani iyo meti kerZo danazogis dagroveba siberisTvis.
grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi... gadanawilebiTi da dagrovebiTi sapensio
modelebis kombinacia warmoadgens ara mxolod yvelaze realistur
perspeqtivas, aramed saukeTeso politikas~ (OECD, 2011c). msoflio bankis
eqspertTa azriT, im saxelmwifoebs, sadac yvelaze intensiurad
mimdinareobs mosaxleobis dabereba, momavalSi gauWirdebaT Canacvlebis
koeficientis imave doneze SenarCuneba da imisaTvis, rom mkveTrad ar
Semcirdes adamianis cxovrebis done pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, saWiroa kerZo
sapensio danazogebis ganxorcielebis waxaliseba (Schwarz & Arias, 2014).
krizisi ara mxolod dagrovebiT sapensio sistemas Seexo, bevrma
qveyanam gaamkacra saxelmwifo pensiis gacemis wesi da pirobebi, rac
gamoixata sapensio asakis gazrdaSi; pensiaze vadaze adre gasvlis
pirobebis gamkacrebaSi; pensiis indeqsaciis droebiT SezRudvaSi da
indeqsaciis naklebad xelsayreli wesis (gadasvla pensiis saSualo
xelfasTan indeqsaciidan, inflaciasTan indeqsaciisken) SemoRebaSi (Hirose,
2011). es regulaciebi uciloblad gamoiwvevs pensiis Canacvlebis
koeficientis Semcirebas.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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2.2. estoneTis sapensio sistema - SemTxvevis Seswavla
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis warmatebuli danergvis TvalsazrisiT
sainteresoa SeviswavloT estoneTis SemTxveva. estoneTis SemTxvevis SerCeva
aseve moxda Semdegi kriteriumebiT: igi warmoadgens ekonomikurad yvelaze
ganviTarebuli postsabWoTa qveyanas; estoneTi saqarTvelosTan saerTo
warsulis (sabWoTa gamocdileba da sabWoTa sistemidan sabazro
ekonomikaze gardamavali periodis sirTuleebi) mqone qveyanaa; estoneTi
mosaxleobis raodenobiT, qveynis sididiT, aseve demografiuli viTarebiT
saqarTvelos msgavsia.
sabWoTa sistemidan sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali etapi sakmaod
mZime gamodga estoneTisTvis, rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve demografiuli
mimarTulebiT.
1947-1991 wlebSi estoneTis mosaxleoba ganuxrelad matulobda
mosaxleobis dadebiTi bunebrivi matebis (cocxlad dabadebulTa raodenoba
sWarbobs gardacvlilTa raodenobas) gamo. 1980-ian wlebSi SeiniSneboda
Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficientis zrda. am maCvenebelma maqsimums miaRwia
1987-88 wlebSi da Seadgina 2,26 (Statistics Estonia, 2016).
1991 wlebidan, mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo, iwyeba
mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba Sobadobis Semcirebis, mokvdaobis
zrdisa da migraciis uaryofiTi saldos gamo. 1998 wels Sobadobis
jamobrivi koeficienti daeca 1,28-mde, aqedan moyolebuli, ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis paralelurad moxda misi zrda (piks miaRwia
2010 wels – 1,72. 2015 wels ki Seadgina – 1,6), Tumca igi mainc CamorCeba
mosaxleobis martivi aRwarmoebis reJimis (rodesac momdevno da wina
Taobebis raodenobebi daaxloebiT Tanabaria (wulaZe, 2012)) misaRwevad
saWiro maCvenebels (2,1). mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba 1991 wlidan dRemde
uaryofiTia. mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba dResac grZeldeba da
gaeros prognozis mixedviT, momavalSic gagrZeldeba (Statistics Estonia, 2016).
(United Nations, 2015)
estoneTSi mimdinareobs mosaxleobis daberebis procesi:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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a) sicocxlis xangrZlivoba marTalia Semcirda TiTqmis sami wliT
(kacis – 5 wliT, qalis – 2 wliT) 90-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi 1989
welTan SedarebiT: 1989 – 70,31 (kacis – 65,55, qalis – 74,68), 1995 – 67,61 (kacis
– 60,52, qalis - 72,76); Tumca 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan SeimCneva am
maCveneblis zrda: 2014 – 77,16 weli (kacis – 72,32, qalis – 81,54). gaeros
prognoziT, sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 2060 wlisTvis miaRwevs 83 wels
(Statistics Estonia, 2016) (United Nations, 2015);
b) 1989 wels 0-14 wlamde asakis mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad
aRemateboda 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis mosaxleobas (Sesabamisad, 379 000 da
179 000). Sobadobis donis Semcirebis da sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdis
gamo, 2004 wlidan moyolebuli xandazmulTa raodenobam gadaaWarba 0-14
wlamde asakis bavSvTa raodenobas da sxvaoba maT Soris TandaTan
matulobs (Statistics Estonia, 2016);
g) izrdeba mosaxleobis saSualo asaki da asakobrivi
damokidebulebis indeqsi (United Nations, 2015):
g.a) 1990 wels mosaxleobis saSualo asaki iyo 34,4, 2015 wels – 41,7,
gaeros prognoziT 2060 wels es maCvenebeli gaizrdeba 46,6-mde;
g.b.) 1990 wels asakobrivi damokidebulebis indeqsi iyo 17,6, 2015 wels
– 28,8, gaeros prognoziT 2060 wels indeqsi gaizrdeba 54,3-mde.
gardamaval periodSi, 1991-94 wlebSi estoneTis mTliani Sida
produqti mniSvnelovnad Semcirda: 1992 wels 14,2%-iT, 1993 wels 9%-iT,
xolo 1994 wels 1,6%-iT, 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan iwyeba ekonomikis
aRmasvla. 1995 wlidan 2008 wlamde periodSi yovel wels izrdeboda
ekonomika, am periodSi mSp-is zrdis maCvenebelma samjer gadaaWarba 10%-s
(1997, 2000 da 2006 wlebSi) (The World Bank, 2016b) (Leppik, Transformation of the
Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006) .
1991-94 wlebSi estoneTSi SeiniSneboda hiperinflacia: 1991 wels
inflaciis done iyo 211%, 1992 – 1076%, 1993 – 90%, 1994 – 48%. inflaciis
donis stabilizacia 90-iani wlebis bolodan moxda (Schmahl & Horstmann, 2002).
90-ian wlebSi aseve SeimCneoda umuSevrobis donis mniSvnelovani zrda.
1989 wels umuSevrobis done 0,5%-s Seadgenda, 1995 wels es maCvenebeli 10%-
mde gaizarda, 2000 wels ki 15%-mde. amis Semdeg umuSevroba sagrZnoblad
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Semcirda da 2007 wels 5%-ze dabla Camovida, Tumca msoflio ekonomikuri
krizisis gamo misi done kvlav gaizarda da 2010 wels rekordul
maCvenebels 20%-s miaRwia. 2016 wlis pirvel kvartalSi umuSevrobis done
6,5%-s Seadgens (Statistics Estonia, 2016) (Trading Economics, 2016b).
estoneTis sapensio sistemis gamoyofa sabWoTA kavSiris sapensio
sistemisgan finansuri kuTxiT moxda qveynis mier damoukideblobis
mopovebamde, 1990 wels socialuri fondis SeqmniT. fondis Semosavlebi da
sapensio danaxarjebi gancalkevda saxelmwifo biujetisgan. imave wels
miRebul iqna socialuri gadasaxadis Sesaxeb kanoni, romlis mixedviT,
SemoRebul iqna socialuri gadasaxadi 20%-is odenobiT, romelic
damsaqmebels unda gadaexada (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System:
Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006) (OECD, 2011a) (Raudla & Staehr, 2003).
1991 wels estoneTSi iyo mcdeloba pensiis xelfasTan Tanafardobis
gazrdisa. 1991 wlis aprilSi miRebul iqna axali kanoni (The Republic of Estonia
Pension Act), romlis mixedviTac saxelmwifo pensia ori nawilisgan
Sedgeboda:
a) Tanabari pensia yvela pensionerisTvis, romelic minimaluri
xelfasis 60% unda yofiliyo;
b) adamianis pensiaze gasvlamde, misi saSualo Semosavlis 40%.
minimaluri pensia Seadgenda minimaluri xelfasis 85%-s.
Tumca qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo
kanonma sul ramdenime Tve imoqmeda. aRniSnuli kanoni gauqmda 1992 wlis
TebervalSi da pensia gaxda Tanabari yvela pensionerisTvis (Leppik & Mannik,
2002). es iyo droebiTi zoma mZime ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi.
inflaciis maRali donis da saxelmwifos finansuri resursebis
mniSvnelovani Semcirebis gamo pensiis Canacvlebis koeficienti Semcirda
36%-dan 16%-mde (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and
Policy Outcomes, 2006).
sazogadoebis ukmayofileba Tanabari odenobis pensiebiT
TandaTanobiT izrdeboda, ris gamoc 1993 wels miRebul iqna axali kanoni,
romlis Tanaxmad, pensia damokidebuli xdeboda samuSao staJze. pensia ori
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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nawilisgan Sedgeboda: yvelasaTvis Tanabari sabazo pensia da staJze
damokidebuli pensia (Leppik & Mannik, 2002).
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba iyo is, rom xelisuflebam
gaiazra riskebi, rac Tan axlavs mosaxleobis daberebas da gadawyvita
gaezarda sapensio asaki yovelwliurad 6-6 TviT, ris Sedegadac 2003
wlisTvis sapensio asaki unda gazrdiliyo xuTi wliT, rogorc qalisTvis,
aseve kacisTvis (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and
Policy Outcomes, 2006) (OECD, 2011a) (Raudla & Staehr, 2003).
axali kanoniT, Semcirda pensiaze uflebis misaRebad saWiro samuSao
staJi, romelic sabWoTa kavSiris droidan moyolebuli iyo 25 weli
kacisTvis da 20 weli qalisTvis, ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT ki
namsaxurobis welTa raodenoba Semcirda 15 wlamde (Leppik, Transformation of the
Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006) (OECD, 2011a) (Raudla &
Staehr, 2003).
axali regulaciebiT SemoRebuli saxelmwifo sapensio sistema makro
doneze efuZneboda gansazRvruli Senatanebis sqemis (defined contribution scheme)
princips. pensiis odenoba damokidebuli iyo damsaqmebelTa mier
gadaricxuli Senatanebis saerTo moculobaze (Leppik, Disability Protection in
Estonia, 2002). xolo mikro (individualur) doneze gansazRvruli pensiis
sqemis (defined benefit scheme) princips, radgan pensiebis odenoba damokidebuli
iyo samuSao staJze (Leppik & Mannik, 2002).
pensiis avtomaturi indeqsacia ar iyo gansazRvruli, amitom sapensio
Tanxis zrda damokidebuli iyo xelisuflebis nebaze. 90-iani wlebis meore
naxevridan moyolebuli, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebis da socialuri
Senatanebis odenobis zrdis gamo pensiis Canacvlebis koeficienti TandaTan
matulobda da 1999 wels avida 40%-mde (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension
System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006). 2013 wlis monacemebiT, estoneTSi
pensiis saSualo Canacvlebis koeficienti Seadgens 55,3%-s, xolo xelfasis
gamoklebiT – 67,1%-s, pensiis xelfasTan Tanafardoba damokidebulia imaze
Tu ramdeni iyo adamianis xelfasi pensiaze gasvlamde: saSualo xelfasis
mqone piris Canacvlebis koeficientia 52,2% (xelfasis gamoklebiT – 62,4%),
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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im adamianis pensiis Canacvlebis koeficienti, romlis xelfasi orjer
naklebia saSualo xelfasze, Seadgens 65,2%-s (xelfasis gamoklebiT –
79,7%), xolo, saSualo xelfasze orjer meti xelfasis SemTxvevaSi -
Sesabamisad 45,7% da 52% (OECD, 2013).
sapensio reforma, romelmac gamoiwvia savaldebulo kerZo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva, daiwyo 1997 wlis aprilidan,
rodesac estoneTis mTavrobam Seqmna socialuri usafrTxoebis reformis
komisia (Leppik & Mannik, 2002), romelic Sedgeboda finansTa da socialur
sakiTxTa saministroebis warmomadgenlebisgan da dargis sxva
eqspertebisgan (Oorn, 2004). komisias unda SeemuSavebina sapensio reformis
koncefcia. imave wlis ivnisSi estoneTis mTavrobam daamtkica koncefcia
(Leppik & Mannik, 2002), romelic iqca qveynis dRevandeli sam svetiani sapensio
sistemis safuZvlad:
I – saxelmwifo pensia;
II - savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia;
III - nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia.
koncefciis mixedviT, axal sapensio sistemas unda uzrunveleyo
mosaxleobis socialuri usafrTxoeba da qveynis sapensio sistemis da
saxelmwifos finansuri mdgomareobis mdgradoba, am miznebis miRweva
mxolod sam svetiani sapensio sistemiT iyo SesaZlebeli. meore svetis
SemoRebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo individualuri pasuxismgeblobis gazrda da
pensioneris Semosavlis wyaros diversifikacia, raTa mxolod saxelmwifo
pensiaze ar yofiliyo damokidebuli adamiani. adamianebis individualuri
pasuxismgeblobis gazrda da sapensio Senatanebis gadaxdis gziT siberis
sakuTari saxsrebiT uzrunvelyofa Seamcirebda maT molodinebs
saxelmwifo pensiis mimarT, riTac saxelmwifos Seumsubuqdeboda finansuri
tvirTi. komisiis azriT, meore svetis SemoRebis gareSe, mxolod pirveli
sveti ver uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis socialur dacvas grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and
Policy Outcomes, 2006).
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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koncefcis safuZvelze, 1998 wels miRebul iqna `saxelmwifo sapensio
dazRvevis aqti~, romliTac sapensio sistema samsvetiani gaxda (Pensionikeskus,
2016b).
I. sveti - saxelmwifo pensia, igi uzrunvelyofs pensioners
arsebobisTvis aucilebeli minimaluri SemosavliT da efuZneba
Semosavlebis gadanawilebis princips, romelsac agreTve "TaobaTa
solidaroba" ewodeba, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom dRevandeli momuSaveebi
ixdian gadasaxadebs dRevandeli pensionerebis socialuri
uzrunvelyofisTvis. am sistemas aseve ewodeba "PAYGO" (pay as you go).
saxelmwifo pensia gaicema socialuri gadasaxadebidan. damsaqmebeli ixdis
dasaqmebulis xelfasis 33%-s socialuri gadasaxadis saxiT, aqedan 13%
janmrTelobis dazRvevas xmardeba, xolo 20% ki dRevandeli pensionerebis
pensiebs.
estoneTSi arsebobs ori saxis saxelmwifo pensia:
pirveli - asakis gamo pensia - gamoiTvleba staJisa da muSaobis
manZilze gadaxdili socialuri gadasaxadis mixedviT da Sedgeba sami
komponentisgan:
1. sabazo komponenti: Tanxa romelic Seadgens 153,3 evros
2. samuSao staJis komponenti: gacemuli pensiis raodenoba
damokidebulia samuSao staJze. TiToeuli namsaxurebi wlis
Rirebulebaa 5,5 evro.
3. sadazRvevo komponenti: daricxuli Tanxa damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra
raodenobis socialuri gadasaxadi iqna gadaxdili pensioneris
xelfasidan misi muSaobis manZilze.
zemoTxsenebul sistemaSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs pirs, romelsac
estoneTSi muSaobis sul cota 15 wliani staJi aqvs.
meore saxis saxelmwifo pensias warmoadgens erovnuli pensia,
romelic gaicema imaTze, visac ara aqvs ufleba monawileoba miiRos
pirveli saxis sapensio sqemaSi da vinc sul cota 5 weli cxovrobda
estoneTSi pensiaze gasvlamde. erovnuli pensia Seadgens 167,4 evros.
pensiebis indeqsacia estoneTSi warmoebs 2002 wlidan, romlis
mixedviTac pensiebis raodenoba damokidebulia samomxmareblo kalaTis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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fasebis cvlilebasa da yovelwliurad miRebuli socialuri gadasaxadebis
moculobis zrdaze.
1998 wels miRebuli `saxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevis aqtiT~,
saxelmwifo sapensio sistemaSi ganxorcielda ori ZiriTadi cvlileba:
a) ganisazRvra kacisa da qalis sapensio asakis TandaTanobiT
gaTanabreba. Sedegad, 2016 wels sapensio asaki gaTanabrda da gaxda 63 weli.
samomavlod, dagegmilia sapensio asakis gazrda 65 wlamde (Lannoo, Barslund,
Chmelar, & Werder, 2014);
b) pensiis odenoba gaxda pensiaze gasvlamde miRebul Semosavalze
damokidebuli (Oorn, 2004) (Volskis, 2012).
II svets warmoadgens savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqema. igi
Seiqmna `dagrovebiTi pensiebis aqtiT~, romelic miRebul iqna 2001 wlis 12
seqtembers. sistema amoqmedda 2002 wlis 1 ivlisidan (Oorn, 2004) (Volskis, 2012)
da pensionerisTvis warmoadgens damatebiTi Semosavlis mTavar wyaros.
aRniSnuli sqema finansdeba dasaqmebulis xelfasidan, romelic ixdis
xelfasis 2%-s kerZo aqtivebis mmarTveli kompaniebis mier Seqmnil sapensio
fondebSi. am Tanxas saxelmwifo kidev umatebs 4%-s damsaqmeblis mier
gadaxdili socialuri gadasaxadidan, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo kidev
itovebs 29%-s (13% jandacvis dazRvevaze da 16% dRevandeli pensionerebis
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofaze). amrigad, fondSi gadairicxeba dasaqmebulis
xelfasis 6%-is moculobis Tanxa. dasaqmebuli agrovebs Tanxebs sakuTari
siberis uzrunvelsayofad.
meore svetis farglebSi pensiis moculoba damokidebulia samuSao
karieris manZilze fondSi gaxsnil kerZo sapensio angariSze dagrovebuli
Tanxebis raodenobasa da fondebis sainvesticio mogebaze. aRniSnuli
Tanxebis gacema moxdeba yovelTviurad, sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdeg.
savaldebulo dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi monawileobis valdebuleba
aqvT mxolod im pirebs, romlebsac sakmarisi dro eqnebaT Rirseuli
arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli Tanxebis dasagroveblad sakuTar sapensio
angariSebze (dabadebulebi 1983 wels da mere) da nebayoflobiTia 1942-82
wlebSi dabadebulTaTvis, anu 2002 wlisTvis 19-dan 60 wlamde asakis
pirebisTvis. 60 wels gadacilebul pirebs ar miecaT sqemaSi monawileobis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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ufleba, radgan maT ar eqnebodaT sakmarisi dro, daegrovebinaT Rirseuli
siberisTvis aucilebeli Tanxebi pensiaze gasvlis momentisTvis.
is pirebi, visTvisac sqemaSi CarTva nebayoflobiTi iyo 9 asakobriv
jgufad daiyo. 1942-56 wlebSi dabadebulebs yvelaze naklebi vada (2002
wlis 31 oqtombramde) miecaT sqemaSi CasarTavad. 1957-60 wlebSi
dabadebulebs – 2003 wlis 31 oqtombramde. yvelaze xangrZlivi vada dawesda
yvelaze axalgazrda, 1980-82 wlebSi dabadebuli jgufisTvis – 2010 wlis 31
oqtombramde. sqemidan sapensio asakis miRwevamde gamosvla akrZalulia.
sapensio fondebi imarTeba aqtivebis mmarTveli kompaniebis mier.
dReisTvis rogorc savaldebulo, aseve nebayoflobiT sapensio sqemebSi
funqcionirebs 5 kompania. bazarze yvelaze didi wili ekuTvnis Svedur
banks – Swedbank, Sesabamisad aqtivebis 41% da 57% (Pensionikeskus, 2016b).
savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio fondebis aqtivebis moculoba gaizarda
2015 wels wina welTan SedarebiT 19%-iT, 408 milioni evroTi da Seadgina
2,612 milioni evro, rac mSp-is 13%-ia. aseve gaizarda nebayoflobiTi
dagrovebiTi sapensio fondebis aqtivebi 118 milionidan 128 milion evromde
(Financial Supervision Authority, 2015).
savaldebulo dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi 2015 wlis bolosTvis
gawevrianebuli iyo 725 aTasze meti adamiani, xolo nebayoflobiT
dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi 44 aTasi adamiani (Financial Supervision Authority,
2015).
dasaqmebulis Senatani (xelfasis 2%) gadairicxeba estoneTis
sagadasaxado samsaxurSi, romelic amatebs socialuri gadasaxadis
dadgenil nawils - 4%-s da ricxavs Tanxas estoneTis centralur
depozitarTan. centraluri depozitari ricxavs Tanxas monawilis mier
SerCeuli aqtivebis mmarTveli kompaniis mier gaxsnil sabanko angariSze.
amis Semdeg, aqtivebis mmarTveli kompania axdens Tanxebis investirebas (Oorn,
2004).
centraluri depozitari awarmoebs sqemis monawileTa Sesaxeb yvela
saWiro informaciis aRricxvas: arCeuli fondis, sapensio danagrovis,
gacemuli pensiebis Sesaxeb da sxva. im SemTxvevaSi Tu monawilem ver airCia
konkretuli fondi, maSin centraluri depozitari axdens mis SemTxveviT
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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ganawilebas yvelaze konservatiuli saxis erT-erT fondSi (Oorn, 2004).
amrigad, sapensio angariSebis administrirebis/aRricxvisa da investirebis
funqciebi erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia.
aqtivebis mmarTvel kompanias aqvs ufleba Seqmnas ramdenime saxis
sapensio fondi (saxsrebis erToblioba, romelic iqmneba Senatanebisa da
sainvesticio mogebis xarjze), romlebic erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba
sainvesticio strategiis mixedviT: (Volskis, 2012)
a) konservatiuli – investireba SesaZlebelia mxolod fiqsirebuli
Semosavlis mqone instrumentebSi, rogorebicaa saxelmwifo fasiani
qaRaldebi, sabanko depozitebi;
b) dabalansebuli – aqtivebis maqsimum 25%-is investireba SeiZleba
aqciebSi;
g) dinamiuri - aqtivebis maqsimum 75%-is investireba SeiZleba aqciebSi.
konservatiuli fondi yvelaze naklebad sariskoa magram grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi didia albaToba, rom SedarebiT dabali sainvesticio mogeba
ganapirobos. dinamiuri fondi yvelaze sariskoa da xasiaTdeba maRali
amplitudis ryevebiT, magram Tu kapitalis bazarze xelsayreli pirobebi
iqneba, sainvesticio mogeba gacilebiT maRali iqneba konservatiul
fondTan SedarebiT.
qveynis kapitalis bazris mcire moculobis gamo, sapensio fondebis
aqtivebis mxolod 21%-ze odnav meti aris investirebuli estoneTSi
(Volskis, 2012). SezRudva ar arsebobs imaze Tu aqtivebis ra nawilis
ganTavseba unda moxdes ucxoeTSi (OECD, 2014). aqtivebis TiTqmis ori
mesamedi aqciebSia investirebuli (Volskis, 2012).
Cilesgan gansxvavebiT, estoneTSi ar arsebobs savaldebulo sapensio
sqemis asakovan monawileTa savaldebulo ganawileba SedarebiT sarisko
fondebidan konservatiul fondebSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sqemis monawileTa 75%-ma airCia dinamiuri fondebi,
risi mizezic aris is, rom radgan sistemis amoqmedebidan didi xani araa
gasuli misi monawileebi ZirTadad axalgazrdebi arian, Sesabamisad
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dinamiuri fondebis monawileTa 80% 40 welze axalgazrdaa da mxolod 4%
aris 50 welze ufrosi asakis (Volskis, 2012).
2011 wels, `dagrovebiTi pensiebis aqtSi~ ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebiT, erTi fondidan meore fondSi gadasvla SesaZlebelia
weliwadSi samjer, rac warmoadgens am regulaciis mniSvnelovan
liberalizacias, radgan manamde fondebis Secvla mxolod weliwadSi
erTxel iyo SesaZlebeli. OECD-is mier 2011 wels momzadebul angariSSi
aRniSnulia, rom erTwliani SezRudva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos
administraciuli xarjebis dazogvis kuTxiT, magram zRudavs ukeTesad
momuSave fondSi gadasvlis SesaZleblobas.
kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi monawileTa danagrovis
danakargisgan dacvis ramdenime meqanizmi arsebobs:
a) sagarantio fondi – gankuTvnilia im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac
aqtivebis mmarTvelis mier kanonmdeblobis darRvevis da gadaxdisuunarobis
Sedegad sqemis monawileebs miadgebaT ziani. kompaniebi ixdian maT
gankargulebaSi myofi sapensio fondebis aqtivebis 0.01%-s sagarantio
fondSi. sagarantio fondis saqmianoba regulirdeba `sagarantio fondis
aqtiT~, romelic miRebul iqna 2002 wels;
b) aqtivebis mmarTvelis savaldebulo monawileoba mis mier Seqmnil
savaldebulo dagrovebiT sapensio fondSi (sakiTxi regulirdeba
sainvesticio fondebis aqtiT, romelic miRebul iqna 2004 wels) - aqtivebis
mmarTvelis saxsrebis investireba moxdeba sqemis monawileTa saxsrebTan
erTad, rac gazrdis kompaniis pasuxismgeblobis xarisxs, radgan fondis
momgebianoba kompaniis Semosavlebzec aisaxeba. aqtivebis mmarTveli
Tavdapirvelad, unda flobdes fondis wilis minimum 1%-s, xolo fondis
Seqmnidan 3 wlis Tavze, minimum – 2%-s.
g) saxelmwifos mier aqtivebis mmarTvel kompaniebze zedamxedveloba -
kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis funqcionirebas zedamxedvelobas
uwevs da sapensio fondebis licenzirebas axorcielebs finansuri
zedamxedvelobis saagento (Financial Supervision Authority), romelic aris
damoukidebeli sajaro dawesebuleba. saagento aseve axorcielebs bankebis,
sadazRvevo da sainvesticio kompaniebis saqmianobis zedamxedvelobas.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Cilesgan gansxvavebiT, estoneTSi ar aris dawesebuli minimaluri
sainvesticio mogebis moTxovna. Tumca amis sanacvlod naklebad momgebiani
fondidan ufro metad momgebian fondSi gadasvlis sakmaod liberaluri
wesebi arsebobs.
pensiebi pirveli da meore svetidan ibegreba Cveulebrivad,
saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT, romlis gadaxda moxdeba im Tanxidan, romelic
gadaaWarbebs dadgenil zRvars (OECD, 2011a). saSemosavlo gadasaxadi
Seadgens 20%-s (Estonian Investment Agency).
`dagrovebiTi pensiebis aqtis~ mixedviT, sapensio asakis miRwevisas,
xorcieldeba pensiis gacema periodulad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu monawilem ver
SeZlo kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil odenobaze meti Tanxis dagroveba, mas aqvs
ufleba erTianad gamoitanos mTeli Tanxa. kanonmdeblobiT aseve
dawesebulia danagrovis zeda zRvari, romlis gadacilebisas, pirs aseve
eZleva aRniSnuli ufleba, im odenobis Tanxaze, ramdeniTac gadaacila am
zRvars.
pirvel wlebSi, meore svetis sapensio sistemaSi CarTulTa
raodenobam gadaaWarba arsebul prognozebs. meore svetis amoqmedebidan 1
Tvis Semdeg, masSi CaerTo 37 000 adamiani. 2002 wlis bolosTvis sistemaSi
gawevrianebulTa raodenoba Seadgenda 207 000 adamians, rac sistemaSi
CarTvis uflebis mqone pirTa (18-dan 60 wlis asakis mosaxleoba) meoTxedi
iyo. sistemis amoqmedebidan ori wlis Tavze monawileTa raodenobam
gadaaWarba 18-60 wlis asakis pirTa 50%-s (Volskis, 2012) (Oorn, 2004), xolo 2005
wlis bolosTvis – 60%-s (478 000 adamiani) (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian
Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006). 2012 wels CarTulobam
630 aTass miaRwia (Volskis, 2012). 2010 wlidan, monawileTa zrdis tempebi
Senelda, radgan am droidan moyolebuli, mxolod is pirebi erTvebian
masSi, visTvisac es savaldebuloa. 2016 wlisTvis monawileTa raodenoba
Seadgens 685 000 adamians (pensionikeskus, 2016a), rac 18-60 wlis asakis pirTa
daaxloebiT 90%-s Seadgens.
2002 wels, reformamde cota xniT adre Catarda sazogadoebrivi azris
gamokiTxva, romlis Tanaxmad, respondentTa 6% apirebda sistemaSi CarTvas
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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2002 wels, 20% apirebda CarTvas momavalSi, 33%-s ar hqonda miRebuli
gadawyvetileba, xolo 41% ar apirebda sistemaSi CarTvas (Leppik,
Transformation of the Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006) .
movlenebis ganviTarebam dagvanaxa, rom xelisuflebisa da kerZo
sapensio fondebis mier Catarebuli sareklamo-sainformacio kampania
efeqtiani gamodga pirvel rigSi im adamianebis darwmunebaSi, romlebsac ar
hqondaT gadawyvetileba miRebuli. aseve aranaklebi mniSvneloba hqonda
adamianebs Soris pirad komunikaciebs. sistemaSi CarTvis procesi iqca
socialur-fsiqologiur fenomenad, ramac zvavis efeqti gamoiwvia: rodesac
monawileTa kritikuli masa Segrovda, sxvebic CaerTvnen sistemaSi maTi
megobrebisa da ojaxis wevrebis msgavsad (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian
Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006).
imis gamo, rom mosaxleobis asakovan nawils mcire dro mieca
sistemaSi CasarTavad, isini iZulebulni iyvnen gadawyvetileba mieRoT
informaciis naklebobis pirobebSi, amitomac maTi CarTulobis xarisxi
mcire aRmoCnda. SedarebiT axalgazrda adamianebs hqondaT sakmarisi dro,
raTa dakvirvebodnen sistemis funqcionirebas da mieRoT ufro
informirebuli gadawyvetileba. amitomac 42-46 wlis adamianebSi
CarTulobis xarisxma mkveTrad moimata, ufro asakovan adamianebTan
SedarebiT (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension System: Policy Choices and Policy
Outcomes, 2006).
estoneTis xelisuflebas gaazrebuli aqvs mosaxleobis finansuri
ganaTlebis xarisxis gazrdis saWiroeba. 2002 wlidan skolebSi iswavleba
ekonomika, maT Soris finansuri sakiTxebi. Sesabamis sajaro dawesebulebebs
sakuTar veb-gverdebze ganTavsebuli aqvT martivad gasagebi informacia
sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb (OECD, 2011a).
kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia
xelmisawvdomia estoneTis centraluri depozitaris mier Seqmnil veb-
saitze https://www.pensionikeskus.ee/en/, sadac mocemulia informacia aqtivebis
mmarTveli kompaniebis, sapensio fondebis saxeobebis, fondebis
portfolioebis, administraciuli mosakreblebis, aseve funqcionirebis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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manZilze fondebis momgebianobis Sesaxeb, rac saSualebas iZleva moxdes
sxvadasxva fondis saqmianobis xarisxis Sedareba. veb-saiti aseve
uzrunvelyofs sakuTar sapensio angariSze myisier xelmisawvdomobas,
riTac monawiles aqvs SesaZlebloba naxos, Tu ra odenobis Tanxaa
dagrovebuli mis angariSze (PRAXIS Center for Policy Studies, 2008)
OECD-is prognoziT, estoneTSi ivaraudeba saxelmwifo pensiaze
gaweuli xarjebis Semcireba mSp-is 6,7%-dan 2004 wels, 4,2%-mde 2050
wlisTvis, savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis
gamo. xolo mTliani sapensio danaxarji (saxelmwifo da kerZo) mcirediT
Semcirdeba: 6,7%-dan (2004) 6,6%-mde 2050 wlisTvis (OECD, 2011a).
III svets warmoadgens nebayoflobiTi damatebiTi dagrovebiTi sqema.
igi efuZneba calkeuli pirebis nebayoflobiT sapensio Senatanebs da
miznad isaxavs piris pensiaze gasvlamde arsebuli cxovrebis standartis
SenarCunebas.
nebayoflobiTi dagrovebis waxalisebis mizniT, mesame svetidan
gacemul pensiebze moqmedebs sagadasaxado SeRavaTi: erTjeradad gatanili
pensiebi ibegreba 10%-iT, xolo DB sapensio sqemis farglebSi mTeli
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi gasacemi pensiebi gaTavisuflebulia
gadasaxadisgan. sagadasaxado SeRavaTi moqmedebs aseve sapensio
Senatanebzec. sapensio asaki 55 welia (Oorn, 2004).
rogorc (OECD, 2011a) angariSSia naTqvami, `estoneTma SeZlo mzardi
sapensio fondebis bazris Seqmna mcire moculobis ekonomikis pirobebSi.
momavalSi mosalodnelia, rom sapensio fondebma Seadginon erT-erT
yvelaze swrafad mzardi segmenti safinanso seqtorSi... kerZo sapensio
aqtivebis swrafma zrdam Seqmna safuZveli konkurentuli aqtivebis marTvis
seqtoris CamoyalibebisTvis~.
2.3. sazRvargareTis qveynebis Tanamedrove sapensio sistemebis SedarebiTi
analizi
saqarTvelos sapensio sistemis reformis konkretuli gzis arCevamde,
mizanSewonilia Seswavlil iqnes sazRvargareTis qveynebSi dagrovebiTi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sapensio sistemis sxvadasxva modelis funqcionirebis magaliTebi, moxdes
maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis analizi, raTa ganxorcieldes
saqarTveloSi reformis gatarebis optimaluri gzis SerCeva.
winamdebare qveTavSi mimoxilulia sxvadasxva sapensio modelis mqone,
SedarebiT warmatebuli qveynebis magaliTebi, romlebic Semdegnairad
davajgufeT:
1) qveynebi sadac moqmedebs savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistema: rumineTi, Cile;
2) qveynebi sadac moqmedebs nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistema - safrangeTi, niderlandebi, aSS;
3) qveynebi sadac moqmedebs naxevrad-savaldebulo avtomaturi CarTvis
(automatic enrollment) dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema - didi britaneTi, axali
zelandia.
