saraf_anatomi 2014.ppt

8/11/2019 Saraf_Anatomi 2014.ppt

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THE BODY

Constantly reacting and

adjusting

HOMEOSTASIS

ENVIRONTMENTAL

CHANGES

InternalExternal

STIMULI

BRAIN

SPINAL

CORD

NERVES

Sensed & conveyed

the messages

(inputs)

INTEGRATION

analyzed

combined

compared

coordinated

MUSCLES

(skeletal/smooth/cardiac)

GLANDS (endocrine/exocrine)NERVES

HOMEO-STASIS

(afferent)

(efferent)


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HOMEOSTASIS (Lat. homois : same; stasis : standing still)

A state of inner balance and stability in the body, which remains

relatively constant despite external environmental changes

CNS

(brain &

spin. cord)

PNS

(periph. NS)

SOMATIC

NS

AFF.

(SENSORY)

DIVISON

VISCERAL

NS

EFF.

(MOTOR) DIV.

(AUTONOMIC NS)

SYMPATHETIC

NS

PARASYMP.

NS

(Comple-

ment each

other)

(aff. div.)

(eff. div.)

aff. eff.

aff. div.*

eff. div.**

Responds to stress andemergency situations)

Conserves & restorebody resources

stimulates voluntarymuscles

processes

sensory input

* Processessensory input from

visceral organ

** triggers

response in

involunt. musc.& glands


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Complicated structures and interrelationships

Convergence and divergence

(the flow of info.)


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NEURONS (NERVE CELLS):

STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNITS

OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

NEURONS (NERVE CELLS):

ARE SPECIALIZED TO TRANSMIT IMPULSES:

- FROM SHORT TO RELATIVELY LONG DISTANCES

- FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY OR CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM TO ANOTHER

HAVE TWO IMPORTANT PROPERTIES:

1. EXCITABILITY (the ability to respond to stimuli)

2. CONDUCTIVITY (the ability to conduct a signal)


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CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL

COMPONENTS OF NERVES

The functional components of the neurons and their fibers

of peripheral nervous system may be clasified as follows:

1. GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT (GSA) FIBERS:

carry sensory information from somatic tissues

(skin, voluntary/skeletal muscles, joints, connective tissues)

to the CNS

2. GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT (GVA) FIBERS:

carry information from the visceral organs to the CNS

CNS GENERAL /SOMATIC

RECEPTORS

CNS VISCERORECEPTORS

(aff.)

(aff.)


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3. GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT (GSE) FIBERS:

carry nerve impulses from CNS to the most of the

voluntary/skeletal muscles of the body

(- the muscles contract

- the muscles derived from masses of cells called

myotomes)

4. GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (GVE) FIBERS:

carry impulses from the CNS that modify the activities

of the heart, smooth muscles (included vasa), and glands

(the fibers of autonomic nervous system)

CNS EFFECTORS:

SKELETAL MUSCLES

(eff.)

CNSEFFECTORS:

SMOOTH/VASA & CARDIAC

MUSLES.,GLANDS

(eff.)


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5. SPECIAL VISCERAL EFFERENT (SVA) FIBERS:

carry impulses from the brain to the voluntary

muscles derived from embryonic branchiogenic

(gill) arches

(this visceral musculature is found in the jaw,

muscles of facial expression, pharynx, and larynx

6. SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT (SSA) FIBERS:

carry neural information from the receptors of the

olfactory (smell), optic (sight), auditory (hearing),

vestibular (balance), and gustatory (taste)

systems to the CNS

CNS EFFECTORS:

BRANCHIAL/VISCERAL MUSC.

(eff.)

CNSRECEPTORS:

SPECIAL SENSORYORGANS

(aff.)


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SENSORY/AFFRENT SYSTEM

(CNS RECEPTOR)

* COLLECTING

* PROCESSING

EXTERNAL

(somatosensory)

RECEPTORS

INTERNAL

(viscerosensory)

RECEPTORS

(Info)

Tension, blood pressure,

pressure, chemical

composition of the blood

(hormones, glucose, CO2,

ions/electrolytes)

(events/stimuli)

CONTACT

(pain, temp., touch, pressure)

DISTANT

(sound, light, odours)

(INFO.)

(CNS) RECEPTOR


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MOTOR/EFFERENT SYSTEM

( CNS EFFECTOR)

VISCEROMOTORIC VISCERA, VASA

Smooth muscles

Myocardium

ExocrineEnzymes

Glandular cells

EndocrineHormones

MOTOR/

AFFERENT

SYSTEM

SOMATOMOTORIC SKELETAL MUSCLES

(INFO.)

EFFECTORS


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Three functional classes of neurons: 1. Afferent neuron,

2. Interneuron (in the CNS), and 3. Efferent neuron


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DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYST.

(neurons: 1011

neuroglia: 1012)

CNS

PNS

BRAIN

(encephalon)

SPINAL CORD

(medulla spinalis)

CRANIAL NERVES:12 pairs

(from the brain)

SPINAL NERVES: 31 pairs

(from the spinal cord)

VISCERAL

unconscious)

SOMATIC

(conscious)

AFFERENT

EFFERENT

(AUTONOMIC)

SYMPATHETIC

PARASYMPATHETIC

Somatic tissues

(skeletal muscles,skin, bones)

smooth & cardiac

muscles, glands

Smooth & cardiac muscles, glands

(structural)

(functional)

Within the

cranial cavity

Within the

vertebral canal


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SPINAL NERVES (31)

Cervical (8: C1-C8)

Thoracal (12: T1-T12)

Lumbar (5: L1-L5)

Sacral (5: S1-S5)

Coccygeal (1: co.)


