1

2

Sardisa da fekaluri masis gamoyenebaSardisa da fekaluri masis gamoyenebaSardisa da fekaluri masis gamoyenebaSardisa da fekaluri masis gamoyenebaSardisa da fekaluri masis gamoyeneba

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSisasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSisasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSisasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSisasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi

marTva: dagegmva, ganxorcieleba da moqmedebamarTva: dagegmva, ganxorcieleba da moqmedebamarTva: dagegmva, ganxorcieleba da moqmedebamarTva: dagegmva, ganxorcieleba da moqmedebamarTva: dagegmva, ganxorcieleba da moqmedeba

eko sanitariis sasoflo-sameurneo aspeqtebieko sanitariis sasoflo-sameurneo aspeqtebieko sanitariis sasoflo-sameurneo aspeqtebieko sanitariis sasoflo-sameurneo aspeqtebieko sanitariis sasoflo-sameurneo aspeqtebi

doqtori piter ienseni profesori, maTematikuri mecnierebebisa da

teqnologiis departamenti, norvegiis sacocxlis mecnierebaTa

universiteti

doqtori iohanes hibi, saerTaSoriso ekologiuri teqnikuri asociacia

& Seecon International

doqtor ken gnanakani, ACTS bangalori, indoeTi

katarina konradini, Seecon GMBH

© 2006

3

publikacia gamoica niderladebis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saerTopublikacia gamoica niderladebis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saerTopublikacia gamoica niderladebis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saerTopublikacia gamoica niderladebis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saerTopublikacia gamoica niderladebis sagareo saqmeTa saministros saerTo

dafifnansebis programis mxardaWeriT da evropis qalebi saerTodafifnansebis programis mxardaWeriT da evropis qalebi saerTodafifnansebis programis mxardaWeriT da evropis qalebi saerTodafifnansebis programis mxardaWeriT da evropis qalebi saerTodafifnansebis programis mxardaWeriT da evropis qalebi saerTo

momavlisaTvis (momavlisaTvis (momavlisaTvis (momavlisaTvis (momavlisaTvis (WECF) TanamSromlobiT) TanamSromlobiT) TanamSromlobiT) TanamSromlobiT) TanamSromlobiT

Targmna nino gamisoniamnino gamisoniamnino gamisoniamnino gamisoniamnino gamisoniam

redaqtori rostom gamisoniarostom gamisoniarostom gamisoniarostom gamisoniarostom gamisonia

soflad TemTa ganviTarebis saagento

sof. misaqcieli, mcxeTis raioni, saqarTvelo

tel: +995 93 171 772; +995 99 548 292

faqsi: +995 32 225 270

rurcom@gmail.com ; rcdsa1@hotmail.com

evropis qalebi saerTo momavlisaTvis (WECF)el.fosta: wecf@wecf.orghttp://www.wecf.orgWECF niderlandebi

safosto yuTi 130473507-LA utrextiniderlandebi

tel: +31/30/231 03 00

faqsi: +31/30/234 08 78

WECF germaniablumenStrase 28

D - 80331 miunxenigermania

tel: +49/89/202 323 90

faqsi: +49/89/202 323 91

gamocemaze pasuxismgebeli:

rusudan simoniZerusudan simoniZerusudan simoniZerusudan simoniZerusudan simoniZe

saqarTvelos mwvaneTa moZraoba

4

winsarTiwinsarTiwinsarTiwinsarTiwinsarTi

imisaTvis, rom gamoviyenoT adeqvaturi raodenobis sasuqi – iqneba es

urina Tu damuSavebuli fekaluri masa – niadagis xarisxi unda iqnas

Seswavlili. mTel msoflioSi, niadagis xarixsi Zlier icvleba. amdenad,

ar arsebobs gamoyenebis erTsaxovani norma rac gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iyos erovnul saxelmZRvaneloebSi. aRniSnuli saxelmZRvaneloebze dayrd-

nobiT, Tavidan unda iqnas acilebuli sasuqis gadaWarbebuli raodenobiT

gamoyeneba da potenciurad uaryofiTi zemoqmedeba miwisqveSa Tu zeda-

pirul wylebze.

amasTan, higienis saxelmZRvaneloebSi mocemuli rekomendaciebi zus-

tad unda iqnas daculi.

mimarTeT ekosanresis (EcoSanRes) saxelmZRvanelos “urinasa da fekaluri

masis usafrTxo gamoyeneba ekologiuri sanitariis sistemebSi”

(www.ecosanres.org) an msoflio janmrTelobis organizaciis (WHO) sax-elmZRvanelos `eqskrementebisa da Camdinare wylebis usafrTxo meoradi

gamoyeneba”.

warmodgenili moduli adaptirebulia saxelmZRvanelodan “urinasa

da fekaluri masis gamoyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoeba-

Si” (h. ionsoni, a. rixter Stincingi, b. vinerasi da e. salomoni).

dawvrilebiTi informaciis misaRebad SegiZliaT mimarToT am pub-

likaciebs.

5

SesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavaliSesavali

fekaluri masa, urinaze ufro metad, Seicavs daavadebis gamomwvev

organizmebs, romlebsac paTogenebs uwodeben. am TvalsazrisiT, mniS-

vnelovania urinasa da fekaluri masis jvaredini dabinZurebis Tavidan

acileba.

organizmebi, romlebic iwveven daavadebebs Seicaven virusebs, baq-

teriebs da parazitul proTozoas, iseve rogorc Wiebsa da parazitul

muclis Wiebs. zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba mZime daavadebis an sikvidlis

mizezi gaxdes. danarCenebma SeiZleba ar gamoiwvion pirdapiri simptomebi,

magram SeiZleba gamoiwvion diarea, organizmis sisuste an gazardon sxva

infeqciur daavadebaTa riski. zog SemTxvevaSi, paTogenebi SeiZleba gada-

rCnen didi xnis ganmavlobaSi adamianis organizmis gareSe, sxva SemTxveva-

Si isini advilad nadgurdebian. iseT pirobebSi, rogoricaa sicxe, wyal-

badis maRali maCvenebeli (pH), sineste, mzis radiacia/ultra iisferi

Suqi, sakvebi nivTierebebisa da sxva mikroorganizmebis arseboba xels

uwyoben maT gadarCenas.