Tavdapirvelad, am TavSi ganxilulia im qveynebis sapensio sistemebi,
romelTa Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sqemebi. magaliTisTvis avirCieT: Cile - sadac sapensio
uzrunvelyofis ZiriTadi wyaro savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemaa, xolo pirveli svetidan pensias mxolod Raribi xandazmulebi
iReben; postsocialisturi saxelmwifo - rumineTi, romelSic arsebobda
mxolod gadanawilebiT principze dafuZnebuli sapensio sistema, romelsac
mTlianad saxelmwifo afinansebda. 2000-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi
rumineTSi gatarda sapensio reforma da dainerga savaldebulo
dagrovebiTi principebi, raTa ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed mosaxleobac
yofiliyo pasuxismgebeli sakuTari siberis uzrunvelyofaze.
gavaanalizebT safrangeTis sapensio sistemas, romelic TiTqmis
mTlianad gadanawilebiT princips emyareba. Semdeg mimovixilavT
niderlandebisa da aSS-is sapensio sistemebs. am qveynebSi arsebobs
profesiuli sapensio sqemebi, romlebic dagrovebiTia da nebayoflobiTi,
magram niderlandebSi SeiZleba gaxdes savaldebulo Tu konkretul
ekonomikur seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa garkveuli procenti moiTxovs amas.
aseve, gavaanalizebT axali zelandiisa da didi britaneTis sapensio
sistemebs, romelTa meore sveti avtomaturi CarTvis principzea
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dafuZnebuli. saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier dagegmili sapensio reforma
swored am ori qveynis gamocdilebas emyareba.
rumineTis sapensio sistema 2008 wlis reformis Semdeg samsvetiania:
pirveli sveti warmoadgens saxelmwifo pensias, romelic
gadanawilebiT sistemas emyareba. pensiis odenoba damokidebulia muSaobis
manZilze gadaxdili socialuri Senatanebis moculobaze. socialuri
Senatanebis odenoba damokidebulia samuSao pirobebze. normaluri
pirobebis SemTxvevaSi Senatani Seadgens xelfasis 31,3%-s, saSiSpirobebiani
samuSaos dros 41,3%-s, aqedan 10,5%-s ixdis dasaqmebuli, danarCens
damsaqmebeli. saxelmwifo pensiis miRebis ufleba aqvs adamians, romelic
minimum 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi axorcielebda socialur Senatanebs. sruli
odenobiT pensiis misaRebad saWiroa 28 wlisa da 6 Tvis samuSao staJi
qalisTvis da 33 wlisa da 6 Tvis staJi kacisTvis (2012w.). es maCvenebeli
TandaTan gaizrdeba 35 wlamde. 2009 wlidan, SemoRebul iqna minimaluri
garantirebuli pensia da Tu adamians pensia minimalur odenobaze naklebi
aqvs, gansxvaveba ifareba saxelmwifo biujetidan. pensiis indeqsacia xdeba
samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis 100%-is da saSualo xelfasis zrdis 50%-is
Sesabamisad, 2030 wlidan indeqsacia moxdeba mxolod fasebis zrdis
mixedviT (Hirose, 2011) (Parcalabu, 2015) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd, 2016)
(Moss, 2010) (Center of Excellence in Finance, n.d) (European Commission, 2012).
meore sveti warmoadgens savaldebulo, kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio
sistemas, romelic pensionerisTvis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaroa. meore
svetma funqcionireba daiwyo 2008 wlis 1 ianvridan. Tavdapirvelad, kerZo
sapensio fondebSi miemarTeboda socialuri Senatanebis 2%, es maCvenebeli
TandaTanobiT izrdeba da 2016 wlis bolos miaRwevs 6%-s. pensiis
raodenoba damokidebulia adamianis mier karieris manZilze fondSi mis
saxelze gaxsnil sapensio angariSze dagrovebuli Tanxebis moculobaze da
maTi investirebis Sedegad miRebul dividendebze (DC sqema). fondebis
saqmianoba regulirdeba saxelmwifos mier, romelsac dawesebuli aqvs
sainvesticio limitebi: fondis aqtivebis araumetes 70%-is investireba
SeiZleba moxdes saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebSi; aqtivebis araumetes 50%-is
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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investiteba daSvebulia aqciebSi (Hirose, 2011) (Parcalabu, 2015) (Wilmington
Publishing & Information Ltd, 2016) (Center of Excellence in Finance, n.d) (European
Commission, 2012).
axal sapensio sistemaSi gawevrianeba savaldebulo gaxda mxolod 35
wlamde asakis mosaxleobisTvis, romlebsac axali sistemis SemoRebis
momentidan, pensiaze gasvlis uflebis dadgomis dromde eqnebaT saSualeba
daagrovon sakmarisi raodenobis Tanxa, rom SesaZleboba hqondeT
uzrunvelyon Rirseuli sibere sakuTari TavisTvis. 35-dan 45 wlamde
mosaxleobisTvis SedarebiT rTuli iqneboda pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg
saarsebod sakmarisi raodenobis Tanxis dagroveba, amitom maT saSualeba
miecaT Tavad gaekeTebinaT Zvel da axal sapensio sistemas Soris arCevani.
45 wels zemoT mosaxleoba ki Zvel sistemaSi darCa, Tumca maT ufleba
miecaT nebayoflobiT individualur dagrovebiT sapensio sqemebSi mieRoT
monawileoba. sistemaSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi adamians ara aqvs gamosvlis
ufleba sapensio asakis miRwevamde. Tumca sistemis monawileebs aqvT
sapensio fondis Secvlis ufleba, Tu erTi TviT adre acnobeben amis
Sesaxeb im fonds romlidanac surT gamosvla sapensio Senatanebi da
sainvesticio mogeba gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan, magram pensiebi
eqvemdebareba dabegvras (Hirose, 2011) (Parcalabu, 2015) (Wilmington Publishing &
Information Ltd, 2016) (Center of Excellence in Finance, n.d) (European Commission, 2012).
mesame sveti - nebayoflobiTi individualuri dagrovebiTi sapensio
sqema, iseve rogorc meore svetii, efuZneba gansazRvruli Senatanebis
princips (DC sqema). mesame sveti SemoRebul iqna 2007 wels da 2012 wlisTvis
aerTianebda 260 aTas adamians, rac dasaqmebulTa mcire nawils Seadgens.
Senatanebi ar unda aRematebodes dasaqmebulis Semosavlis 15%-s. Senatanebi,
romlebic ar aRemateba qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo xelfasis naxevars
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan (Hirose, 2011) (Wilmington Publishing &
Information Ltd, 2016) (Center of Excellence in Finance, n.d) (European Commission, 2012).
Ciles sapensio sistema: 1980 wels Cilem pirvelma SemoiRo
savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, sadac mosaxleobis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sapensio Senatanebi imarTeba kerZo sapensio fondebis (kerZo fondebis
administratorebi) mier. am sistemaSi gawevrianeba savaldebuloa.
damsaqmeblebi sakuTari survilisamebr irCeven sapensio fonds, romelTa
saqmianoba mkacradaa regulirebuli saxelmwifos mier, monawileTa
uflebebis dacvis mizniT. pensiebis raodenoba mTlianad aris damokidebuli
adamianis mier, muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, sapensio fondSi
Setanili Tanxebis odenobaze da sainvesticio mogebaze (DC principi).
saxelmwifo axorcielebs mxolod Raribi pensionerebis socialur
uzrunvelyofas da sTavazobs saxelmwifo pensiebs mxolod imaT, vinc ver
SeZlo sapensio fondebSi dadgenili minimaluri Tanxis dagroveba da
minimum 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdnen qveyanaSi.
aRniSnulma sapensio sistemam Caanacvla manamde arsebuli saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistema (“pay as you go”). Canacvlebis mizezi iyo
saxelmwifo sapensio fondebis araefeqtiani menejmenti, socialur-
ekonomikur sferoSi saxelmwifos rolis Semcirebis survili (Ruiz-Tagle &
Castro, 1998) da agreTve, qveynis demografiuli mdgomareoba, rac gamoixateba
mosaxleobaSi xandazmulTa xvedriTi wilis zrdaSi.
savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema moiTxovs dasaqmebulisgan
misi xelfasis 10%-is gadaricxvas kerZo fondSi. dadgenilia Senatanebis
maqsimaluri zRvari: Tviuri xelfasis im nawilidan, romelic aRemateba
kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul Tanxas (minimaluri xelfasis 790% 2014 wels
(OECD, 2013)) Senatanebi ar ganxorcieldeba. damsaqmebeli ar aris
valdebuli ganaxorcielos Senatani dasaqmebulis sasargeblod.
sapensio asaki aris 65 weli kacisTvis da 60 weli qalisTvis.
2008 wels SemoRebul iqna nebayoflobiTi profesiuli sapensio sqema,
romelic warmoadgens xelSekrulebas dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris,
romliTac damsaqmebeli axorcielebs sakuTari muSakebis sapensio
uzrunvelyofas.
fondis administratorebi axdenen sapensio aqtivebis marTvas,
individualur angariSze dagrovebuli Tanxis aRricxvas da pensiebis
gacemas.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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2002 wels miRebuli kanonis mixedviT, TiToeuli administratori
valdebulia SesTavazos monawiles ramdenime tipis fondi, romlebsac
Sesabamisad ewodebaT A,B,C,D,E. es fondebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian
riskis mixedviT da Tanxebis proporciiT, romelTa ganTavsebac
SesaZlebelia fasian qaRaldebSi (aqciebi) da naklebad sarisko
fiqsirebuli Semosavlebis mqone instrumentebSi (sabanko depoziti,
saxelmwifo fasiani qaRaldebi). monawileebs aqvT am fondebidan nebismieris
arCevis Tavisufleba. gamonakliss warmoadgenen pirebi, romlebsac 10 da
naklebi weli darCaT pensiamde, maT aqvT mxolod naklebad sarisko
fondebis (C,D,E) arCevis ufleba. am regulaciis mizania daicvas asakovani
momuSaveebi danakargebisgan, romelTa anazRaurebac rTuli iqneba pensiaze
gasvlamde mcire drois gamo. vinc ar airCevs fondis tips, avtomaturad
CaerTveba misi asakis mixedviT Sesabamis fondSi da rac ufro asakovania
monawile, miT ufro naklebad sarisko fondSi moxdeba misi gadanawileba
(OECD, 2011b). dasaqmebulebs Tavisuflad SeuZliaT erTi fondidan meoreSi
gadasvla. arsebobs SezRudva fondis aqtivebis ucxoeTSi investirebasTan
dakavSirebiT da Seadgens araumetes 80%-isa.
fondebi unda akmayofilebdnen momgebianobis kriteriumebs. kanoniT
dawesebulia minimaluri sainvesticio mogebis moTxovna, romelic efuZneba
yvela fondis saSualo momgebianobis maCvenebels. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fondi
ver daakmayofilebs aRniSnul moTxovnebs, moxdeba misi likvidacia da
aqtivebi sxva fondSi iqneba gadatanili, am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo
dafaravs monawileTa danakargebs (Ruiz-Tagle & Castro, 1998). fondebis aqtivebi
gancalkevebulia im kerZo firmebis aqtivebisgan, romlebic qmnian da
marTaven aRniSnul fondebs, amitom am firmebis gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi
fondis Tanxebi xeluxlebeli darCeba da ar moxmardeba kreditorebis
moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas.
2008 wels ganxorcielebuli sapensio reformis Sedegad, moxda
TviTdasaqmebulTa CarTva savaldebuli kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio
sistemaSi, manamde maTi monawileoba nebayoflobiTi iyo. es cvlileba
miznad isaxavs gazardos mosaxleobis CarTuloba axal sapensio sistemaSi.
2007 wlis monacemebiT, dagrovebiT sistemaSi CarTuli iyo samuSao Zalis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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61%, risi mTavari mizezi gaxldaT am sistemaSi TviTdasaqmebulTa
monawileobis nebayoflobiToba da araformalur seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa
didi raodenoba. 2013 wlisTvis CarTuloba gaizarda 79%-mde (OECD, 2011b)
(OECD, 2015a).
sapensio reformis pirvel wlebSi investireba SesaZlebeli iyo
mxolod qveynis SigniT arsebul kapitalSi da umeteswilad saxelmwifo
fasian qaRaldebSi. mas Semdeg rac sistema ganviTarda da fondebis
moculoba da maTdami ndoba gaizarda, mTavrobam moaxdina investirebis
wesebis liberalizacia. Sedegad, TandaTan mcirdeboda saxelmwifo fasiani
qaRaldebis wili sainvesticio portfolioSi da izrdeboda kerZo
kompaniebis aqciebis wili, 1990-iani wlebidan ucxour fasian qaRaldebSi
investireba nebadarTul iqna (Kritzer, 2008) (OECD, 2011b) (Ruiz-Tagle & Castro,
1998) da 2014 wels Seadgina investiciebis saerTo moculobis 44% (OECD,
2015b).
CileSi sapensio fondebSi ganTavsebuli Tanxebis odenoba 2007 welTan
SedarebiT gaizarda 50%-iT da 2014 wlis monacemebiT Seadgens mSp-is 68,3%-s
(OECD, 2015b) (Kritzer, 2008), rac erT-erTi yvelaze maRali maCvenebelia OECD
qveynebs Soris da mniSvnelovani sainvesticio resursia qveynis ekonomikis
ganviTarebisTvis.
mogvianebiT, laTinuri amerikis bevrma sxva qveyanamac SemoiRo `Ciles
modeli~. esenia: kolumbia (1993), peru (1993), argentina (1994), kosta rika
(1995), urugvai (1996), bolivia (1997), meqsika (1997), salvadori (1998), dominikis
respublika (2003), panama (2008) (Kritzer, 2008).
safrangeTis sapensio sistema: safrangeTSi sapensio uzrunvelyofa
TiTqmis mTlianad gadanawilebiTi sistemis farglebSi xorcieldeba,
romelic ori safexurisgan Sedgeba. esaa, saxelmwifo sapensio sqema da
savaldebulo profesiuli sapensio sqema (Eichhorst, et al., 2011) (OECD, 2015a)
(CLEISS, 2016).
saxelmwifo pensiebi finansdeba socialuri usafrTxoebis
Senatanebidan, romlebsac ixdis, rogorc damsaqmebeli, ise dasaqmebuli.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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aRniSnuli Tanxebi xmardeba dRevandeli pensionerebis socialur
uzrunvelyofas. sapensio asaki 2010 wels Seadgenda 60 wels. 2017 wlisTvis
sapensio asaki gaizrdeba 62 wlamde. saxelmwifo pensia damokidebulia
dasaqmebulis saSualo wliur Semosavalze, mxedvelobaSi miiReba 25
yvelaze Semosavliani weli piris karieraSi. sruli moculobis pensias
miiRebs piri, romelic axorcielebda socialuri usafrTxoebis Senatanebs
41,5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, 2010 wlidan es maCvenebeli TandaTanobiT 43 wlamde
gaizrdeba. sruli moculobis saxelmwifo pensiis Canacvlebis koeficienti
Seadgens 50%-s, xolo yvelaze Raribi mosaxleobisTvis vinc minimalur
xelfasze muSaobda cxovrebis manZilze - 85%-s. Tu socialuri
usafrTxoebis Senatanebs dadgenilze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi
axorcielebda piri, maSin pensiis odenoba klebulobs, yovel gamotovebul
kvartalze 1,25%-iT. amasTan, vinc aRniSnuli sistemiT ver agrovebs
arsebobisTvis aucilebel Tanxebs, maTTvis gaTvaliswinebulia minimaluri
socialuri daxmarebis programa (Eichhorst, et al., 2011) (OECD, 2015a) (CLEISS,
2016).
saxelmwifo pensiebis garda, arsebobs savaldebulo profesiuli
sapensio sqemebi. aRniSnuli sqemebi gadanawilebiT princips efuZnebian.
arsebobs ori tipis sqema: ARRCO (dasaqmebulTaTvis damatebiTi sapensio
sqemebis asociacia) - moicavs dasaqmebulTa yvela kategorias, AGIRC
(menejeruli personalisTvis damatebiTi sapensio sqemebis asociacia) -
gankuTvnilia mxolod menejeruli personalisTvis. aRniSnuli institutebi
warmoadgenen kerZo, arakomerciul organizaciebs da imarTebian socialuri
partniorebis mier. maTi saqmianoba dafuZnebulia ara mogebis miRebaze,
aramed monawileTa siberis uzrunvelyofaze. sqemebi finansdeba rogorc
dasaqmebulis, ise damsaqmeblis mier. pensiis raodenoba damokidebulia
mTeli karieris manZilze (da ara 25 yvelaze Semosavliani wlis manZilze,
rogorc saxelmwifo pensiis SemTxvevaSia) ganxorcielebuli Senatanebis
raodenobaze (Eichhorst, et al., 2011) (OECD, 2015a) (CLEISS, 2016).
garda amisa arsebobs nebayoflobiTi profesiuli sapensio sqemebi,
sadac dasaqmebuls SeuZlia gadaricxos xelfasis araumetes 25%-sa.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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damsaqmebelsac SeuZlia ganaxorcielos Senatanebi, romlebisTvisac
dawesebulia maqsimaluri zRvari, minimumi ki ar aris gansazRvruli.
nebayoflobiTi profesiuli sapensio sistema mxolod dasaqmebulTa 2,4%-s
aerTianebs (Eichhorst, et al., 2011).
individualuri, nebayoflobiTi sapensio sqemebi, safrangeTSi
sustadaa ganviTarebuli. aRniSnuli sqemebi 2004 wels iqna SemoRebuli da
dagrovebiT principzea dafuZnebuli. rac ufro axlosaa pirovneba
pensiamde, miT ufro usafrTxo unda iyos mis angariSze ganTavsebuli
Tanxebis investireba, raTa man ar ganicados mniSvnelovani danakargebi
pensiaze gasvlis win, romlis anazRaurebis droc ukve aRar iqneba.
nebayoflobiTi kerZo sapensio sqemebis Seqmna SeuZliaT safinanso
institutebs da bankebs (Eichhorst, et al., 2011).
niderlandebis sapensio sistema sam svetiania:
pirveli sveti warmoadgens saxelmwifo pensias, romlis gacema xdeba
socialuri usafrTxoebis gadasaxadebidan, gadanawilebiTi (PAYGO)
principis safuZvelze. sapensio asakia 65 weli, romelic gaizrdeba 67
wlamde 2021 wlisTvis. saxelmwifo pensiis odenoba damokidebulia samuSao
staJze. sruli moculobiT pensias miiRebs qveynis mcxovrebi, romelic 50
wlis ganmavlobaSi muSaobda qveyanaSi. muSaobis TiToeuli weliwadi
Seadgens dadgenili pensiis 2%-s. im pirebs, romlebic 50 weliwadze naklebi
xniT iyvnen dazRveulni, sruli moculobiT pensiis miRebis ufleba
umcirdebaT amave proporciiT. estoneTisgan gansxvavebiT, pensiis moculoba
araa damokidebuli muSaobis manZilze gadaxdili socialuri gadasaxadebis
raodenobaze. isini, vinc ver iReben minimalur saxelmwifo pensias (1100
evro TveSi - 2014w.), ufleba aqvT miiRon damatebiTi socialuri daxmareba,
raTa maTi Semosavali miuaxlovdes minimalur saxelmwifo pensias (Eichhorst,
et al., 2011) (OECD, 2015a) (European Commission, 2012).
meore sveti Sedgeba profesiuli (occupational) sapensio sqemebisgan da
gankuTvnilia sibereSi damatebiTi Semosavlis uzrunvelsayofad.
niderlandebSi, dasaqmebulTa sasargeblod damsaqmeblebis mier sapensio
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sqemebis Seqmnis didi tradicia arsebobs. meore svetSi gaerTianebulia
qveynis momuSave mosaxleobis 90%-ze meti. masSi monawileoba mxolod maSin
SeiZleba gaxdes savaldebulo, Tu konkretul ekonomikur seqtorSi
dasaqmebulTa 60% moiTxovs amas. dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels Soris
gaformebuli xelSekrulebis mixedviT, momuSavis xelfasis nawili
ganTavsdeba kompaniis, an mTliani mrewvelobis dargis sapensio fondSi,
saidanac xdeba maTi gamoyeneba sainvesticio resursis saxiT. fondebSi
ganTavsebuli Tanxebi ar warmoadgens kompaniebis kapitalis Semadgenel
nawils da maTi gakotrebis SemTxvevaSi kreditorebi am Tanxebidan ar
dakmayofildebian. Senatanebi finansdeba rogorc dasaqmebulis, ise
umeteswilad damsaqmeblis mier. dasaqmebulTa 94% DB sqemebSia CarTuli,
xolo danarCeni DC sqemebSi. pensiis odenoba damokidebulia karieris
manZilze miRebul saSualo xelfasze (Eichhorst, et al., 2011) (OECD, 2015a)
(European Commission, 2012).
garda saxelmwifo da profesiuli sapensio sqemebisa, qveyanaSi aseve
arsebobs kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, romelsac nebayoflobiTi
xasiaTi aqvs nebismieri fizikuri pirisTvis. masSi gaerTianebulTa did
nawils TviTdasaqmebulebi warmoadgenen, radgan isini ar arian CarTulni
profesiul sapensio sqemebSi (Eichhorst, et al., 2011) (European Commission, 2012).
aSS-is sapensio sistema sami svetisgan Sedgeba:
I sveti – saxelmwifo sapensio sistema finansdeba socialuri
usafrTxoebis Senatanebidan, romelsac Tanabrad ixdis dasaqmebuli (6,2%)
da damsaqmebeli (6,2%). TviTdasaqmebuli ixdis Semosaxlis 12,4%-s.
Senatanebis gadaxda xdeba mxolod 118 000 aSS dolaramde wliuri
xelfasidan, es Tanxa icvleba inflaciasTan erTad (Social Security
Administration, 2015). Senatanebi ar ibegreba, Tumca gasacemeli ibegreba Tu
pensioneris Semosavali dadgenil zRvars gadaaWarbebs (Wilmington Publishing &
Information Ltd). sapensio asaki aris 66 weli (2012 wels), romelic 2022
wlisTvis gaizrdeba 67 wlamde.
saxelmwifo sapensio sistema ori nawilisgan Sedgeba:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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1). Semosavlebze damokidebuli pensia: pensiis gaangariSebis formula
progresulia. Canacvlebis koeficienti saSualod Seadgens 45%-s.
mosaxleobis yvelaze Raribi nawilisTvis Canacvlebis koeficienti Seadgens
54%-s, yvelaze Semosavliani nawilisTvis - 39%. es maCveneblebi erT-erTi
yvelaze dabalia OECD qveynebs Soris (OECD, 2015c). pensiis odenoba
damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdeni iyo piris xelfasi misTvis yvelaze
Semosavliani 35 wlis ganmavlobaSi (Social Security Administration, 2015) (OECD,
2013).
2). miznobrivi pensia: 65 wlis da ufrosi asakis pirs an wyvils,
romelTa Semosavali ar aRemateba dadgenil zRvars, ufleba aqvT miiRon
8 376 aSS dolaramde (12 576 aSS dolaramde – wyvilis SemTxvevaSi) pensia
weliwadSi (2012 wlis mixedviT) (OECD, 2013). es Tanxa Seadgens saSualo
xelfasis 17%-s, rac mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba OECD qveynebis analogiur
maCvenebels (22%) (OECD, 2015c).
SesaZlebelia pensiaze droze adre, 62 wlis asakidan gasvla. am
SemTxvevaSi pensia mcirdeba pensiaze yofnis TiToeuli wlisTvis 6,67%-iT.
daSvebulia pensiaze gasvlis gadavadeba 70 wlis asakamde, ra drosac pensia
izrdeba TiToeuli gadavadebuli wlisTvis 8%-iT (Social Security Administration,
2015) (OECD, 2013).
II sveti – nebayoflobiTi profesiuli dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema:
kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs aSS-is mosaxleobis
sapensio uzrunvelyofaSi. qveyanas aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze mdidari tradicia
saxelmwifo pensiis Sevsebisa nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi pensiebiT.
amis Sedegad saSualo Semosavlis mqone piris pensiis Canacvlebis
koeficienti SeiZleba gaizardos 45%-dan 82%-mde (rac OECD qveynebs Soris
me-10 maCvenebelia), Tu igi xelfasis sul mcire 9%-s gadaricxavs
yovelwliurad, 30-40 wlis ganmavlobaSi (OECD, 2015c).
miuxedavad sapensio danazogebis ganxorcielebis mdidari
tradiciebisa, Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis mxolod 47% aris
CarTuli kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi: 42% gawevrianebulia
profesiul dagrovebiT sapensio sqemebSi, xolo 22%
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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individualur/personalur damatebiT dagrovebiT sapensio sqemebSi.
mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili orive saxis sqemis monawilea (OECD, 2015c).
meore svetis pensiebi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa:
1). sqemebi, sadac gansazRvrulia Senatanebis odenoba (Defined
contribution pension schemes) - DC sqemebi;
2). sqemebi, sadac gansazRvrulia gasacemi pensiis odenoba (Defined
benefit pension schemes) - DB sqemebi.
arsebobs federaluri an adgilobrivi xelisuflebebis mier
dafuZnebuli sapensio sqemebi sajaro mosamsaxureebisTvis, romlebic
umetesad DB sqemebia (OECD, 2015c) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd).
istoriulad, kerZo seqtorSi dasaqmebulebi ZiriTadad DB sqemebSi
iyvnen gawevrianebulni, magram bolo periodSi DC sqemebi gaxda dominanti
kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi. DC sqemebSi gawevrianebulia samuSao
Zalis 43%, xolo DB sqemebSi – 20%. dasaqmebulTa nawili orive sqemis
monawilea (OECD, 2015c) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd).
DB sqemebSi, rogorc wesi dasaqmebulebi ar ixdian Senatanebs. pensia
Seadgens dasaqmebulis karieris manZilze saSualo xelfasis 1-1,5%-s
gamravlebuli samuSao staJze. Senatanebi da sainvesticio mogeba ar
ibegreba. gadasaxadebis gadaxda xdeba sapensio danagrovidan, piris pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg (OECD, 2009).
DC sqemebs Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia 401(k) sqema, romelic
SemoRebul iqna 1978 wels miRebuli `Semosavlebis aqtiT~. aRniSnuli sqemis
farglebSi dasaqmebuli ricxavs sapensio fondSi xelfasis garkveul
nawils, damsaqmebeli ar aris valdebuli, Tumca SeuZlia gadaricxos
Tanxebi fondSi. kanonmdeblobiT dawesebulia SezRudva Senatanebis
odenobaze. dasaqmebuls ar SeuZlia gadaricxos 18 000 aSS dolarze meti,
50 wlis da ufrosi asakis pirs ki, SeuZlia damatebiT Seitanos maqsimum
6 000 aSS dolari. aseve dawesebulia SezRudvebi dasaqmebulisa da
damsaqmeblis erTobliv Senatanebze. Senatanebi, iseve rogorc sainvesticio
mogeba, gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan (gadasaxadis gadaxda moxdeba
xelfasis darCenili nawilidan). sapensio danagrovi ibegreba piris pensiaze
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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gasvlis Semdeg. pensiis gadaxda xdeba mas Semdeg, rac sqemis monawile
miaRwevs 59 wlis da 6 Tvis asaks, an daudgindeba SesaZleblobis SezRudvis
statusi. Tu mas manamde unda Tanxis gatana, maSin damatebiT mouwevs
gadasaxadis gadaxda danagrovis 10%-is odenobiT. sqemis monawiles SeuZlia
gadados pensiaze gasvla maqsimum 70 wlisa da 6 Tvis asakamde, mas SeuZlia
ufro gvian gavides pensiaze Tu kvlav agrZelebs muSaobas Sesabamis
damsaqmebelTan. am SezRudvis mizezi isaa, rom zedmetad didi xani ar
moxdes sapensio fondSi Tanxebis dakaveba gadasaxadis gadaxdis gareSe
(Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd) (Internal Revenue Service, 2014) (OECD, 2009)
(Farlex Financial Dictionary, a).
2006 wlis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebiT, SemoRebul iqna 401(k) sqemis
axali nairsaxeoba, romelsac ewoda Roth 401(k) sqema (yofili senatoris da
Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo iniciativis avtoris, uiliam roTis pativsacemad),
aRniSnuli sqema gansxvavdeba tradiciuli 401(k) sqemisgan sagadasaxado
reJimiT: sapensio fondSi Senatanebi ibegreba, magram sainvesticio mogeba da
pensia gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan.
2006 wels miRebuli `pensiebis dacvis aqtiT~ (Pension Protection Act of
2006), damsaqmeblebs miecaT ufleba CarTon dasaqmebulebi avtomaturi
CarTvis sqemaSi (automatic enrollment scheme), ramac unda gazardos monawileTa
raodenoba kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi. dasaqmebuls daubrundeba
fondSi Setanili Tanxebi jarimis gadaxdis gareSe, Tu sistemidan
gamosvlas gadawyvets avtomaturad CarTvidan 90 dRis ganmavlobaSi.
kanonmdeblobiT xdeba sainvesticio portfolios regulireba (magaliTad,
ufro naklebad sarisko sainvesticio portfolios arCeva monawilisTvis
sapensio asakTan miaxloebisas – Life-cycle funds), raTa minimizebuli iqnes
danakargebi (Zurlo, 2012) (OECD, 2009) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd).
sakonsultacio firma tauers uotsonis (Towers Watson) monacemebiT,
2014 wels, amerikuli kompaniebis daaxloebiT 68%-ma SesTavaza avtomaturi
CarTvis sqema Tavis dasaqmebulebs, es maCvenebeli gazrdilia 2010 welTan
(57%) SedarebiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis erovnuli biuros (National Bureau of
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Economic Research) monacemebiT, aRniSnulma praqtikam gazarda kerZo
dagrovebiT sapensio sqemebis monawileTa raodenoba (Shagrin, 2015).
problemas warmoadgens is, rom avtomaturi CarTvis sqemaSi Senatanebis
ganakveTi araa sakmarisad maRali da eqspertebis azriT, Semdegi nabiji
imisaTvis rom amerikelma dasaqmebulma SeZlos Rirseuli siberisTvis
sakmarisi Tanxis dagroveba, unda iyos sapensio Senatanebis avtomaturi
gazrda yovelwliurad. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2014 wlisTvis tauers uotsonis
kvlevis mixedviT, amerikuli kompaniebis 54%-s Senatanebis avtomaturi
gazrda gaTvaliswinebuli hqonda Sesabamis sapensio sqemaSi (Shagrin, 2015).
III sveti - individualuri damatebiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema:
dasaqmebulebs SeuZliaT damsaqmeblisgan damoukideblad (Tu maT damatebiT
surT meti Tanxis dagroveba siberisTvis), CaerTon individualur damatebiT
dagrovebiT DC sapensio sqemebSi, romelTagan yvelaze gavrcelebulia IRA
(Individual Retirement Arrangement) sqema, romelic SemoRebul iqna 1974 wels aSS-
is kongresis mier axali kanonis (Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
(ERISA)) miRebiT. aRniSnuli sapensio sqemis farglebSi ganxorcielebuli
Senatanebi da sainvesticio mogeba gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan, xolo
sapensio Tanxebi ibegreba maTi gacemis dRidan (OECD, 2009).
dasaqmebulisTvis dawesebulia Senatanebis maqsimaluri zRvari, romelic
Seadgens 5 500 aSS dolars weliwadSi, 50 wlis da ufrosi asakis
pirebisTvis ki 6 500 aSS dolars weliwadSi (Internal Revenue Service, 2014).
arsebobs meore saxis IRA sqema - Roth IRA (SemoRebul iqna 1998 wlidan),
romlis SemTxvevaSic sqemis monawile igive sagadasaxado reJimiT
sargeblobs, rogoriTac Roth 401(k) sqemis monawile: sapensio fondSi
Senatanebi ibegreba, magram sainvesticio mogeba da pensia
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan. Roth IRA-Si Senatanebis ganxorcieleba
SeuZlia pirs, Tu misi Semosavali ar aRemateba 132 000 aSS dolars da
daqorwinebul wyvils Tu maTi erToblivi Semosavali ar aRemateba 194 000
aSS dolars (Investopedia, b) (Random House Kernerman Webster’s College Dictionary, n.d.).
orive sqemis farglebSi Tanxis gamotanis pirobebi, aseve sapensio
asaki 401(k)-is msgavsia, Tumca arsebobs gansxvavebac, magaliTad, IRA da Roth
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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IRA sqemebis farglebSi SesaZlebelia pensiaze gasvlamde 10 000 aSS
dolaramde odenobis Tanxis gamotana sapensio angariSidan pirveli
sacxovreblis SesaZenad (first time home purchase) 10%-iani damatebiTi
gadasaxadis gadaxdis gareSe ( Financial Glossary, n.d.).
2014 wels, aSS-is prezidentis barak obamas brZanebiT, Seiqmna axali
individualuri (ara-profesiuli) saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqema,
romelsac ewoda myRA ("my retirement account"), aRniSnuli sqema aris Roth IRA-is
nairsaxeoba. myRA sqemis mizania gazardos Sromisunariani mosaxleobis
CarTuloba dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi. mTavar samizne jgufs
warmoadgens SedarebiT dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao Zala (Macbride, n.d.)
(Ridder, 2015).
arsebobs ramdenime gansxvaveba myRA sqemasa da Roth IRA Soris:
1). myRA sqema imarTeba saxelmwifos, kerZod ki aSS-is saxazino
departamentis (igive finansTa saministro) mier, maSin roca Roth IRA sqemebi
imarTeba da sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebis miReba xdeba kerZo kompaniebis
mier.
2). myRA sqemaSi CarTva SedarebiT iafia, Tavdapirveli Senatani
minimum 25 aSS dolaria, maSin roca Roth IRA sqemis farglebSi, sapensio
fondebis kerZo mmarTvelebma SeiZleba Tavdapirveli Senatanis ufro
maRali zRvari daaweson.
3). myRA sqemaSi gawevrianebuli piri ar ixdis administrirebis
mosakrebels. administrirebis xarjebs mTlianad faravs saxelmwifo.
4). myRA sqemis farglebSi dagrovebuli Tanxebis investireba xdeba
aSS-is saxazino departamentis mier gamoSvebul fasian qaRaldebSi,
romlebic garantirebul sainvesticio mogebas (amJamad 3,19%) iZlevian,
xolo Roth IRA sqemis farglebSi SesaZlebelia investirebis ganxorcieleba
ufro momgebian, magram sarisko finansur instrumentebSi, rogorebicaa
kerZo kompaniebis aqciebi da obligaciebi.
myRA sqemaSi SesaZlebelia maqsimum 15 000 aSS dolaris dagroveba,
amis Semdeg, an myRA sqemaSi 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi yofnis Semdeg
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(miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra Tanxas daagrovebs piri), dagrovebuli Tanxebi
gadava Roth IRA sqemaSi.
sapensio sistemis rogorc meore, aseve mesame svetis farglebSi
ganxorcielebuli sapensio danagrovi, misi mflobelis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi gadaecema mis memkvidres (401k helpcenter, n.d.).
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamiani tovebs samsaxurs, an pensiaze gadis,
SesaZlebelia sapensio danagrovis gadatana Roth 401(k)-dan Roth IRA sqemaSi,
iseve rogorc tradiciuli 401(k)-dan tradiciul IRA sqemaSi (Farlex Financial
Dictionary, b).
Roth 401(k) da Roth IRA sqemebis upiratesoba danarCen sqemebTan
SedarebiT mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sainvesticio Semosavali ar ibegreba,
xolo tradiciul 401(k) da IRA sqemebis SemTxvevaSi sainvesticio Semosavali
sapensio Tanxebis dagrovebis periodSi ar ibegreba, magram piris pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg ibegreba mTlianad danagrovi, romelic Sedgeba Tanxebis
investirebis Sedegad miRebuli Semosavlisganac.
didi britaneTis sapensio sistema samsvetiania:
I sveti - saxelmwifo pensia aris ori tipis (UK Government, 2016a):
1) sabaziso saxelmwifo pensia: saxelmwifo pensiis odenoba
damokidebulia samuSao staJze da Seadgens maqsimum 155 girvanqa sterlings
kviraSi.
2) sapensio krediti (pension credit): Raribi pensionerebisTvis fuladi
gasacemeli, romelsac im SemTxvevaSi iReben sapensio asakis mqone pirebi,
Tu maTi Semosavali naklebia 155,60 girvanqa sterlingze martoxelebis
SemTxvevaSi da 237,55 girvanqa sterlingze wyvilis SemTxvevaSi.
saxelmwifo pensiis dafinansebis wyaroa socialuri Senatanebi (Social
Security Administration, 2014a) sxvadasxva jgufebisgan, esenia:
a) dasaqmebuli, romlis Semosavalia kviraSi 153-dan 805 girvanqa
sterlingamde, ixdis xelfasis 9,05%-s, visac ufro meti Semosavali aqvs,
damatebiT ixdis 1%-s.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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b) TviTdasaqmebuli, romlis Semosavali aWarbebs 5 885 girvanqa
sterlings weliwadSi, ixdis 2,75 girvanqa sterlings kviraSi. garda amisa
igi ricxavs 7 956-dan 41 865 girvanqa sterlingamde wliuri Semosavlis 9%-s,
visac ufro meti Semosavali aqvs, damatebiT ixdis 2%-s.
g) damsaqmebeli ixdis dasaqmebulis (romlis xelfasi aRemateba 153
girvanqa sterlings kviraSi) xelfasis 11,9%-s.