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Principal parts of the

brain (medial aspect)


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PERIPHERAL NS:

CRANIAL NERVES(N IN XII)


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AUTONOMIC NS*

SYMPATHETIC NS

Center:

thoracolumbar

PARASYMPATHETIC NS

Center: cranisacral

*ANS: unconscious

component of the NS

(regulates the internal

organs/viscera)


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NEURON

(NERVE CELL) STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF NS*

SOMA (cell body)

(collective: gray matter/sustantia grisea)

COMPONENT

DENDRITES

PROCESSES

AXON (collective: white matter/

substantia alba)

TERMINALSYNAPSE

(contact with

other neuron/

effector cells)

Fig. 1-2

*NEURON:

Specialized to receive info.

Transmits electrical

impulses (action potentials)

Influences other effector

tissues (neuron, muscle (skeletal,smooth, cardiac, glands)


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Axon

Collateral

Axon

terminal

Cell body/soma

NEURON (EM SCANNING)

Nucleus

Axon hillock

Dendrite


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CELLULAR

COMPONENTS

OF A NEURON

SYNAPSES (interne ronal contacts)


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SYNAPSES (interneuronal contacts)

1. Axosomatic 2. Axodendritic 3. Axoaxonic 4. Dendrodendritic

Axon terminal


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CONVERGENCE & DIVERGENCE

PRESYNAPTI

INHIBITION


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Types of neuron:

1. Unipolar

2. Bipolar

3.Pseudounipolar

4. Multipolar

HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE


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HOW NEURONS COMMUNICATE

TO EACH OTHER ?

SYNAPSE

CONSISTS OF:

-Presynaptic

element (part of

axon terminal)

-Synaptic

cleft/space

-Postsynaptic

region (receptor at

the postsynaptic

membrane of the

innervated neuronor effector

structure)

Electrochemical communication:action pot. propagation (electrical) + chemical (NT) transmission

Neurotransmitter (NT)


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SPINAL CORD

INSIDE THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

(in the vertebral canal)

31 SEGMENTS

31 PAIRS OF SPINAL NERVES CERVICAL (C) : 8

THORACAL (T) : 12

LUMBAR (L) : 5

SACRAL (S) : 5

COCCYGEAL (Co) : 1 CONTAINS: - SENSORY FIBERS

- MOTOR NEURONS

- ASCENDING/DESCENDING FIBERS

(PATHWAYS/TRACTS TO AND FROM THE BRAIN)

REFLEX CENTER


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CROSS-SECTION OF THE SPINAL CORD

Gray matter (substantia grisea)

White matter (substantia alba)


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BRAIN

The largest organ of the bodyComposed of soft tissue (jelly) Needs strict protection

In adult: 1,300 g

Mushroom-shaped

Medial aspect of

the brain


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BRAIN

BRAIN STEM DIENCEPHALON CEREBRUM CEREBELLUM

MEDULLA

OBLONGATAPONS

MESENCEPHALON

THALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

CEREBRAL

CORTEX

BASAL

GANGLIA

A


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Surface anatomy of the brain (A. lateral & B. medial)

AB


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PROTECTION & COVERINGS

OF CNS (protection against injury)

PROTECTION

1. BONES: - CRANIAL BONES (CRANIUM) (for the brain)

- VERTEBRAL COLUMN (for the spinal cord)

2. MENINGES: - CRANIAL MENINGES (surround the brain)

- SPINAL MENINGES (surround the spinal cord)

3. CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

- Circulates through the subarachnoid space

- Formed by filtration and secretion from CHOROID PLEXUSES

(network of capillaries); located in the ventricles of the brain

BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER (BBB): - permits certain substances to

enter the CSF but prohibits the others Protects the brain and

spinal cord from harmful substances

- formed by various components : astrocyte end feet, capillary

basal membr. & capillary endothelial cells (nonfenestrata)

MENINGES &


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MENINGES &

CEREBROSPINAL

FLUID (CSF)/LIQUORCEREBROSPINALIS (LCS)


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CEREBAL VENTRICLES

1. Lateral ventricles (right/left, in

the cerebral hemispheres)

2. Third ventricle (between

right& left diencephalon)

3. Aqueductus cerebri (Sylvius)

4. Fourth ventricle (ventral to

cerebellum, dorsal to ponsand med. Obl.)

CSF CIRCULATION

Choroid plex. (in the V Lat. + V III)

V III Cerebral aqueductV IV ( For. Magendie , For.

Lushka) Subarachnoid space

(around the brain + spinal cord)

Arachnoid granulations

vv. emmissariae V.

jugularis int. Cor


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BASAL NUCLEI/GANGLIA

1.LENTICULAR

NUCLEUS

2.CAUDATE

NUCLEUS

3.AMYGDALA

(function:

limbic

system)

a. PUTAMEN

b. GLOBUSPALLIDUS

1

2

3

Thalamus


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