paTogenebisgan safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad, mniSvnelovania Sem-

cirdes kontaqti eqskrementebTan da Semcirdes paTogenebis raodenoba

masalaSi. iseTi saxis paTogenebi, rogorica proTozoa da virusebi

bunebrivad Semcirdeba, roca maT budis gareT gamravlebis saSualeba ar

eqnebaT, magram baqteriebma SeiZleba ganagrZon gamravleba maTTvis xel-

sayrel pirobebSi.

moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvismoTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvismoTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvismoTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvismoTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis

mcenaris zrdis SemzRudvel faq-

torad SeiZleba CaiTvalos kasris ked-

lis ficrebi da mosavlis doned zR-

vari, romelsac siTxe aRwevs gadmoR-

vramde. Tu yvelaze didi SemzRudavi

faqtori gaumjobesebulia, magaliTad,

am SemTxvevaSi azotis damatebiT, maSin

sxva faqtorebi SezRudaven maRal mo-

savlianobas.

moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis Se-

icaven sinaTles, wyals, fesvebis zrdis

struqturas da mkvebavebs. rodesac

yvelaze didi SemzRudavi faqtoris mi-

wodeba izrdeba, maSin zrdis sxva faq-

torebi ufro mniSvnelovani SemzRudavi faqtorebi xdebian. Tu mkvebave-

bis garda sxva faqtorebi izRudeba, magaliTad, wyali, sinaTle, wyalba-

dis maRali maCvenebeli, marilianobis xarisxi, Suqi an temperatura, maSin

mkvebavebis damateba ar gazrdis mosavlianobas.

6

makrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebi

mcenaris zrdisaTvis aucilebel elements qvia sakvebi. didi raode-

nobiT gamoyenebadi sakvebi - aramineraluri elementia, magaliTad, nax-

Sirbadi, wyalbadi da Jangbadi. es elementebi, ZiriTadad miiReba, rogorc

naxSirorJangi (CO2) haeridan da wylidan (H2O) fesvebis saSualebiT.

sinaTlis, naxSirorJangis, wylisa da mineraluri sakvebis miwodeba defi-

cituri gavrcelebis adgilidan aumjobesebs zrdis xarisxs da mcenaris

mosavlianobas.

sakvebi SeiZleba or kategoriad daiyos: makro sakvebi nivTierebebi

da mikro sakvebi nivTierebebi. makro sakvebi nivTierebebis moxmareba mik-

ro sakvebi nivTierebebze 100-jer ufro metia. eqvsi elementi, romelic

makro sakveb nivTierebebSi klasificirdeba aris: azoti, fosfori, ka-

liumi, gogirdi, kalciumi da magniumi. am sakvebs fesvebi, ZiriTadad,

ionuri formiT niadagidan iReben.

mikro sakvebi nivTierebebi iseTive aucilebelia mcenaris zrdisaTvis,

rogorc makro sakvebi nivTierebebi, magram iReben mcire (mikro) raode-

nobiT. Cveulebriv, mikro sakveb nivTierebebad iTvleba bori, spilenZi,

rkina, qloridi, manganumi, molibdeni da TuTia.

ganoyiereba mosavlianobas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi zrdis, Tu gamoy-

enebuli mcenareuli sasuqi zrdis erT-erTi SemzRudveli faqtoria (ix.

suraTi maRla). mosavlianobis zrda ar aris mosalodneli, roca mcenar-

is ganoyiereba SezRudulia sasuqis miwodebis garda sxva faqtoriT,

magaliTad, wylis nakleboba, Zalian dabali an Zalian maRali wyalbadis

maCvenebeli da a.S.

adamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenlobaadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenlobaadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenlobaadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenlobaadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenloba

gamoyofili mcenareuli sakvebi nivTierebebis raodenoba Tanabaria

moxmarebulisa.

amas sami ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aqvs:

• gamoyofili mcenareuli sakvebi nivTierebebis raodenoba SeiZleba

daiTvalos miRebuli sakvebidan.

• Tu gamonayofi da bionarCeni, iseve rogorc cxovelis nakeli da

mcenareuli narCenebi gadamuSavebulia, maSin saxnavi miwis ganoyiereba

SeiZleba gagrZeldes, radgan gadamuSavebuli produqtebi Seicaven

igive raodenobis mcenareul sakvebs, ramdenic mosavlis mier iqna

moxmarebuli.

• sxvadasxva regionebSi gamonayofis SemadgenlobaSi gansxvaveba aisax-

eba moxmarebuli marcvleulis zrdaze da amdenad, mcenaris sasuqis

miwodebaze, romelic saWiroa miwis noyierebis SesanarCuneblad.

miuxedavad gamonayofSi mcenareuli sakvebi nivTierebis raodenobisa

da koncentraciisa, ganoyierebisaTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani rekomenda-

ciaa - gamonayofis sasuqebis gadanawilebis mcdeloba im adgilebSi, romelic

7

uTanabrdeba warmoebisas. qvemoTmoyvanil cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva

qveynebSi:

erT sulze sasuqis gamoyofis maCveneblebi:

adamianis urinasa da fekaliebSi arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebis zusti

raodenoba icvleba sxvadasxva saWmlis, adviladmonelebadi saWmlis mixed-

viT (urina Seicavs advilad mosanelebel sasuqebs, xolo Znelad mo-

sanelebeli nawilebi gamoiyofa fekaliebTan erTad), amdenad, gansxvavebu-

lia msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi.

adamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenloba: mZime liTonebi daadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenloba: mZime liTonebi daadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenloba: mZime liTonebi daadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenloba: mZime liTonebi daadamianis eqskrementebis Semadgenloba: mZime liTonebi da

mikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebi

mZime liTonebis Semcveloba da sxva damabinZurebeli nivTierebebi,

rogoricaa pesticidebis narCenebi damokidebulia im droisaTvis moxmare-

buli produqtis raodenobaze.

Cveni organizmis mier gamoyofili hormonebis Tanafardoba da wamlebi,

romlebsac movixmarT, gamoiyofian urinasTan erTad.

yvela ZuZumwovari warmoqmnis hormonebs da ganviTarebis periodSi

xdeboda maTi gamoyofa dedamiwis zedapirze.

vegetaciuri da niadagis mikrobebi eguebian da aqveiTeben am hor-

monebs.