II sveti - kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia (UK Government, 2016b):
did britaneTSi arsebobs kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemis ori tipi:
1). sqema, sadac gansazRvrulia Senatanebis odenoba (Defined contribution
pension schemes) da pensia damokidebulia sapensio fondSi dagrovebuli
Tanxebis odenobaze;
2). sqema, sadac gansazRvrulia gasacemi pensiis odenoba (Defined benefit
pension schemes) romelic damokidebulia samuSao staJze da xelfasze, magram
araa damokidebuli sapensio danagrovis odenobaze.
pirveli tipis sqemebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc profesiuli
(damsaqmebeli sTavazobs dasaqmebuls), aseve personaluri (piri
Tavad/damoukiideblad irCevs sapensio sqemas).
gansazRvruli Senatanebis odenobaze dafuZnebul profesiul sapensio
sqemas ewodeba avtomaturi CarTvis sqema (automatic enrollment), romelic
Camoyalibda 2008 wels miRebuli pensiebis kanoniT (The Pensions Act 2008), da
romlis mixedviT, damsaqmebeli valdebulia avtomaturad CarTos
dasaqmebuli profesiul sapensio sqemaSi. dasaqmebuls eZleva erTi Tvis
vada, ra drosac mas SeuZlia gamovides aRniSnuli sqemidan da daibrunos
sqemis farglebSi gadaxdili Tanxebi. im SemTxvevaSi Tu dasaqmebuli
gadawyvets sqemaSi darCenas, mas mouwevs xelfasis garkveuli procentis
yovelTviurad gadaxda sapensio fondSi, dasaqmebulis xelfasis garkveul
procents aseve gadaixdian damsaqmebeli da saxelmwifo.
avtomaturi CarTvis sqemis SemoRebis mizezi iyo is, rom 2008 wlis
mere mniSvnelovnad Semcirda profesiul dagrovebiT sapensio sqemebSi
(romlebic mTlianad nebayoflobiTi iyo) gawevrianebuli dasaqmebulebis
raodenoba da didi britaneTis mTavrobas, surda, rom es tendencia aRar
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gagrZelebuliyo momavalSi, qveyanaSi mimdinare mosaxleobis daberebis
procesis gamo. did britaneTSi iseve rogorc mTels evropaSi izrdeba
xandazmulTa raodenoba. Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis Tanafardoba
sapensio asakis mosaxleobasTan, icvleba xandazmulTa sasargeblod da
mxolod saxelmwifo pensiebiT, romlebic dRevandeli momuSaveebis mier
finansdeba, mosaxleobis Rirseuli pensiiT uzrunvelyofa sul ufro
garTuldeba. amitom saxelmwifom gadawyvita moexdina kerZo danazogebis
ganxorcielebis waxaliseba.
avtomaturi CarTvis sqema imiT gansxvavdeba nebayoflobiTi
dagrovebiTisgan, rom am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebuli Tavad irCevs
CaerTos Tu ara dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi, maSin roca pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo avtomaturad awevrianebs mas aRniSnul sqemaSi da
dadgenil vadaSi man unda mimarTos Sesabamis uwyebas sqemidan gamosvlis
TxovniT. avtomaturi CarTvis sqemis upiratesoba nebayoflobiTTan
SedarebiT aris is, rom bevri adamiani SeiZleba inerciiT darCes sistemaSi
da aRar gamovides, es faqtori zrdis dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi
gawevrianebulTa raodenobas.
aRniSnuli sqema amuSavda 2012 wels, rodesac masSi CaerTo jer
msxvili biznesi, xolo 2018 wlisTvis yvela sawarmo, sadac erTi adamiani
mainc aris dasaqmebuli, valdebuli iqneba CaerTos am sqemaSi. axal sqemaSi
CarTvis ufleba aqvT 22-dan - sapensio asakamde pirebs, romlebic muSaoben
did britaneTSi da aqvT 10 000 girvanqa sterlingze meti wliuri
Semosavali (National Employment Savings Trust, n.d.) (OECD, 2015a).
avtomaturi CarTvis sqemis amoqmedebisas, 2012 wels dasaqmebuli
ixdida xelfasis 0,8%-s, romelic 2018 wlisTvis 4%-mde aiwevs; damsaqmebeli
– xelfasis 1%-s, romelic 2018 wlisTvis 3% gaxdeba; saxelmwifo –
xelfasis 0,2%-s, romelic 2018 wlisTvis 1%-mde gaizrdeba. dasaqmebuli
saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT ibegreba mas Semdeg, rac moxdeba xelfasis
Sesabamisi procentis gadaxda sapensio fondSi, anu saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis gadaixdeba xelfasis darCenili nawilidan (National Employment
Savings Trust, n.d.).
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dadgenilia xelfasis minimaluri (5 824 girvanqa sterlingi) da
maqsimaluri (43 000 girvanqa sterlingi) nawili, saidanac unda moxdes
Tanxebis gadaricxva sapensio angariSze, anu 2016-17 sagadasaxado wels
dasaqmebuli gadaricxavs 2% Semosavlis im nawilidan, romelic
gadaaWarbebs minimalur zRvars (5 824 girvanqa sterlingi), magram arafers
gadaricxavs Semosavlis im nawilidan, romelic gadaaWarbebs maqsimalur
zRvars (43 000 girvanqa sterlingi) (National Employment Savings Trust, n.d.) (UK
Government, 2016c).
im SemTxvevaSi Tu dasaqmebuli, sqemaSi CarTvidan erTi Tvis Semdeg
gamova sqemidan (opt out), mis saxelze ganxorcielebuli Senatanebis
gamotanis ufleba mas ar eqneba pensiaze gasvlamde. dasaqmebuls SeuZlia
nebismier dros kvlav CaerTos (opt in) sakuTari surviliT am sqemaSi.
dasaqmebulis sqemidan gamosvlis Semdeg, damsaqmebels aqvs valdebuleba
yovel 3 weliwadSi erTxel kvlav avtomaturad CarTos igi aRniSnul
sqemaSi, ris Taobazec werilobiT ecnobeba dasaqmebuls (UK Government,
2016c).
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis farglebSi, dagrovebuli sapensio
Tanxebis gamotana SesaZlebelia 55 wlis asakidan, Tanxis ufro adre
gamotana nebadarTulia mZime avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi. dagrovebuli
sapensio Tanxebis 25% gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan, xolo danarCeni
75%-dan xdeba saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxda. saSemosavlo gadasaxads
ar ixdis piri Tu misi yovelwliuri Semosavali naklebia 11 000 girvanqa
sterlingze. sapensio danagrovi, misi mflobelis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi, gadaecema mis memkvidres (UK Government, 2016b).
avtomaturi CarTvis sqemas marTavs korporacia - National Employment
Savings Trust (NEST), romelic aris saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili damoukidebeli
sajaro dawesebuleba da angariSvaldebulia parlamentTan (National
Employment Savings Trust, n.d.). sqemis farglebSi dagrovebuli Tanxebis
investireba xorcieldeba NEST-is meSveobiT. NEST-is, iseve, rogorc yvela
sxva profesiuli dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemis zedamxedvelobas
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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axorcielebs damoukidebeli sajaro dawesebuleba - pensiebis regulatori
organo (Pensions Regulator).
avtomaturi CarTvis sqemis amoqmedebis Semdeg, profesiul dagrovebiT
sapensio sqemebSi gawevrianebul dasaqmebulTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad
gaizarda: 2004-2012 wlebSi profesiul dagrovebiT sapensio sqemebSi
gawevrianebulTa raodenoba sagrZnoblad Semcirda 11,9 milionidan 10,7
milionamde; 2012 wels, amoqmedda avtomaturi CarTvis sqema, ris Semdegac
daiwyo maTi raodenobis mkveTri zrda da 2014 wels 13,9 milions miaRwia;
amJamad dasaqmebulTa umetesoba aris profesiuli dagrovebiT sapensio
sqemis monawile (Department for Work and Pensions, 2015).
did britaneTSi damsaqmeblebi TandaTan auqmeben sqemebs, romlebSic
gasacemi pensiis odenobaa gansazRvruli (Defined benefit pension schemes,
SemdgomSi DB sqemebi) da sanacvlod dasaqmebulebs sTavazoben sqemebs, sadac
gansazRvrulia Senatanebis odenoba (Defined contribution pension schemes,
SemdgomSi DC sqemebi). amis mizezia sqemebis mzardi deficiti: damsaqmebels
ezrdeba sapensio davalianeba, ris gamoc mas naklebi Tanxa rCeba
investiciebis gansaxorcieleblad da mewileebis dasakmayofileblad,
Sedegad igi naklebad mimzidveli xdeba potenciuri myidvelisTvis da
umcirdeba bankisgan sesxis aRebis SesaZlebloba (Monk, 2016).
pensiebis dacvis fondisa da pensiebis regulatoris (Pension Protection
Fund; The Pensions Regulator, 2016) monacemebiT, 2015 wels DB sqemebSi
gawevrianebul dasaqmebulTagan:
a) 24% aris Ria sqemebis (sqemebi, romlebic Riaa axali
monawileebisTvis) monawile, rac 10%-iT naklebia 2011 wlis maCvenebelTan
SedarebiT (34%) da 31%-iT naklebia 2007 welTan SedarebiT (55%).
b) axali monawileebisTvis daxurul sqemebSi gawevrianebulia
dasaqmebulTa 59%, es monacemi 2011 welTan SedarebiT mcirediT Seicvala
(58%), magram mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 2007 wlis analogiur monacemTan
SedarebiT (41%),
g) axali SenatanebisTvis daxuruli sqemebis (sqemebi, romlebic
daxurulia axali monawileebisTvis, xolo sqemis monawileebs aRar
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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SeuZliaT gadaricxon Senatanebi) monawilea 16%, rac mkveTr zrdas
warmoadgens 2011 (8%) da 2007 wlebTan (3%) mimarTebaSi.
2015 wels DB sqemebis aqtiur monawileTa (dasaqmebuli, romelic
ixdis Senatanebs) raodenoba 2014 welTan SedarebiT 3,4%-iT Semcirda da
Seadgina 1,75 milioni adamiani, rac mniSvnelovani vardnaa 2006 welTan
SedarebiT, rodesac aRniSnuli kategoria Seadgenda 3,5 milionze met
adamians.
III sveti - damatebiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia:
im adamianebs, romlebsac surT ufro meti daagrovon siberisTvis
vidre profesiuli dagrovebiTi sapensio sqema iZleva amis saSualebas, an
romlebic TviTdasaqmebulebi arian, SeuZliaT isargeblon damatebiTi kerZo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemebiT (Personal pension scheme), pensiis odenoba
damokidebulia sapensio fondSi dagrovebuli Tanxebis odenobaze (DC sqema).
sapensio Senatani gaTavisuflebulia saSemosavlo gadasaxadisgan (UK
Government, 2016d).
didi britaneTis sagadasaxado samsaxuris 2014 wlis monacemebiT (HM
Revenue and Customs, 2016), aRniSnul sqemaSi gawevrianebulia 6,4 milioni
adamiani (qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa daaxloebiT 25%), rac 1,1 milioniT metia
2012 wlis analogiur maCvenebelTan SedarebiT. amis mizezad didi
britaneTis sagadasaxado samsaxuri asaxelebs avtomaturi CarTvis sqemis
amoqmedebisgan miRebul efeqts.
axali zelandiis sapensio sistema sami svetisgan Sedgeba (Wilmington
Publishing & Information Ltd, 2016):
I. saxelmwifo pensia;
II. kerZo profesiuli dagrovebiTi pensia;
III. kerZo individualuri damatebiTi dagrovebiTi pensia.
I. saxelmwifo pensia: saxelmwifo pensiis misaRebad saWiroa, rom piri
cxovrobdes axal zelandiaSi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi 20 wlis asaks miRwevis
Semdeg, aqedan 5 weli unda cxovrobdes qveyanaSi 50 wlis asaks miRwevis
Semdeg. saxelmwifo pensia aris Tanabari yvelasaTvis da misi mizania
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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xandazmulTa dacva siRaribisgan. pensiis odenobaa 421 axalzelandiuri
dolari kviraSi (2014 wlis monacemebiT). saxelmwifo pensiis Canacvlebis
koeficientia 40%. pensia izrdeba samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsis zrdasTan
erTad. saxelmwifo pensia finansdeba saerTo gadasaxadebidan. vinc ver
akmayofilebs saxelmwifo pensiis misaRebad dadgenil moTxovnebs miiRebs
socialur daxmarebas (OECD, 2015a) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd, 2016)
(Social Security Administration, 2014b).
II. kerZo profesiuli dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis erT-erTi
Semadgenelia avtomaturi CarTvis sqema (KiwiSaver scheme), romelic SemoRebul
iqna 2007 wels. mizani iyo kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi CarTul
dasaqmebulTa raodenobis gazrda, radgan 2005 wlisTvis, dasqmebulTa
mxolod 30% iyo CarTuli aRniSnul sistemaSi. KiwiSaver sqema imarTeba
kerZo kompaniebis (KiwiSaver providers) mier. dasaqmebuli Tavad irCevs, Tu
romeli provaideri (aqtivebis mmarTveli) ganaxorcielebs misi fulis
investirebas. KiwiSaver sqemis farglebSi dagrovebuli Tanxebi ar aris
garantirebuli saxelmwifosgan, Sesabamisad, dasaqmebuli Tavad irCevs
sainvesticio portfolios sakuTari riskis fasad (The Treasury, 2012) (Inland
Revenue, n.d.) (Kritzer B. E., 2007).
KiwiSaver sqema gansazRvruli Senatanebis odenobis (Defined contribution
pension) principzea dafuZnebuli da pensia damokidebulia sapensio fondSi
Senatanebisa da sainvesticio mogebis Sedegad dagrovebuli Tanxebis
odenobaze.
sqemaSi CarTva SeuZlia 18-dan 65 wlamde asakis dasaqmebuls. Tu
dasaqmbeuli 60 wlis an ufrosi asakisaa, igi sapensio Tanxebis gamotanas
SeZlebs sqemaSi CarTvidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg. sqemaSi avtomaturad
erTveba is dasaqmebuli, romelic axal samuSaos iwyebs axal
damsaqmebelTan. danarCeni dasaqmebulebi sakuTari surviliT SeiZleba
CaerTon aRniSnul sqemaSi (Kritzer B. E., 2007) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd,
2016).
dasaqmebuli ixdis xelfasis 3%-s, 4%-s an 8%-s sakuTari arCevanis
Sesabamisad. Tu dasaqmebuli gawevriandeba avtomaturi CarTvis, anu KiwiSaver
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sqemaSi, damsaqmebeli valdebulia gadaricxos dasaqmebulis (monawilis)
sapensio angariSze misi xelfasis 3%. dasqmebuls sakuTari surviliT
SeuZlia ufro meti Tanxis gadaricxva. sqemaSi CarTva TviTdasaqmebulsac
SeuZlia (OECD, 2015a).
saxelmwifo ricxavs sqemis monawilis sagadasaxado SeRavaTs mis
sapensio angariSze. maqsimaluri sagadasaxado SeRavaTi Seadgens 1 042,86
axalzelandiur dolars 2011 wlis 30 ivnisamde gadaricxul Tanxebze,
xolo mas Semdeg – 521,43 dolars. maqsimaluri sagadasaxado SeRavaTis
misaRebad sqemis monawilem sakuTar sapensio angariSze unda gadaricxos
aranakleb 1 042,86 dolari, anu saxelmwifo ixdis 50 cents dasaqmebulis
mier gadaricxul yovel dolarze (OECD, 2015a).
im SemTxvevaSi Tu dasaqmebuli, sqemaSi CarTvidan 8 kviris Semdeg
gamova sqemidan (opt out), axali zelandiis Semosavlebis samsaxuri
daubrunebs mas da damsaqmebels ganxorcielebul Senatanebs.
sqemis monawiles SeuZlia droebiT Sewyvitos Senatanebis gadaxda. am
SemTxvevaSi sxvadaxva pirobebia dawesebuli monawilisTvis, romelic 12
Tveze meti xniT iyo CarTuli sqemaSi da monawilisTvis, romelic ufro
naklebi drois manZilze axorcielebda Senatanebs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
dasaSvebia Senatanebis Sewyveta 3 Tvidan 5 wlamde vadiT, Senatanebis
gadaxdis ganaxleba SesaZlebelia nebismier dros. aRniSnuli uflebis
gamoyenebis raodenoba araa SezRuduli. meore SemTxvevaSi, Senatanebis
gadaxdis 3 Tvis vadiT (garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRniSnuli vada
SeiZleba gagrZeldes) Sewyvetis nebas rTavs axali zelandiis Semosavlebis
samsaxuri mxolod maSin, rodesac monawile ganicdis finansur sirTuleebs
(magaliTad, misi, an masze damokidebuli piris avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi).
pensiebis gacema iwyeba Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
a) sapensio asakis (65 weli) miRwevisas,
b) sqemaSi gawevrianebidan 5 wlis gasvlis Semdeg, Tu piri CaerTo
masSi 60 wlis asakis miRwevis Semdeg.
SesaZlebelia sapensio danagrovis vadaze adre gatana Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
a) pirveli sacxovreblis SesaZenad (first-home withdrawal), im pirobiT,
rom sapensi angariSze darCeba minimum 1000 axalzelandiuri dolari.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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amisaTvis saWiroa, rom piri iyos KiwiSaver sqemis monawile 3 wlis
ganmavlobaSi mainc.
b) monawilis mZime finansuri mdgomareobis dros, rodesac:
Semosavali ar hyofnis saarsebod;
ipoTekur sesxs veRar ixdis da sacxovreblis dakargvis safrTxis
winaSe dgas;
sacxovreblis modifikaciaa saWiro, monawilis, an masze
damokidebuli ojaxis wevris SezRuduli SesaZleblobis gamo;
mkurnalobis xarjebis gadaxdaa saWiro, monawilis, an masze
damokidebuli ojaxis wevris mZime avadmyofobis gamo;
monawileze damokidebuli ojaxis wevris dakrZalvis xarjebia
dasafari.
g) monawilis avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi samudamod
kargavs Sromisunarianobas an mis sicocxles safrTxe emuqreba;
d) mudmivad sacxovreblad sxva qveyanaSi (garda avstraliisa) wasvlis
SemTxvevaSi (Kritzer B. E., 2007) (Wilmington Publishing & Information Ltd, 2016).
sapensio danagrovi, misi mflobelis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi gadaecema
mis memkvidres (Gareth Morgan Investments, 2015).
dasaqmebulis da damsaqmeblis sapensio Senatanze ar vrceldeba
sagadasaxado SeRavaTi, sainvesticio mogeba ibegreba, xolo pensiebi
gaTavisuflebulia gadasaxadisgan (Gareth Morgan Investments, 2015) (Inland Revenue,
n.d.).
KiwiSaver sqemis farglebSi axali zelandiis Semosavlebis samsaxurs
gaaCnia Semdegi uflebamosilebebi:
a) damsaqmeblebisTvis KiwiSaver sqemis Sesaxeb sainformacio pakets
miwodeba dasaqmebulebisTvis gasacnobad;
b) dasaqmebulebisa da damsaqmeblebis Senatanebis Segroveba;
g) Senatanebis gadaricxva KiwiSaver sqemis Sesabamis provaiderTan,
raTa man ganaxorcielos am Tanxebis investireba;
d) Sesabamis sapensio sqemebSi im dasaqmebulebis gaanawileba,
romlebmac ar airCies sasurveli sapensio sqema;
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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e) sazogadoebis informirebulobis gazrda KiwiSaver sqemis Taobaze.
safinanso bazris saagento (Financial Markets Authority) axorcielebs KiwiSaver
provaiderebis saqmianobis zedamxedvelobas da awesebs sanqciebs maTi
mxridan kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi (Financial Markets
Authority, n.d.).
KiwiSaver sqemaSi gawevrianebulTa raodenoba stabilurad izrdeba 2008
wlidan. 2008 wels KiwiSaver sqemis monawile iyo 716 aTasze meti
dasaqmebuli (avtomaturad CarTuli – 260 000), xolo 2015 wels maTi ricxvi
2,5 milionamde avida (avtomaturad CarTuli – 1 milioni). avtomaturi
CarTvis sqemidan gamosvlis (opt out) maCvenebeli 2012 wlidan TandaTan
mcirdeba (2012 – 256 000; 2015 – 234 000) da amJamad yvelaze dabl
maCvenebelze imyofeba 2009 wlis Semdeg. 2015 wels KiwiSaver sqemis sapensio
danagrovis saerTo moculobam Seadgina 28,5 miliardi axalzelandiuli
dolari, rac daaxloebiT 1/3-iT metia 2014 welTan SedarebiT (21,7 miliardi)
da 224%-iT metia 2012 welTan SedarebiT (12,7 miliardi). mkveTrad gaizarda
sainvesticio mogebac 2013-2015 wlebSi: 2013 – 0,4 mlrd; 2014 – 1,5 mlrd; 2015
– 3 mlrd (Inland Revenue, 2015) (Financial Markets Authority, 2015). NEST
2014 wlis 30 ivnisisTvis, 18-64 wlis asakis mosaxleobis 67%
gawevrianebuli iyo KiwiSaver sqemaSi (OECD, 2015a).
garda KiwiSaver sqemisa, arsebobs sxva saxis profesiuli dagrovebiTi
sapensio sqemebi, am sqemebSi CarTul dasaqmebulTa raodenoba TandaTan
mcirdeba bolo wlebis manZilze: 2003 wels maTi raodenoba Seadgenda
dasaqmebulTa 13,89%-s, xolo 2012 wels maTi wili Semcirda 10%-mde.
KiwiSaver sqemisgan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnuli sqemebis subsidireba
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT an sxva raime saxiT ar xdeba saxelmwifos mier
(OECD, 2015a).
2.4. sapensio sistemebis mdgradoba da gamowvevebi
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli demografiuli viTareba da SromiTi bazari
gansazRvravs gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis mdgradobas. Sobadoba,
sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, migracia gansazRvravs xandazmulTa
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Tanafardobas Sromisunarian mosaxleobasTan, sistemis mdgradobis kidev
erTi maCvenebelia pensionerTa Tanafardoba gadasaxadis gadamxdel
dasaqmebulebTan, rasac, garda demografiuli viTarebisa, gansazRvravs
SromiTi bazarze arsebuli viTareba: umuSevrobis done, formaluri
dasaqmebis done. gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis farglebSi, dRevandel
xandazmulTa pensiebi finansdeba dRevandeli dasaqmebulebis gadasaxadebiT,
Sesabamisad, rac ufro naklebi Sromisunariani adamiania erT xandazmulze,
miT ufro metia sagadasaxado tvirTi dasaqmebulebze da miT ufro rTulia
pensionerTa uzrunvelyofa maRali pensiebiT.
momavalSi, ganviTarebuli qveynebis demografiuli viTareba
(mosaxleobis dabereba) gaarTulebs gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis
mdgradobis uzrunvelyofas. gaizrdeba xandazmuli mosaxleobis raodenoba
da mniSvnelovnad Seicvleba Sromisunarian mosaxleobasTan maTi
Tanafardoba sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdis gamo. aRmosavleT evropaSi,
aRniSnuli Tanafardobis cvlileba xandazmulTa sasargeblod ufro
TvalsaCino iqneba samuSao Zalis emigraciis gamo (European Commission,
Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, 2015).
aRniSnuli gamowvevebis sapasuxod, bevrma ganviTarebulma
saxelmwifom ganaxorciela garkveuli cvlilebebi sapensio sistemaSi:
a) sapensio asakis zrda: OECD qveynebis daaxloebiT naxevarma daiwyo,
an apirebs sapensio asakis gazrdas. 2010 welTan SedarebiT, 2050 wlisTvis,
kacebis saSualo sapensio asaki gaizrdeba 2,5 wliT, qalebis - 4 wliT da
miaRwevs 65 wels orive sqesisTvis, Tumca sicocxlis xangrZlivoba ufro
swrafi tempebiT gaizrdeba, ris gamoc sapensio asakSi sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba 2050 wlisTvis moimatebs kacisTvis 3 wliT, xolo qalisTvis
2,5 wliT (OECD, 2011c). sapensio asakis kidev ufro gazrda ki politikuri
mizanSewonilobis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakmaod problematuria.
b) pensiis gamoTvlis wesis cvlileba, rac Seamcirebs Canacvlebis
koeficients:
b.a) gaizarda wlebis raodenoba, saidanac gamoiTvleba pensiaze
gasvlamde saSualo xelfasis odenoba (Schwarz & Arias, 2014). rac metia piris
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saSualo xelfasi, miT met pensias miiRebs igi, amitom es nabiji pensiis
odenobas Seamcirebs;
b.b) bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi xdeba gadanacvleba pensiis
xelfasTan indeqsaciidan, inflaciasTan indeqsaciis mimarTulebiT (Schwarz
& Arias, 2014). radgan xelfasis zrdis tempi aRemateba inflaciis donis
zrdas, es nabiji Seamcirebs pensiis zrdis temps.
miuxedavad am cvlilebebisa, 2060 wlisTvis, msoflio bankis kvlevaSi
(Schwarz & Arias, 2014) SerCeuli 40 qveynidan daaxloebiT 75%-Si moxdeba mSp-
Tan mimarTebaSi sapensio danaxarjebis zrda, xolo im qveynebSi sadac
navaraudebia am maCveneblis Semcireba, msoflio bankis eqspertebis azriT,
am prognozis siswore saeWvoa, radgan dRevandeli sapensio sistemis
SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad, poloneTSi pensiis Canacvlebis
koeficienti 2060 wlisTvis unda ganaxevrdes, rac politikuri
mizanSewonilobidan gamomdinare naklebad savaraudoa da didi albaTobiT
xelisuflebas mouwevs pensiebis zrdis dasafinanseblad damatebiTi
resursebis gamoyofa. rac mosalodneli demografiuli problemebis gamo,
dagrovebiTi pensiis ganviTarebis gareSe, sakmaod rTuli iqneba.
evropis komisiis mier momzadebuli `pensiis adekvaturobis 2015 wlis
angariSSi~ gamoTvlilia 2053 wlisTvis mosalodneli pensiis Canacvlebis
koeficientebi da sxvadasxva sapensio modelis (saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi,
kerZo dagrovebiTi, profesiuli da sxva) wili sapensio uzrunvelyofaSi.
angariSis Sedegebs Tavdapirvelad ori qveynis estoneTisa da safrangeTis
magaliTze ganvixilavT, Semdeg gadavalT zogadad evrokavSiris masStabiT
miRebul Sedegebze:
a) safrangeTSi navaraudebia Canacvlebis koeficientis Semcireba
daaxloebiT 13%-iT, es Semcireba exeba, rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve
profesiul sqemebs. amgvarma Semcirebam SeiZleba sazogadoebaSi
ukmayofileba gamoiwvios da ubiZgos xelisuflebas gazardos pensiebi, es
ki damatebiT tvirTad SeiZleba daawves gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs.
b) estoneTSi mosalodnelia saxelmwifo pensiis Canacvlebis
koeficientis Semcireba 8%-iT, magram mTlianad pensiis Canacvlebis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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koeficienti gaizrdeba kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis ganviTarebis
xarjze.
g) evrokavSiris qveynebSi mosalodnelia sapensio uzrunvelyofaSi
saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis rolis Semcireba da kerZo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis xvedriTi wonis zrda.
ganviTarebuli qveynebis umetesobaSi gadanawilebiTi sapensio
sistemis problemas warmoadgens mimdinare demografiuli cvlilebebi,
mosaxleobis daberebis procesis saxiT. Sedegad, Sromisunariani adamianebis
xvedriTi wili qveynis mosaxleobaSi Semcirdeba, xolo xandazmulebisa ki
gaizrdeba, ramac SeiZleba gaarTulos saxelmwifos mier mosaxleobis
Rirseuli siberis uzrunvelyofa. estoneTma am problemis mosagvareblad,
SemoiRo savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, rac evrokomisiis
angariSs Tu daveyrdnobiT, dadebiTi Sedegs gamoiRebs mosaxleobis
sapensio uzrunvelyofis kuTxiT, xolo im qveynebis udides nawilSi,
romlebSic xandazmulTa sapensio uzrunvelyofa TiTqmis mTlianad
gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemidan xorcieldeba, mosalodnelia
Canacvlebis koeficientis mniSvnelovani Semcireba.
dasavleTis qveynebSi, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos ideis
farglebSi, me-20 saukuneSi Camoyalibebulma universalurma saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiTma sapensio sistemebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
xandazmul mosaxleobaSi siRaribis SemcirebaSi da cxovrebis im donis
SenarCunebaSi, rac maT pensiaze gasvlamde hqondaT. momavalSi, msoflioSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinare mosaxleobis daberebis
procesis gamo, saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis mdgradoba
mniSvnelovani wnexis qveS aRmoCndeba. aRniSnuli problemis mosagvareblad
savaraudod sasargeblo iqneba dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis ufro metad
ganviTareba, raTa pensioneri ar iyos damokidebuli mxolod saxelmwifo
pensiaze da Semcirebul iqnes dasaqmebulebsa da sapensio asakis adamianTa
Tanafardobis cvlilebiT gamowveuli riskebi.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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III Tavi. saqarTvelos sapensio sistemis kvleva: ganviTarebis
tendenciebi da molodinebi
3.1. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos sapensio politika
damoukidebel saqarTvelos memkvidreobiT xvda wilad sabWoTa
sapensio sistema, romelic miznad isaxavda pensiaze gasvlamde arsebuli
cxovrebis donis SenarCunebas.
pensia Seadgenda muSaobis bolo wlis, an bolo 5 wlis (romelic
ufro xelsayreli iqneboda pensionerisTvis) xelfasis 55%-s (The World Bank,
1993).
pensiebisa da sxva socialuri gasacemlebis administrireba xdeboda
erTiani sapensio da samedicino dazRvevis fondis mier. fondi finansdeboda
socialuri Sesatanebidan, romelsac ixdida rogorc damsaqmebeli
(saxelmwifo da kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi sawarmoebi - saxelfaso fondis
37%-is odenobiT, sabiujeto dawesebulebebi - saxelfaso fondis 26%-is
odenobiT), ise dasaqmebuli (xelfasis 1%) (The World Bank, 1993).
damoukideblobis mopovebis pirvel wlebSi saqarTveloSi sapensio
valdebulebebi sakmaod didi iyo - 1991 wlis monacemebiT sapensio
danaxarjebi Seadgenda mTliani Sida produqtis 10% (The World Bank, 1993),
rac uaxlovdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis danaxarjebs am sferoSi.
SedarebisTvis - 2015 wels saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 4,4%
Seadgenda. msoflio bankis 1993 wels gamoqveynebuli angariSis mixedviT,
Semosavlebi, romliTac unda dafinansebuliyo pensiebi, swrafad iklebda
ekonomikuri problemebis gamo. imave angariSis mixedviT, 1992 wეls fondis
Semosavlebma dagegmilis 50-60% Seadgina, ris gamoc, pensiebis gacema
araregularulad xdeboda.
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, ekonomikuri kolafsis pirobebSi,
pensiaze gasvlamde arsebuli cxovrebis donis SenarCunebis principze
dafuZnebuli sapensio sistemis SenarCuneba SeuZlebeli gaxda.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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socialuri Sesatanebis/gadasaxadis (1997 wels termini `socialuri
Sesatani~ Seicvala `socialuri gadasaxadiT~) ganakveTebi droTa
ganmavlobaSi icvleboda (2004 wels axali xelisuflebis mier
deklarirebuli liberaluri ekonomikuri politikis farglebSi,
ekonomikuri aqtivobis waxalisebis mizniT, misi ganakveTi Semcirda 20%-mde)
iseve, rogorc saxelmwifo fondis saxelwodeba. socialurma
Sesatanma/gadasaxadma qveynis damoukideblobis mopovebidan maleve dakarga
is funqcia, rac mas aqvs ganviTarebul qveynebSi, sadac pensiis odenoba
damokidebulia muSaobis manZilze gadaxdili socialuri Senatanis
odenobaze. 2008 wels socialuri gadasaxadi saerTod gauqmda da
sanacvlod gaizarda saSemosavlo gadasaxadi 12%-dan 20%-mde.
pensiis odenoba aRar efuZneboda pensiaze gasvlamde arsebul xelfass
da mxolod saxelmwifos gadawyvetilebaze iyo damokidebuli.
damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg, pirvelive wlebidan, pensiis odenoba
gaTanabrda yvela asakiT pensionerisaTvis da Seadgina 50 aSS centis
ekvivalenti kuponebSi. 1998 wlis agvistoSi pensia gaxda 14 lari - es
odenoba ucvleli darCa 2004 wlamde da inflaciis gamo misi
msyidvelunarianoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda (Tu aSS dolarebSi
viangariSebT 1998 wlis agvistoSi pensia iyo 10,4 dolari, 2003 wels - 6,54).
2003 wels pensia im droisTvis arsebuli saSualo xelfasis 11,1% Seadgenda
da mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeboda saarsebo minimums. 2004 wlidan iwyeba
saxelmwifo pensiis TandaTanobiT zrda.
biujetze wnexis Semcirebis mizniT, 1996 wels, sapensio asaki 5 wliT
gaizarda da SromiTi pensiisTvis 65 weli kacisTvis da 60 weli qalisTvis
Seadgina, xolo socialuri pensiisTvis (maTTvis, vinc ver daagrova
dadgenili staJi - 25 weli kacisTvis, 20 weli qalisTvis) es maCveneblebi
iyo Sesabamisad 70 da 65 weli.
saqarTveloSi iyo sapensio sistemis savaldebulo sadazRvevo
principze gadasvlis mcdeloba da 2003 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos
parlamentma miiRo kanonebi `savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb~,
„savaldebulo sadazRvevo pensiebis Sesaxeb“ da `savaldebulo socialuri
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dazRvevis sferoSi individualuri (personificirebuli) aRricxvisa da
individualuri angariSebis SemoRebis Sesaxeb~, romelTa mixedviT, asakiT
savaldebulo sadazRvevo pensia unda gansazRvruliyo ori - sabaziso da
sadazRvevo nawiliT. sabaziso nawili damokidebuli unda yofiliyo pensiis
daniSvnis wina wels qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo Tviuri xelfasis
odenobaze (sabaziso nawili = 0.13 x saSualo xelfasi), xolo sadazRvevo
nawilis odenoba damokidebuli iqneboda dazRveulis SromiTi saqmianobis
ganmavlobaSi gadaxdili socialuri Senatanis odenobasa da SromiT staJze.
Tumca, 2003 wlis noemberSi, xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg, kanonebis
amoqmedeba gadaido, xolo 2005 wels miRebuli kanoniT „saxelmwifo pensiis
Sesaxeb“, zemoaRniSnuli kanonebi gauqmda. Sedegad, SenarCunda sapensio
uzrunvelyofis 1990-ian wlebSi Camoyalibebuli sistema, romlis mixedviT,
saxelmwifo Tavad axorcielebs saxelmwifo biujetidan mosaxleobis
sapensio uzrunvelyofas. pensiis odenoba ar aris damokidebuli SromiTi
saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi gadaxdili gadasaxadis odenobasa da SromiT
staJze.
2007 wlis 1 seqtembridan, 2012 wlis 1 seqtembramde, saqarTvelos
mTavrobis dadgenilebiT dawesebuli iyo saxelmwifo pensiis danamati
staJis mixedviT Semdegi odenobiT: 5 wlamde saerTo SromiTi staJis mqone
pensionerebisaTvis – 2 lari; 5-dan 15 wlamde – 4 lari; 15-dan 25 wlamde – 7
lari; 25 da meti saerTo SromiTi staJis mqone pensionerebisaTvis – 10
lari. 2012 wlis 1 seqtembridan, saxelmwifo pensiebi gaizarda 100 laridan
125 laramde 67 wlis da ufrosi asakis pirebisTvis, xolo 67 wlamde asakis
pirebisTvis - 110 laramde, rasac mohyva staJis mixedviT danamatis gauqmeba.
2013 wlis aprilidan, saxelmwifo pensiebi kvlav gaTanabrda yvelasaTvis da
Seadgina 125 lari. imave wlis seqtembridan pensia gaizarda 150 laramde.
2015 wlis seqtembridan ki - 160 laramde. 2016 wlis 1 ivlisidan misi
odenoba 180 lari gaxda, rac mcirediT aRemateba saarsebo minimums (160,6
lari 2016 wlis 7 Tvis saSualo monacemebiT). 2015 wlis monacemebiT,
saSualo xelfasi qveyanaSi 934 laria, pensia ki am Tanxis 19,27%-ia, rac
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba OECD qveynebis da evrokavSiris qveynebis
saSualo maCvenebels - Sesabamisad, 54,4% da 58%.
radgan pensiis odenoba Tanabaria TiTqmis yvelasTvis, misi Canacvlebis
koeficienti mkveTrad mcirdeba SedarebiT maRali Semosavlebis mqone
pirebSi: vinc qveyanaSi arsebuli saSualo xelfasis naxevars iRebda
pensiaze gasvlamde, misTvis Canacvlebis koeficientia 38,5%, xolo vinc
saSualo xelfasis erTnaxevarjer mets gamoimuSavebda, misTvis es
maCvenebeli Seadgens 12,6%-s. SedarebisTvis, OECD qveynebSi igive
maCveneblebia, Sesabamisad - 71% da 48,4%, xolo evrokavSiris qveynebSi - 70%
da 53,3% (OECD, 2013). Canacvlebis koeficienti ufro maRalia qalebisTvis
(26% - 2014w.) vidre kacebisTvis (16,3% - 2014w.), radgan kacebi saSualod
ufro met Semosavals iReben muSaobis periodSi. OECD qveynebis absolutur
umravlesobaSi, Canacvlebis koeficienti ar gansxvavdeba sqesis mixedviT. am
monacemebidan naTlad Cans, rom saqarTvelos dRevandeli sapensio sistemis
mizania xandazmulebSi siRaribis donis Semcireba, rasac saarsebo
minimumTan misi Tanafardobac adasturebs.
is, rom pensiis odenoba ar aris damokidebuli SromiTi saqmianobis
ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifo biujetSi gadaxdili saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
moculobaze da SromiT staJze, amcirebs sistemis mimarT samarTlianobis
gancdas mosaxleobaSi.
qveynis sapensio sistema regulirdeba “saxelmwifo pensiis Sesaxeb”
saqarTvelos kanoniT, romlis mixedviTac: `pensiaze uflebis warmoSobis
safuZvelia sapensio asakis – 65 wlis miRweva. amasTanave, pensiaze ufleba
qalebs warmoeSobaT 60 wlidan.~.
es kanoni vrceldeba: `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebze, moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebze da pensiis daniSvnis Taobaze gancxadebis Setanis
momentisaTvis bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
kanonier safuZvelze mudmivad mcxovreb ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebze~.
2015 wels miRebul iqna `maRalmTiani regionebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanoni, romlis mixedviT maRalmTian dasaxlebaSi mudmivad
mcxovreb pensionerebsa da socialuri paketis mimReb pirebs 2016 wlis 1
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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seqtembridan miecemaT yovelTviuri danamati maTTvis gaTvaliswinebuli
saxelmwifo pensiis/socialuri paketis 20 procentis odenobiT.
1998 wels miRebuli `arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevisa da
uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb~ kanoniT, saqarTveloSi Seiqmna nebayoflobiTi
arasaxelmwifo (kerZo) sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema, romlis
mixedviTac: `pensia monawiles miecema saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
dadgenili sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdeg gancxadebis wardgenidan erTi
Tvis ganmavlobaSi, anda sapensio asakis miRwevamde, Tu man nawilobriv an
mTlianad dakarga Sromis unari. monawiles ufleba aqvs gadaavados pensiis
miRebis dro“.
fizikur pirebze fuladi saxsrebi (pensiebi) regularulad gaicema,
fizikur da iuridiul pirTa sapensio Senatanebisa da sainvesticio mogebis
xarjze.
xelSekruleba arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevisa da uzrunvelyofis
Sesaxeb (Semdgom - xelSekruleba) ideba arasaxelmwifo sapensio sqemis
damfuZnebelsa da meanabres (fizikuri an iuridiuli piri, romelic ixdis
sapensio Senatans sapensio sqemis monawilis sasargeblod) Soris
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad
damfuZnebeli, sapensio sqemiT dadgenili wesis Sesabamisad, iRebs
monawilis (fizikuri piri, romlis sasargeblodac xdeba sapensio
Senatanebis gadaxda da pensiis gacema) arasaxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis valdebulebas, xolo meanabre - sapensio Senatanebis
gadaxdis valdebulebas.
xelSekruleba SeiZleba daidos:
a) damfuZnebelsa da meanabres Soris, sxva fizikuri piris
sasargeblod;
b) damfuZnebelsa da monawiles Soris, Tu monawile amave dros aris
meanabre Tavis sasargeblod;
g) damfuZnebelsa da sapensio sqemis muSakebs Soris, Tu damfuZnebeli
amave dros aris meanabre Tavisi muSakebis sasargeblod.
monawilis sasargeblod dadebuli xelSekruleba unda Seicavdes
Canawers sapensio danagrovis investirebis mimarTulebebisa da sapensio
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sqemis finansuri Sedegebis am danagrovis odenobaze asaxvis pirobebis
Sesaxeb.
arasaxelmwifo pensiis saxeebia:
a) mudmivi pensia, romelic eZleva fizikur pirs pensiis gacemis
dawyebidan gardacvalebamde;
b) gansazRvruli vadiT gasacemi pensia, romelic eZleva fizikur pirs
aranakleb xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
mudmivi pensia aris individualuri, an erToblivi. individualuri
pensia monawiles ericxeba da eZleva gardacvalebamde. pensiis daricxva da
gacema wydeba monawilis gardacvalebisTanave. erToblivi pensia miecema
sapensio sqemis wevr meuRleebs pensiis gacemis dawyebidan gardacvalebamde.
erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi am pensiis naxevari miecema
meore meuRles.
gansazRvruli vadiT gasacemi pensia monawilis gardacvalebis
SemTxvevaSi sapensio uzrunvelyofis vadis damTavrebamde miecema mis
memkvidreebs.
sapensio danagrovTa investirebas axorcieleben mxolod aqtivebis
mmarTveli kompaniebi sapensio danagrovTa marTvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze. aqtivebis mmarTveli kompania ar SeiZleba iyos sapensio sqemis
damfuZneblis, an meanabris afilirebuli piri an TviT damfuZnebeli garda
bankisa, an sadazRvevo kompaniisa.
damfuZnebeli TviTon irCevs sapensio danagrovTa mmarTvel erT an
ramdenime kompanias. mas ufleba aqvs, ramdenime kompaniasTan erTdroulad
dados xelSekruleba aqtivebis marTvis Sesaxeb.
aqtivebis mmarTveli kompania valdebulia aqtivebis marTvis procesSi
gamoiyenos specializebuli depozitaris (komerciuli organizacia,
romelic axorcielebs Sesabamisi aqtivebis, romlebSic moxda sapensio
danagrovis investireba, miRebas, Senaxvas da aRricxvas) momsaxureba.
specializebuli depozitari saqarTveloSi jer ar arsebobs, amitom
mis funqciebs asrulebs saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier licenzirebuli
ss „saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis centraluri depozitari~, romelic
aris 4 komerciuli bankisa da saqarTvelos safondo birJis mflobelobaSi.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Senatanebisa da gasacemi Tanxebis odenobis mixedviT sapensio sqemebi
iyofa Semdeg saxeebad:
a) sqemebi, sadac gansazRvrulia Senatanebis odenoba da damfuZneblis
valdebuleba Seqmnas monawileTa saxelobiTi sapensio danagrovi da mis
xarjze regularulad gasces pensiebi am kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
xelSekrulebis Sesabamisad;
b) sqemebi, sadac gansazRvrulia gasacemi pensiis odenoba da
damfuZneblis mier gaTvaliswinebulia pensiebis gadaxda, romelTa odenoba
damokidebuli ar aris saxelobiTi sapensio danagrovis odenobaze.
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulia profesiuli sapensio sqemis arseboba,
romelic aris damsaqmeblis, damsaqmebelTa gaerTianebis an sxva iuridiuli
piris mier dafuZnebuli sapensio sqema, romlis meanabrec aris
damsaqmebeli. damsaqmebeli an damsaqmebelTa gaerTianeba SeiZleba iyos
erTi an ramdenime profesiuli sapensio sqemis damfuZnebeli. profesiuli
sapensio sqemis monawile SeiZleba iyos 18 wlis asaks miRweuli piri,
romelic aranakleb 24 kalendaruli Tvis ganmavlobaSi imyofeba SromiT
urTierTobaSi meanabre damqiravebelTan. monawiles SeuZlia iyos mxolod
erTi profesiuli sapensio sqemis monawile.
profesiuli sapensio sqemis monawileni SeiZleba iyvnen damfuZneblis
(meanabris) muSakTa calkeuli kategoriebi an profesiuli jgufebi. im
pirTa CamonaTvali, romlebsac SeuZliaT gaxdnen profesiuli sapensio
sqemis monawileni, ganisazRvreba Sromis xelSekrulebiT.
profesiuli sapensio sqemebis sapensio Senatanebs ixdian damsaqmebeli
an damsaqmebeli da monawile erTad xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
pirobebis Sesabamisad. Tu Senatanebs ixdis mxolod damsaqmebeli, yvela
muSaki, romelsac ufleba aqvs iyos profesiuli sqemis monawile,
gaerTianebuli unda iyos am sqemaSi.
arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevisa da uzrunvelyofis sferoSi
urTierTobaTa maregulirebeli saxelmwifo organoa ssip saqarTvelos
dazRvevis saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenilia minimaluri sawesdebo
kapitali sapensio sqemis damfuZnebeli iuridiuli pirebisTvis: sadazRvevo
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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kompania unda flobdes sawesdebo kapitals 1 500 000 laris odenobiT.
sapensio sqemis damfuZnebeli nebsmieri sxva iuridiuli piri ki, 2 000 000
laris odenobiT, xolo aqtivebis mmarTveli kompania 50 000 laris
odenobiT.
qvemoT moyvanilia ssip saqarTvelos dazRvevis saxelmwifo
zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri informacia 2016 wlis 31 martisTvis sapensio
sqemebis damfuZneblebis mier ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb
(saqarTvelos dazRvevis saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri, 2016):
cxrili #1
organizaciisdasaxeleba
sapensioSenatanebi(2016w. Ikvart.)
monawileTa
raodenoba
pensiismimRebmonawileTaraodenoba
sqemidangatanilisaxsrebi
sapensiorezervebi
2016 wlis 31martis
mdgomareobiT
sainvesticio
Semosavali (2016w.
I kv.)
s.s. “sadazRvevokompania aldagi" 729,920 9,174 - 349,313 14,303,532 333,236
s.s. "sadazRvevokompania ji piai holdingi"
115,797 11,933 - 157,680 5,263,252 62,996
sul 845,717 21,107 - 506,993 19,566,784 396,232
aRsaniSnavia, rom sadazRvevo kompaniebma kalendaruli weli dadebiTi
sainvesticio SemosavlebiT daasrules.
rogorc aRniSnuli monacemebidan irkveva arasaxelmwifo sapensio
uzrunvelyofis sistemis monawilea qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa umniSvnelo
nawili - 21 107, bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maTma raodenobam
umniSvnelod imata, sul daaxloebiT 4100-iT. qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa
raodenoba, ki Seadgens 1 780 aTas adamians saqstatis 2015 wlis monacemebiT.
arasaxelmwifo sapensio uzrunvelyofis sistema arasaTanadodaa
daregulirebuli, ar arsebobs sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi, romlebsac
SeeZloT sistemaSi CarTvis survilis stimulireba; kanonmdeblobiT araa
dawesebuli sapensio danagrovis vadaze adre gamotanis SezRudvebi, amitom
SeiniSneba e.w. “grZeli fulis~ nakleboba da investireba grZelvadian
instrumentebSi TiTqmis ar xdeba; aqtivebis marTva praqtikulad ar
xorcieldeba, Tanxebis 90%-ze meti sabanko depozitebSia investirebuli da
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sainvesticio mogeba emTxveva saqarTvelos komerciul bankebSi arsebul
moklevadian depozitebze daricxul procents.
aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis ganviTarebis
done da masStabebi mowinave qveynebSi arsebul sistemasTan SedarebiT
umniSvneloa. mosaxleobac naklebadaa dainteresebuli am modeliT, risi
mizezic aris mosaxleobis dabali Semosavlebi, danazogis
gakeTebis/ganxorcielebis tradiciis arqona, sistemaSi CarTvis
mastimulirebeli regulaciebis (magaliTad: sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi)
ararseboba da sistemaSi monawile dawesebulebaTa mimarT ndobis dabali
xarisxi. mosaxleoba araa darwmunebuli, rom maTi Senatanebi saTanadod
iqneba daculi. Sesabamisad biznesic ar iCens saTanado interess am sferos
mimarT.
saqarTvelos sapensio sistema, socialuri dacvis sistemis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani nawilia masze daxarjuli Tanxebis moculobiT. 2015 wlis
saxelmwifo biujetSi, asakiT pensiebze modioda socialuri uzrunvelyofis
xarjebis 46,5%.
xandazmulebi saxelmwifos mxridan, ara mxolod asakiT pensiebiT
SeiZleba iyvnen uzrunvelyofilni. qvemoT mocemulia sxva mniSvnelovani
programebi/gasacemlebi, romliTac xandazmulebs SeuZliaT isargeblon:
a) saxelmwifo gascems saarsebo Semweobas, romelic aris fuladi
socialuri daxmareba da gankuTvnilia Sefasebis sistemiT
identificirebuli Rataki ojaxebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
gaumjobesebisaTvis. saarsebo Semweobis odenobas gansazRvravs saqarTvelos
mTavroba. daxmareba gaicema ojaxis TiToeul wevrze da misi odenobaa 30-
dan 60 laramde (bavSvze danamati - 10 lari), ojaxis socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobis simZimis mixedviT. amrigad, Rataki pensionerebi damatebiT
iReben asakiT pensiis 20%-dan 33%-mde. 2016 wlis ivlisis mdgomareobiT,
saarsebo Semweobis mimRebia 90 000-mde pensioneri, rac pensionerTa saerTo
raodenobis 12%-ze metia.
b) saxelmwifo adgens saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis socialuri dacvis garantiebs saxelmwifos
winaSe gansakuTrebuli samsaxuris gavlis gamo da gansazRvravs am
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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pirebisTvis, an maTi ojaxis wevrebisTvis saxelmwifo kompensaciis da
saxelmwifo akademiuri stipendiis daniSvnis da gacemis wesebs.
kompensaciis/saxelmwifo akademiuri stipendiis daniSvnis safuZvlebia:
dadgenili namsaxurobis vadis amowurva; 65 wlis asakis miRweva;
SezRuduli SesaZleblobis statusis dadgena; marCenalis gardacvaleba an
ojaxis wevris gardacvaleba. kompensaciis/saxelmwifo akademiuri
stipendiis da saxelmwifo pensiis erTad miReba, garkveuli gamonaklisebis
garda, akrZalulia. am gasacemels iRebs 21 000 adamiani da misi odenoba,
garkveuli gamonaklisebis garda, ar unda aRematebodes 560 lars;
g) `sayovelTao jandacvis programis~ farglebSi pensionerebi
uzrunvelyofilni arian samedicino momsaxurebis paketiT, romelic
Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobisTvis gankuTvnil paketTan SedarebiT met
momsaxurebas moicavs. magaliTad, pensionerebisTvis gaTvaliswinebulia
samkurnalo saSualebebis xarjebis dafinanseba.
koalicia „qarTulma ocnebam“ sapensio sistemis reformis saWiroeba
jer kidev xelisuflebaSi mosvlamde - 2012 wlis saparlamento
arCevnebisTvis momzadebul saarCevno programaSi aRniSna:
,,saWiroa, Camoyalibdes dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, romliTac
moqalaqis mier pensiis miRebis safuZveli iqneba misi sapensio SenatanebiT
dagrovebuli saxsrebi. saqarTveloSi amoqmeddeba evrokavSiris qveynebSi
moqmedi saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevis unificirebul
kanonmdeblobaze dafuZnebuli axali sistema, romlis meSveobiTac
TandaTanobiT gavxdebiT evropis socialuri sivrcis organuli
Semadgeneli nawili. axali sistemis safuZveli msoflioSi aRiarebuli
iseTi principebia, rogoricaa samarTlianoba, solidaroba da
garantirebuloba. (politikuri koalicia „qarTuli ocneba“, 2012).
koaliciis xelisuflebaSi mosvlidan maleve, 2012 wlis bolodan,
daiwyo muSaoba sapensio reformis sakiTxebze, romelic dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2014 wlis 17 ivnisisN#400 dadgenilebiT
damtkicda saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategia
„saqarTvelo 2020“, romlis mixedviT mTavrobam aiRo dagrovebiT sapensio
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sistemis ganviTarebis valdebuleba: „pensionerTa raodenoba mzardia da
gaeros monacemebiT pensionerebis raodenoba 2050 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis 25%-s miaRwevs, rac socialuri danaxarjebis mudmiv zrdas
gamoiwvevs. aqedan gamomdinare, aucilebelia etapobrivad dagrovebiT
sapensio sistemaze gadasvla, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs sabaziso
pensiis aramdgradi zrdisgan gamowveuli wnexis Semsubuqebas“ (saqarTvelos
mTavroba, 2014).
2016 wels, saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis
saministroSi SemuSavda sapensio reformis modeli msoflio bankis aqtiuri
monawileobiT. sapensio reformis models am etapze Semdegi saxe aqvs:
moqalaqe Tavad irCevs CaerTos Tu ara kerZo nebayoflobiT dagrovebiT
sapensio sistemaSi. aRniSnul sistemaSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi, dasaqmebuli
gadaricxavs xelfasis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil nawils saxelmwifos mier
daarsebul arakomerciul sapensio fondSi. agreTve damsaqmebeli da
saxelmwifoc valdebulni iqnebian gadaricxon dadgenili Tanxebi sapensio
fondSi dasaqmebulis saxelze. dagrovebuli Tanxebis marTvas
(investirebas) kerZo kompania ganaxorcielebs (saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro, 2016).
3.2. demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi
3.2.1. demografiuli viTareba saqarTveloSi: nebismieri saxelmwifos
socialuri dacvis sistemis mdgradoba, damokidebulia qveynis
demografiul da socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaze.
me-19 saukunis bolodan, 90-ian wlebamde, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ZiriTadad maRali bunebrivi matebis gamo. me-19
saukunis bolos qveynis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 2 milions Seadgenda, 1950-
iani wlebis bolos 4 milions gadaaWarba, 1979 wels 5 milions miaRwia.
maqsimaluri raodenoba 1991 wels dafiqsirda – TiTqmis 5,5 milioni (United
Nations, 2015) (saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2015a). aqedan
moyolebuli, qveynis ekonomikuri kolafsis pirobebSi Sobadobis klebisa
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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da emigraciis Sedegad, mosaxleobam Semcireba daiwyo da 2015 wels 3, 720
aTasi kaci Seadgina.
Sobadobis jamobrivi koeficienti (erTi qalis mier mTeli cxovrebis
manZilze – pirobiTad 15-49 wlis asakSi – dabadebuli bavSvebis saSualo
raodenoba (wulaZe, 2012)) 1950-ian wlebSi aRwevda sams, Semdeg daiwyo am
maCveneblis TandaTanobiT kleba da 1990 wels gaxda 2,16. aqedan
moyolebuli iwyeba koeficientis mkveTri vardna da 2006 wels aRwevs
minimums 1,4-s, amis Semdeg, isev iwyeba am maCveneblis zrda da 2015 wlis
monacemebiT, 2,2-s Seadgens (United Nations, 2015) (saqarTvelos statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuri, 2015a).
cocxlad dabadebul bavSvTa absoluturi raodenoba 1992 wlidan
mkveTrad ecema: 1981 wlidan 1991 wlamde saSualod yovelwliurad
ibadeboda 93 500 bavSvi, 1992 wlidan 1998 wlamde – 58 000, xolo 2002-2007
wlebSi – 48 000. 2008 wlidan SeiniSneba cocxlad dabadebul bavSvTa
absoluturi raodenobis mateba (United Nations, 2015) (saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2015a), Tumca, rogorc giorgi melaZe
(melaZe, 2013) aRniSnavs: `SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1980-ian wlebSi
Camoyalibebuli demografiuli talRis SesaZleblobebi (Sobadobaze
zegavlenis TvalsazrisiT) iwureba da uaxloes wlebSi Sobadobis mateba
aucileblad klebiT Seicvleba. daaxloebiT 2016-2018 wlebidan
gansakuTrebiT mZime situacia Seiqmneba, vinaidan saqorwino asakSi Sevlen
Taobebi, romlebic 1992 wlis Semdgom daibadnen~ (melaZe, 2013). wina
TaobasTan SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis axal Taobas, mouwevs mzardi
raodenobis xandazmulTa rCena.
saqarTveloSi 1970-iani wlebidan mimdinareobs mosaxleobis daberebis
procesi: 1970 wels 0-14 wlis bavSvebi Seadgendnen qveynis mosaxleobis
30,6%-s, 15-dan – 65 wlamde asakis pirebi – 61,1%, xolo 65 wlis da ufrosi
asakis pirebi – 8,3%. amis Semdeg, mosaxleobis yvelaze axalgazrda jgufi
klebulobs da matulobs danarCeni ori jgufis, gansakuTrebiT
xandazmulTa xvedriTi wili, 0-14 wlis bavSvebis xvedriTi wilis
Semcirebisa da xandazmulTa xvedriTi wilis matebis procesi
gansakuTrebiT daCqarda 1990-iani wlebidan (ix. grafiki #1). rogorc
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafikidan Cans, 1990-2015 wlebSi sagrZnoblad (7,3%-iT) Semcirda 0-14 w.
bavSvebis wili, mcirediT (2,6%-iT) moimata meore asakobrivi jgufis wilma
da mniSvnelovnad (4,7%-iT) moimata xandazmulTa wilma. gaeros prognozis
mixedviT momavalSi mkveTrad gaizrdeba xandazmulebis da mkveTrad
Semcirdeba Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili, rac
uaryofiTad imoqmedebs saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis mdgradobaze.
grafiki #1:
(United Nations, 2015)
sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba saqstatis 2014 wlis
monacemebiT, Seadgens 72,9 wels (qalebis 77,2, kacebis 68,6). es maCvenebeli
mcirediTaa gazrdili 1990 welTan (71,4 weli) SedarebiT. gaeros prognoziT,
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba TandaTan gaizrdeba da 2060 wlisTvis
miaRwevs 82 wels.
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi demografiuli daberebis
procesisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, ara mxolod `dabereba zemodan~, romelic,
rogorc giorgi wulaZe (2012) gansazRvravs, gamowveulia moxucebulobis
asakSi mokvdaobis donis SemcirebiT da sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis
zrdiT, aramed `dabereba qvemodan~, romelic Sobadobis klebis Sedegad
bavSvebis raodenobis SemcirebiT ganisazRvreba.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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qveyanaSi asakiT pensionerTa raodenoba gaizarda 588 aTasidan (2006)
714 aTasamde (2016 wlis ivlisi), aqedan qali aris 70,7%, xolo kaci 29,3%
(socialuri momsaxurebis saagento, 2016). pensionerebis raodenobis zrdis
tendencia momavalSic gagrZeldeba da 2040 wlisTvis 1 milions
gadaaWarbebs (saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis
saministro, 2016). 2014 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris monacemebiT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saSualo asaki 38,1 welia (saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2016a). gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis
2015 wels Sedgenili `msoflio mosaxleobis prognozis~ mixedviT (United
Nations, 2015): 2045 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli 46,1 wlamde gaizrdeba; asakobrivi
damokidebulebis indeqsi (old age dependency ratio - ramdeni 65 welze uxnesi
adamiani modis yovel 100 Sromisunariani asakis (15-65) adamianze) 2015 wels
Seadgenda 20,4, 2060 wlisTvis es maCvenebeli gaizrdeba 53-mde; aseve
navaraudebia qveynis mosaxleobis raodenobis kleba Sobadobis Semcirebis
gamo, xolo 65 welze uxnesi mosaxleobis raodenoba da xvedriTi wili
sagrZnoblad moimatebs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
biujetisTvis momavalSi mniSvnelovnad garTuldeba xandazmulTa
uzrunvelyofa Rirseuli cxovrebisTvis saWiro pensiebiT. dagrovebiTi
pensiis danergva ki savaraudod, Cveni qveynisaTvis momgebiani iqneba,
vinaidan is xels Seuwyobs saxelmwifo biujetis ganTavisuflebas
wnexisgan.
sapensio sistemis efeqtianobis erT-erTi ganmsazRvrelia samuSao
Zalis statistika. bolo wlebSi umuSevrobis done klebulobs (2012 – 15%,
2015 – 12%), xolo dasaqmebisa (2012 - 56,8, 2015 - 59,7) da aqtiurobis done
matulobs (2012 – 66,9%, 2015 – 67,8%), Tu aseTi tendencia momavalSic
gagrZelda, es dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis mniSvnelovani
xelSemwyobi faqtori iqneba. SedarebisTvis, evrokavSirSi umuSevrobis done
Seadgens 8,6%-s, xolo evrozonaSi - 10.1%-s. es maCvenebeli Cvenze maRalia
evrokavSiris sam qveyanaSi. umuSevrobis doniT Cven mivuaxlovdiT
portugalias, italias da kvipross (ix. grafiki #2).
grafiki #2: umuSevrobis done evrokavSirSi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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(Eurostat, 2016)
daqiravebiT dasaqmebulia 753 aTasi adamiani, rac rekordulad maRali
maCvenebelia im periodis ganmavlobaSi, rac warmoebs aRniSnuli statistika
(1998 wlidan) - es maCvenebeli gaizarda 181 aTasiT (31,6%-iT) 2008 welTan da
61 aTasiT (TiTqmis 9%-iT) 2014 welTan SedarebiT. bolo wlebSi,
TandaTanobiT mcirdeba TviTdasaqmebulTa raodenoba. Sesabamisad,
TviTdasaqmebulTa Tanafardoba daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebTan icvleba am
ukanasknelTa sasargeblod (saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri,
2016b), bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi pirvelad, daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa
wilma gadaaWarba 40%-s. 2015 wels, TviTdasaqmebulebi Seadgenen
dasaqmebulTa 57%-s, xolo daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi - 43%-s. es tendencia
xelis Semwyobi faqtoria dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis warmatebiT
danergvisTvis, radgan masSi ZiriTadad daqiravebiT dasaqmebulebi arian
CarTulni. Tanac, rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministros 2016 wlis angariSSia aRniSnuli: `umetes
SemTxvevaSi, TviTdasaqmebulebi araformalur seqtors warmoadgenen...
romlebic ar axorcieleben kontribucias saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
meSveobiT~. Sesabamisad isini ver CaerTvebian dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemaSi.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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arsebuli sapensio sistemis efeqtianobas, safrTxes agreTve uqmnis
samuSao Zalis gadineba qveynidan, rac aseve amcirebs dasaqmebulTa xvedriT
wils mosaxleobaSi. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saqarTveloSi arsebuli
mZime ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo, qveyana datova aseulobiT aTasma
adamianma. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba Sromisunariani asakisaa. es
procesi dResac grZeldeba: 2012-15 wlebSi migraciis uaryofiTma saldom
saerTo jamSi Seadgina 34 promile (saqarTvelos statitikis erovnuli
samsaxuri, 2016e).
saqstatis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi erT pensionerze 2,5 dasaqmebuli
modis, qveyanaSi arsebuli demografiuli viTarebis gamo es Tanafardoba
TandaTanobiT Secvleba pensionerTa `sasargeblod~ da momuSaveTa
raodenoba erT pensionerze Semcirdeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom sul ufro
meti pensioneris rCenis tvirTi, sul ufro nakleb dasaqmebul adamianze
gadava.
3.2.2. socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba saqarTveloSi: damoukideblobis
mopovebidan pirvelive wlebSi mniSvnelovnad daeca pensiis odenoba, Tanac
maTi gacema araregularulad xdeboda, amis mizezi qveynis ekonomikuri
kolafsi iyo: saqarTveloSi, ekonomikuri vardna 1989 wlidan daiwyo
(sabWoTa kavSirSi 1990 wlidan) (Angus Maddison, 2014) (The World Bank, 2016c);
msoflio bankis monacemebiT saqarTvelos mSp 1989 wels daeca 7,2%-iT, 1990
wels - 14,8%-iT, 1991 wels - 21%-iT; ekonomikurma vardnam fskers 1992 wels
miaRwia - 45% da gagrZelda 1994 wlamde (1993w. - 29,3%, 1994 - 10,4%). 1995
wlidan ekonomikuri vardna wydeba da iwyeba ekonomikuri zrda. sabWoTa
sistemidan sabazro ekonomikaze gardamaval periodSi yvelaze didi zarali
postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris saqarTvelom ganicada, 1995 wlisTvis misi mSp
Seadgenda 1988 wlis mSp-is mxolod 22%-s. ekonomikuri danakargis simZimiT
saqarTvelos mohyveba moldova, romelmac qveynis ekonomikis 63% dakarga.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 1995 wlidan mSp-is zrdis uaryofiTi maCvenebeli
mxolod 2009 wels dafiqsirda, erT sul mosaxleze mSp Seadgens 3 800 aSS
dolars, am mxriv Cven mcirediT vuswrebT somxeTs (3500) da CamovrCebiT
azerbaijans (5500). yvelaze ganviTarebuli postsabWoTa qveynis - estoneTis
analogiuri maCvenebeli CvenTan SedarebiT TiTqmis 4,5-jer didia – 17 300.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saqarTvelos, amJamindeli ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donidan gamomdinare,
arasakmarisi finansuri resursebi gaaCnia maRali pensiebis
dasafinanseblad.
2004 wlidan dRemde, asakiT pensiebi 13-jer gaizarda, Tumca
saqarTveloSi asakiT pensiebis mniSvnelovani zrdis resursi TandaTan
iwureba: 2003 wlidan, 2008 wlis CaTvliT saxelmwifo biujeti 6-jer
gaizarda, xolo 2008-2016 wlebSi 46,8%-iT. amas emateba pensionerTa
raodenobis zrda, rac aseve gazrdis wnexs biujetze.
saxelmwifo pensiebi finansdeba saxelmwifo biujetidan. 2016 wels
savaraudod amisTvis saWiro iqneba 1,5 miliardamde lari, rac biujetis
xarjebis mniSvnelovan nawils – 17%-ze mets Seadgens, rac am saukuneSi
saqarTvelosTvis rekordulad maRali maCvenebelia. bolo 5 weliwadSi
asakiT pensiis wilma sabiujeto xarjebSi 5%-iT moimata (2011 wels - 12%-s
Seadgenda). miuxedavad amisa, pensiis odenoba mainc mcirediT aRemateba
saarsebo minimums.
bolo periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda ara mxolod sapensio, aramed
zogadad socialuri (maT Soris jandacvis) xarjebi (ix. grafiki #3).
grafiki #3:
28.3
3030
23 2221.3
2528
29.628.6 28.6
34 3638.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
socialuri xarjebis wili saxelmwifos erTian biujetSi (%):
wyaro: grafiki agebulia saqarTvelos finansTa saministros monacemebis
mixedviT (2016)
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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rogorc grafikidan Cans, 2005 wlidan mkveTrad ecema socialur
uzrunvelyofaze gaweuli xarjebis wili sabiujeto xarjebSi. 2013 wlidan,
xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg, socialuri xarjebis wili mniSvnelovnad
imatebs da aWarbebs 2005 wlamde arsebul maCvenebels. 2016 wlis gegmiT,
socialuri uzrunvelyofis xarjebi Seadgens 3 350 milion lars, rac
dagegmili sabiujeto xarjebis 39,3%-ia.
2015 wlis monacemebiT, socialuri xarjebi mSp-is 9,6%-ia.
SedarebisTvis, OECD qveynebSi socialuri xarjebi saSualod, Seadgens
sabiujeto xarjebis 48%-s da mSp-s 21,6%-s (OECD, 2016a). rac Seexeba asakiT
pensiaze gaweul xarjebs, saqarTveloSi igi Seadgens mSp-s 4,4%-s (2015w),
OECD qveynebis saSualo maCvenebelia 8% (2011w) (OECD, 2016b). es gansxvavebebi
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom bolo aTwleulis manZilze saqarTveloSi
arsebuli liberaluri sagadasaxado politikis gamo gadasaxadebi
mniSvnelovnadaa Semcirebuli da gacilebiT naklebia dasavleTis qveynebis
absolutur umravlesobasTan SedarebiT. saxelmwifos erTiani biujetis2
xarjebi Seadgens mSp-is 25%-s. momavalSi mosalodnelia am maCveneblis
kidev Semcireba: saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier SemuSavebuli qveynis
ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis (2017-2020 wlebisaTvis) dokumentis
mixedviT, 2020 wlisTvis sabiujeto xarjebi mSp-is 19% iqneba.
saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, OECD-is yvela qveynis analogiuri maCvenebeli
gacilebiT maRalia (OECD, 2016c): sabiujeto xarjebi Seadgens mSp-is 60%-ze
mets sloveniasa da saberZneTSi, maT odnav CamorCeba fineTi (57,5%) da
safrangeTi (57%), OECD qveynebs Soris yvelaze dabali maCvenebelia koreaSi
(32%), mas moyveba Sveicaria (34%) da avstralia (35,6%). rogorc am
statistikidan Cans, sabiujeto resursebi saqarTveloSi gacilebiT ufro
SezRudulia ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT, rac uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens gadanawilebiT sapensio sistemis efeqtianobaze.
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros mier SemuSavebul
sapensio reformis koncefciis mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo
2 saxelmwifos erTiani biujeti – centraluri, avtonomiuri respublikebis erTianirespublikuri da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis erTiani municipaluribiujetebis konsolidirebuli biujeti. saxelmwifos erTiani biujeti ar eqvemdebarebaarcerTi xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier damtkicebas
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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pensiis odenoba saSualo xelfasis proporciulad gaizrdeba, sapensio
xarjebi mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba da 2060 wlisaTvis
miaRwevs mSp-is 10%-s (saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis
saministro, 2016), es ki mwiri sabiujeto resursebis pirobebSi (rodesac
sabiujeto xarjebis moculoba mSp-sTan mimarTebaSi sakmaod dabalia)
saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis mdgradobas safrTxes Seuqmnis. pensiebis
dafinansebisTvis damatebiTi resursebis mosaZieblad erT-erTi variantia
gadasaxadebis gazrda, Tumca saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri speqtris
udidesi nawili ar emxroba am nabijs, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki piriqiT, maTi
Semcirebis momxrea; gadasaxadebis gazrda politikuri mizanSewonilobis
kuTxiT sakmaod problemuria, radgan am nabijma amomrCevelTa mxridan didi
ukmayofileba SeiZleba gamoiwvios.
3.3. sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva: sazogadoebis informirebuloba dadamokidebuleba sapensio sistemis mimarT
winamdebare naSromis sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva daigegma im
mizniT, rom Segvemowmebina saqarTvelos mosaxleobis molodinebi,
damokidebulebebi da sadazRvevo sistemastan dakavSirebuli
informaciulobis done. kvlevisTvis SemuSavda specialuri kiTxvarebi
(calke Tbilisis da calke saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamosakiTxad).
sakvlevi amocanidan gamomdinare momzadda specialuri baraTebi, romelSic
aRwerili iyo Semdegi cnebebi: saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi, dagrovebiT,
savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi da savaldebulo saxelmwifo dagroebiTi
pensia. kiTxvebi iyo standartuli: Tbilisis mosaxleobis gamokiTxvisTvis
ZiriTadad gamoyenebul iqna 11 kiTxva Tavisi SesaZlo pasuxebiT, xolo
saqarTvelos masStabiT Casatarebel kiTxvarSi (16 kiTxva) daemata
skalurad Sesafasebeli pasuxebi. kiTxvaris Sevsebas saSualod 15 wuTi
sWirdeboda. gamokiTxva TbilisSi Catarda 707 respondentze, xolo
saqarTvelos masStabiT 1000 respondentze. respondentebs vuxsnidiT Tu
risTvis tardeboda gamokiTxva. respondentTa umniSvnelo nawilma uari
Tqva kiTxvaris Sevsebaze, sxvebi aqtiurad erTvebodnen mis SevsebaSi; aseTi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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suraTi iyo yvela asakobriv jgufTan. kvleva tardeboda 2 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. ixileT danarTi #2 da #3.
3.3.1. Tbilisis mosaxleobis gamokiTxva
sapensio politikis mimarT Tbilisis mosaxleobis damokidebulebis da
informirebulobis Seswavlis mizniT 2014 wels Catarebulma raodenobrivma
sociologiurma kvlevam aCvena, rom respondentTa ganawileba sqesis
mixedviT, daemTxva generaluri erTobliobis analogiur maCveneblebs:
gamokiTxulTa 56,8% qalia, 43,2% kaci. asakobrivi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT
gamokiTxulTa 32,4% 18 dan 35 wlamde asakobriv jgufSia, respondetTa 26.7%
35 wlidan 50 wlamdea, 23.3% 50 wlidan 65 wlamde, xolo 17.5% aris 65 wlisa
da metis. kvlevis samizne jgufidan 49.65% dasaqmebulia, xolo 50.3% -
dausaqmebeli.