Sinauri cxovelebis nakelSi arsebuli hormonebis raodenoba sagrZno-

blad metia adamianis urinaSi arsebuli hormonebis raodenobaze.

farmacevtuli nivTierebebis umetesoba miiReba bunebidan, Tundac

bevri maTgani sinTeTikuradac iyos warmoebuli, amdenad, isini Sladia

bunebriv pirobebSi sxvadasxvagvari mikrobuli qmedebebiT. es Semowmebu-

li iqna Cveulebriv Camdinare wylebis gasasufTavebel qarxanaSi, sadac

farmacevtuli nivTierebebis daSla gaZlierda, roca Senaxvis dro ram-

8

denime saaTidan ramdenime dRemde gaizarda. urina da fekaluri sasuqebi

erTmaneTSi irevian niadagis aqtiur zeda fenaSi, romlebsac mikrobebis

iseTive nairsaxeoba da aqtivoba axasiaTebs, rogoricaa Camdinare wylebis

gasasufTavebel qarxanaSi. es nivTierebebi Tveebis ganmavlobaSi inaxeba

niadagis zeda fenebSi. rac imas niSnavs, rom mikrobebs uamravi dro aqvT

farmacevtuli nivTierebebis dasaSlelad da maTTan mimarTebaSi arsebuli

riski mcirea.

mcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianobamcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianobamcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianobamcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianobamcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianoba

urinasa da fekaliebSiurinasa da fekaliebSiurinasa da fekaliebSiurinasa da fekaliebSiurinasa da fekaliebSi

ZiriTadad, is sasuqebi romlebsac urina Seicavs, wyalSi xsnadia da

amdenad, pirdapir aris mcenareebisTvis misawvdomi. xolo fekaliebi, Seicaven,

rogorc wyalSi xnsad sakveb nivTierebebs, aseve wyalSi uxnsad didi

raodenobiT nawilakebs. fekalur masaSi mcenareuli sakvebi nivTierebebis

vargisianoba ufro mcirea vidre urinaSi. aRniSnulis mizezia is, rom

ZiriTadi Tanafardoba fosforisa da didi Tanafardoba azotisa war-

moiqmneba gadaumuSavebeli nivTierebisgan. am nivTierebas ki niadgaSi gad-

amuSaveba sWirdeba, imisaTvis, rom misawvdomi gaxdes mcenareebisTvis.

organul nivTierebas ramdenime xerxiT Seaqvs wvlili ganoyierebaSi:

niadagis struqturis gaumjobesebiT, wylis damWeri simZlavris gaZlierebiT,

Sualeduri gardaqmnis simZlavriT da niadagis mikroorganizmebis mx-

ardaWeriT.

urina, rogorc sasuqiurina, rogorc sasuqiurina, rogorc sasuqiurina, rogorc sasuqiurina, rogorc sasuqi

pirdapir, an Senaxvis Semdeg gamoyenebuli urina - sasoflo-sameur-

neo produqtebis warmoebaSi maRali xarisxis, iafasiani, azotiT mdidari

mineraluri sasuqis alternativaa. urina, rogorc pirdapiri sasuqi, saukeTe-

sod gamoiyeneba foTlovani bostneulisa da azotis momTxovni mcenaree-

bisTvis. Tu mosavlisa da regionis specifikuri rekomendaciebi xelmisawv-

domia azotis sasuqebisTvis (Sardi, amoniumi an nitrati), maSin es kargi

sawyisi wertilia imisaTvis, Tu rogor gamoviyenoT urina da movargoT

aRniSnuli rekomendaciebi urinas gamoyenebas. rogorc wesi, erTi litri

urina Seicavs 3-7 gram azots.

urina, aseve Seicavs didi raodenobiT fosforsa da kaliums, magram

azotis didi Semcvelobis gamo, misi fosfor/azotisa da kalium/azotis

Tanafardoba ufro naklebia, vidre bevr mineralur sasuqSi, romelic

gamoiyeneba bostneulis warmoebaSi.

urinas efeqti, iseve rogorc qimiuri sasuqebisa, nawilobriv daba-

lia organuli nivTierebebiT dabali Semadgenlobis niadagSi, vidre or-

ganulad maRali Semadgenlobis niadagebSi. gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom

niadagis nayofierebisTvis momgebiania orive – urinasa da fekaluri masis

an sxva organuli sasuqis gamoyeneba, magram isini sxvadasxva dros da

sxvadasxva kulturaze unda iqnas gamoyenebuli.

9

urina, rogorc sasuqi: gazavebaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gazavebaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gazavebaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gazavebaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gazaveba

gazavebagazavebagazavebagazavebagazaveba

urinas gamoyeneba SeiZleba sufTad (gazavebis gareSe) an wyalSi

gazavebulad. gazavebis done meryeobs daaxloebiT: 1:1-dan 10:1-mde. mis-

aRebia 3:1.

! urina gamoyenebuli unda iqnas azotis sasurveli normis Sesabamisad,

magram damatebiT wyalSi gazaveba mcenaris saWiroebis mixedviT unda

moxdes.

! gazavebul urinas iseTive mopyroba sWirdeba, rogorc gauzavebels.

sunis, amoniumis, aerozolis aorTqlebis, dawvisa da mcenareebis

SesaZlo dabinZurebis Tavidan asacileblad, urina niadagis axlos

unda iqnas gamoyenebuli.

urina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebiurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebiurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebiurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebiurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebi

! didi masStabiT sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebisas, ganay-

ofierebis strategia iTvaliswinebs sakvebi nivTierebebis erTxel an

orjer gamoyenebas. im SemTxvevaSi Tu urinas Setana xdeba erTxel, is

gamoiyneba Tesva/dargvis dros an manamde. Tu ganoyiereba xdeba

orjer, maSin meoradi ganoyiereba unda moxdes daaxloebiT drois 1/

4 monakveTis Semdeg Tesvasa da mosavlis aRebas Soris, gansxvaveba

damokidebulia kulturis saWiroebaze.

! nebismieri kultura Seuwyvetliv SeiZleba ganoyierdes urinaTi,

Tumca, rodesac mcenare repodruqciul etapze gadava, is Znelad

iRebs raime saxis sakveb nivTierebas.

! rogorc wesi, ganayofiereba unda Sewydes drois 2/3 da 3/4 monakve-

Tis Semdeg, Tesvasa da mosavlis aRebas Soris.

! higienis TvalsazrisiT, rekomendirebulia erTi Tvis periodi ga-

noyierebasa da mosavlis aRebas Soris, gansakuTrebiT im bostneulis

an sxva kulturisTvis, romelic nedlad gamoiyeneba.

gamoyenebuli urinas mTliani raodenoba, erTjeradi an mravaljera-

di gamoyeneba aseve damokidebulia mcenareSi azotis saWiroebaze da misi

fesvTa sistemis ganviTarebaze. sxvadasxva mcenareebs sxvadasxva zomis

10

fesvi aqvT (nax 3). mcenareebma, araefeqturi an patara fesvebiT, magali-

Tad, stafilo, xaxvi da salaTis foToli, sargebeli SeiZleba naxon

moyvanis periodSi ganmeorebiTi ganoyierebiT.

urina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnika

ganoyierebis saukeTeso Sedegis misaRebad da amoniumis dakargvis

Tavidan asacileblad, urina, gamoyenebis Semdeg, rac SeiZleba male unda

Sevides niadagSi. urinas zedapiruli gamoyeneba sakmarisia. Uurinas gamoy-

enebis ori ZiriTadi meTodi arsebobs: 1. urinis Setana mcire RarebSi,

romlebic ifareba zemoqmedebis Semdeg; 2. sakvebi nivTierebis Setana

niadagaSi wylis Semdgomi gamoyenebiT.

! urinas gamoyenebis dros, is ar unda moxvdes foTlebs an mcenaris

sxva nawilebs, radgan aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios foTlebis dawva an

gaSrobis Semdeg marilis maRali koncentracia. urinas haerSi mosx-

ureba aseve, Tavidan unda iqnas acilebuli amoniumis gaziseburi

emisiis Sedegad azotis dakargvisa da aerolizis Sedegad higienuri

riskis gamo.

urinas, rogorc sasuqis Setana niadagSi wveTovani irigaciis gziT,

gamoyenebis kidev erTi saSualebaa. Tumca, roca msgavsi meTodi gamoiyene-

ba, marilebis daleqviT sacobis warmoqmnis Tavidan asacileblad zomebi

unda iqnas miRebuli, radgan naleqis mTliani raodenoba izrdeba wyalSi

gazavebis Semdeg, magniumisa da kalciumis Semadgenlobis gamo.

11

rigi mcenare, magaliTad, pomidori, mgrZnobiarea urinas Sexebisadmi

fesvebSi, roca mcenare pataraa, magram mTel rig mcenareebze uaryofiTi

efeqti saerTod ar aRiniSneba. amrigad, sanam cnobili gaxdeba mcenaris

mgrZnobeloba, kargi iqneba Tu mcenaris fesvebi erTdroulad ar moxvde-

bian urinas zemoqmedebis qveS, iqneba es sufTa Tu gazavebuli urina.

urina SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas Tesva/dargvamde an mcenarisgan iseT

manZilSi, rom fesvebi miwvdnen sakveb nivTierebebs, magram mTlianad ar

Seisruton. erTwliani mcenareebisTvis es manZili SeiZleba iyos 10 sm.

uriniT ganoyierebuli bostneuli, SvedeTi:uriniT ganoyierebuli bostneuli, SvedeTi:uriniT ganoyierebuli bostneuli, SvedeTi:uriniT ganoyierebuli bostneuli, SvedeTi:uriniT ganoyierebuli bostneuli, SvedeTi:

urina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normaurina, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis norma

urinas gamoyenebis raodenoba damokidebulia mineraluri azotis

Semcveli sasuqebis gamoyenebis adgilobriv rekomendaciebze, umjobesia,

karbomidi an amoniumi. Tu msgavsi rekomendaciebi xelmiuwvdomelia, sxva

amosavali wertili SeiZleba iyos mcenaris mier moxmarebuli sakvebi

nivTierebebis raodenobis Sefaseba, romelic qvemoTmoyvanil cxrilSia

naCvenebi.

urina rekomendirebulia umetesi mcenarisaTvis. radgan is gansakuTrebiT

mdidaria azotiT, upriani iqneba upiratesoba mieniWos iseT mcenareebs,

romlebic kargad reagireben azotze, rogoricaa ispanaxi, yvavilovani

kombosto, ornamentuli yvavilebi da simindi. amrigad, ar arsebobs urinas

ar gamoyenebis sababi, ragdan mTeli msoflios gamocdileba karg Sedegebs

aCvenebs.

12

magaliTebi:magaliTebi:magaliTebi:magaliTebi:magaliTebi:

qvemoTmoyvanil suraTze marcxniv ispanaxi gaunoyierebelia. marjvniv

ki ganoyierebulia uriniT, romelic gazavebulia wyalTan 3:1-ze (3 –

wyali, 1 – urina), gamoyenebulia kviraSi orjer.

13

praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo gamoyenebapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo gamoyenebapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo gamoyenebapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo gamoyenebapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo gamoyeneba

• pirdapiri an mcire xnis Senaxvis Semdeg gamoyeneba misaRebia mxolod

saojaxo meurneobaSi

• Senaxva unda moxdes didi sistemebisTvis (sadac dro da pirobebi,

romlebic mocemulia qvemoT cxrilSi, unda iyos daculi)

• yvelaze mcire, erTi Tve unda gavides ganoyierebasa da mosavlis

aRebas Soris

• damatebiTi, mkacri rekomendaciebi SeiZleba arsebobdes adgilobriv

doneze, Tu fekalur masasTan xSiri TanadabinZurebis saSiSroeba

arsebobs.

damatebiTi RonisZiebebi riskis SesamcirebladdamatebiTi RonisZiebebi riskis SesamcirebladdamatebiTi RonisZiebebi riskis SesamcirebladdamatebiTi RonisZiebebi riskis SesamcirebladdamatebiTi RonisZiebebi riskis Sesamcireblad:::::

! urinas gamoyenebisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas usafrTxoebis zomebis

miReba, romelic potenciurad infeqciuri masalis mopyrobasTan

aris dakavSirebuli. es zomebia, xelTaTmanebis tareba da xelebis

safuZvliani dabanva.

! urina gamoyenebuli unda iqnas niadagis axlo ganoyierebis teqnikiT,

raTa Tavidan aviciloT aerozolis warmoqna.