3.3.1.1 Tbilisis mosaxleobis informirebuloba sapensio sistemebis Sesaxeb
Tbilisis mosaxleobis didi nawili - 63.8% - informirebulia
saqarTveloSi amJamad moqmedi sapensio politikis Sesaxeb, magram
arainformirebuli nawilis moculoba - 36.2%3 (ix. grafiki #4), sakmaod
didia imisaTvis, rom reformis danergvisa da ganviTarebis procesebze
negatiurad aisaxos.
grafiki #4:
informirebuloba amJamad moqmedi ZiriTadi sapensio modelis Sesaxeb
3 respondentebi pasuobdnen kiTxvaze: gTxovT, aRweroT, ra tipis sapensio politikaxorcieldeba amJamad saqarTveloSi? gamokiTxulTa 63.8%-ma miuTiTa saxelmwifogadanawilebiTi, xolo 36.2% -ma sxva pasuxi airCia
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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is faqti, rom 36.2% ar flobs informacias TiToeuli moqalaqisaTvis
am umniSvnelovanes sakiTxze, SesaZloa, Tavad aRniSnuli jgufis socialur
pasiurobaze miuTiTebdes. Sesabamisad, sainformacio kampaniis organizebis
SemTxvevaSi didi mniSvneloba eqneba sazogadoebis am nawilis
identificirebasa da masTan muSaobis specialuri meTodebis SemuSavebas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom informirebuloba sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb ar aris
damokidebuli sqessa da asakze, Tumca mniSvnelovan determinantad
gvevlineba dasaqmebis maCvenebeli, romelic sapensio sistemis reformis
warmatebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa, radgan pensiis dagrovebis
ZiriTad safuZvels swored dasaqmeba warmoadgens. aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009
wlidan SeimCneva umuSevrobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba da dasaqmebisa
da aqtiurobis donis mniSvnelovani zrda (saqarTvelos statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuri, 2016b). Tu es tendencia momavalSic gagrZelda, didi
albaTobiT, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema ufro met mxardaWeras moipovebs
sazogadoebaSi.
gamoikveTa statistikurad mniSvnelovani damokidebuleba dasaqmebis
faqtoris mimarT - dasaqmebulTa informirebulobis maCvenebeli ufro
maRalia, vidre - maTi, vinc ar aris dasaqmebuli.
rac Seexeba kerZo sapensio sistemas, kiTxvas - „gsmeniaT Tu ara, kerZo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb?“ umravlesoba - 56.7% - dadebiTad
pasuxobs. Tumca, arainformirebulobis maCvenebelic sakmaod maRalia - 43,3%
pasuxobs, rom ar smenia amis Sesaxeb.
informirebuloba kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb
korelaciaSia asakTan. saxeldobr, 65 wlisa da meti asakis respondentebSi
informirebulobis maCveneblebi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba wina asakobrivi
jgufebis Sesabamis maCveneblebs: smenia - 43,5%, ar smenia - 56,5% (ix.
grafiki #5).
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #5:
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aRniSnuli asakobrivi jgufi dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis danergvis miznobriv segments ar warmoadgens,
savaraudod, miRebuli Sedegi reformis ganxorcielebaze arsebiTad ar
aisaxeba.
respondentebs daesvaT kiTxva, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs arsebul
demografiul viTarebas (Sobadobis Semcireba, eris dabereba) pensiiT
uzrunvelyofisaTvis (ix. cxrili #2).
cxrili #2: ra mniSvneloba aqvs arsebul demografiul viTarebas (Sobadobis
Semcireba, eris dabereba) pensiiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis?
1. rac metia axalgazrda asakis
mosaxleoba, miT ufro advilia
xandazmulTa rCena
30.5%
2. rac metia saSualo asakis mosaxleoba,
miT ufro advilia xandazmulTa rCena
39.9%
3. maT Soris kavSirs ver vxedav 13.7%
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema 15.0%
Tbilisis mosaxleobis 70,4% (romlebmac SekiTxvis pirvel an meore
variants gasces pasuxi) sworad afasebs damokidebulebas demografiul
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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mdgomareobasa da pensiiT uzrunvelyofas Soris. yvelaze metma
respondentma (39,9%) meore variants gasca pasuxi da marTebuladac, radgan
swored saSualo asakis mosaxleobaSi aris dasaqmebis done yvelaze maRali
da maTi raodenoba da Tanafardoba pensionerebis raodenobasTan aris erT-
erTi mTavari indikatori imisa, Tu ramdenad SeZlebs qveynis biujeti maT
mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebis xarjze maRali saxelmwifo pensiebis gacemas.
Tumca respondentTa mniSvnelovan nawils - 28,7% uWirs pasuxis gacema, an
maT Soris kavSirs ver xedavs.
pasuxebi gansxvavdeba dasaqmebis mixedviT: dausaqmeblebi ufro
naklebad arian gaTviTcnobierebulni demografiul mdgomareobasa da
pensiiT uzrunvelyofas Soris kavSirSi: maT 33%-s uWirs pasuxis gacema, an
maT Soris kavSirs ver xedavs. dasaqmebulebSi es maCvenebeli Seadgens
24,2%-s.
respondentebs daesvaT kiTxva, Tu ra kavSiri aqvs dasaqmebas pensiiT
uzrunvelyofasTan (ix. cxrili #3).
cxrili #3: ra kavSiri aqvs dasaqmebas pensiiT uzrunvelyofasTan?
1 rac maRalia dasaqmeba, miT adviliapensionerTa rCena
82.5%
2 maT Sori aranairi kavSiri ararsebobs
7.8%
99 miWirs pasuxis gacema 9.2%
es sakiTxi mosaxleobas kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli: mxolod 17%-s
uWirs pasuxis gacema, an Tvlis, rom maT Soris kavSiri ar arsebobs; 82,5%-
ki Tvlis, rom rac maRalia dasaqmeba, miT ufro advilia pensionerTa rCena.
3.3.1.2. Tbilisis mosaxleobis damokidebuleba sapensio sistemebis mimarT
gamokiTxvis SedegebiT gamovlinda zogadi negatiuri damokidebuleba
amJamad arsebuli sapensio sistemis mimarT. Tbilisis mosaxleobis im
nawilis moculoba, romelic Tvlis, rom arsebuli sapensio sistema
uzrunvelyofs siberes, mxolod 1,4%-ia (ix. grafiki #6). arsebuli sistemis
mimarT aseTi damokidebuleba, misi reformirebis xelSemwyobi faqtoria.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #6:
ramdenad uzrunvelyofs amJamad arsebuli sapensio sistema siberes?
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, respondentebs baraTebis meSveobiT
miawodes informacia sxvadasxva sapensio modelebis Sesaxeb, romlis
mimarTac unda daefiqsirebinaT damokidebuleba.Aam proceduri Catarebis
Sedegad gamovlinda, rom kerZo dagrovebiT sistemaSi CarTvis mzaobis
mqoneTa jgufis moculoba daaxloebiT samjer naklebia im jgufis
moculobaze, romelic am sistemaSi CarTvis winaaRmdegia (ix. grafiki #7).
grafiki #7:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Tumca, es Sedegi reformis ganxorcielebis eWvqveS dayenebis safuZvels
ar iZleva, radgan sazogadoebis yvelaze farTo nawils amJamad uWirs
gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Sesaxeb, CaerTveba Tu ara dagrovebiT sapensio
sistemaSi, rac logikuria, radgan, saqarTveloSi msgavsi gamocdileba
xanmoklea. nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
saqarTveloSi dainerga 1998 wels miRebuli kanoniT „arasaxelmwifo
sapensio dazRvevisa da uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb“ da ukiduresad mcire
gavrcelebiT xasiaTdeba. dRemde dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemiT
daaxloebiT 20 000 adamiani sargeblobs. is faqti, rom im adamianebis
raodenoba, visac jer kidev ar miuRia gadawyvetileba, mniSvnelovnad
aRemateba kategoriulad mowinaaRmdegTa raodenobas, SeiZleba ganvixiloT
rogorc potenciali, saidanac momxreTa jgufis gafarToeba unda moxdes.
aseT pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri xdeba reformis adekvaturad
dagegmva (magaliTad, savaldebulo dazRvevis SemoReba, farTo
sainformacio da sareklamo kampania, sapensio sistemis gamWvirvalobis
uzrunvelyofa, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi sistemaSi CarTuli kompaniebisa da
fizikuri pirebisTvis da sxva) da misi, rac SeiZleba naklebi xarvezebiT
ganxorcieleba.
miRebuli Sedegebidan Cans, rom saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas
sazogadoebis ufro meti nawili endoba, vidre – kerZo dagrovebiTs.
sapensio sistemebis mimarT ndobis erTganzomilebiani maCveneblebi
Semdegnairia (ix. grafiki #8). saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas endoba 44.4%,
xolo kerZo dagrovebiTs – 23.1%; aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo sapensio
sistemis mimarT ufro maRalia undoblobis maCvenebelic: saxelmwifo
sapensio sistemas ar endoba 42%, xolo kerZo dagrovebiTs – 38%; im
jgufis moculoba, romelsac kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT
ndobis xarisxis gansazRvra uWirs (38.5%), gacilebiT aRemateba analogiur
maCvenebels saxelmwifo sapensio sistemasTan mimarTebaSi (13.4%):
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #8:
sapensio sistemis mimarT ndoba damokidebulia asakze (ix. grafiki #9).
saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis mimarT ndobis yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli 18-
35 ww asakobriv jgufSi gamovlinda (38.9%); saxelmwifo sapensio sistemis
mimarT ndobis yvelaze maRali maCvenebliT 65+ asakobrivi jgufi
xasiaTdeba (52.4%). 18-50 ww asakobrivi jgufebis warmomadgenelebSi ufro
didia im jgufis moculoba, romelic endoba kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio
sistemas da ufro mcirea im jgufis moculoba, romelic ar endoba
aRniSnul sistemas, vidre ufrosi asakobrivi jgufebis warmomadgenlebSi,
rac reformis xelSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba miviCnioT, radgan 18-50 ww
asakobrivi jgufis warmomadgenlebi unda ganvixiloT, rogorc sapensio
reformis miznobrivi segmenti, romelTac Sesabamisi cvlilebebi realurad
Seexeba.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #9:
kiTxvaze: “ra migaCniaT siberis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze usafrTxo
saSualebad?” miRebuli pasuxebi Semdegnairad ganawilda (ix. grafiki #10):
grafiki #10:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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miRebuli Sedegebidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom siberis
uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli molodinebi (usafrTxoeba/riskebi)
sakvlev populaciaSi sakmaod mkafiod aris gamokveTili – kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema respondentTa mxolod 0.5%-s gauWirda; Tbilisis mosaxleobis
yvelaze didi nawili – 52.9% - siberis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT
yvelaze usafrTxod sakuTar danazogs (28.5%) an ojaxs (24.4%) miiCnevs;
sapensio sistemaze orientirebulTa umravlesoba (33%), ufro usafrTxod
saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas miiCnevs, vidre – kerZos, amasTan, isini
TiTqmis Tanabrad nawildebian pensiis konkretuli saxis (gadanawilebiTi -
16.3%; dagrovebiTi – 16.7%) mixedviT.
saqarTvelos uaxlesi warsulidan gamomdinare, aseTi Sedegebi sakmaod
logikuria. Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi jer kidev Zlieria tradiciuli
orientaciebi; dabalia ndobis xarisxi socialur-politikuri institutebis
mimarT; sabazro ekonomika formirebis procesSia, sazogadoebis
mniSvnelovan nawilSi aris SemorCenili komunisturi ideologiis
gadmonaSTi – undoblobloba kerZo kompaniebis mimarT, rasac is faqtic
aZlierebs, rom qveynis sadazRvevo bazari SedarebiT sustadaa
ganviTarebuli. sadazRvevo bazris aramdgradobis uaxlesi magaliTia
sadazRvevo kompania `arqimedes global jorjias~ gakotreba, romelmac ver
SeZlo aRebuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba. axalgazrda an saSualo asakis
dasaqmebulma, Tanxa dagrovebis dawyebidan ramdenime aTeuli wlis Semdeg
unda miiRos, rac SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu am periodis ganmavlobaSi
sadazRvevo kompania arsebobas Sewyvets. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobis am
nawilisaTvis, saxelmwifo gacilebiT ufro metad warmoadgens
grZelvadiani finansuri urTierTobebis garants, vidre kerZo seqtori.
is nawili ki, vinc arc saxelmwifo sistemas endoba, didi albaTobiT,
im negatiuri gamocdilebiT xelmZRvanelobs, rodesac inflaciis Sedegad
mosaxleobis kerZo anabrebi faqtobrivad daikarga da postsabWourma
saxelmwifom ver SeZlo am procesis kompensacia.
warsulis gamocdilebasTan erTad, am TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovan
faqtors warmoadgens dabali Semosavlebi, rac gaugebars xdis, rogor
SeiZleba daagrovos adamianma siberis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebeli Tanxa.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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swored tradiciuli RirebulebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas is Sedegi, rom
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxi korelaciaSia sqesTan: kacebs Soris ufro
didia im jgufis moculoba, vinc siberis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze
usafrTxo saSualebad sakuTar danazogs miiCnevs, xolo qalebs Soris
yvelaze maRali xvedriTi wiliT ojaxia warmodgenili. ojaxis wevrebs
Soris statusebisa da rolebis ganawilebis mixedviT, materialuri
uzrunvelyofa kacis movaleobaa, amitom kacs ufro sakuTari Tavis imedi
unda hqondes, xolo qals - ojaxis, sadac Semomtanis funqcia mas ar
akisria. amas adasturebs #11 grafiksa da #4 cxrilSi moyvanili
statistika: saqstatis 2014 wlis monacemebiT, qalebis saSualo xelfasi
kacebis saSualo xelfasis 63,5%-s Seadgens. qalebis dasaqmebis done
gacilebiT dabalia vidre kacebis.
grafiki #11:
(saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2015b)
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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cxrili #4:
15+ asakis qalebis da mamakacebis ganawileba ekonomikuri aqtivobis mixedviT, 2009-
2014 (procentebSi)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014umuSevrobis done qalebSi 15.4 14.5 13.1 13.8 12.3 10.4umuSevrobis done mamakacebSi 18.1 17.9 16.7 16.1 16.5 14.0aqtiurobis done qalebSi 54.3 55.5 55.8 57.4 56.8 57.1aqtiurobis done mamakacebSi 74.6 74.5 76.5 78.2 77.3 77.4
dasaqmebis done qalebSi45.9 47.5 48.5 49.5 49.8 51.1
dasaqmebis done mamakacebSi 61.1 61.2 63.7 65.6 64.5 66.6
(saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2016b)
siberis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze usafrTxo saSualeba korelaciaSia
asakTanac. Aasakobriv WrilSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti,
rom 65+ asakis respondentebSi yvelaze didi moculobiT warmodgenilia
`ojaxi~ - 38%. es Sedegi, garda imisa, rom tradiciuli orientaciebis
gavlenis sasargeblod metyvelebs, Semdegi aspeqtiTac aris saintereso:
aRniSnuli jgufis moculoba orjer aRemateba im jgufis moculobas, vinc
`sakuTari danazogi~ upasuxa (20,4%). es imis mimaniSnebelia, rom am
asakobrivi jgufis mxolod mcire nawili xvdeba siberes mniSvnelovani
danazogiT, Sesabamisad, misi siberis uzrunvelyofa ojaxzea damokidebuli.
am mosazrebis sasargeblod is faqtic metyvelebs, rom Tbilisis
mosaxleobis didi nawilisTvis – 68.6%, siberis uzrunvelsayofad amJamad
arsebuli pensia ar aris sakmarisi; amasTan es maCvenebeli 65+ asakobriv
jgufSi 75.0%-s aRwevs.
is adamianebi, romelTaTvisac siberis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze
usafrTxo saSualebas sakuTari danazogi warmoadgens, unda ganxilul
iqnen, rogorc sapensio reformis erT-erTi samizne jgufi, radgan
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema swored siberisTvis danazogis
ganxorcielebas gulismobs da Sesabamisi sainformacio sareklamo
kampaniisa Tu sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia moxdes am
kategoriis darwmuneba, rom danazogi swored dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis farglebSi ganaxorcielon.
ukve ganxilul SedegebTan logikur kavSirSia:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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a) samomavlo orientaciebis amJamindeli Sefaseba. kiTxvaze: `ra tipis
sapensio sistema iqneba optimaluri saqarTvelosTvis?~ pasuxebi
Semdegnairad gadanawilda:
grafiki #12: ra tipis sapensio sistema iqneba optimaluri saqarTvelosTvis?
b) damokidebuleba kerZo dagrovebiTi pensiis danergvis formis mimarT:
74,5% Tvlis, rom kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia nebayoflobiTi unda iyos.
Sedegebidan gamomdinare, kerZo dagrovebiT sistemaSi CarTvis mzaoba
korelirebs informirebulobasTan. respondentTa im nawilidan romlebsac
gamokiTxvamde smeniaT kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaze, am sistemaSi
CarTvas apirebs 15%, xolo respondentTa im nawilidan romlebsac
gamokiTxvamde ar smeniaT am sistemis Sesaxeb, masSi CarTvas apirebs 4,9%,
rac samjer naklebia pirvel maCvenebelTan SedarebiT (ix. grafiki #13).
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #13:
`apirebT Tu ara, CaerToT kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi?~ kiTxvasTan,
`gsmeniaT Tu ara kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb?~ mimarTebaSi
kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT ndobis maCveneblebi
korelirebs informirebulobis maCveneblebTan: visac gamokiTxvamde smenia
kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb, ufro metad endoba aRniSnul
sistemas, vidre is respondentebi, romlebsac gamokiTxvamde ar smeniaT mis
Sesaxeb (ix. grafiki #14)
grafiki #14:
`ramdenad endobiT kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemas?~ kiTxvasTan,
`gsmeniaT Tu ara kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb?~ mimarTebaSi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saxelmwifo
sapensio sistemisadmi undoblobas mis mimarT ukve Camoyalibebuli
negatiuri damokidebuleba gansazRvravs, xolo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemisadmi undoblobas – am sistemis mimarT gamovlenili
informirebulobis dabali maCvenebeli. e. i. kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis mimarT arsebuli undobloba mniSvnelovanwilad
arainformirebulobis Sedegia (undobloba ucnobi movlenis mimarT), rac
Sesabamisi sainformacio kampaniis dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi, reformis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob winapirobad SeiZleba iqces.
3.3.2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis gamokiTxva
sociologiuri kvlevis meore nawili exeba saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
gamokiTxvas, romelic Catarda 2015 wels. respondentTa saerTo raodenoba
iyo 1000. kvlevis mizani iyo qveynis masStabiT gamovleniliyo ara marto is
monacemebi, romelebic dedaqalaqis monacemTa tendenciebSi Cans, aramed
dagvenaxa ufro farTe suraTi, Tu ra xdeba regionebSi, maT centrebSi da
soflebSi. am mizniT SemuSavda ufro farTe kiTxvari romelic moicavda 16
ZiriTad kiTxvas. standartul kiTxvebze SesaZlo pasuxebis garda,
respondent skalirebul Sedegebsac afiqsirebda.
saqarTvelos masStabiT gamokiTxulTa 55,6% qalia, 44,4%- kaci.
respondentTa ganawileba asakisa da regionebis mixedviT,
warmodgenilia grafikebSi #15 da #16:
grafiki #15: asakobriv jgufebSi respondentTa sixSiruli ganawileba
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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111
grafiki #16: respondentTa sixSiruli ganawileba regionebis mixedviT
respondentTa 56,7% cxovrobs qalaqSi, xolo 43,3% - sofelSi.
gamokiTxulTa umravlesoba ganaTlebis donis mixedviT warmodgenilia
or kategoriaSi: umaRlesi ganaTleba aqvs 38%-s, zogadi ganaTleba - 36,2%-s
(ix. grafiki #17)
grafiki #17: respondentTa sixSiruli ganawileba ganaTlebis donis mixedviT
ojaxis materialuri keTildReobis donis TviTSefasebis mixedviT,
mosaxleobis udidesi nawili mZime socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi
imyofeba (ix. grafiki #18), rac dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis da
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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misi warmatebiT funqcionirebis xelSemSleli faqtoria, radgan SedarebiT
dabali Semosavlebis mqone pirebi, imis gamo rom maT danazogis gakeTebis
saSualeba naklebad aqvT, SeiZleba ar CaerTon am sistemaSi, an CarTvis
SemTxvevaSi, mcire Tanxebi daagrovon siberisTvis.
grafiki #18: sakuTari ojaxis materialuri keTildReobis donis Sefaseba
respondentebis mier
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvelaze mZime materialur mdgomareobaSi imyofebian
65 welze ufrosi asakis adamianebi, romelTa 31,5% pasuxobs, rom fuli
sakvebadac ar hyofnis.
magram, ekonomikuri mdgomareobis TviTSefasebis dinamika, warsulisa
da awmyos uaryofiTi maCveneblebis miuxedavad, mkveTrad gamoxatul
pozitiur samomavlo ganwyobas – molodins miuTiTebs (ix. cxrili #5):
cxrili #5 respondentTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobis TviTSefaseba
(1 qula - aSkarad gauaresda; 5 - aSkarad gaumjobesda) mean
rogor Seicvala Tqveni ojaxis materialuri mdgomareoba boloaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi?
2,87
rogor Seicvala Tqveni ojaxis materialuri mdgomareoba bolosami wlis ganmavlobaSi?
2,56
rogor afasebT Tqveni ojaxis materialur mdgomareobasdReisaTvis?
2,67
Tqveni azriT, rogori iqneba Tqveni ojaxis materialurimdgomareoba aTi wlis Semdeg?
3,74
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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rogorc cxrili #5-dan Cans, samomavlo ekonomikuri mdgomareobis
TviTSefasebis maCvenebeli mkveTrad aRemateba awmyosa da warsulis
maCveneblebs. ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimarT gamovlenili optimisturi
ganwyoba qveyanaSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvisa da am
sistemisadmi mosaxleobis ndobis zrdis xelSemwyob faqtorad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos, radgan Tu mosaxleobas momavlis imedi aqvs, didi Sansia, rom
dagrovebiT sistemaSi CaerTos imis imediT/rwmeniT, rom SeZlebs Tavisi
momavali karieris manZilze sakmarisi Tanxebis dagrovebas Rirseuli
siberisTvis.
3.3.2.1 saqarTvelos mosaxleobis informirebuloba sapensio sistemebis
Sesaxeb
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT informirebulobis maCvenebeli
sakmaod dabalia: kiTxvaze - `gsmeniaT Tu ara, dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis Sesaxeb?~ 24,2% pasuxobs, rom smenia, xolo 75,8% pasuxobs, rom ar
smenia.
informirebulebis done damokidebuli aRmoCnda regionze, dasaxlebis
tipze, asakze, sqesze, ganaTlebaze da ojaxis Semosavalze.
informirebuloba gacilebiT maRalia TbilisSi (35,2%), vidre
regionebSi (20,1%) da qalaqis mosaxleobaSi (30%), soflis mosaxleobasTan
(16,7%) SedarebiT.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb smenia kacebis 27,3%-s da
qalebis 21,8%-s.
informirebulobis done yvelaze dabalia 65+ asakis da 18-24 w. asakis
mosaxleobaSi. informirebulTa yvelaze maRali xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeva
45-54w. asakis mosaxleoba (ix. grafiki #19).
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #19: dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb informirebuloba
asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT
umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebSi informirebuloba Seadgens 36,3%-s,
xolo umaRlesi ganaTlebis armqone pirebSi - 16,6%-s (ix. grafiki #20).
grafiki #20: dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb informirebuloba
ganaTlebis donis mixedviT
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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rac ufro SeZlebulia respondentis ojaxi miT metadaa igi
informirebuli: informirebulobis maCvenebeli yvelaze dabalia (13,8%) im
respondentebSi, romlebic Tvlian, rom fuli sakvebadac ar hyofniT,
yvelaze maRali ki SeZlebulebSi – 31,7%.
kiTxvaze - `gsmeniaT Tu ara imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi unda
dainergos dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema?~ 15,1% pasuxobs, rom smenia, xolo
84,9% pasuxobs, rom ar smenia.
gacilebiT meti informirebuloba aris TbilisSi (23,1%), regionebTan
(12,1%) SedarebiT da qalaqis mosaxleobaSi (19,4%) vidre soflad (9,5%).
informirebulobis done gansxvavdeba sqesis mixedviT: smeniaT kacebis
18,8%-s da qalebis 12,2%-s.
informirebulobis done yvelaze dabalia 65+ asakis da 18-24 w. asakis
mosaxleobaSi. yvelaze metad informirebulia 45-54w. asakis mosaxleoba (ix.
grafiki #21).
grafiki #21: dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis Sesaxeb
informirebuloba asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT
informirebuloba matulobs miRebuli ganaTlebis donis zrdasTan
erTad (ix. grafiki #22):
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #22: dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis Sesaxeb
informirebuloba ganaTlebis donis mixedviT
aRsaniSnavia, rom sainformacio wyaroebis ganawileba bimodaluria:
a) kiTxvaze - `saidan gsmeniaT dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemebis
Sesaxeb?~ pasuxebi Semdegnairad ganawilda: `televiziidan~ – 26,1%, `nacnob-
megobrebidan~ - 23,9%, `sareklamo rgolidan~ - 15,8%, `samsaxurSi~ - 8,7%,
`bankSi~ - 5,7, `masmediidan~ - 5,6%;
b) kiTxvaze - `saidan gaigeT informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom
saqarTveloSi unda dainergos dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema?~ 55,5%
pasuxobs – televiziidan, 17,5% - nacnob-megobrebisgan, 6,6% mediidan, 12,3%-s
gauWirda kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom televizia, zogadad, informaciis
gavrcelebis yvelaze masStabur wyaros warmoadgens, araformaluri wyaro
– “nacnob-megobrebi”, romelic televiziis maCvenebels mxolod
umniSvnelod CamorCeba, metad mniSvnelovan Sedegs warmoadgens, rac
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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adekvatur gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs Sesabamisi sainformacio kampaniis
dagegmvis dros.
informirebulTa ori mesamedi flobs adekvatur informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ras isaxavs miznad dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, rac ukve
arsebuli ZiriTadi sainformacio wyaroebis efeqturobaze miuTiTebs. es ki,
agreTve, mniSvnelovani informaciaa sainformacio kampaniis dagegmvis
TvalsazrisiT: respondentTa 65,9%-is azriT dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
mizania pensionerisaTvis cxovrebis/Semosavlis im donis SenarCuneba, rac
mas muSaobis dros hqonda, 15,6%-is azriT dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
mizania siRaribis donis Semcireba, xolo 13,7%-s gauWirda kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema.
3.3.2.2. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis damokidebuleba sapensio sistemebis mimarT
qveyanaSi arsebuli socialuri dacvis sistemis (samedicino dazRveva,
sapensio sistema, Sromis birJebi umuSevarTaTvis da a.S.) mimarT
damokidebuleba saSualoze (3 qula) dabalia: respondentebs xuTi qulis
farglebSi unda SeefasebinaT kmayofilebis done socialuri dacvis
sistemis mimarT (1 yvelaze dabali (sruliad ar makmayofilebs), xolo 5-
yvelaze maRali (savsebiT makmayofilebs) Sefasebaa), cvladis saSualo
mniSvnelobam 2,68 qula Seadgina. es Sedegi – arsebuli sistemiT
ukmayofileba - sistemis reformirebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob
faqtorad SeiZleba ganvixiloT.
am daskvnis sasargeblod metyvelebs kiTxvaze - `Tqveni azriT, ra
problemebs unda agvarebdes Cveni saxelmwifo pirvel rigSi?~ miRebuli
pasuxebic (ix. grafiki #23):
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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grafiki #23 Tqveni azriT, ra problemebs unda agvarebdes Cveni saxelmwifo
pirvel rigSi?
#23 grafikidan Cans, rom pensiis gazrdis sakiTxi erT-erT
mniSvnelovan problemad aRiqmeba mosaxleobaSi.
kvlevis farglebSi vecadeT gagverkvia dRevandel Semosavalsa da
samomavlo pensias Soris optimaluri Sefardeba respondentebis
warmodgeniT (ix. grafiki #24):
grafiki #24 pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg Tqveni amJamindeli Semosavlis
daaxloebiT ramdeni procenti iqneba TqvenTvis sakmarisi yovelTviuri pensiis
saxiT?
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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respondentebs survili aqvT hqondeT maRali Canacvlebis koeficientis
mqone pensia. aseTi tendencia aSkarad Cans zemoT moyvanil grafikze:
respondentTa 19,6% miuTiTebs, rom misTvis yovelTviuri pensiis saxiT
sakmarisi iqneba amJamindeli Semosavlis 50-60%. gamokiTxulTa 42,8%-isTvis
sakmarisi iqneba – 100%-ze meti. respondentTa mxolod 4,8% miuTiTebs, rom
rom misTvis yovelTviuri pensiis saxiT sakmarisi iqneba amJamindeli
Semosavlis 50%-ze naklebi. dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi pensia Seadgens
saSualo xelfasis daaxloebiT 20%-s. Sesabamisad dRevandeli sapensio
sistema sagrZnoblad ver akmayofilebs pensiis SemosavalTan Tanafardobis
Taobaze mosaxleobis molodinebs.
pasuxebi gansxvavdeba sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebisa da ojaxis
Semosavlebis mixedviT.
qalebs ufro meti survili aqvT hqondeT dRevandel Semosavalze meti
pensia vidre kacebs. es imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom qalebis Semosavali
naklebia kacebTan SedarebiT, amas gamokiTxvis Sedegebic adasturebs:
qalebis 17,8% Tvlis, rom fuli sakvebaTac ar hyofnis, kacebSi igive pasuxi
gasca 14,2%-ma. qalebis 57,7% Tvlis, rom fuli hyofnis mxolod sakvebad da
pirveladi aucileblobis sagnebisaTvis, kacebSi igive pasuxi gasca 42,2%-ma.
qalebis dasaqmebis donec naklebia: saqstatis 2014 wlis monacemebis
mixedviT dasaqmebulia 15 wlis da ufrosi asakis qalebis 51,1% da kacebis
66,5%.
visac ara aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba, imas ufro meti survili aqvs, rom
hqondes dRevandel Semosavalze meti pensia vidre umaRlesi ganaTlebis
mqone adamianebs. es SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis
armqoneebs ufro naklebi Semosavali aqvT umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone
pirebTan SedarebiT: gamokiTxvis mixedviT, umaRlesi ganaTlebis armqoneebis
21% pasuxobs, rom fuli sakvebaTac ar hyofnis, igives pasuxobs umaRlesi
ganaTlebis mqoneTa 8,5%. gacilebiT naklebia im respondentTa wili
umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebSi, romlebsac uWirT kiTxvaze pasuxis
gacema, vidre im gamokiTxulebSi, romlebsac ara aqvT umaRlesi ganaTleba.
mZime materialuri mdgomareobis mqone ojaxis wevrebs (vinc upasuxa,
rom fuli sakvebadac ar yofniT, an fuli yofniT mxolod sakvebad da
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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pirveladi aucileblobis sagnebisaTvis) meti survili aqvT rom hqondeT
dRevandel Semosavalze meti pensia, Sesabamisad 68% da 43,6%, xolo ufro
SeZlebul pirebs Soris igive survili aqvs 30,5%-s.
kiTxvaze - `rogor fiqrobT, ra iqneba Tqveni Semosavlis ZiriTadi
wyaro pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg?~ pasuxebi procentulad Semdegnairad
gadanawilda (ix. grafiki #25):
grafiki #25: rogor fiqrobT, ra iqneba Tqveni Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro
pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg?
aRsaniSnavia, rom didia im respondentTa moculoba, romelsac
gauWirda kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema – 22,9%. mosaxleobis umetesoba - 54,4%
Tvlis, rom pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, misi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iqneba
saxelmwifo pensia (saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi 47%, `specialuri~ - 7,4%),
xolo im gamokiTxulTagan, romlebmac gasces pasuxi aRniSnul kiTxvas
(respondentTa saerTo raodenobas rom gamovakloT isini, romlebsac
gauWirdaT kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema) - 70,6% Tvlis, rom pensiaze gasvlis
Semdeg, misi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro iqneba saxelmwifo pensia
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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(saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi 61%, `specialuri~ - 9,7%). nebayoflobiTi
kerZo dagrovebiTi pensiis imedi aqvs 3,2%-s (im gamokiTxulTagan,
romlebmac gasces kiTxvaze pasuxi - 4,2%). sxvis daxmarebaze (ojaxis
wevrebi, sxva naTesavebi) damokidebulia 12,6% (16,2%), xolo sakuTari
arasapensio Semosavlebis (fasiani qaRaldebi/sabanko anabrebi, uZravi
qoneba, TviTdasaqmeba, samsaxuri) imedi aqvs 6,9%-s (9%).
es monacemebi naTlad warmoaCenen mosaxleobis socialuri
uzrunvelyofisTvis pensiis mniSvnelobas. mosaxleobis udides nawils ar
aqvs imis saSualeba, rom sakmarisi danazogi gaakeTos siberisTvis da
naTesavebis imedic naklebad aqvs. es damatebiT aqtualobas sZens sapensio
reformis Sesaxeb debatebs da xazs usvams mdgradi sapensio sistemis
saWiroebas.
pasuxebi gansxvavdeba sqesis, asakis, ganaTlebis, regionebisa da ojaxis
Semosavlebis mixedviT.
qalebis 53% varaudobs, rom saxelmwifo pensia iqneba misi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaro sibereSi, igive pasuxi airCia kacebis 40,7%-ma. kacebis ufro
meti wili fiqrobs, rom `specialuri~ pensia iqneba misi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaro sibereSi (kacebi - 10,6% da qalebi - 4,4%). es imiT SeiZleba
aixsnas, rom `specialur~ pensias (saxelmwifo kompensacia) umeteswilad
`Zalovni struqturebis~ yofili TanamSromlebi iReben, romelTa rigebSi
ZiriTadad kacebi arian dasaqmebulni. qalebi ufro metad eyrdnobian
sakuTar ojaxs/sxva naTesavebs da naklebad miiCneven, rom sakuTari
saxsrebiT/SemosavliT SeZleben siberis uzrunvelyofas, vidre kacebi. es
Sedegebi logikuria, radgan oficialuri statistikiT, qalebs ufro
naklebi xelfasi aqvT, vidre kacebs da maTSi dasaqmebis donec naklebia.
mosaxleobis asakis matebasTan erTad izrdeba im pirTa wili, romelic
varaudobs, rom saxelmwifo pensia iqneba misi Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro
(18-24w. – 39%; 45w-sapensio asakamde – 55%) da mkveTrad mcirdeba im
respondentTa wili, romelmac upasuxa `nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi
pensia~ (18-34w – 6%; 35w-sapensio asakamde – 1,3%); axalgazrdebs, ufro
asakovan respondentebTan SedarebiT, metad eimedebaT, rom sakuTari
saxsrebiT/SemosavliT SeZleben siberis uzrunvelyofas (18-24w - 12,8%; 55w-
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sapensio asakamde – 3,5%) da naklebad eyrdnobian sakuTar ojaxs/sxva
naTesavebs (18-24w – 5,7%; 55w-sapensio asakamde – 23,3%); axalgazrdebs ufro
uWirT am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, vidre xandazmulebs (18-24w - 30%; 55w-
sapensio asakamde – 14%), radgan asakis matebasTan erTad ufro naTeli
xdeba, Tu ra tipis Semosavals daeyrdnoba adamiani sibereSi.
Tbilisis mosaxleobas SedarebiT naklebad eimedeba saxelmwifo
pensiis, vidre regionebSi mcxovreb pirebs (Sesabamisad 34,7% da 51,9%),
TbilisSi mcxovreb pirebs sibereSi ufro metad eimedebaT ojaxis da
naTesavebis, vidre regionebSi mcxovreb pirebs (Sesabamisad 24,4% da 7,7%),
im respondentebidan, romlebmac pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg Semosavlis
savaraudo ZiriTad wyarod TviTdasaqmeba daasaxeles 86,4% regionebSi
mcxovrebia – es Sedegebi SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom oficialuri
statistikiT, TbilisSi, regionebTan SedarebiT, naklebia dasaqmebis done
da metia umuSevrobis done, regionebSi (gansakuTrebiT soflebSi)
gacilebiT metia TviTdasaqmeba, amitom adamianebi ufro sakuTar Tavze
arian damokidebulni da naklebad, ojaxis sxva wevrebze; miuxedavad imisa,
rom TbilisSi regionebTan SedarebiT, naklebia dasaqmeba, saqstatis
monacemebiT (saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2016c), saSualo
Tviuri Semosavali erT sulze ufro maRalia, vidre regionebSi, rac
TbilisSi mcxovrebTa garkveul nawils, romlebsac sakuTari Semosavali ar
aqvT, aZlevs saSualebas daeyrdnon, ara saxelmwifo pensias, aramed
sakuTari ojaxis im wevrs, an naTesavs, romelsac aqvs sakuTari Semosavali.
imaT Soris, vinc Tvlis, rom pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg misi Semosavlis
ZiriTadi wyaro iqneba nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia, TiTqmis
ori mesamedi aris TbilisSi mcxovrebi, zogadad respondentebs Soris ki
TbiliselTa raodenoba 27,4%-s Seadgens. es imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom
saSualo Tviuri Semosavali TbilisSi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba regionis
analogiur maCvenebels, amitom Tbilisis mosaxleobas ufro meti molodini
aqvs, rom SeZleben sakmarisi danazogis gakeTebas siberisTvis.
respondentebs unda SeefasebinaT maTi socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg (%):
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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cxrili #6: Tqveni SefasebiT, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg...
Tqven iqnebiT yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofili, ar geqnebaTsafiqreli fulze
3,1
mogixdebaT danaxarjebze/fulze fiqri, magram ar iqnebiTSezRuduli sakvebiT, tansacmeliT, mkurnalobis mxriv da a. S.