! urina niadags unda SeuerTdes. praqtikaSi es SeiZleba gakeTdes

meqanikurad an wyliT irigaciis Semdeg.

niadagis axlo ganoyierebis meTodi rekomendirebulia aerozolis

warmoqnis SemcirebisTvis. didi masStabiT ganoyierebis dros es keTdeba

specialuri sasoflo-sameurneo mowyobilobiT, magram mcire masStabebis

dros, xSirad xeliT keTdeba. mcire raodenobis gamoyeneba xSirad usa-

frTxoa, da urina, umjobesia gamoyenebamde ar iqnas gazavebuli.

praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo Senaxvapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo Senaxvapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo Senaxvapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo Senaxvapraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: urinas usafrTxo Senaxva

urinas narevisaaaaa

Senaxvis vadebi damok-

idebulia paTogenebis

Semcvelobazeb,b,b,b,b, da im

sasoflo-sameurneo

kulturaze romelTa

moxmareba gaTvaliswi-

nebulia didi siste-

mebisTvisggggg.

14

aaaaa urina an urina da wyali. roca gazavebulia, savaraudod urinas

narevi Seicavs aranakleb 8.8 fosfors da aranakleb 1 g/l azotis koncen-

tracias.

bbbbb gram-dadebiTi baqteria da sporis warmomqmneli baqteria ar aris

CarTuli qvemoTmocemul riskis SefasebaSi, magram Cveulebriv, ar aris

aRiarebuli, rogorc raime saSiSi infeqciis gamomwvevi.

ggggg didi sistema am SemTxvevaSi aris sistema, sadac urinas narevi

gamoyenebuli iqneba mosavlisTvis, romelic moxmarebuli iqneba mogrovili

urinas ojaxis garda sxva adamianebis mier.

ddddd mindvrebi ara sakvebis sawarmoeblad.

eeeee nedlad saWmeli sakvebisTvis rekomendirebulia urinas dataneba

mosavlis aRebamde erTi TviT adre da niadagSi Sereva, Tu mcenaris

mosaxmarebeli nawili niadagis zedapirze izrdeba.

fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac fekaliebTan erTad gamoyofili sakvebi

nivTierebebis saerTo raodenoba ufro mcirea, vidre urinasTan erTad,

sakvebi nivTierebis koncentracia, gansakuTrebiT ki fosforisa da ka-

liumisa ufro maRalia fekaliebSi, da roca is gamoyenebulia sasuqad,

fekalurma masam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos mosavlianobis sagrZnob matebas.

mcenaresaTvis fosfori faseulia ganviTarebis adreul etapze da mniS-

vnelovania fesvis kargi ganviTarebisTvis. makro da mikro sakvebi nivTier-

ebebis garda, fekaluri masa Seicavs organul nivTierebebs, romlebic

niadagis wylis damWer da ionis CamxSob unars aZliereben, amasTan, mniS-

vnelovania niadagis struqturis gasaZliereblad. miuxedavad amisa, fekalur

masaSi paTogenebis maRali koncentraciis riski arsebobs da amdenad,

mniSvnelovania fekaluri masa ise iqnas damuSavebuli, rom Semcirdes

daavadebis gadacemis riski.

fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – damuSavebaze damokidebulifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – damuSavebaze damokidebulifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – damuSavebaze damokidebulifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – damuSavebaze damokidebulifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – damuSavebaze damokidebuli

ganoyierebis efeqtebiganoyierebis efeqtebiganoyierebis efeqtebiganoyierebis efeqtebiganoyierebis efeqtebi

fekaluri masa xels uwyobs mosavlianobas misi ganoyierebis efeqti-

Ta da niadagis gaZlierebis maxasiaTebliT. fekaluri masis ganoyierebis

efeqti bevrad gansxvavdeba urinas efeqtze, rac umetesad imis gamo xdeba,

rom fekalur masaSi mineralis saxiT arsebuli azotis Semadgenloba

ufro meti moculobiT gvxdeba.

garda amisa, sxvadasxva damuSavebisas sxvadasxva danamatebi gamoiyeneba

da es danamatebi xels uwyoben sakvebi produqtebis mTlian Semcvelobasa

da organul naerTebs damuSavebul produqtSi. niadagis gaZlierebis efeqti

Sedgeba gaZlierebuli CaxSobis unarisgan, sinestis damWeri unarisgan da

xels uwyobs sakvebis mikrobul qmedebas. niadagis gaZlierebis efetqi

meryeobs zemoT moyvanili principebidan gamomdinare. momdevno TavSi,

mokled aris ganxiluli damuSavebis sxvadasvxa meTodebis ganoyierebis

efeqti.

15

ganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacari

nacari (dawva)nacari (dawva)nacari (dawva)nacari (dawva)nacari (dawva)

fekaluri masis dawvis Sedegad miiReba nacari, romelic Seicavs

fosfors da kaliums, aseve sxva makro da mikro sakveb nivTierebebs.

Tumca, azoti da gogirdi ikargeba gazTan erTad. amgvarad, nacari fos-

for/kaliumiani sasuqia mikro sakvebi nivTierebebiT da wyalbadis maRali

maCvenebliT, romelic aZlierebs niadagis CamxSob unarianobas. nacarSi

sakvebi nivTierebebis vargisianoba kargia manam, sanam wvis temperatura ar

aris sakmaod maRali nacris dasadnobad. Tu es asea, maSin sakvebi nivTier-

ebebis vargisianoba savaraudod, sagrZnoblad daiwevs.

winaswari damuSavebis meTodis arCevanidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia

nacris, miwis, kiris Tu sxva gamSrobi masalis damateba, rac zegavlenas

moaxdens wvaze. SesaZlebelia, damatebiTi sawvavis saWiroebac gaCndes.

nacari da kiri xels uwyobs produqtSi wyalbadis maRali maCnebelis

gaZlierebas, yvelaze sasurveli efeqti wyalbadis maRali maCveneblisa

umetes niadagSi aris optimalurze dabla, 6-7 umetesi mcenarisTvis.

niadagis, wyalbadis dabali maCvenebliT (4-5) moasvlianobisTvis da aseve,

sruli sargeblis misaRebad ganoyierebisgan.

ganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: komposti

komposti Termofiluri an dabali temperaturis kompostirebisgankomposti Termofiluri an dabali temperaturis kompostirebisgankomposti Termofiluri an dabali temperaturis kompostirebisgankomposti Termofiluri an dabali temperaturis kompostirebisgankomposti Termofiluri an dabali temperaturis kompostirebisgan

yvela SemTxvevaSi, kompostireba moqmedebs, rogorc neli da nawilo-

brivi wva, romelsac mikrobebi Suamavloben. xSirad, organuli naerTis

40-70% da azotis garkveuli nawili ikargeba. darCenili azoti, Ziri-

Tadad daaxloebiT 90% organul formaSia da is mxolod daSlis im

etapzea vargisi, romelic nelia, radgan darCenili organuli naerTi

ufro stabiluria, vidre sawyisi organuli naerTi. stabiluri organu-

li naerTi aZlierebs niadagis wylis Sekavebisa da CaxSobis unarianobas.

fosforic, garkveul donemde, magram azotze naklebad SezRudulia

organul formebSi. kaliumi ZiriTadad, ionur formaSia da amdenad,

sakvebad vargisia. komposti gamoyenebuli unda iqnas, rogorc fosfor/

kaliumis sasuqi an rogorc niadagis gamaZlierebeli. organuli narCeneb-

is damateba kompostis damuSavebisas, rogorc sawyisi damuSavebisas dam-

atebuli danamatebi, Cveulebriv, zegavlenas axdenen kompostis raode-

nobasa da maxasiaTeblebze.

ganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazis produqcia/tutiTganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazis produqcia/tutiTganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazis produqcia/tutiTganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazis produqcia/tutiTganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazis produqcia/tutiT

mkurnalobamkurnalobamkurnalobamkurnalobamkurnaloba

gaSrobiT miRebuli mSrali fekaluri masa da SenaxvagaSrobiT miRebuli mSrali fekaluri masa da SenaxvagaSrobiT miRebuli mSrali fekaluri masa da SenaxvagaSrobiT miRebuli mSrali fekaluri masa da SenaxvagaSrobiT miRebuli mSrali fekaluri masa da Senaxva

Tu gaSroba swrafad xdeba da sinestis dabali done miRweulia,

organuli naerTebisa da azotis danakargi mcirea. organuri naerTis

umetesi nawili dakonservirebulia da gamoyenebis dros is aZlierebs

16

niadags da mis mikrobebs sakvebad emsaxureba. amdenad, kompositrebasTan

SedarebiT, fekaluri masis mSralad Senaxva gadaamuSavebs ufro met

organul naerTs da azots niadagSi, magram organuri naerTi naklebad

stabiluria. mSrali fekaluri masa sruli fosfor/kaliumiani sasuqia,

romelic aseve Seicavs azotis sagrZnob raodenobas.

narCenebi anaerobuli gadamuSavebisgan (biogazis produqcia)narCenebi anaerobuli gadamuSavebisgan (biogazis produqcia)narCenebi anaerobuli gadamuSavebisgan (biogazis produqcia)narCenebi anaerobuli gadamuSavebisgan (biogazis produqcia)narCenebi anaerobuli gadamuSavebisgan (biogazis produqcia)

anaerobuli gadamuSavebisas, daaxloebiT igive raodenobis organuli

naerTi iSleba, ramdenic kompostirebisas, 40-70%, magram mineralizebu-

li azoti ar ikargeba, radgan is mniSvnelovnad kompostirdeba. samagi-

erod, azoti rCeba, rogorc amoniumi gadamuSavebul narCenSi. azotis

40-70%, romelic napovnia narCenebSi, amoniumis saxiTaa, rac sakvebad

vargisi advilad xdeba. amdenad, umetesi mcenarisTvis gadamuSavebuli

narCenebi kargad dabalansirebuli, swrafmoqmedi da dasrulebuli sasu-

qia. gadamuSavebis umetes process emateba cxovelis nakeli da saojaxo

narCenebi, rac bunebrivad, zegavlenas axdens gadamuSavebuli narCenis

raodenobasa da Semadgenlobaze.

qimiuri damuSaveba karbomidiTqimiuri damuSaveba karbomidiTqimiuri damuSaveba karbomidiTqimiuri damuSaveba karbomidiTqimiuri damuSaveba karbomidiT

rodesac fekaliebis damuSaveba xdeba karbomidiT, amoniumis Sem-

cveloba iwevs maRal donemde; sufTa urinaSi arsebul an igive donemde.

fekaliebSi fosforisa da kaliumis didi Semcveloba niSnavs, rom is

mainc aris kargad dabalansirebuli da dasrulebuli sasuqi. karbomidiT

damuSavebuli fekaliebi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas masSi mineraluri

azotis Semcvelobis mixedviT. pirveladi damuSavebis dros, gamoyenebuli

nacari da sxva danamatebi produqtis Tvisebebs aumjobesebs.

fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebifekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis vadebi

miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor iqna fekaluri masa damuSavebuli, is

gamoyenebuli unda iqnas daTesvamde an dargvamde. fekaluri masa Seicavs

didi raodenobiT fosfors, xolo fosforis vargisianoba Zalian mniS-

vnelovania patara mcenareebisa da maTi fesvebis kargi ganviTarebisaTvis.

fekaluri masa imdagvarad unda iqnas gamoyenebuli, rom is SexebaSi

movides niadagis nazavTan, romelsac SeuZlia gaxsnas da gadaitanos sakve-

bi nivTierebebi fesvebSi. amdenad, fekaluri masa kargad unda Sezavdes

niadagSi da es unda gakeTdes daTesva/dargvamde, raTa patara mcenareebis

zrdas xeli ar SeeSalos.

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sawyisi fekaluri masa Seicavs didi raode-

nobiT paTogenebs sasurvelia iseTi barieri massa da sakveb produqtebs

Soris, rom uzrunvelyofili iqnas daavadebis gadatanis riskis Semcir-

eba sakvebi produqtebis meSveobiT.

SesaZlebelia ramdenime barieris gansazRvra daavadebis gadatanis

winaaRmdeg:

17

1. fekaliebis meoradi damuSaveba

2. gamoyenebuli da damuSavebuli fekaliebis safuZvliani dafarva

daTesva/dargvamde

3. nedlad saWmeli bostneulze fekaliebis sasuqad gamoyenebis Tavidan

acileba.

mSral klimatur pirobebSi, kultivaciamde, fekaluri produqtis

gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mSrali sezonis dros an zrdis sezonis wina

periodis bolos.

fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnika

fekaliebis or udides upiratesobas warmoadgens fosforisa da or-

ganuli naerTis Semcveloba. maTi sruli gamoyenebis mizniT, fekaluri

masa unda:

! gamoyenebuli iqnas im siRrmeze, sadac niadagi nestiania, radgan

fosfori mxolod maSin aris vargisiani mcenarisTvis, roca is

iSleba niadagis siTxeSi.