10,4
ar gifiqriaT, magram darwmunebuli xarT, rom Tavs gaitanT 37,6
gagiWirdebaT cxovreba 17
ar gifiqriaT, magram TvliT, rom sakmaod gagiWirdebaT 6,9
Zalian gagiWirdebaT da ar iciT ra geSvelebaT/ra SeiZlebagaakeToT
3,1
miWirs pasuxis gacema21,8
mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili - 27% fiqrobs, rom gauWirdeba
cxovreba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, 10% fiqrobs, rom Zalian/sakmaod
gauWirdeba. xolo 21,8%-s uWirs pasuxis gacema. amrigad mosaxleobis
TiTqmis naxevars (48,8%) an pesimisturi prognozi aqvs, an gaurkvevlobaSia
imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori cxovreba eqneba mas pensiaze gasvlis
Semdeg. es monacemi warmoadgens reformis xelSemwyob faqtors.
pasuxebi gansxvavdeba asakis, ganaTlebisa da ojaxis Semosavlebis
mixedviT.
18-dan 24 wlamde asakis mosaxleobaSi gacilebiT ufro naklebia imaTi
wili, vinc pesimisturad uyurebs momavals, vidre ufro asakovan pirebSi:
axalgazrdebis 19% fiqrobs, rom gauWirdeba cxovreba pensiaze gasvlis
Semdeg, igives fiqrobs 55 wlidan, sapensio asakamde pirebis 37%, xolo Tu
am asakobriv jgufSi mxolod im respondentebis pasuxebs gaviTvaliswinebT,
romlebmac gasces am SekiTxvas pasuxi, es ricxvi gaizrdeba 48,5%-mde, xolo
13,6%-is azriT, maT Zalian gauWirdebaT da ar ician ra eSvelebaT.
me-13 da me-14 kiTxvebSi asakobriv WrilSi miRebuli Sedegebidan
naTelia, rom axalgazrda asakSi adamiani optimisturad uyurebs momavals
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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(momavlis mimarT mTlianad sazogadoebaSi SeiniSneba pozitiuri
molodinebi), imedi aqvs, rom SeZlebs sakmarisi danazogis gakeTebas siberis
uzrunvelsayofad, magram asakis matebasTan erTad, mosaxleobis ZiriTad
nawilSi optimizmi qreba da maTi imedebi sul ufro metadaa mimarTuli
saxelmwifosa da ojaxis wevrebisken.
gacilebiT metia umaRlesi ganaTlebis armqone pirebSi, imaTi wili,
vinc miiCnevs, rom gauWirdeba cxovreba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, vidre
umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirebSi.
mZime materialuri mdgomareobis mqone ojaxis wevrebi (vinc upasuxa,
rom fuli sakvebadac ar yofniT, an fuli yofniT mxolod sakvebad da
pirveladi aucileblobis sagnebisaTvis) gacilebiT ufro skeptikurad
uyureben sakuTar momavals: Sesabamisad 44,9% da 32,1% fiqrobs, rom
pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg gauWirdeba, an Zalian/sakmaod gauWirdeba, xolo
ufro SeZlebul pirebs Soris igive molodini aqvs 12,4%-s.
asakiT pensionerebis TiTqmis naxevari (49,8%) Tvlis, rom pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg maTi finansuri mdgomareoba gauaresda (41,2%), an bevrad
gauaresda (8,6%); daaxloebiT igive darCa 30,6%-isTvis; 14,9%-isTvis
finansuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesda da mxolod 0,8%-isTvis bevrad
gaumjobesda; 4%-s uWirs pasuxis gacema. es monacemebi metyveleben
pensionerTa didi nawilis mZime socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze da
miuTiTeben sapensio sistemis reformis mizanSewonilobaze.
pasuxebi gansxvavdeba regionebisa da dasaxlebis tipis mixedviT.
qalaqis misaxleobis 59%-is finansuri mdgomareoba gauaresda (44,6%),
an bevrad gauaresda (14,5%), maSin roca soflis mosaxleobis analogiuri
maCvenebeli Seadgens 41,8%-s (gauaresda - 38,5%, bevrad gauaresda - 3,3%).
qalaqis misaxleobis 12%-is finansuri mdgomareoba gaumjobesda pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg, qalaqis misaxleobidan arcerTma ar upasuxa, rom bevrad
gaumjobesda. soflis mosaxleobis 18,7% Tvlis, rom misi finansuri
mdgomareoba gaumjobesda (gaumjobesda – 17,6%, bevrad gaumjobesda – 1,1%).
finansuri mdgomareoba daaxloebiT igive darCa qalaqis misaxleobis 24,1%-
isTvis da soflis mosaxleobis 36,3%-isTvis.
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TbilisSi mcxovrebi pensionerebis 2,6%-is cxovrebis done gaumjobesda,
an bevrad gaumjobesda pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg, xolo regionebSi es
maCvenebeli gacilebiT maRalia – 20,3%. Tbiliseli pensionerebis 73,7%-is
cxovrebis done gauaresda, an bevrad gauaresda pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg,
regionebSi analogiuri maCvenebeli 45,3%-is tolia.
saqstatis monacemebiT (saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri,
2016d), qalaqSi cxovrebis done ufro maRalia, vidre sofelSi, igive iTqmis
Tbilisze, danarCen saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT (saqarTvelos statistikis
erovnuli samsaxuri, 2016c) da radgan pensia Tanabaria yvelasaTvis da misi
odenoba ara damokidebuli pensiaze gasvlamde arsebul Semosavalze, misi
Canacvlebis koeficienti qalaqSi ufro dabalia, vidre sofelSi,
analogiurad, koeficienti TbilisSi ufro dabalia, vidre danarCen
saqarTveloSi.
respondentebs baraTebis meSveobiT miawodes informacia dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb, ris Semdegac maT 5 quliani sistemiT unda
SeefasebinaT, ramdenad misaRebia maTTvis saqarTveloSi dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis danergva. saSualo Sefaseba saSualoze maRalia: 3,75 (1
qula- sruliad miuRebelia; 5 qula- savsebiT misaRebia).
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT damokidebuleba gansxvavebulia
asakis, ganaTlebis da ojaxis Semosavlebis mixedviT.
yvelaze pozitiuri damokidebuleba dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
mimarT aqvs mosaxleobis yvelaze axalgazrda jgufs (18-24w.) – saSualoze
(3 qula) maRal Sefasebas 80,4% aZlevs. SedarebiT naklebi mxardaWera
SeiniSneba dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT mosaxleobis yvelaze
xandazmuli nawilis (65+) mxridan (61,9%), Tumca maTi didi nawilic
saSualoze maRal Sefasebas aZlven saqarTveloSi dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis danergvis SesaZleblobas.
is respondentebi, romlebic Tvlian, rom fuli sakvebadac ar hyofniT
ufro dabal saSualo Sefasebas (3,3 qula) aZleven saqarTveloSi
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvas vidre SedarebiT ufro SeZlebuli
respondentebi. Tumca materialurad yvelaze mZime mdgomareobaSi myofi
jgufis mier micemuli saSualo Sefasebac saSualoze maRalia.umaRlesi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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ganaTlebis mqone respondentebidan, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergvas saSualoze dabali qula misca 10,5%-ma, xolo saSualoze maRali
– 75,1%-ma. umaRlesi ganaTlebis armqone gamokiTxulebSi igive maCveneblebi
Seadgenen Sesabamisad: 24,5% da 59,2%.
aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad am gansxvavebebisa, mosaxleobis yvela
ZiriTadi jgufi saSualoze maRal Sefasebas aZlevs saqarTveloSi
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvas.
damokidebuleba dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT kavSirSia
informirebulobasTan. visac gamokiTxvamde smenia dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis Sesaxeb, aRniSnuli sistemis SemoRebas ufro dadebiTad afasebs:
saSualo Sefaseba - 4,12 qula (1 qula- sruliad miuRebelia 5 qula-
savsebiT misaRebia), xolo im respondentebis mier micemuli saSualo
Sefaseba, romlebsac gamokiTxvamde ar smeniaT aRniSnuli sistemis Sesaxeb,
SedarebiT naklebia – 3,62 qula. im respondentebis 78%-ma, romlebsac
gamokiTxvamde smeniaT dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb, mis SemoRebis
mizanSewoniloba 4 an 5 quliT Seafasa, mocemuli sistemis SemoReba
miuRebelia (1 an 2 qula) aRniSnuli respondentebis 12,8%-isTvis.
gansxvavebuli viTarebaa gamokiTxulTa im nawilSi romelic gamokiTxvamde
ar iyo informirebuli dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb: 4 an 5 quliT
Seafasa 61,2%-ma, 1 an 2 quliT –20,9%-ma.
faqtoruli analizis meTodiT damuSavda raodenobrivi gamokiTxvis
ori kiTxva: pirveli kiTxva gamoyenebul iqna dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
konkretuli tipis (nebayoflobiTi, savaldebulo,saxelmwifo, kerZo) mimarT
mosaxleobis damokidebuleba. meore kiTxviT dadginda mimarTebaa sapensio
sistemis elementebs Soris. kiTxvaSi, respondentebi 1-dan 5 qulis
farglebSi afasebdnen siberis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebis mimarT
damokidebulebis 14 debulebas.
faqtoruli analizis meTodiT damuSavda raodenobrivi gamokiTxvis
ori kiTxva: pirvel kiTxvaSi respondentebi 1-dan 5 qulis farglebSi
afasebdnen siberis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebis mimarT damokidebulebis
ganmsazRvrel 14 debulebas; meore kiTxva gamoyenebul iqna dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis konkretuli tipis (nebayoflobiTi, savaldebulo,
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saxelmwifo, kerZo) mimarT mosaxleobis damokidebulebis gansazRvris
mizniT;
siberis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebis mimarT damokidebulebis
ganmsazRvreli 14 debulebidan oTxi faqtori gamoiyo (ix. grafikiN#26):
1. piradi pasuxismgebloba;
2. sapensio politika - cxovrebis donis SenarCuneba, minimaluri
garantiebis pirobiT;
3. socialuri solidaroba xandazmulTa mimarT;
4. genderi
grafiki #26: siberis uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebis mimarT damokidebulebis
ganmsazRvreli oTxi faqtori
1. piradi pasuxismgebloba
pirvel faqtorSi gaerTianebul sam debulebaSi, ZiriTadad, saubaria
piris mier sakuTari ZalebiT siberis uzrunvelyofaze:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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1. yvela dasaqmebuli valdebuli unda iyos, ganaxorcielos
sapensio Senatanebi – saSualo mniSvneloba: 3.31;
2. pensiis raodenoba unda ganisazRvrebodes piris sapensio
Senatanis mixedviT - muSaobis dros ramdensac Seitans, imdens
aiRebs - saSualo mniSvneloba: 3.26;
3. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos mxolod saarsebo minimumi,
danarCenis dagroveba, Senatanis saxiT, unda iyos TviTon piris
valdebuleba - saSualo mniSvneloba: 3.85.
faqtorSi Semavali cvladis saSualo mniSvnelobebi saSualebas
gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom SeiniSneba orientaciis gadanacvleba socialuri
uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo meqanizmebidan (rodesac saxelmwifos
nebasurvilzea damokidebuli, TuU ramdeni iqneba pensia da mosaxleoba am
mxriv mTlianad saxelmwifosaa mindobili) – pirad pasuxismgeblobaze, rac
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis warmatebiT danergvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan
winapirobas warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, adamianebis saxelmwifoze damokidebulebis
maRali xarisxis arseboba sabWoTa ideologiis gadmonaSTia. sabWoTa
kavSiris socialuri politika uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobas socialuri
dacvis garkveuli garantiebiT, mosaxleobis mxridan raime saxis pirdapiri
finansuri xarjis gaRebis valdebulebis gareSe: socialuri dacvis sistema
ar moiTxovda dasaqmebulebis mxridan Senatanebis ganxorcielebas;
socialuri programebi - asakis, marCenalis dakargvis da SezRuduli
SesaZleblobis gamo pensiebi, janmrTelobis dacva da sxva - finansdeboda
mxolod saxelmwifo biujetidan; ar xdeboda pensiis avtomaturi
indeqsireba da misi odenobis gansazRvra mxolod saxelmwifoze iyo
damokidebuli.
j.l. porketis azriT (Porket, 1987), am politikas orgvari Sedegi
hqonda: erTis mxriv, mosaxleoba damokidebuli xdeba reJimze, romelic
gamodis xalxis marCenalisa da maTze mzrunvelis rolSi da amiT axdens
mosaxleobaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis kompensirebas, meores mxriv
adamianebis piradi pasuxismgeblobis xarisxi sakuTari da ojaxis
keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaze sustdeba. benefitebi/sikeTeebi, romlebis
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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xelisuflebisgan momdinareobs ganixileba, rogorc ufleba, romelic ar
gulisxmobs raime saxis valdebulebis Sesrulebas da pasuxismgeblobis
aRebas. yovelive es mimarTuli iyo reJimis Zalauflebis SenarCunebisken.
sapensio sistemis mdgradobisTvis, iseve, rogorc zogadad qveynis
socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis mniSvnelovania am damokidebulebis
daZleva.
2. sapensio politika - cxovrebis donis SenarCuneba, minimaluri
garantiebis pirobiT
debulebam, imis Sesaxeb, rom sapensio sistemis mizani cxovrebis im
donis SenarCuneba unda iyos, rac adamians muSaobis dros hqonda (da ara
msolod siRaribisgan dacva), xuTqulian skalaze (1 – sruliad ar
veTanxmebi, 5 – savsebiT veTanxmebi) mkveTrad dadebiTi - 4.30 – saSualo
mniSvneloba miiRo, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom Sesabamis cvladTan erT
faqtorSi minimaluri moTxovnebis/garantiebis gamomxatveli cvladebic
gaerTianda:
1. yvela moqalaqes xandazmul asakSi garantirebuli unda hqondes
pensia, romelic minimalurad mainc uzrunvelyofs mas - 4.73;
2. damatebiTi sapensio Senatanebis ganxorcieleba (ris Sedegadac ad.
saarsebo minimumze mets aiRebs) nebayoflobiTi unda iyos - 4.29;
3. im adamianebma, romlebsac sapensio Senatanebis ganxorcieleba ar
SeuZliaT (umuSevari, ukiduresad dabalSemosavliani da a.S.),
sapensio asakSi saxelmwifos mxridan daxmareba unda miiRon - 4.5.
am Sedegidan gamomdinare, cxovrebis donis SenarCuneba, rogorc
sapensio politikis mizani, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi misaRebia
mxolod garkveuli garantiebis pirobebSi, romelTa ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, damokidebuleba mkveTrad Seicvalos. anu
mosaxleoba dauWers mxars sapensio politikas, romlis mizania cxovrebis
im donis SenarCuneba, rac adamians muSaobis dros hqonda, oRond im
pirobiT, rom Tu am politikis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebeli iqneba
(Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri fonis/viTarebis gamo), an Tu zogisTvis
xelsayreli ar iqneba (siRaribisa da umuSevrobis problemis gamo bevrs
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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SeiZleba ar awyobdes cxovrebis donis SenarCuneba da ufro meti
garantiebi moiTxovos) aRniSnuli modeli saxelmwifo minimalur
garantiebs mainc daawesebs da miscems mosaxleobas arCevanis saSualebas
(damatebiTi sapensio Senatanebis ganxorcielebis mxriv) rogorc garantias,
rom sapensio Senatani adamians arastabilur socialur-ekonomikur
garemoSi damatebiT da Tavisi mdgomareobis araadekvatur stabilur
valdebulebad ar daawveba.
3. socialuri solidaroba xandazmulTa mimarT
am faqtorSi sami cvladi gaerTianda:
1. vinc muSaobs, valdebulia Tavisi gadasaxadebiT uzrunvelyos
xandazmulTa saTanado cxovrebis done - 3.81;
2. kanoni unda avaldebulebdes Svilebs xandazmuli gaWirvebuli
mSoblebis uzrunvelyofas - 3.31;
3. sapensio sistemis mizani unda iyos xandazmulTa dacva siRaribisagan
(magram ara cxovrebis im donis SenarCuneba, rac muSaobis procesSi
hqonda) - 4.01.
am faqtoris formireba, nawilobriv, xandazmulTa mimarT arsebuli
tradiciuli RirebulebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas, nawilobriv ki imiT, rom
masSi zogadi xasiaTis debulebebia Tavmoyrili da ara konkretuli
aqtivobebi an maTi ganxorcielebis gzebi.
tradiciuli RirebulebebiT SeiZleba aixsnas mesame cvladis maRali
saSualo Sefasebac – 4.01 - saxelmwifom minimalurad unda uzrunvelyos
xandazmuli piri, savaraudod, radgan sazogadoeba dadebiTad afasebs am
debulebas, maTi azriT danarCeni misma axlo naTesavebma unda gaiRon.
4. genderi
calke faqtorad gamoiyo debuleba:
`qalebma meti sapensio Senatani unda ganaxorcielon, radgan ufro
met xans cocxloben~ 1.67.
aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom genderi sapensio
politikis Sefasebis damoukidebel parametrs warmoadgens – genderuli
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba nebismieri sapensio modelis SemuSavebisas
mniSvnelovania.
sapensio politikis aRqmis genderuli aspeqti calke faqtorad
gamoiyo, rac Semdegi mizezebiT SeiZleba aixsnas: sabWoTa periodidan
moyolebuli qalis da kacis sapensio asaki gansxvavebuli iyo (kacis
sapensio asaki 5 wliT aRemateba qalis sapensio asaks). qalis sicocxlis
saSualo xangrZlivoba aRemateba kacisas. aseve mniSvnelovania, rom
mamakacebi, rogorc wesi, ufro maRalanazRaurebad samuSaoze arian
dasaqmebulebi da dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis SemTxvevaSi meti
Tanxis dagrovebas da meti pensiis miRebas SeZleben, amasTan pensiis
odenoბebs Soris sxvaobam SeiZleba protesti gamoiwvios mosaxleobaSi,
radgan qalebis didi nawili diasaxlisia da amisTvis xelfass ar iRebs,
Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi kacze aranaklebadaa datvirTuli, magram es
sapensio fondSi dagrovebul TanxebSi ar aisaxeba, rac SeiZleba
usamarTlobad CaiTvalos da sakanonmdeblo regulaciebSi am aspeqtis
gaTvaliswineba moiTxovon.
momdevno kiTxvis (ix. cxrili #7) faqtoruli analizisas sami
faqtori gamoiyo.
cxrili #7: gTxovT, 1-dan 5 qulis farglebSi SeafasoT, ramdenad misaRebia
piradad TqvenTvis rom dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema iyos:
1- sruliad miuRebelia & 5 - savsebiT misaRebia mean
1. nebayoflobiTi 4,29
2. savaldebulo 2,41
3. saxelmwifo 3,33
4. kerZo 2,5
erT faqtorSi gaerTianda kerZo da savaldebulo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemebi; calke faqtorad gamoiyo nebayoflobiTi da calke
saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema (ix. grafiki #27).
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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1. kerZo-savaldebulo;
2. nebayoflobiTi;
3. saxelmwifo.
grafiki #27 dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis konkretuli tipis mimarT
mosaxleobis damokidebulebis faqtoruli analizi
1. kerZo-savaldebulo
kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema respondentebSi asocirdeba
savaldebulo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemasTan - kerZo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis arseboba warmoudgenelia ise, rom is savaldebulo ar
iyos.
faqtorSi Semavali cvladebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi saSualo
Sefasebebze dabalia, rac imiT SeiZleba aixsnas, rom dabali Semosavlebisa
da umuSevrobis fonze, rogorc dasaqmebulis, ise damsaqmeblis mxridan
dagrovebiT pensiaze nebayoflobiTi Tanxmobis miReba ararealisturad
aRiqmeba.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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2. nebayoflobiTi
calke faqtorad gamoiyo da maRali saSualo mniSvnelobiT
xasiaTdeba nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, rac imiT SeiZleba
aixsnas, rom arCevanis Tavisufleba sapensio sistemis mimarT (am sistemis
konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis miuxedavad) loialobis maRali xarisxis
ganmapirobebel faqtors warmoadgens.
3. saxelmwifo
calke faqtorad gamoiyo saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema,
rac imas niSnavs, rom sapensio modelebis Sefaseba naklebad ukavSirdeba
TviTon modelebis konkretul maxasiaTeblebs. savaraudod, saxelmwifo
regulaciebis mimarT damokidebulebis formireba ufro saxelmwifo
institutebis mimarT zogadi damokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba, vidre,
regulaciebis konkretuli parametrebiT.
3.4. kvlevis Teoriuli konceptualizacia
istoriuli institucionalizmis Teoriis WrilSi, saqarTvelos
sapensio sistemis SemTxvevaSi, `arCeuli gza~ iwyeba sabWoTa kavSiris
droidan. sabWoTa sapensio sistema, romelic gadanawilebiT princips
efuZneboda, saxelmwifo biujetidan finansdeboda da misi odenoba
damokidebuli iyo pensiaze gasvlamde arsebul xelfasze. es modeli
memkvidreobiT xvda wilad damoukidebel saqarTvelos. magram
damoukideblobis mopovebidan pirvelsave wlebSi moxda am gzidan
garkveuli gadaxveva yvelasaTvis Tanabari odenobis pensiebis daniSvniT. es
cvlileba swored gansakuTrebulma movlenam, sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri
formaciis Secvlisas mZime socialur-ekonomikurma mdgomareobam
ganapiroba. es sistema dResac moqmedebs. Tumca sabWoTa sapensio
modelisgan sruli gadaxveva ar momxdara, radgan pensiebi axlac, iseve
rogorc sabWoTa periodSi, mTlianad gadanawilebiT principzea agebuli,
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saxelmwifo biujetidan finansdeba, ar xdeba pensiis avtomaturi indeqsacia
da misi odenoba saxelmwifos nebazea damokidebuli.
istoriuli institucionalizmis Teoriidan gamomdinare, raime
kritikuli momentis gareSe radikaluri sapensio reformis ganxorcieleba,
am SemTxvevaSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva, garTuldeba.
saqarTveloSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis sasargeblod
mTavari argumentia samomavlod demografiuli mdgomareobis gauareseba,
rac mkveTrad gaarTulebs mxolod saxelmwifo biujetidan `Rirseuli~
pensiiT uzrunvelyofis SesaZleblobas. mizanSewonili iqneba am problemis
gacnoba rac SeiZleba farTo masebisTvis da Tu sazogadoeba gaiazrebs
momaval safrTxeebs, rasac daemateba Cvens mier Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi
azris kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenili negatiuri damokidebuleba amJamad
arsebuli sapensio sistemis mimarT, es SeiZleba iqces im kritikul
momentad, rac savaraudod ganapirobebs sapensio reformis warmatebas.
aqtorze centrirebuli institucionalizmis Teoriis WrilSi,
saqarTveloSi socialur-ekonomikuri konteqsti Semdegia: mimdinareobs
mosaxleobis dabereba, asakiT pensionerTa raodenoba wlidan-wlamde
izrdeba (2006 - 588 000; 2016 - 714 000), aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifo
biujetze wnexi sul ufro gaizrdeba da pensiebis dasafinanseblad
Sesabamisi finansuri resursebis moZieba arsebuli sapensio sistemis
SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi sul ufro garTuldeba. am problemebis gadaWris
erT-erT alternativas gadasaxadebis gazrda warmoadgens, Tumca
saqarTveloSi es naklebad SesaZlebelia, radgan konstituciis 94-e muxlis
me-4 punqtis mixedviT: `saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis axali saxis
SemoReba, garda aqcizisa, an saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis saxis
mixedviT arsebuli ganakveTis zeda zRvris gazrda SesaZlebelia mxolod
referendumis gziT, garda organuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
SemTxvevebisa~. qveynis politikur speqtrSi ki ufro gadasaxadebis
Semcirebiskenaa midrekileba. aqedan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi arsebuli
instituciuri konteqsti TandaTanobiT zRudavs aqtorebis moqmedebis
SesaZlo variantebs da rac dro gadis, sapensio reformisTvis, kerZod ki
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvisTvis sul ufro xelsayreli
garemo iqmneba.
Tumca yovelive es, ar gulisxmobs, rom sapensio reformis warmatebiT
ganxorcieleba gardauvalia. mxolod sazogadoebis mier problemis
gaazreba ar aris sakmarisi qveyanaSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergvisTvis. amisaTvis unda arsebobdes gadawyvetilebis miRebis
procesSi ZiriTadi aqtoris, saxelmwifos myari neba. 2012 wels, swored
xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdeg daiwyo sapensio reformis sakiTxebze
muSaoba. reformis procesis warmarTva daevala saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTavrebis saministros. mTavrobas eqspertul daxmarebas uwevs
msoflio banki. axali sapensio sistemis amoqmedeba 2018 wlisTvis daigegma.
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos parlamentSi politikuri partiebis
konfiguracia iqneba gadamwyveti sapensio reformisTvis. sapensio politika
iyo da momavalSic iqneba erT-erTi wamyvani Tema winasaarCevno debatebSi,
amas adasturebs 2015 wels Cvens mier Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris
kvlevac, romlis mixedviT, pensiis zrda erT-erT mniSvnelovan problemad
aRiqmeba mosaxleobaSi. Sesabamisad, Tu dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergvis momxre politikuri partiebi daarwmuneben amomrCevels reformis
am gzis aucileblobaSi, maSin maT gamarjvebis meti Sansi eqnebaT da
reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis albaTobac mkveTrad gaizrdeba.
mxolod gamarjvebuli politikuri Zalis sapensio reformisadmi
mxardaWera SeiZleba ar iyos sakmarisi am reformis warmatebisTvis.
sapensio politikis cvlilebebis mdgradoba damokidebulia politikuri
speqtris ZiriTadi nawilis mier mocemul sakiTxze konsensusis miRwevaze,
rasac Semdegi magaliTebi adastureben:
a) estoneTSi sapensio reformis mimdinareobisas, 1998-2002 wlebSi,
ramdenjerme Seicvala xelisufleba, Tumca reforma Seuferxeblad
gagrZelda, radgan ZiriTad politikur partiebs Soris arsebobda
konsensusi reformis saWiroebaze (Leppik, Transformation of the Estonian Pension
System: Policy Choices and Policy Outcomes, 2006).
b) ungreTSi 2008 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg, moxda
savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis gauqmeba da
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dagrovebuli Tanxebis gadatana pirveli svetis valdebulebebis
dasafinanseblad. es moxda im politikuri partiis xelisuflebaSi mosvlis
Semdeg, romelic 1997 wels ewinaaRmdegeboda reformas (The World Bank, 2013).
sapensio sferoSi arseboben sxva aqtorebic, romlebsac SeuZliaT
gavlena moaxdinon procesebze:
a) saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianebas sakuTari xedva
gaaCnia sapensio reformaze. isini emxrobian reformis ganxorcielebas
gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis farglebSi: maTi xedviT, sapensio
sistemis pirveli ori sveti gadanawilebiT principze unda iyos agebuli:
pirveli sveti - sabaziso pensia, gaicema yvela pensionerze da dafinansdeba
saxelmwifo biujetidan; meore sveti - savaldebulo, gansazRvruli
Senatanebis principze dafuZnebuli, gadanawilebiTi sapensio sqema
dafinansdeba damsaqmeblisa da saxelmwifos mier. mesame sveti iqneba
nebayoflobiTi kerZo (gansazRvruli Senatanebis) sapensio sqema
(saqarTvelos profesiuli kavSirebis gaerTianeba, 2016).
b) damsaqmebelTa gaerTianebebi mniSvnelovan rols iTamaSeben
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu reformis Sedegad,
biznesze dawesdeba damatebiTi sagadasaxado tvirTi - Tu savaldebulo
gaxdeba maT mier sapensio Senatanebis ganxorcieleba da sanacvlod raime
saxis sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi ar dawesdeba - maT SeuZliaT Seaferxon
reformis procesi.
aqedan gamomdinare, reformis Seuferxeblad ganxorcielebisTvis,
mizanSewonilia sxva mniSvnelovani arasaxelisuflebo aqtorebis
poziciebis SeZlebisdagvarad gaTvaliswineba.
ideaciuri midgomis WrilSi, ganvixiloT saqarTveloSi arsebuli
viTareba bionkeris oTx faqtorTan mimarTebaSi:
a) arsebuli sapensio sistemis SesaZleblobebis naklebobaze,
gaumklevdes samomavlo finansur da demografiul gamowvevebs, Cven zemoT
ukve gvqonda saubari. Cvens mier Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris
kvlevebis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs imis winapiroba, rom
sazogadoebam gaiazros arsebuli sapensio sistemis naklovanebebi:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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a.a) Tbilisis mosaxleobis mxolod 1,4% Tvlis, rom arsebuli
sapensio sistema uzrunvelyofs siberes;
a.b) Tbilisis mosaxleobaSi ufro metia im adamianebis raodenoba,
romlebic ar endobian saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas, vidre im adamianebisa,
romlebic endobian mas.
a.g) saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kmayofilebis done socialuri dacvis
sistemis mimarT saSualoze (3 qula) dabalia - 2,68 qula.
a.d) saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevars (48,8%) an pesimisturi
prognozi aqvs, an uWirs pasuxis gacema imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogori
cxovreba eqneba mas pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg;
a.e) saqarTveloSi asakiT pensionerebis TiTqmis naxevari (49,8%) Tvlis,
rom pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg maTi finansuri mdgomareoba gauaresda.
b) Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevebidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi
arsebobs imis potenciali, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes mosaxleobis
mxardaWera dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT:
b.a) miuxedavad arsebuli sapensio sistemis mimarT undoblobisa,
Tbilisis mosaxleobis didi nawili (40,7%) Tvlis, rom arsebuli sapensio
sistema unda SenarCundes. Tumca, danarCeni nawili dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis danergvas emxroba. mxardaWera TiTqmis Tanabrad nawildeba
saxelmwifo dagrovebiTsa da kerZo dagrovebiTs Soris;
b.b) saqarTvelos mosaxleoba dadebiTad afasebs dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis danergvis SesaZleblobas (saSualo Sefaseba saSualoze maRalia:
3,75 qula – 5 quliani sistemiT);
b.g) faqtoruli analizis Sedegad gamovlinda orientaciis
gadanacvlebis tendencia socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo
meqanizmebidan pirad pasuxismgeblobaze;
b.d) ndoba kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT korelaciaSia
informirebulobasTan. amitom, sapensio reforma, winaaRmdegobaSi rom ar
movides sazogadoebaSi arsebul RirebulebebTan da ideologiasTan,
mniSvnelovania efeqtiani sainformacio/sareklamo kampaniis warmarTva, rac
estoneTis sapensio reformis warmatebis mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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g) saqarTveloSi sapensio sistemis reformaSi sxvadasxva aqtorebis
mniSvnelobaze da reformis warmatebulobaSi maT Soris konsensusis
mizanSewonilobaze ukve visaubreT aqtorze centrirebuli
institucionalizmis midgomis ganxilvisas.
d) pozitiuri magaliTi savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
warmatebuli funqcionirebisa araerTia: Cvens mier ganxiluli estoneTis,
rumineTisa da Ciles sapensio reformebis gamocdilebis detaluri
Seswavla mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba sapensio sistemis reformis procesSi.
amrigad, ideaciuri midgoma, iseve rogorc aqtorze centrirebuli
institucionalizmi, adasturs, rom `arCeuli gzidan gadaxveva~
SesaZlebelia kritikuli momentis/mniSvnelovani krizisuli viTarebis
dadgomis gareSec.
inovaciebis gavrcelebis Teoriis WrilSi, sapensio reformis
warmateba aseve damokidebuli iqneba imaze Tu ramdenad Seesabameba igi im
xuT maxasiaTebels, romelic rojersis mixedviT aucilebelia hqondes
inovacias, rom warmatebiT dainergos.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maxasiaTebeli dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergvasTan mimarTebaSi:
1. SedarebiTi upiratesoba Relative advantage - ra xarisxiT aRiqmeba
inovacia, rogorc mis win arsebul ideaze ukeTesi:
inovaciis SedarebiTi upiratesobis xarisxis erT-erTi mTavari
ganmsazRvreli faqtorebia: ekonomikuri momgebianoba (economic profitability),
dabali sawyisi xarjebi (low initial cost) da jildos/sargeblis maleve miRebis
SesaZlebloba (immediacy of the reward) (Rogers, 1995).
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis farglebSi xarjis gaReba mouwevs
dasaqmebulsa da damsaqmebels - ganxorcielebuli sapensio Senatanebis
odenobiT da saxelmwifos (sainformacio/sareklamo kampania, sagadasaxado
SeRavaTebi da sxva). dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli
Senatanebis ganakveTi gansxvavdeba qveynebis mixedviT (magaliTad: estoneTi
da rumineTi 6%, Cile - 10%). imisaTvis, rom dabali sawyisi xarjebis
kriteriumi dakmayofildes da Sesabamisad, inovacia warmatebiT
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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gavrceldes, umjobesia, rom Senatanebis ganakveTi Tavdapirvelad ar iyos
maRali da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebiT dasaqmebulsa da
damsaqmebels SeumcirdeT xarjebi. xolo samomavlod, rodesac inovacias
mosaxleobis didi nawili miiRebs, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba ganakveTis
etapobrivi zrda.
ekonomikuri momgebianobis kriteriumis dasakmayofileblad, ganakveTi
Zalian dabalic ar unda iyos, radgan am SemTxvevaSi arsebobs riski, rom
mcire odenobis Tanxebi dagrovdes fondSi. am SemTxvevaSi dasaqmebuli ver
SeZlebs saTanado odenobis danazogis dagrovebas siberisTvis, mcire
odenobis Tanxebis sainvesticio resursis saxiT gamoyeneba mniSvnelovan
gavlenas ver moaxdens qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebaze.
sazogadoebam rom srulad miiRos sargebeli dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis funqcionirebisgan, saWiroa sakmaod didi xani. mxolod minimum 20
wlis Semdeg, rodesac dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis monawileTa ZiriTadi
nawili daiwyebs pensiaze gasvlas, SesaZlebeli iqneba daskvnebis gakeTeba
Tu ramdenad Sedegiania sistema. Tumca sistemis funqcionirebis pirveli
Sedegis danaxva adreul etapzedacaa SesaZlebeli, rodesac sapensio
danagrovze daiwyeba investiciebis Sedegad miRebuli dividendebis daricxva
da sainvesticio mogebis sididis mixedviT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba,
mosaxleobam imsjelos siaxlis pirvel Sedegze.
rojersi Tavis naSromSi asabuTebs, rom inovaciebi (magaliTad
cxovrebis jansaRi wesis danergva, imisaTvis, rom momavalSi adamianebma
Tavidan aicilon mZime daavadebebi), romlebsac sasurveli sargebeli
SedarebiT didi drois gasvlis Semdeg moaqvs, SeiZleba warmatebiT
dainergos, Tu Catardeba efeqtiani sainformacio/sareklamo kampania, aseve
moxdeba avtoritetuli adamianebis mozidva, raTa maT moaxdinon
sazogadoebaSi inovaciis popularizacia.
rojersis azriT, wamaxalisebeli/mastimulirebeli zomebis arseboba
dadebiTad moqmedebs inovaciis gavrcelebaze. sapensio reformis
SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos sagadasaxado SeRavaTi.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevebi adastureben, rom didi albaTobaa,
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema ganxilul iqnes, rogorc arsebulze ukeTesi
Semdegi mizezebis gamo:
a) Tbilisis mosaxleobis mxolod 1,4% Tvlis, rom arsebuli sapensio
sistema uzrunvelyofs siberes;
b) saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kmayofilebis done socialuri dacvis
sistemis mimarT saSualoze (3 qula) dabalia - 2,68 qula;
g) kiTxvaze: `pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg Tqveni amJamindeli Semosavlis
daaxloebiT ramdeni procenti iqneba TqvenTvis sakmarisi yovelTviuri
pensiis saxiT?~ saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 42,8%-ma upasuxa, rom Semosavlis
100%-ze meti iqneba sakmarisi. dRes ki pensia saSualo xelfasis daaxloebiT
20%-s Seadgens;
d) saqarTveloSi pensionerTa TiTqmis naxevari Tvlis, rom pensiaze
gasvlis Semdeg maTi mdgomareoba gauaresda;
e) saqarTvelos mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevari Tvls, rom gauWirdeba
cxovreba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg an uWirs pasuxis gacema.
v) dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvas saqarTvelos mosaxleoba
pozitiurad uyurebs (saSualo Sefaseba saSualoze maRalia - 3,75). Cvens
mier Catarebuli faqtoruli analizidan gamoikveTa, rom SeiniSneba
orientaciis gadanacvleba socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo
meqanizmebidan – pirad pasuxismgeblobaze.