! agreTve, organuli naerTis wylis damWeri da CamxSobi unarianoba

srulad gamoyenebadia mxolod nestian pirobebSi.

amdenad, fekaluri sasuqis produqti, misi formis miuxedavad, gamoy-

enebuli unda iqnas im siRrmeze da iseTnairad, rom is daifaros niadagis

zeda feniT. magram mcenareebis fesvebis siRrme SezRudulia da Tu fekaliebi

gamoyenebuli iqneba fesvebis siRrmisgan Sors, mcenareuli sakvebi miuwv-

domeli iqneba misTvis.

gamoyenebis teqnika gansxvavebulia gamoyenebis normis survilidan

gamomdinare. Tu gamoyenebis sasurveli done maRalia, magaliTad, didi

raodenobiT aris SesaZlebeli gamoyenebis arealTan mimarTebaSi, fekalie-

bi SeiZleba Setanili iqnas niadagis fenaSi im siRrmemde, romelsac

faravs zedapiruli miwa, romelsac Sexeba ar hqonia aranair fekalur

produqtTan. es meTodi upriania patara masStabebisTvis, magram didi

masStabebisTvis umjobesia moxvna, radgan is produqts kargad faravs

gauzavebeli miwiT.

Tu gamoyenebis sasurveli done dabalia, fekaluri produqti um-

jobesia gamoyenebuli iqnas RarebSi da daifaros gauzavebeli miwiT.

gamoyenebis ufro dabal normebze, fekaluri produqti SeiZleba gamoy-

enebuli iqnas axlomdebare ormoebSi, sadac mcenare gaizrdeba.

fekaluri produqti yovelTvis kargad unda daifaros da moTavsdes

fesvebisaTvis misawvdom sazRvrebSi, magram ar unda iyos maTi zrdis

erTaderTi saSualeba.

fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnikafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis teqnika

amoniumis Semcveloba damuSavebul narCenebSi da karbomidiT da-

sufTavebul SlamSi – maRalia. es produqtebi iseTnairad unda SevinaxoT

18

da gamoviyenoT, rom Semcirdes amoniumis dakargva. es gulisxmobs masis

dafarul konteinerebSi Senaxvas da niadagSi swraf Setanas. nacari kon-

centrirebuli sasuqia da amdenad mniSvnelovania misi jerovani gamoyene-

ba, rom misi sakvebi nivTierebebis Semcveloba efeqturad gavrceldes.

nacris Tanaswori gavrceleba SeiZleba Zneli iyos, Tumca ufro martivi

iqneba, Tu gazavdeba qviSasTan an mSral miwasTan.

xeebis wamroebaSi fekaluri masis gamoyeneba imis magaliTia, Tu

rogor unda gamoviyenoT is ormoSi mravalwliani mcenareebisTvis. xis

dargvisas SesaZlebelia mSrali, kompostirebuli an damwvari fekaliebis

gamoyeneba niadagis noyierebis gasaZliereblad. yvelaze mosaxerxebeli

gza fekaliebis gasavrceleblad aris misi gazaveba miwasTan niCbiT im

ormoSi, romelic gamzadda xis dasargavad. es xels Seuwyobs mis adreul

zrdas.

fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis normafekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi: gamoyenebis norma

normebi, romlebSic umetesi fekaluri produqti SeiZleba gamoy-

enebul iqnas moicavs did intervals. ori yvelaze momgebiani efeqti,

risi miRebac umetesi fekaluri produqtisgan SeiZleba aris – fosfori

da organuli naerTi. yvelaze meti mogeba am efeqtebisgan miiReba gamoy-

enebis sxvadasxva normebiT. fosforis gamoyofis raodenobidan gamom-

dinare da Tu fosfori gamoiyeneba mosavlis amoRebis normiT, maSin

fekaluri masa erTi adamianisgan, sakmarisia daaxloebiT, 200-300 m2 xor-

blis mindvris gasanoyiereblad, TiTo adamianze 3000 kg/ha mosavlis

doniT.

Tumca, bevr adgilas, niadagi imdenad moklebulia fosfors, rom

gamoyenebis rekomendirebuli normaa – 5-10-jer amoRebis dros, am SemTx-

vevaSi, weliwadSi, fekaluri masa erTi adamianisgan Seicavs sakmarisi

raodenobis fosfors 20-40 m2-farTobis gasanoyiereblad.

rodesac, saqme exeba organuli naerTis Semcvelobas fekalur produ-

qtSi, gamoyenebis ufro maRali normebia saWiro sasurveli efeqtis mis-

aRwevad niadagis sistemaSi, rac Tavis mxriv, karg mosavals iZleva. gamoy-

enebis norma damokidebulia niadagSi sasurveli raodenobis organuli

naerTis arsebobaze, amdenad, mis Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaze.

maRali da mdgradi organuli naerTis Semcveloba niadagSi miiRweva

xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. gamoyenebul masalaSi, rogoricaa mSra-

li fekaliebi an komposti, organuli naerTi ar aris iseTive mdgradi,

rogorc niadagis humusi da iSleba miwaSi. misi upiratesoba imaSi mdgo-

maroebs, rom rac ufro iSleba, miT meti mcenareuli sakvebi nivTierebe-

bi mineralizdeba da xdeba sakvebad vargisi. uaryofiTi mxare ki is aris,

rom organuli naerTebis Semcveloba iklebs daSlis dros da amdenad,

organuli naerTis gamoyenebis gagrZeleba saWiroa, raTa niadagSi misma

Semcvelobam mudmivad imatos.

swrafad Sladi organuli naerTis damateba, rogoricaa mSrali fekalie-

bi, niSnavs, rom didi raodenobiT sakvebi nivTierebebi vargisi xdebian,

magram organuli naerTi swrafad iSleba. humusiT mdidari, ufro mdgar-

di produqtis damateba, rogoricaa komposti, niSnavs, rom naklebi azo-

19

ti xdeba vargisi, magram sxva mxriv, niadagSi organuli naerTis gaZliere-

ba ufro xangrZlivdeba.

damatebiTi informaciisTvis mimarTeT ekosanresis saxelmRvanelos

“urinasa da fekaliebis gamoyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis war-

moebaSi”.

praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis usafrTxopraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis usafrTxopraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis usafrTxopraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis usafrTxopraqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis usafrTxo

xelaxali gamoyenebaxelaxali gamoyenebaxelaxali gamoyenebaxelaxali gamoyenebaxelaxali gamoyeneba

soflis meurneobaSi gamoyenebis praqtika (da rekomendaciebi) damok-

idebuli iqneba winaswar damuSavebaze. maSinac ki, roca damuSaveba miznad

isaxavs paTogenebis gadacemis riskis Tavidan acilebas da misi potenciali

damtkicda laboratoriaSi da/an savele eqsperimentebis dros, procesis

etapebi SeiZleba gaumarTavi iyos, rac zegavlenas iqoniebs gasanoyier-

ebel produqtze, rac bolomde higienurad usafrTxo ar aris. amitom,

damatebiTi RonisZiebebi unda gatardes, raTa momavalSi Semcirdes daa-

vadebis gadacemis riski.