2. Tavsebadoba Compatibility - ramdenad Tavsebadia inovacia arsebul
RirebulebebTan, warsulis gamocdilebasTan (warsulis praqtika
warmoadgens standarts, romelTan mimarTebaSic afaseben axal ideas) da
inovaciis potenciuri mimRebebis saWiroebebTan (ra xarisxiT aqvs
gacnobierebuli sazogadoebas, rom mocemuli siaxle akmayofilebs maT
saWiroebebs). ganvixiloT TiToeuli:
Tavsebadoba arsebul RirebulebebTan: inovaciis warmatebiT
dasanergad, unda gadailaxos saxelmwifoze, rogorc marCenalze totaluri
damokidebulebis moTxovnileba, romelic sabWoTa ideologiis Semadgenel
elements warmoadgenda. Cvens mier Catarebuli faqtoruli analizidan
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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gamoikveTa, rom SeiniSneba orientaciis gadanacvleba socialuri
uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo meqanizmebidan – pirad pasuxismgeblobaze.
Tavsebadoba warsulis gamocdilebasTan: rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,
saqarTveloSi 1998 wlidan moqmedebs e.w. nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistema, romlis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb informirebulobis
xarisxi sakmaod dabalia mosaxleobaSi da masTan Sexeba mosaxleobis
Zalzed mcire nawils aqvs imisaTvis rom sazogadoebis farTo nawilma mis
magaliTze imsjelos sapensio reformis mizanSewonilobaze. Tumca zogadad
danazogebTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebaSi jer kidev naTlad aris
aRbeWdili 90-ian wlebSi anabrebis dakargvis mZime gamocdileba, aman ki
SeiZleba Seaferxos qveyanaSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva. am
faqtoris uaryofiTi gavlenis Sesamcireblad saxalmwifom SeiZleba
daawesos garkveuli garantiebi an/da SeimuSaos danagrovis dakargvisgan
dacvis meqanizmebi.
Tavsebadoba potenciuri mimRebebis saWiroebebTan: sazogadoebas
gacnobierebuli unda hqondes, rom mocemuli siaxle akmayofilebs maT
saWiroebebs. sapensio reformis saWiroeba mniSvnelovanwilad
gamomdinareobs qveyanaSi mimdinare demografiuli daberebis procesidan:
momavalSi Semcirdeba samuSao asakis mosaxleoba da gaizrdeba pensionerTa
raodenoba, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis xandazmulebTan Tanafardobaze
mniSvnelovanwilad damokidebulia arsebuli sapensio sistemis mdgradoba.
Cvens mier Catarebuli kvlevidan dadginda, rom sapensio
uzrunvelyofisTvis Sromisunariani mosaxleobis xandazmulebTan
Tanafardobis mniSvneloba Tbilisis mosaxleobis udides nawils
gacnobierebuli aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mimdinare
demografiuli procesebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis informaciis
miwodebiT, SedarebiT gaadvildeba maTi darwmuneba reformis saWiroebaSi.
3. kompleqsuroba Complexity - ramdenad adviladaa gasagebi da
gamosayenebeli inovacia:
zogadad, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema gamoirCeva sirTuliT
(adamianma unda airCios sasurveli sapensio fondi, romlebic erTmaneTisgan
gansxavavdebian sainvesticio strategiiT da unda erkveodes Tu romeli
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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sainvesticio instrumenti aris metad, an naklebad sarisko; unda arCevdes
erTmaneTisgan DB da DC sqemebs, maT dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs; unda
icodes Tu sad da rogor moipovos informacia sistemis funqcionirebis
sxvadasxva aspeqtis Sesaxeb, romel instrumentebSia investirebuli misi
danagrovi, ramdenia realuri da nominaluri sainvesticio mogeba; vis
mimarTos im SemTxvevaSi Tu misi sapensio aqtivebis mmarTveli arRvevs
kanonmdeblobas da sxva) gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi arsebuli
gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemisgan. mosaxleobis ZiriTad nawils ar
gaaCnia sakmarisi codna, rom gaerkves dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
niuansebSi. es ki zrdis saxelmwifos mxridan Sesabamisi
saganmanaTleblo/sainformacio RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis saWiroebas.
msgavsi RonisZiebebi, rogorc OECD-is angariSSia aRniSnuli (OECD, 2011a),
Catarda estoneTSi sapensio reformis mimdinareobisas. saqarTveloSi,
arasaxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemebi, ganviTarebul qveynebSi
arsebuli sqemebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar gamoirCevian sirTuliT, radgan
danagrovis marTva praqtikulad ar xorcieldeba, Tanxebis investireba
TiTqmis mTlianad sabanko depozitebze xdeba da sqemis momgebianoba
damokidebulia mxolod Sesabamis sabanko depozitze daricxuli procentis
odenobaze. monawiles ar uwevs arCevanis gakeTeba sxvadasxva sainvesticio
portfolios Soris.
4. inovaciis testirebis SesaZlebloba Trialability - ramdenad
eqvemdebareba inovacia testirebas:
nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema SedarebiT ufro metad
eqvemdebareba testirebas, vidre savaldebulo, Tumca am ukanasknelis
SemTxvevaSic im adamiansac, romelic savaldebulo wesiT CaerTveba
sistemaSi aqvs SesaZlebloba daakvirdes mis funqcionirebas da Tu
kmayofili darCeba miiRos damatebiTi Senatanebis ganxorcielebis
gadawyvetileba. sistemaSi savaldebulo wesiT mxolod mosaxleobis
garkveuli asakis mqone nawili SeiZleba gawevriandes (magaliTad:
rumineTSi 35 wlamde asakis pirebi, estoneTSi - SromiTi bazris axali
monawileebi), danarCenebs ki nebayoflobiT SeuZliaT sistemaSi CarTva da
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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garkveuli periodis manZilze SesaZlebloba eqnebaT daakvirdnen sistemis
funqcionirebas da miiRon Sesabamisi gadawyvetileba.
imisaTvis, rom dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema akmayofilebdes
mocemuli maxasiaTeblis moTxovnebs saWiroa, saxelmwifom Zalisxmeva
mimarTos mosaxleobis cnobierebis amaRlebisken da sistema iyos
maqsimalurad gamWvirvale, raTa monawilem SeZlos martivad garkveva, Tu
ra odenobis Tanxa aqvs angariSze, sadaa investirebuli sapensio danagrovi,
ramdenia sainvesticio mogeba da sxva.
5. dakvirvebis SesaZlebloba Observability - ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli
inovaciis Sedegebis danaxva:
inovaciis Sedegebis danaxvis sirTule dakavSirebulia drois
faqtorTan (romelzedac Cven zemoT ukve visaubreT) da ara mis
TvalsaCinoebasTan. Sedegis (rogorc mimdinare - Tanxebis dagroveba da
maTze yovelTviurad daricxuli dividendebi, aseve saboloo - pensiis
odenoba) danaxva advilad iqneba SesaZlebeli, Tu uzrunvelyofil iqneba
sistemis gamWvirvalobis maRali xarisxi.
warmodgenili analizidan Cans, rom reformis ganxorcielebis, an
masze uaris Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis mizezis axsna, iseve rogorc
nebismier konkretul qveyanaSi reformis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis
Sefaseba romelime erTi midgomiT SeuZlebelia. Cveni azriT, Sefaseba unda
moxdes sxvadasxva midgomis kombinirebiT, rac saSualebas mogvcems
movaxdinoT safrTxeebisa da SesaZleblobebis identificireba.
SesaZleblobebis efeqtiani gamoyenebiTa da safrTxeebze drouli
reagirebiT gaizrdeba reformis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis Sansebi.
3.5. sapensio sistemebis alternatiuli modelebi – SedarebiTi analizi
1. gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistema VS dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
am ori modelis dapirispireba ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mxolod erT-
erTi modeli unda arsebobdes. gadawyvetileba misaRebia imasTan
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dakavSirebiT Tu romeli modeli unda gaxdes sapensio uzrunvelyofis
ZiriTadi wyaro.
saqarTveloSi dRes moqmedebs saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi sapensio
sistema, sadac saxelmwifo axorcielebs biujetidan, dRevandeli
gadasaxadis gadamxdelebis xarjze, dRevandeli xandazmulebis pensiiT
uzrunvelyofas. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc mTels ganviTarebul
msoflioSi, mimdinareobs mosaxleobis daberebis procesi. qveyanaSi sapensio
asakis mqone mosaxleobis raodenoba da xvedriTi wili izrdeba, amave dros
prognozirebulia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis, gansakuTrebiT, Sromisunariani
asakis mosaxleobis raodenobis Semcireba. Sesabamisad, sul ufro nakleb
gadasaxadis gadamxdels mouwevs sul ufro meti xandazmulis rCena.
miuxedavad imisa, rom 2004 wlidan dRemde, asakiT pensiebi 13-jer
gaizarda, pensia mainc mcirediT aRemateba saarsebo minimums da Seadgens
saSualo xelfasis 20%-ze naklebs. saqarTveloSi liberaluri
sagadasaxado sistemis pirobebSi saxelmwifo biujetis Tanafardoba mSp-Tan
Seadgens 25%-s, maSin roca ganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebeli
gacilebiT maRalia (mag.: safrangeTi - 57%), radgan am qveynebSi ufro
maRali gadasaxadebia. garda amisa mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa ekonomikis
ganviTarebis doneSi saqarTvelosa da ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris: mSp
erT sul mosaxleze Seadgens saqarTveloSi 3 800 da safranfeTSi 36 200
aSS dolars. miuxedavad imisa, rom safrangeTs saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT,
gacilebiT meti sabiujeto resursi gaaCnia pensiebis zrdisTvis, `pensiis
adekvaturobis 2015 wlis angariSis~ mixedviT, mosaxleobis daberebis gamo,
safrangeTSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirdeba Canacvlebis koeficienti.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema iZleva saSualebas Semcirdes
demografiuli problemebiT gamowveuli wnexi gadasaxadis gadamxdelebze
da saxelmwifo biujetze. adamiani Tavadac xdeba pasuxismgebeli sakuTari
siberis uzruvnelyofaze. sapensio Tanxebis dagrovebis wyaros
diversifikaciiT izrdeba Sansebi imisa, rom adamiani siberes ar gaatarebs
siRaribeSi. `pensiis adekvaturobis 2015 wlis angariSis~ mixedviT,
momavalSi, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis wili evrokavSiris qveynebis
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sapensio uzrunvelyofaSi sul ufro metad gaizrdeba, xolo saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis roli TandaTan Semcirdeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri
problemebis fonze, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis SemoRebis SemTxvevaSi,
aucilebelia sagadasaxado politikis gadasinjva raTa dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistema mosaxleobas damatebiT tvirTad ar daawves, ramac, Tavis
mxriv, sapensio reformis mimarT sazogadoebis negatiuri damokidebuleba
da, Sesabamisad, misi implementaciis procesis warumatebloba SeiZleba
gamoiwvios. miT umetes, rom dasagroveblad gankuTvnili Tanxis odenobis
proporciulad gadasaxadebis Semcireba saxelmwifo biujetisaTvis
moklevadian perspeqtivaSi ar iqneba dakavSirebuli mniSvnelovan
danakargebTan, grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi ki, piriqiT, mniSvnelovan
sargebels ganapirobebs: saSemosavlo gadasaxadis SemcirebiT moxdeba
dagegmilze naklebi sagadasaxado Semosavlis akumulireba saxelmwifo
biujetSi. SegviZlia daaxloebiT gamovTvaloT Tu ra Tanxebi SeiZleba
daakledes biujets am gadasaxadis SemcirebiT -saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da
mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros angariSis Sesabamisad, mosalodnelia
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis amoqmedeba 2018 wlidan. rTulia imis
prognozireba, 2018 wels ramdeni iqneba saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT
akumulirebuli Tanxebi. 2015 wlis monacemebiT Tu vimsjelebT, saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis 3%-iT Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi biujets daakldeboda 335
milioni lari, magram es ganakveTi unda Semcirdes ara yvelasTvis, aramed
mxolod sistemaSi CarTuli pirebisTvis. Tu dagrovebiTi pensia
savaldebulo gaxda 30 wlamde pirebisTvis, maSin sistemaSi savaldebulo
wesiT CaerTveba daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa 20% (radgan TviTdasaqmebulTa
didi nawili araformalur seqtorSia dasaqmebuli da ar aris gadasaxadis
gadamxdeli, savaldebulo wesiT CarTulTa raodenobas gamoviangariSebT
daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTagan), Znelia prognozireba 30 welze ufrosi
asakis ramdeni dasaqmebuli CaerTveba nebayoflobiT, naklebad savaraudoa,
rom sistemis amoqmedebis pirvel wels masSi dasaqmebulTa umravlesoba
CaerTos. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, miuRebeli saSemosavlo gadasaxadi (2015
wlis monacemebis mixedviT) gamovidoda araumetes 160-170 milioni larisa.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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2015 wels saSemosavlo gadasaxadis saxiT biujetSi mobilizebul iqna
2 223 milioni lari. 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi (2011-2015w.w.) aRniSnuli
gadasaxadidan akumulirebuli Tanxa gaizarda 672 milioniT, saSualod
weliwadSi 170 milioniT, 2014 welTan SedarebiT ki 285 milioniT (12,5%-iT).
Tu zrdis es tempi momavalSic gagrZelda, saSemosavlo gadasaxadis
ganakveTis 3%-iani klebis gamo, am gadasaxadis saxiT biujetSi
mobilizebuli Tanxebis moculobis Semcireba naklebsavaraudoa.
radgan pensiebi zogadad saxelmwifo biujetidan finansdeba da ara
erTi konkretuli gadasaxadidan, aseve unda gaviTvaliswinoT yvela saxis
gadasaxadidan miRebuli Semosavlis zrdis tendenciac: sagadasaxado
Semosavlebis odenoba 2011-2015 wlebSi gaizarda TiTqmis 1,9 miliardiT - 6
135 milionidan 8011 milionamde - saSualod weliwadSi 470 milioniT. aqedan
gamomdinare, savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergviT,
saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis zrdis tendencia ar Seicvleba.
Tumca, mxolod sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi SeiZleba ar aRmoCndes
sakmarisi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis warmatebuli danergvisTvis –
sazogadoebis ndoba da mxardaWera nebismieri farTomasStabiani reformis
ganxorcielebis umniSvnelovanes winapirobas warmoadgens. Sesabamisad,
aucilebelia garkveuli (minimaluri mainc) garantiebis daweseba
dagrovebiTi pensiis farglebSi akumulirebuli Tanxebis dasacavad,
imisaTvis, rom gaizardos ndoba sistemis mimarT da masSi CarTulobis
done. am kuTxiT, Cven ukve ganvixileT estoneTisa da Ciles magaliTebi.
aseve aRsaniSnavia sxvadasxva qveynis gamocdileba minimaluri sainvesticio
mogebis garantirebis mimarTulebiT (Antolín, Payet, Whitehouse, & Yermo, 2011):
belgiaSi yovelwliuri sainvesticio mogeba ar unda aRematebodes
dadgenil zRvars - 3,75%-s dasaqmebulis da 3,25%-s damsaqmeblis
Senatanebze. CexeTSi fondebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom danagrovma
yovelwliurad SeinarCunos nominaluri Rirebuleba; wliuri nominaluri
sainvesticio mogeba ar unda iyos uaryofiTi. germaniaSi ki, fondebma unda
uzrunvelyon 0%-iani sainvesticio mogeba, ara yovelwliurad, aramed sqemis
monawilis mier mTeli karieris manZilze ganxorcielebuli Senatanebis
saerTo moculobasTan mimarTebaSi, Sesabamisad pensioners garantirebuli
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aqvs, rom minimum misi Senatanebi mainc ar daikargeba. garantiebi
ZviradRirebuli siamovnebaa, maT SeiZleba gamoiwvion sistemis
administrirebis xarjebis gazrda, radgan am valdebulebis Sesasruleblad,
fondis damfuZnebels mouwevs garkveuli Tanxebis gadadeba (mag: sagarantio
fondi estoneTSi), es Tanxebi grovdeba monawileebze mosakreblis
dawesebiT/gazrdiT, rac amcirebs sapensio danagrovs, rac ufro maRalia
garantiis xarisxi, miT ufro izrdeba administrirebis xarji. garda amisa,
maRali xarisxis garantiebis dawesebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios danagrovis
investireba naklebad sarisko instrumentebSi, romelsac riskian
instrumentebTan SedarebiT dabali, magram ufro metad garantirebuli
mogeba aqvs. es ki Seamcirebs sasurveli odenobis pensiis dagrovebis Sanss
da sistemis mimarT ndobas. amrigad, garantiebis daweseba unda moxdes im
doziT, rom ar gamoiwvios Cvens mier zemoT aRniSnuli uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
garantiebis roli DC sapensio sqemebSi da maTi sargeblianoba ganxiluli
aqvT pablo antolins, stefani paiets, edvard vaithauzsa da xuan iermos
TavianT erTobliv naSromSi `garantiebis roli DC pensiebSi~.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis kidev erT upiratesobas warmoadgens
is, rom sapensio danagrovis saxiT moxdeba sainvesticio resursebis
mniSvnelovani zrda, rac saqarTveloSi investiciebis naklebobis pirobebSi
mniSvnelovani faqtori iqneba qveynis ekonomikuri winsvlisaTvis da
dadebiTad aisaxeba qveynis sabiujeto Semosavlebis matebaze. investiciebis
zrda xels Seuwyobs damatebiTi samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, rac Tavis
mxriv damatebiTi resursi iqneba sapensio danagrovis gazrdisTvis.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mdgradobisTvis aucilebelia, rom
sainvesticio mogeba iyos inflaciis doneze maRali (realuri sainvesticio
mogeba), raTa ar moxdes danagrovis gaufasureba. saqarTveloSi amis
pirobebi arsebobs: erovnuli bankis monacemebiT (saqarTvelos erovnuli
banki, 2016a), saqarTvelos komerciul bankebSi fizikuri pirebis mier
erovnuli valutiT ganTavsebuli 1-dan 3 Tvemde vadis depozitebis saSualo
saprocento ganakveTi 2010 wlidan 2016 wlis ivlisamde meryeobda 7-dan -
10%-mde. xolo 1 welze meti vadis depozitebze - 11-dan 14%-mde. 5 wliani
saxazino fasiani qaRaldebis saSualo Semosavlianoba 2014-2015 wlebSi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Seadgenda saSualod 9-10%-s, xolo 10 wlianis - 10,5 - 11,7%. rogorc
cxrilidan (#8) Cans, inflaciis done 2010-15 wlebSi iZleva imis
saSualebas, rom aRniSnuli instrumentebis realuri saprocento ganakveTi
iyos dadebiTi:
cxrili #8
inflacia 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
saSualo wliuri wina wlis saSualo wliurTan 107.1 108.5 99.1 99.5 103.1 104.0
saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis mTavar mizans
warmoadgens fasebis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofa. fasebis stabiluroba
gulisxmobs inflaciis zomieri da prognozirebadi tempis arsebobas, aqedan
gamomdinare, erovnuli bankis mier misaRwevi inflaciis maCvenebeli
(inflaciis miznobrivi maCvenebeli) 2016 wlisaTvis Seadgens 5%-s, 2017
wlisaTvis 4%-s, 2018 wlisaTvis 3%-s (saqarTvelos erovnuli banki, 2016b).
Sesabamisad, zemoaRniSnul instrumentebSi Tanxebis ganTavsebiT, dadebiTi
realuri sainvesticio mogebis miRebis didi albaToba arsebobs.
imisaTvis, rom sapensio danagrovis saqarTveloSi investirebis meti
saSualeba iyos, mniSvnelovania qveyanaSi kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba. dReisTvis, saqarTveloSi kapitalis bazari sustadaa
ganviTarebuli. 2016 wels, ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis da finansTa
saministroebis da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier SemuSavda strategia
(ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministro; erovnuli banki; finansTa
saministro, 2016), romelic miznad isaxavs saqarTveloSi kapitalis bazris
ganviTarebis xelSewyobas. am sakiTxze yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiaSi -
`saqarTvelo 2020~ da mocemulia RonisZiebebi, romlis ganxorcielebac
saWiroa aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad.
kapitalis bazris ganviTarebas didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi
sainvesticio instrumentebis arCevanis gafarToebisTvis, rac met
saSualebas miscems sapensio fondebs ganaxorcielon investiciebi
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saqarTveloSi arsebuli kerZo kompaniebis aqciebsa da obligaciebSi,
gaamravalferovnon insvestirebis variantebi da gazardon momgebianoba.
Cvens mier gamokiTxuli qarTveli eqspertebis umetesobis mosazrebiT,
kapitalis bazris ganuviTareblobam ar unda SeuSalos xeli dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis danergvas. am ori institutis ganviTareba SeiZleba
paralelurad moxdes, radgan dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergviT
gaCndeba didi moculobis sainvesticio resursi, rac xels Seuwyobs
saqarTveloSi kapitalis bazris ganviTarebas.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis efeqtianobas SeiZleba safrTxe
Seuqmnas ekonomikurma krizisma, rodesac fasiani qaRaldebis gaufasurebis
Sedegad SeiZleba daikargos sapensio fondebis investiciebis mniSvnelovani
nawili. Tumca, rogorc 2008 wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Sedegebis
analizidan gamoikveTa, aranaklebi safrTxe gadanawilebiTi sapensio
sistemebis mdgradobasac emuqreba: bevrma qveyanam gaamkacra saxelmwifo
pensiis gacemis wesi da pirobebi (Hirose, 2011), rac perspeqtivaSi gamoiwvevs
pensiis Canacvlebis koeficientis Semcirebas.
aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis daberebis procesi
momavalSi mZime tvirTad daawveba gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs da Sesabamisad
saxelmwifo biujets da safrTxes Seuqmnis qveynis finansur stabilurobas.
saqarTveloSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis ganviTarebis gareSe
mniSvnelovnad garTuldeba xandazmulTa uzrunvelyofa Rirseuli
pensiebiT.
2. nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema VS savaldebulo
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, romelic bevr qveyanaSi warmoadgens
siberis uzrunvelyofis damatebiT saSualebas, saqarTveloSi sustadaa
ganviTarebuli. danazogebis ganxorcielebis tradiciis dabali done,
dabali Semosavlebi, undobloba kerZo seqtoris mimarT Seaferxebs mis
ganviTarebas. nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mocva
(monawileTa Sefardeba samuSao asakis mosaxleobasTan) ganviTarebul
qveynebSic ki ar aris didi: OECD-is SemadgenlobaSi Semaval im qveynebSi
sadac moqmedebs aRniSnuli sistema, mxolod CexeTSi aris mocva 50%-ze
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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meti. aSS-Si miuxedavad sapensio danazogis ganxorcielebis xangrZlivi
tradiciebisa, mocva ar aRemateba 47%-s.
did britaneTsa da axal zelandiaSi warmatebiT dainerga avtomaturi
CarTvis sapensio sqema, romelmac mniSvnelovnad gazarda kerZo dagrovebiTi
sqemis monawileTa raodenoba, Tumca reformamde, sqemaSi CarTulTa mocva
axal zelandiaSi ukve Seadgenda samuSao Zalis 30%-s, xolo did
britaneTSi samuSao Zalis daaxloebiT naxevars (Kritzer B. E., 2007) (Department
for Work and Pensions, 2015), rac karg sastarto wertils warmoadgenda axali
sqemis dasanergad. saqarTveloSi samuSao Zalis 1%-ze odnav meti aris
CarTuli dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi, rac mniSvnelovnad gaarTulebs did
britaneTTan da axal zelandiasTan miaxloebuli mocvlis miRwevas.
Sesabamisad, naklebad savaraudoa, rom dagrovebiTma sapensio sistemam
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulos saqarTvelos mosaxleobis sapensio
uzrunvelyofaSi, Tu is savaldebulo ar gaxda.
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevidan gamovlinda, rom mosaxleobas
nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sistemis mimarT meti mxardaWera aqvs. Tumca
aseve gamovlinda korelacia informirebulobasa da dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis mimarT ndobas Soris; saTanado sainformacio-sareklamo kampaniis
warmarTviT SesaZlebelia ndobis amaRleba dagrovebiTi sistemis mimarT,
riTac Semcirdeba savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis
mowinaaRmdegeTa raodenoba.
3. saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema VS kerZo dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistema
msoflio bankis kvlevebis mixedviT (The World Bank, 1994) (The World Bank,
2000), sapensio fondis saxelmwifos mier marTvis SemTxvevaSi izrdeba imis
albaToba, rom Tanxebis investireba moxdes araefeqturad da mTavari mizani
ar iyos monawileebisTvis maqsimaluri sainvesticio mogebis miReba.
aRniSnuli kvlevebis mixedviT, saxelmwifo fondebi, danagrovis
investirebas xSir SemTxvevebSi axdenen saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebSi,
saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi da sxvadasxva infrastruqturul proeqtebSi.
sainvesticio instrumentis arCeva ganpirobebulia, ara misi momgebianobiT,
aramed politikuri motivaciiT, ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios mosalodnelze
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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mcire raodenobis Tanxebis dagroveba sapensio fondebSi da Seamciros
ndoba dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT.
kerZo sapensio fondi SedarebiT ufro daculia politikuri
gavlenebisgan, Tumca kerZo fondis marTva SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos
administrirebis ufro did xarjebTan (mag., marketingis xarjebi), romelic
ifareba fondSi akumulirebuli Tanxebidan, rac amcirebs sapensio
danagrovis moculobas. Cvens mier Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris
kvlevidan gamovlinda, rom saqarTveloSi kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis mimarT ndoba ufro dabalia saxelmwifo dagrovebiTTan
SedarebiT. dabalma ndobam SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnas sapensio reformis
warmatebulobas.
am or models Soris arCevanis gakeTebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda
iyos TiToeulis uaryofiTi mxareebi da miRebul unda iqnes saTanado
zomebi TiToeuli modelidan gamomdinare safrTxeebis Tavidan
asacileblad.
SesaZlebelia orive modelis erTdroulad arseboba. amis magaliTia
aSS, sadac dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema ZiriTadad imarTeba kerZo
kompaniebis mier, Tumca 2014 wels, aSS-is prezidantis barak obamas
brZanebiT, Seiqmna axali individualuri (ara-profesiuli) nebayoflobiTi
saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sqema, romelsac ewoda myRA ("my retirement
account"), aRniSnuli sqema aris Roth IRA-is nairsaxeoba. myRA sqemis mizania
gazardos Sromisunariani mosaxleobis CarTuloba dagrovebiT sapensio
sistemaSi. mTavar samizne jgufs warmoadgens SedarebiT
dabalanazRaurebadi samuSao Zala. myRA sqema imarTeba saxelmwifos mier;
kerZo dagrovebiTi sqemebisgan gansxvavebiT, myRA sqemaSi gawevrianebuli
piri ar ixdis administrirebis mosakrebels. administrirebis xarjebs
mTlianad faravs saxelmwifo; dagrovebuli Tanxebis investireba xdeba
saxelmwifo fasian qaRaldebSi, romlebic garantirebul sainvesticio
mogebas iZlevian, xolo kerZo dagrovebiTi sqemis farglebSi SesaZlebelia
investirebis ganxorcieleba ufro momgebian, magram sarisko finansur
instrumentebSi.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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ganxorcielebuli analizi safuZvels gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom
saqarTvelosTvis optimaluri da efeqtiania sam svetiani sapensio sistema:
I sveti - saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistema: saxelmwifo
uzrunvelyofs yvela pensioners minimaluri garantirebuli pensiiT
saxelmwifo biujetidan. dRevandeli gadasaxadis gadamxdelebi axdenen
dRevandeli xandazmulebis sapensio uzrunvelyofas.
II sveti - savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema: rogorc
damqiravebeli, ise daqiravebuli, valdebulni arian dadgenili Tanxebi
gadaricxon sapensio fondebSi daqiravebulis saxelze gaxsnil sapensio
angariSze. pensiis odenoba damokidebulia ganxorcielebuli Senatanebis da
maTi investirebis Sedegad miRebul sainvesticio mogebaze (DC sqema).
es iqneba ZiriTadi wyaro moqalaqis siberis uzrunvelsayofad.
moqalaqe ar iqneba damokidebuli mxolod saxelmwifos mier gadaxdil
pensiaze da eqneba saSualeba sakuTari saxsrebidanac moaxdinos Tanxis
dazogva pensiisaTvis.
III sveti - nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema:
savldebulosgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom am SemTxvevaSi daqiravebuls
sakuTari iniciativiT, nebayoflobiT SeuZlia Seitanos sapensio fondSi
damatebiTi Tanxebi sakuTari Semosavlebidan. am Tanxebis raodenoba
damokidebuli iqneba piris survilze.
sapensio fondebis marTvisas mizanSewonilia aSS-is magaliTis
gaTvaliswineba, sadac dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema ZiriTadad imarTeba
kerZo kompaniebis mier, magram mosaxleobis garkveuli kategoriisTvis
(dabalSemosavliani pirebi, TviTdasaqmebulebi) arsebobs saxelmwifo
dagrovebiTi sqema, aRniSnuli alternativis arsebobam SeiZleba gazardos
mosaxleobis (gansakuTrebiT dabalSemosavliani pirebis) daintereseba da
ndoba sistemis mimarT.
savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva warmoadgens
pensionerTa socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis saukeTeso
alternativas. SerCeuli alternativis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad unda
SemuSavdes misi implementaciis konkretuli RonisZiebebi:
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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1. aucilebelia ganisazRvros kerZo sapensio fondebSi gaxsnili
sapensio angariSebis Sevsebis wyaro, maTi Sevsebis pasuxismgeblobas ki
gadainawilebs SromiTi urTierTobis monawile orive mxare: dasaqmebuli
gadaricxavs fondSi sakuTari xelfasis 3 procents, xolo damsaqmebeli
Tavis mxriv sakuTari saxsrebidan Seavsebs dasaqmebulis pirad sapensio
angariSs TanxiT, romelic aseve Seadgens dasaqmebulis xelfasis 3
procents. amgvarad damsaqmebelic inawilebs sakuTari muSakis sapensio
dazRvevis pasuxismgeblobas. es aucilebelia, raTa maqsimalurad
uzrunvelyofil iqnes fondis sapensio angariSze pensioneris Rirseuli
cxovrebisTvis sakmarisi Tanxis dagroveba.
mniSvnelovania, rom am sistemaSi moxdes TviTdasaqmebulTa CarTva,
romlebic dasaqmebulTa udides nawils Seadgenen. mocemuli kontingenti
gadaixdis 3 procents deklarirebuli Semosavlidan, im pirobiT, rom
Tanxis odenoba ar unda aRematebodes kanoniT dadgenil maqsimums.
2. axal sapensio sistemaSi CarTul momuSaveebs es valdebuleba
zedmet tvirTad rom ar daawves unda moxdes maTTvis saSemosavlo
gadasaxadis amave odenobiT Semcireba, an sakanonmdeblo doneze unda iqnes
dadgenili saSemosavlo gadasaxadis garkveuli nawilis savaldebulo
wesiT ganTavseba kerZo sapensio angariSze.
3. dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mimarT damsaqmeblebis interesis
gazrdis mizniT mizanSewonilia garkveuli sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis
daweseba. mag: saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis mixedviT: `organizaciis
mogebis gadasaxadiT dabegvris obieqtia sxvaoba kalendaruli wlis
ganmavlobaSi miRebul erTobliv Semosavalsa da am kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebuli gamoqviTvebis Tanxebs Soris~. Sesabamisad, dasaqmebulis
sasargeblod gadaxdili sapensio Senatani SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros
gamoqviTvas saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis Sesabamisad, riTac
dabegvris obieqti Semcirdeba da organizacias naklebi mogebis gadasaxadis
gadaxda mouwevs.
4. savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi unda
gaerTiandes im kategoriis mosaxleoba, romlebsac axali sistemis
SemoRebis momentidan, pensiaze gasvlis uflebis dadgomis dromde eqnebaT
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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saSualeba daagrovon sakmarisi raodenobis Tanxa, rom SesaZleboba hqondeT
uzrunvelyon Rirseuli sibere sakuTari TavisTvis.
amitom axal sapensio sistemaSi CarTva iqneba savaldebulo mxolod
30 wlamde asakis mosaxleobisTvis. 30-dan 50 wlamde mosaxleobisTvis
SedarebiT rTuli iqneba pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg saarsebod aucilebeli,
sakmarisi raodenobis Tanxis dagroveba, amitom maT saSualeba unda mieceT
Tavad gadawyviton, Tu romel sapensio sistemaSi darCnen – ZvelSi, Tu
axalSi. 50 wels zemoT mosaxleoba ki Zvel sistemaSi darCeba, Tumca maT
saSualeba eqnebaT miiRon monawileoba nebayoflobiT dagrovebiT sapensio
sqemebSi, Semosavlebis nawilis kerZo sapensio fondebSi gaxsnil pirad
sapensio angariSebze gadaricxvis gziT. Tanxis odenobas ki isini
damoukideblad gansazRvraven.
5. dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mdgradobisTvis aucilebelia, rom
sainvesticio mogeba iyos inflaciis doneze maRali (realuri sainvesticio
mogeba), raTa ar moxdes danagrovis gaufasureba.
6. imisaTvis, rom sapensio danagrovis saqarTveloSi investirebis meti
saSualeba iyos, mniSvnelovania qveyanaSi kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis
xelSewyoba.
7. imisaTvis, rom sapensio danagrovis investirebam pozitiuri
realuri sainvesticio mogeba moitanos, mniSvnelovania sainvesticio
portfolios diversifikacia, rogorc sainvesticio instrumentebis, aseve
geografiuli principis mixedviT, radgan, Tu romelime qveyanaSi, an
regionSi ekonomikis zrdis tempi moulodnelad daecema, an Tu romelime
kompaniis aqciebis fasi daecema - zaraldeba danagrovis mxolod is nawili,
romelic am instrumentebSia investirebuli, maSin roca danarCeni nawili
uvnebeli darCeba4.
8. sapensio danagrovis dakargvis riskis Semcirebis kidev erTi
saSualebaa e.w. (life-cycle approach), rodesac sapensio asaks miaxloebisas
4 aRniSnul pozicias gamoxataven saerTaSoriso eqspertebi: anita Svarci, fiona stiuarti,
piter holcmani.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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avtomaturad xdeba ufro naklebad riskian fondSi gadasvla (es wesi
moqmedebs magaliTad, CileSi, did britaneTsa da axal zelandiaSi)5.
9. dagrovebiTi pensiis farglebSi akumulirebuli Tanxebis dasacavad
garkveuli (minimaluri mainc) garantiebis daweseba, mniSvnelovania
imisaTvis, rom gaizardos ndoba sistemis mimarT da masSi CarTulobis
done, amasTan, garantiebis daweseba unda moxdes im doziT, rom minimizebul
iqnes savaraudo uaryofiTi Sedegebi (administrirebasTan dakavSirebuli
danaxarjebis zrda, danazogis investirebasTan dakavSirebuli riskebi da
sxva).
10. savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis warmatebuli
danergvisaTvis, raTa mas sasurveli Sedegi, pensionerTa socialur-
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba mohyves, aucilebelia aqtiuri
sainformacio kampaniis Catareba mosaxleobaSi, imisaTvis, rom maT gauCndeT
ndoba axali sapensio sistemis mimarT - efeqtiani sainformacio da
sareklamo kampania xels Seuwyobs kerZo sapensio fondebis mimarT ndobis
amaRlebas mosaxleobaSi, rac Tavis mxriv ganapirobebs meti Tanxebis
mozidvas am sferoSi, aamaRlebs biznesis dainteresebas kerZo sapensio
fondebis mimarT, rac ganapirobebs am sferos momgebianobas.
sazogadoebrivi azris kvleviს Sedegad gamovlinda, rom saxelmwifo
sapensio sistemisadmi undoblobas mis mimarT ukve Camoyalibebuli
negatiuri damokidebuleba gansazRvravs, xolo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemisadmi undoblobas – am sistemis mimarT gamovlenili
informirebulobis dabali maCvenebeli, aqedan gamomdinare, swored
mosaxleobis maRalma aqtiurobam da iniciativam didwilad unda
ganapirobos reformis warmateba. aucilebelia mosaxleobis darwmuneba
imaSi, rom axali sapensio sistema sasargeblo iqneba maTTvis da qveynis
ganviTarebisaTvis. mosaxleobas unda hqondes Sesabamisi codna axali
sapensio sistemis funqcionirebis yvela mniSvnelovan aspeqtTan
5 aRniSnul pozicias gamoxataven saerTaSoriso eqspertebi: anita Svarci, fiona stiuarti,
piter holcmani. aRniSnuli eqspertebis mosazreba gaziarebulia saqarTvelos ekonomikisa
da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros 2016 wlis angariSSic.
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dakavSirebiT, raTa SesaZlebloba hqondeT maqsimalurad efeqtianad
ganaxorcielon sakuTari uflebebi da Seasrulon valdebulebebi.
saqarTvelos sapensio sistema, sabWoTa periodidan moyolebuli
dRemde, saxelmwifo biujetidan finansdeba gadanawilebiTi principiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo 12 wlis manZilze pensia 13-jer gaizarda, igi
mainc mcirediT aRemateba saarsebo minimums da saSualo xelfasis 20
procentic ki araa. momavalSi, samuSao asakis mosaxleobis Semcirebisa da
xandazmulTa raodenobis zrdis gamo mniSvnelovnad garTuldeba mxolod
gadanawilebiT principze dafuZnebuli sapensio sistemis pirobebSi
pensionerTa uzrunvelyofa Rirseuli donis pensiebiT. am viTarebaSi sul
ufro met aqtualobas iZens dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvis
sakiTxi saqarTveloSi.
amrigad, saqarTveloSi arsebuli sapensio sistemis mimarT
sazogadoebis udidesi nawilis mkveTrad gamoxatuli negatiuri
damokidebuleba da Tanamedrove dasavlur samyarosTan integraciis
moTxovnebi (dasavleTis qveynebis sapensio sistemebi mniSvnelovnad
gansxvavdeba saqarTvelos sapensio sistemisgan - isini damokidebulia
staJze da pensiaze gasvlamde arsebul xelfasze da gacilebiT ufro
metadaa ganviTarebuli dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema. evrointegracia aseve
gulisxmobs socialuri dacvis sistemebis daaxloebas) erTmniSvnelovnad
miuTiTebs reformis aucileblobaze. Tumca, es faqti dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis romelime modelis warmatebiT danergvis garantiad ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos, radgan, finansuri (gansakuTrebiT, kerZo) institutebis mimarT
arsebuli undobloba, postsabWouri periodis politikuri da ekonomikuri
arastabilurobis negatiuri gamocdileba, arainformirebuloba da siberis
uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebiT araformalur meqanizmebze (sakuTari
danazogi, ojaxi) mkveTrad gamoxatuli orientacia, savaraudod,
gaarTulebs sazogadoebis mxridan modelis adekvaturad Sefasebisa da misi
danergvis process.
vinaidan, amJamad arsebuli sapensio sistemis mimarT gamovlenil
negatiur damokidebulebas konkretuli gamocdileba ganapirobebs, sakvlevi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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modelebis mimarT arsebul undoblobas ki, ufro, arainformirebuloba da
maTi calkeuli (ZiriTadad finansebTan dakavSirebuli) aqtorebis, rogorc
zogadi risk-faqtorebis aRqma, reformis warmatebisaTvis optimaluri
modelisa da misi danergvis relevanturi meTodebis SemuSavebasTan erTad
aranakleb mniSvnelovani iqneba regularul kvlevaze dafuZnebuli
Sesabamisi sainformacio kampania da riskebisagan dazRvevis sistemis Seqmna,
rac sustad ganviTarebuli socialuri dacvis meqanizmebis fonze SeiZleba
Sefasdes, rogorc sapensio fondis mimarT ndobis Camoyalibebis
umniSvnelovanesi winapiroba.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis funqcionireba mudmivad iqneba
dakavSirebuli dasaqmebisa da Semosavlebis maCveneblebTan, rogorc
finansebis dagrovebis ZiriTad wyarosTan, magram es faqtorebi
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania reformis sawyisi etapisaTvis vinaidan, rac
ufro met adamians miecema dagrovebiT modelze gadasvlis finansuri
SesaZlebloba, miT ufro maRali iqneba axali modelis mimarT pozitiuri
gamocdilebis Camoyalibebis albaToba, es ki, moqmedi modelis mimarT
arsebuli negatiuri damokidebulebis fonze xels Seuwyobs sazogadoebis
dainteresebas reformis mimarT, Sesabamisad, gavlenas moaxdens rogorc
informirebulobis xarisxis zrdaze, ise - dagrovebiTi sistemis masStabis
gafarToebaze.
18-dan 50 wlamde asakobrivi jgufebis warmomadgenlebi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT aramxolod rogorc reformis sawyisi etapis maqsimalurad
efeqturi miznobrivi segmenti (romlis reformaSi CarTvis albaTobac
danarCenebTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnad maRalia), aramed, rogorc reformis
“socialuri agentebic”, romelTa CarTvac SesaZlebelia sazogadoebis
informirebulobisa da reformiT dainteresebis meqanizmebSic.
Tbilisis mosaxleobis did umravlesobas esmis pensiiT
uzrunvelyofasTan demografiuli viTarebisa da dasaqmebis kavSiri.
samomavlod, demografiuli viTarebis gauaresebis gamo Sromisunariani
asakis adamianebis da Sesabamisad, dasaqmebulebis xvedriTi wili
(umuSevrobis dabali donis SemTxvevaSic ki) mosaxleobaSi Semcirdeba,
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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pensionerTa ricxvi, ki gaizrdeba. aqedan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi
mosalodneli demografiuli viTarebis Sesaxeb mosaxleobisTvis
informaciis miwodebiT, gaizrdeba dagrovebiTi pensiis danergvis
popularizaciisken mimarTuli sainformacio kampaniis warmatebis Sansi.
is faqti, rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis mcire nawili (11%) apirebs
CarTvas kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi da am sistemis mimarT ndobis
xarisxi araa maRali (23%) ar niSnavs imas, rom reformis ganxorcielebis
Sansi mcirea, radgan “inovaciebis gavrcelebis Teoriis” mixedviT, siaxle
sazogadoebaSi TandaTanobiT inergeba da Tavdapirvelad mas iRebs
sazogadoebis mcire nawili (inovatorebi – mosaxleobis 2,5% da adreuli
adeptebi – 13,5%), xolo umravlesoba (adreuli - 34% da gviani - 34%, sul –
68%) SedarebiT ufro did xans andomebs inovaciis aTvisebas, swored am
umravlesobis qcevazea damokidebuli sapensio reformis warmateba. amitom,
sasurvelia, saxelmwifom warmarTos saTanado sainformacio-sareklamo
kampania da gansakuTrebuli aqcenti adreul da gvian umravlesobaze
gaakeTos. am kampaniis warmarTvisas saxelmwifom mizanSewonilia
gaiTvaliswinos, rom “umravlesobis” kategoriaSi, inovaciis (am SemTxvevaSi
sapensio reformis) gasavrceleblad didi mniSvneloba aqvs maT nacnob-
megobrebs, avtoritetis mqone im adamianebTan pirad komunikaciebs,
romlebmac ukve aiTvises siaxle da piradi kontaqtis safuZvelze SeuZliaT
gauziaron gamocdileba da waaqezon “umravlesoba”, rom maTac miiRon
siaxle. piradi komunikaciebis mniSvneloba dadasturda Cvens mier
Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis SedegebiT, romlis mixedviT
sainformacio wyaroebis ganawileba bimodaluria, anu mosaxleoba sapensio
sistemis Sesaxeb informacias ZiriTadad masmediidan da nacnob-megobrebidan
iRebs. piradma komunikaciebma didi roli iTamaSes estoneTis sapensio
reformis warmatebaSi. piradi komunikaciis mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs everet
rojersi da xazs usvams konkretul socialur jgufSi avtoritetuli
adamianebis (opinion leaders) rols inovaciis gavrcelebaSi. rojersis es idea
gamomdinareobs `komunikaciebis orsafexuriani nakadis Teoriidan~,
romelic SeimuSaves sociologebma pol lazarsfeldma da elihu kacma
(Katz & Lazarsfeld, 1955). am Teoriis mixedviT, ideebi mediis saSualebiT
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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miedineba avtoritetul adamianebTan, xolo maTgan ukve mosaxleobis
naklebad aqtiuri nawilisken. media codnas gadascems, maSin, roca
pirovnuli urTierToba ufro mniSvnelovania gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.
les robinsonis azriT: imis gamo, rom axali produqtis miReba riskTan da
gaurkvevlobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, ZiriTadad mxolod im adamianebma,
romlebsac vicnobT da vendobiT da romlebmac warmatebiT aiTvises siaxle
SeiZleba dagvarwmunon, rom inovaciis miReba ar gamoiwvevs finansur
danakargebs. “inovaciebis gavrcelebis Teoriis” eqspertebi Tvlian, rom
inovatorebisa da adreuli adeptebisTvis, ufro mniSvnelovania masmediis
saSualebebi, vidre mosaxleobis umravlesobisTvis, radgan pirvelebs aqvT
sakmarisi finansuri saSualebebi da mzad arian gariskon. maTTvis
masmediidan gadacemuli mesiji sakmarisia siaxlis misaRebad. umravlesobas
ki, ufro Zlieri biZgi sWirdeba gadawyvetilebis misaRebad iseTi,
rogoricaa avtoritetul pirovnebebTan uSualo kontaqti (Rogers, Difussion of
Innovations, 2003) (Robinson, 2009).
daskvna
dasavleTis qveynebSi, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos ideis
farglebSi, me-20 saukuneSi Camoyalibebulma universalurma saxelmwifo
gadanawilebiTma sapensio sistemebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes
xandazmul mosaxleobaSi siRaribis SemcirebaSi da cxovrebis im donis
SenarCunebaSi, rac maT pensiaze gasvlamde hqondaT. momavalSi, msoflioSi,
gansakuTrebiT ki ganviTarebul qveynebSi mimdinare mosaxleobis daberebis
procesis gamo saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistemis mdgradoba
mniSvnelovani wnexis qveS aRmoCndeba. igive problemis winaSe dadgeba
saqarTveloc.
saqarTvelos sapensio sistemis reformis konkretuli gzis
gansazRvrisaTvis, SeviswavleT sazRvargareTis qveynebSi sapensio sistemis
sxvadasxva modelis funqcionirebis magaliTebi. SemTxvevis Seswavlis
mizniT SevarCieT estoneTis sapensio sistema, rogorc warmatebuli
reformis magaliTi da rogorc saqarTvelosTan saerTo warsulis da
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msgavsi demografiuli maxasiaTeblis mqone qveyana; ganvaxorcieleT
ramdenime qveynis (rumineTi, Cile, niderlandebi, safrangeTi, aSS, didi
britaneTi, axali zelandia) sapensio sistemis SedarebiTi analizi.
Teoriul-konceftualuri CarCos farglebSi gavaanalizeT Cvens mier
Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevebi da saqarTvelos demografiuli
da socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, ris Sedegad gamovlinda
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis da misi sxvadasxva modelis danergvis
xelSemwyobi da xelSemSleli faqtorebi; disertaciis sakvlev kiTxvas (ra
aris saqarTvelosTvis optimaluri da efeqtiani sapensio sistemis modeli
pensionerTa socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisTvis?),
pasuxi Semdegnairad gaveciT: saqarTvelosTvis optimaluri da efeqtiania
sam svetiani sapensio sistema: I sveti - saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi pensia:
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs yvela pensioners minimaluri garantirebuli
pensiiT saxelmwifo biujetidan; II sveti - savaldebulo dagrovebiTi pensia,
rogorc ZiriTadi wyaro moqalaqis siberis uzrunvelsayofad. pensiis
odenoba damokidebulia ganxorcielebuli sapensio Senatanebis da maTi
investirebis Sedegad miRebul sainvesticio mogebaze (DC sqema); III sveti -
nebayoflobiTi dagrovebiTi pensia. sapensio fondebis marTvisas
mizanSewonilia aSS-is magaliTis gaTvaliswineba, sadac dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistema ZiriTadad imarTeba kerZo kompaniebis mier, magram
mosaxleobis garkveuli kategoriisTvis (dabalSemosavliani pirebi,
TviTdasaqmebulebi) arsebobs saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sqema, aRniSnuli
alternativis arsebobam SeiZleba gazardos mosaxleobis (gansakuTrebiT
dabalSemosavliani pirebis) daintereseba da ndoba sistemis mimarT.
Cvens mier Catarebuli sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevidan davadgineT,
rom Tbilisis mosaxleobis mcire nawili apirebs CarTvas kerZo dagrovebiT
sapensio sistemaSi da am sistemis mimarT ndobis xarisxi araa maRali,
Tumca es faqti ar niSnavs imas, rom reformis ganxorcielebis Sansi
mcirea, radgan “inovaciebis gavrcelebis Teoriis” mixedviT, siaxle
sazogadoebaSi TandaTanobiT inergeba da Tavdapirvelad mas iRebs
sazogadoebis mcire nawili (inovatorebi – mosaxleobis 2,5% da adreuli
adeptebi – 13,5%), xolo umravlesoba (adreuli - 34% da gviani - 34%, sul –
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68%) SedarebiT ufro did xans andomebs inovaciis aTvisebas, swored am
umravlesobis qcevazea damokidebuli sapensio reformis warmateba.
rojersma gamoyo xuTi maxasiaTebeli, romelsac unda Seesabamebodes
inovacia imisaTvis rom igi warmatebiT dainergos. Cven ganvixileT
TiToeuli maxasiaTebeli dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvasTan
mimarTebaSi da sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyenebiT
gamovavlineT am sistemis danergvis xelSemywobi da xelSemSleli
faqtorebi da warmovadgineT rekomendaciebi, romlebic xels Seuwyoben
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis warmatebiT danergvas qveyanaSi.
Teoriuli CarCodan gamomdinare, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
aRqmuli unda iqnes rogorc mis win arsebul ideaze ukeTesi da Tavsebadi
unda iyos arsebul RirebulebebTan/ideologiasTan, warsulis
gamocdilebasa da inovaciis potenciuri mimRebebis saWiroebebTan. yovelive
amis winapiroba saqarTveloSi arsebobs: mosaxleobis damokidebuleba
arsebuli sapensio sistemis da zogadad socialuri sistemis mimarT
negatiuria; dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvas mosaxleoba
pozitiurad uyurebs; faqtoruli analizidan gamoikveTa, rom SeiniSneba
orientaciis gadanacvleba socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo
meqanizmebidan – pirad pasuxismgeblobaze; sazogadoebaSi jer kidev naTlad
aris aRbeWdili 90-ian wlebSi anabrebis dakargvis mZime gamocdileba, aman
ki SeiZleba Seaferxos qveyanaSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva. am
faqtoris uaryofiTi gavlenis Sesamcireblad saxalmwifom SeiZleba
daawesos garkveuli garantiebi an/da SeimuSaos danagrovis dakargvisgan
dacvis meqanizmebi; sapensio uzrunvelyofisTvis qveyanaSi arsebuli
demografiuli viTareba mniSvneloba Tbilisis mosaxleobis udides nawils
gacnobierebuli aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi mimdinare
demografiuli procesebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebisTvis informaciis
miwodebiT, SedarebiT gaadvildeba maTi darwmuneba reformis saWiroebaSi.
dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema, saqaTveloSi arsebuli gadanawilebiTi
sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, xasiaTdeba kompleqsurobiT da misi
funqcionirebis sruli Sedegebis danaxva ramdenime aTwleulis Semdegaa
SesaZlebeli, Tumca pirveli Sedegis danaxva adreul etapzedac SeiZleba,
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rodesac sapensio danagrovze daiwyeba investiciebis Sedegad miRebuli
dividendebis daricxva da sainvesticio mogebis sididis mixedviT
SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mosaxleobam imsjelos siaxlis pirvel Sedegze.
aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifom Zalisxmeva unda mimarTos mosaxleobis
finansuri ganaTlebis amaRlebisken da sistema iyos maqsimalurad
gamWvirvale, raTa monawilem SeZlos martivad garkveva, Tu ra odenobis
Tanxa aqvs angariSze, sadaa investirebuli sapensio danagrovi, ramdenia
sainvesticio mogeba da sxva.
qveyanaSi mravalsvetiani sistemis dasanergad, unda moxdes
gadanawilebiTi modelis SesaZleblobebis amowurva, aseve sxva qveynis
pozitiuri magaliTis arseboba:
a) Cvens mier gamovlenil iqna moqmed sapensio sistemaSi arsebuli
problemebi, rac droTa ganmavlobaSi kidev ufro mZime tvirTad daawveba
qveynis Sromisunarian mosaxleobas da uaryofiTad imoqmedebs qveynis
sapensio sistemis mdgradobaze;
b) ganxilul iqna savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
warmatebuli magaliTebi: estoneTi, rumineTi, Cile. am qveynebis
gamocdilebis detaluri Seswavla mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba sapensio
sistemis reformis procesSi.
sazogadoebrivi azris kvlevidan gamovlinda, rom saxelmwifo
sapensio sistemisadmi undoblobas mis mimarT ukve Camoyalibebuli
negatiuri damokidebuleba gansazRvravs, xolo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemisadmi undoblobas – am sistemis mimarT gamovlenili
informirebulobis dabali maCvenebeli, rac Sesabamisi sainformacio
kampaniis dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi, reformis erT-erT mniSvnelovan xelSemwyob
winapirobad SeiZleba iqces.
faqtoruli analizidan gamovlinda, rom sapensio modelebis Sefaseba
naklebad ukavSirdeba TviTon modelebis konkretul maxasiaTeblebs.
saxelmwifo regulaciebis mimarT damokidebulebis formireba ufro
saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT zogadi damokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba,
vidre, regulaciebis konkretuli parametrebiT.
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reformis Seuferxeblad ganxorcielebisTvis, unda arsebobdes
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi ZiriTadi aqtoris, saxelmwifos myari
neba. amitom, saqarTvelos parlamentSi politikuri partiebis konfiguracia
iqneba gadamwyveti sapensio reformisTvis, Tumca mxolod gamarjvebuli
politikuri Zalis sapensio reformisadmi mxardaWera SeiZleba ar iyos
sakmarisi am reformis warmatebisTvis, sapensio politikis cvlilebebis
mdgradoba damokidebulia politikuri speqtris ZiriTadi nawilis mier
mocemul sakiTxze konsensusis miRwevaze; aseve mizanSewonilia sxva
mniSvnelovani arasaxelisuflebo aqtorebis poziciebis SeZlebisdagvarad
gaTvaliswineba.
SemoTavazebuli savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergviT dasaqmebuli Tavadac iqneba pasuxismgebeli sakuTari siberis
uzrunvelyofaze da ar iqneba damokidebuli mxolod saxelmwifos nebaze;
sapensio fondebSi moxdeba didi raodenobis sapensio Tanxebis dagroveba
da maTi sainvesticio resursebis saxiT gamoyeneba, rac mniSvnelovani
faqtori iqneba qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis.
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151. Кречетников, А. (2010, 9 8). Би-би-си . Retrieved 6 3, 2015, fromhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/russia/2010/09/100831_pensions_history
152. пенсионный фонд российской федерации. (2016a). ПЕНСИИ В ЦАРСКОЙ РОССИИ.Retrieved 4 30, 2016, from ЭЛЭКТРОННЫЙ АРХИВ: ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯ ПЕНСИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫВ РОССИИ: http://pfr.pba.su/Categories/Index/11
153. Пенсионный фонд Российской Федерации. (2016b, 01 15). Пенсии в СССР: Cоциальныереформы 1917-1990 гг. Retrieved 1 5, 2016, from ЭЛЭКТРОННЫЙ АРХИВ: ИСТОРИЯ РАЗВИТИЯПЕНСИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ В РОССИИ: http://pfr.pba.su/Content/Read/55
154. Совет Народных Комиссаров РСФСР. (1924, 6 28). Постановление СНК РСФСР"Положение о преподавателях рабочих факультетов".
155. “Funded Pensions Act” (14.04.2004); Estonia; RT I 2004, 37, 252 https://www.riigiteataja.ee
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157. “Pensions Act 2008” (26.11.2008); UK; 2008 C. 30http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/30/contents
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159. „saxelmwifo pensiis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni; (23.12.2005); ssm, 56
160. `arasaxelmwifo sapensio dazRvevisa da uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb~saqarTvelos kanoni; (30.10.1998); ssm, 5
161. `saxelmwifo kompensaciisa da saxelmwifo akademiuri stipendiisSesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni; (27.12.2005); ssm, 56
162. `maRalmTiani regionebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni;(16.07.2015); www.matsne.gov.ge
163. `savaldebulo socialuri dazRvevis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni;(20.06.2003); ssm, 21; Zalis dakargvis TariRi-01.01.2006
164. `socialuri daxmarebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebaN#145 (28.07.2006); ssm, 101
165. `sayovelTao jandacvaze gadasvlis mizniT gasatarebel zogierTRonisZiebaTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N#36 (21.02.2013);www.matsne.gov.ge
166. `ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis dokumenti 2017-2020wlebisaTvis~ saqarTvelos mTavroba; 2016; http://www.mof.ge/4542
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167. „SromiTi staJis mixedviT sapensio asakis safuZvliT daniSnulisaxelmwifo pensiis danamatis gansazRvris Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos mTavrobisdadgenileba N#181 (29.08.2007); ssm, 124; Zalis dakargvis TariRi-01.09.2012
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danarTi #1 – kvlevis farglebSi gamokiTxul eqspertTa sia
zaza sofromaZe - saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobisa da
socialuri dacvis ministris moadgile; socialuri momsaxurebis
saagentos direqtori
elguja meqvabiSvili - ekonomisti, Tsu-s profesori
ioseb arCvaZe - ekonomisti
vladimer papava - ekonomisti
oTar xufenia - ekonomisti
oTar ZiZikaSvili - saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministros kapitalis bazris ganviTarebisa da sapensio
reformis departamentis ufrosi
irakli burWulaZe - saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi
ganviTarebis saministros kapitalis bazris ganviTarebisa da sapensio
reformis departamentis mTavari specialisti
mixeil korZaxia - saqarTvelos damsaqmebelTa asociaciis vice-
prezidenti
ekaterine wereTeli - saqarTvelos dazRvevis saxelmwifo
zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri, mTavari specialisti
giorgi nioraZe - saqarTvelos dazRvevis saxelmwifo
zedamxedvelobis samsaxuri, ufrosi specialisti
lauri lepiki (Lauri Leppik) - talinis universiteti, estoneTis
mosaxleobis kvlevebis instituti, wamyvani mkvlevari
alan zigeri (Alan Sieger) – estoneTis finansuri zedamxedvelobis
samsaxuri, specialisti
daren raideri (Darren Ryder) - pensiebis regulatori (didi
britaneTi), strategiuli dagegmarebis menejeri
piter holceri (Peter Holtzer) - pensiebisa da kapitalis bazrebis
konsultanti (ungreTi)
anita Svarci (Anita Schwarz) - msoflio banki, wamyvani ekonomisti
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fiona stiuarti (Fiona Stewart) - msoflio banki, finansuri
seqtoris mTavari specialisti
kiTxvari #1 – ucxoeli eqspertebisTvis
1. Is there any example of successful pension reform in country that resembles Georgia in terms
of social-economic development?
2. What will be more efficient: having one single fund and asset manager or the competitive
market? And how this issue is regulated in developed countries?
3. In your opinion, pension assets should be managed by private company or state? In which
case the administrative costs will be lower and management will be more efficient? And in general:
how to ensure low administrative costs and high efficiency?
4. What kind of guarantees should be introduced to avoid or compensate for losing pension
savings? What are the best practices in the world?
5. In your opinion, in what cases should contributor in the second pillar be able to withdraw
savings before retirement?
6. How can the issue of capital market development be addressed?
7. In recent years there was a reversal of pension reform in some Eastern European countries.
What were the reasons of these reversals and what must Georgia do to avoid problems that caused
reversals.
8. There are concerns that the real rate of return will be negative, due to relatively high recent
inflation rates in Georgia and external factors, like slow economic growth in EU. That’s why, the
trust in pension reform may not be high. How can these concerns be addressed and are these
concerns reasonable? How can we ensure positive real rate of return?
kiTxvari #2 – qarTveli eqspertebisTvis
1. Tu kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema gaxda savaldebulo,
sakmarisadaa ganviTarebuli Tu ara saqarTvelos fasiani qaRaldebis
bazari rom am fondebSi dagrovebuli Tanxebi ganTavsdes am bazarze?
kapitalis bazris ganuviTareblobis pirobebSi, ramdenad mizanSewonilia
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergva? ramdenad mizanSewonilia
ucxoeTis fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze ganTavsdes sapensio danagrovebi?
2. saqarTveloSi savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis
danergvis SemTxvevaSi ramdenad maRalia riski danagrovis
gaufasurebis/dakargvis?. ra zomebi unda miiRos saxelmwifom danagrovebis
dacvisaTvis?
3. savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis farglebSi kerZo
fondebis, Tu saxelmwifo fondis mier unda imarTebodes danagrovebi?
damisaxeleT TiToeulis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi.
4. Tu kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema nebayoflobiTi darCeba
ramdenad realuria saqarTelos realobidan gamomdinare, rom saxelmwifos
mxridan garkveuli RonisZiebebis (mag.: sareklamo-sainformacio kampania,
sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis daweseba sapensio sqemebis damfuZneblebisTvis da
sxva.) gatarebis Sedegad mosaxleobis umravlesoba sakuTari nebiT
CaerTveba am sistemaSi?
5. romeli sapensio modeli iqneba yvelaze misaRebi saqarTvelosTvis da
ra vadebSi unda ganxorcieldes sapensio reforma (Tu saerTod unda
ganxorcieldes)?
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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danarTi #2
kiTxvari (Tbilisi, 2014w)
Q1. gTxovT, aRweroT, ra tipis sapensio politika xorcieldeba amJamad
saqarTveloSi?
1. saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi2. saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi3. kerZo dagrovebiTi4. sxva -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
88. ar vici (interviuers: ar waukiTxoT!)
Q2. Tqveni azriT, ramdenad uzrunvelyofs amJamad arsebuli sapensio sistema
siberes?
1. uzrunvelyofs
2. mxolod nawilobriv uzrunvelyofs
3. ver uzrunvelyofs
4. sxva (CawereT) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (interviuers: ar waukiTxoT!)
Q3. gsmeniaT Tu ara kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb?
1. msmenia2. ar msmenia
Q4. apirebT Tu ara, CaerToT kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi? (interviuers:saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT baraTiT!)
1. vapireb
2. jer ar gadamiwyvetia
3. ar vapireb
4. sxva (CawereT)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q5. gTxovT, gvipasuxoT, ramdenad endobiT saxelmwifo sapensio sistemas?
(interviuers: saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT baraTiT!)
1. vendobi
2. ar vendobi
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (interviuers: ar waukiTxoT!)
Q6. gTxovT gvipasuxoT, ramdenad endobiT kerZo dagrovebiT sapensio sistemas?
(interviuers: saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT baraTiT!)
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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1. vendobi
2. ar vendobi
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (interviuers: ar waukiTxoT!)
Q7. ra migaCniaT siberis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze usafrTxo saSualebad?
(interviuers: saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT baraTiT!)
1. saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi sapensio sistema
2. saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
3. kerZo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema
4. ojaxi (Svilebi, SviliSvilebi da sxva wevrebi)
5. megobrebi/axloblebi
6. sakuTari danazogi
sxva (CawereT)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (interviuers: ar waukiTxoT!)
Q8. rogor fiqrobT, ra mniSvneloba aqvs arsebul demografiul viTarebas
(Sobadobis Semcireba, eris dabereba) pensiiT uzrunvelyofisaTvis?
1. rac metia axalgazrda asakis mosaxleoba, miT ufro advilia xandazmuli
asakis adamianTa rCena
2. rac metia saSualo asakis mosaxleoba, miT ufro advilia xandazmuli asakis
adamianTa rCena
3. maT Soris kavSirs ver vxedav
4. sxva (CawereT)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q9. Tqveni azriT, ra kavSiri aqvs dasaqmebas pensiiT uzrunvelyofasTan?
1. rac maRalia dasaqmeba, miT advilia pensionerTa rCena
2. maT Soris aranairi kavSiri ar arsebobs
3. sxva (CawereT)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q10. gTxovT gvipasuxoT, ra tipis sapensio sistema iqneba optimaluri
saqarTvelosTvis? (interviuers: saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT baraTiT!)
1. saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi
2. savaldebulo saxelmwifo dagrovebiTi
3. savaldebulo kerZo dagrovebiTi
4. nebayoflobiTi kerZo
5. sxva (CawereT)--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema (interviuers: ar waukiTxoT!)
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Q11. Tqveni azriT, kerZo dagrovebiTi pensia savaldebulo unda iyos, Tu
nebayoflobiTi? (interviuers: saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT baraTiT!)
1. savaldebulo2. nebayoflobiTi
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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danarTi #3
kiTxvari (saqarTvelo, 2015w)
Q1. gsmeniaT Tu ara, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis Sesaxeb?1. msmenia2. ar msmenia
Q2. (interviuers! kiTxva eZleva mxolod maT, vincP P1-s upasuxes "msmenia") saidangsmeniaT dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemebis Sesaxeb?1. mxatvruli literaturidan2. skolaSi3. umaRles saswavlebelSi4. filmebidan5. sareklamo rgolidan6. nacnob-megobrebidan7. samsaxurSisxva -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q3. (interviuers! kiTxva eZleva mxolod maT, vincP P1-s upasuxes "msmenia") TqveniazriT, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis mizania:1. siRaribis donis Semcireba2. pensionerisaTvis cxovrebis/Semosavlis im donis SenarCuneba, rac mas muSaobis
dros hqondasxva --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q4. gsmeniaT Tu ara imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi unda dainergos dagrovebiTisapensio sistema?
1. msmenia2. ar msmenia
Q5. (interviuers! kiTxva eZleva mxolod maT, vincP P5-s upasuxes "msmenia") saidangaigeT informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTveloSi unda dainergos dagrovebiTisapensio sistema?----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q6. (interviuers! kiTxva eZleva mxolod maT, vincP P5-s upasuxes "msmenia") gTxovT,1-dan 5 qulis farglebSi SeafasoT, ramdenad misaRebia saqarTveloSi dagrovebiTi
sapensio sistemis danergva piradad TqvenTvis? (1- sruliad miuRebelia & 5 -savsebiT misaRebia).
1 2 3 4 5
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q7. (interviuers! kiTxva eZleva mxolod maT, vincP P5-s upasuxes "msmenia") TqveniazriT, ramdenad misaRebi iqneba saqarTveloSi dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemisdanergva sxvebisaTvis? (nacnob-megobrebis, qalaqis, raionis, qveynismosaxleobisaTvis zogadad)? (1- sruliad miuRebelia & 5 - savsebiT misaRebia).
1 2 3 4 5
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q8. (interviuers: kiTxva eZleva yvelas! respondents gadaeciT baraTi) gTxovT, 1-dan 5 qulis farglebSi SeafasoT, ramdenad misaRebia dagrovebiTi sapensio
sistemis SemoReba saqarTveloSi (1- sruliad miuRebelia & 5 - savsebiT misaRebia)piradad TqvenTvis?
1 2 3 4 5
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q10. (interviuers: kiTxva eZleva yvelas! respondents gadaeciT baraTi) gTxovT,
1-dan 5 qulis farglebSi SeafasoT, ramdenad misaRebia piradad TqvenTvis (1-sruliad miuRebelia & 5 - savsebiT misaRebia; 99 – miWirs pasuxis gacema) romdagrovebiTi sapensio sistema iyos:
10.1. nebayoflobiTi 1 2 3 4 5 99
10.2. savaldebulo 1 2 3 4 5 99
10.3. saxelmwifo 1 2 3 4 5 99
10.4. kerZo 1 2 3 4 5 99
Q11. (interviuers: kiTxva eZleva yvelas!) gTxovT, 1-dan 5 qulis farglebSiSeafasoT, ramdenad misaRebi iqneba sxvebisaTvis (nacnob-megobrebis, qalaqis,raionis, qveynis mosaxleobisaTvis zogadad. 1- sruliad miuRebelia & 5 - savsebiTmisaRebia; 99 – miWirs pasuxis gacema) rom dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema iyos:
11.1. nebayoflobiTi 1 2 3 4 5 9911.2. savaldebulo 1 2 3 4 5 99
11.3. saxelmwifo 1 2 3 4 5 99
11.4. kerZo 1 2 3 4 5 99
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Q12. pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg Tqveni amJamindeli Semosavlis (interviuers!SeafaseT saSualo-yovelTviuri Semosavali) daaxloebiT ramdeni procenti iqnebaTqvenTvis sakmarisi yovelTviuri pensiis saxiT?
1. 50%-ze naklebi2. 50%-dan 60%-mde3. 60%-dan 70%-mde4. 70%-dan 80%-mde5. 80%- dan 100%-mde6. 100%-ze meti (imaze meti, vidre axla aqvs)K
Q13. rogor fiqrobT, ra iqneba Tqveni Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaro pensiazegasvlis Semdeg?
1. saxelmwifo gadanawilebiTi pensia (rac axlaa)2. “specialuri” pensia – samsaxuris mixedviT3. nebayoflobiTi kerZo dagrovebiTi4. Semosavali fasiani qaRaldebidan an sabanko anabrebidan5. Semosavali uZravi qonebidan6. ojaxis wevrebis daxmareba7. sxva naTesavebis daxmareba8. sxva (CawereT)----------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q14. Tqveni SefasebiT, pensiaze gasvlis Semdeg:1. Tqven iqnebiT yovelmxriv uzrunvelyofili, ar geqnebaT safiqreli
fulze2. mogixdebaT danaxarjebze/fulze fiqri, magram ar iqnebiT SezRuduli
sakvebiT, tansacmeliT, mkurnalobis mxriv da a. S.3. ar gifiqriaT, magram darwmunebuli xarT, rom Tavs gaitanT4. gagiWirdebaT cxovreba5. ar gifiqriaT, magram TvliT, rom sakmaod gagiWirdebaT6. Zalian gagiWirdebaT da ar iciT ra geSvelebaT/ra SeiZleba gaakeToT7. sxva (CawereT) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
Q15. (interviuers! kiTxva eZleva mxolod asakiT pensionerebs) gTxovT,SeafasoT, rogor Seicvala Tqveni finansuri mdgomareoba pensiaze gasvlisSemdeg:
1. bevrad gaumjobesda2. gaumjobesda3. daaxloebiT igive darCa4. gauaresda5. bevrad gauaresda
99. miWirs pasuxis gacema
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია
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Q16. gTxovT, 1-dan 5 qulis farglebSi SeafasoT, ramdenad eTanxmebiT qvemoTCamoTvlilTagan TiToeul debulebas? (interviuers: gadaeciT baraTi)(1- sruliad ar veTanxmebi & 5 - savsebiT veTanxmebi; 99 – miWirs pasuxis gacema).
16.1. vinc muSaobs, valdebulia Tavisi gadasaxadebiTuzrunvelyos xandazmulTa saTanado cxovrebisdone
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.2. kanoni unda avaldebulebdes Svilebs xandazmuligaWirvebuli mSoblebis finansur uzrunvelyofas
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.3. sapensio sistemis mizani unda iyos xandazmulTadacva siRaribisgan (magram ara cxovrebis imdonis SenarCuneba, rac muSaobis dros hqonda)
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.4. yvela moqalaqes xandazmul asakSi garantirebuliunda hqondes pensia, romelic minimalurad maincuzrunvelyofs mas
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.5. sapensio sistemis mizani unda iyos cxovrebis imdonis SenarCuneba, rac adamians muSaobis droshqonda (da ara mxolod siRaribisgan dacva)
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.6. is xandazmuli adamianebi, romlebic finansuraduzrunvelyofilebi arian, saxelmwifosgan pensiasar unda iRebdnen
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.7. sapensio sistemis mizani unda iyosxandazmulTaTvis rac SeiZleba Tanasworicxovrebis pirobebis Seqmna
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.8. pensiebi saerTo gadasaxadebidan undafinansdebodes
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.9. yvela dasaqmebuli valdebuli unda iyosganaxorcielos sapensio Senatanebi
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.10. pensiis raodenoba unda ganisazRvrebodes TviTonadamianis sapensio Senatanebis mixedviT -muSaobis dros ramdensac Seitans, imdens aiRebs
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.11. saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos xandazmulTasaarsebo minimumi, danarCenis dagroveba, SenatanissaxiT, unda iyos TviTon adamianis valdebuleba
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.12. damatebiTi sapensio Senatanebis ganxorcieleba(ris Sedegadac adamiani saarsebo minimumze metpensias aiRebs) nebayoflobiTi unda iyos
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.13. im adamianebma, romlebsac sakmarisi sapensioSenatanebis ganxorcieleba ar SeuZliaT(umuSevari, ukiduresad dabalSemosavliani da a.S.) sapensio asakSi saxelmwifos mxridan daxmarebaunda miiRon
1 2 3 4 5 99
16.14. qalebma meti sapensio Senatani undaganaxorcielon, radgan ufro met xans cocxloben
1 2 3 4 5 99
ავტორის სტილი დაცულია