! mowyobiloba, romelic gausufTavebeli fekaliebis transportire-

bisTvis gamoiyeneba, ar unda iqnas dasufTavebuli produqtisTvis

gamoyenebuli.

! roca niadagSi fekaliebis gamoyeneba xdeba, gaTvaliswinebuli unda

iqnas gamafrTxilebeli zomebi potenciurad infeqciuri masalis

Sexebisas. es zomebi unda moicavdnen personalur dacvas da higie-

nas. xelebis dabana, Cveulebriv unda moxdes.

! damuSavebuli fekaliebi rac SeiZleba male unda Sezavdes niadagSi

da ar darCes mis zedapirze.

! arasworad damuSavebuli fekaliebi ar unda iqnas gamoyenebuli

bostneulisTvis, xilisTvis an bolqvovani mcenareebisTvis, rom-

lebic nedlad iWmeva, xexilis garda.

gamomwvari fekaliebi higenurad usafrTxoa.

adgilobriv pirobebTan adaptaciaadgilobriv pirobebTan adaptaciaadgilobriv pirobebTan adaptaciaadgilobriv pirobebTan adaptaciaadgilobriv pirobebTan adaptacia

SeniSvnaSeniSvnaSeniSvnaSeniSvnaSeniSvna: fekaliebis gamoyenebis paraqtika morgebuli unda iqnas

adgilobriv pirobebTan. sasoflo-sameurneo sistemebi icvleba, iseve rogorc

adamianebis meTodebi adgilidan adgilze. rogorc sawyisi wertili, erovnu-

li monacemebi fekaliebSi da urinaSi sakvebi nivTierebis Semcvelobaze,

iseve rogorc, wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoyofili eqskrementebi SeiZleba

ganviTardnen gaTvlebze dafuZnebiT im meTodebis Sesabamisad, romlebic

aRwerilia “urinasa da fekaliebis gamoyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo produ-

qtebis warmoebaSi” saxelmZRvanelos ganyofilebaSi - “eqskrementSi makro

sakvebi nivTierebebis Semcveloba”.

20

akvakulturaakvakulturaakvakulturaakvakulturaakvakultura

kidev erTi SesaZlo gza, Tu rogor SeiZleba ekologiuri sanitari-

is sistemebi daukavSirdes “sasoflo-sameurneo praqtikas” – aris akvakul-

tura.

akvakultura ZiriTadad, aris daaxloebiT eqvivalenturi TevzWerisa

soflis meurneobisadmi – anu Tevzisa da zogierTi wyalmcenaris moSene-

ba, raTa Seivsos bunebrivi momarageba. mTel msoflioSi Tevzebis moSeneba

xdeba kontrolirebad pirobebSi.

adamianis eqskrementebisa da Camdinare wylebis resursad gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia akvakulturaSi, iseve rogorc soflis meurneobaSi. mokled

rom vTqvaT, sakvebi nivTierebebiT mdidari Cadminare wylebis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia wyalmcenareebis gasaSenebel saSualebad, mas Semdeg, rac is

Sesaferisad iqneba damuSavebuli. Tevzebi – wyalmcenareebiT ikvebebian,

xolo Tavad arian sakvebi adamianebisTvis – amdenad, kavSiri sanitariasa

da soflis meurneobas Soris isev axloa da sakvebis usafrTxoeba uzru-

velyofili unda iyos.

aq akvakulturas aRar SevexebiT, radgan is sakmaod rTuli sakiTxia

da mokled ar ganixileba. Tumca, dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia

doqtor ranka iunge-berberoviCis publikaciis “Camdinare wylebiT nakvebi

akvakulturis SesaZleblobebi da SezRudvebi” moZieba.

saboloo rekomendaciebi: urinasaboloo rekomendaciebi: urinasaboloo rekomendaciebi: urinasaboloo rekomendaciebi: urinasaboloo rekomendaciebi: urina

urina – damuSaveba da gamoyenebaurina – damuSaveba da gamoyenebaurina – damuSaveba da gamoyenebaurina – damuSaveba da gamoyenebaurina – damuSaveba da gamoyeneba

• urinaSi dabalia daavadebis gadamdebi riskis faqtorebi

• urinas gazaveba Tavidan unda iqnas acilebuli

• urinas fekaluri dabinZureba SesaZlebelia da amdenad, urina Sei-

Zleba entero paTogenebs Seicavdes. teqnikuri instruqciebi unda

iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli, raTa Semcirdes fekaluri dabinZureba.

• saojaxo doneze, urinas pirdapir gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia

• didi masStabis sistemebSi, gamoyenebamde urinas Senaxva unda moxdes

erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi 20C temperaturul reJimSi. garda amisa,

ganoyierebasa da mosavlis aRebas Soris unda gavides erTi Tve (ixi-

leT qvemoTmoyvanili cxrili).

1 Senaxvis periodia dro, ganoyierebasa da mosavlis aRebas Soris.

21

• bostneulisaTvis, xilisaTvis da nedlad saWmeli bolqvovani mcena-

reebisaTvis, erTTviani Senaxvis vada yovelTvis daculi unda iyos.

• adgilebSi, sadac Sistosoma hematobiumis epidemiaa, urinas gamoy-

eneba sasmeli wylis siaxloves akrZalulia.

• urina miwasTan axlos unda iqnas gamoyenebuli da umjobesia niadag-

Si areva an morwyva.

saboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaliebisaboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaliebisaboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaliebisaboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaliebisaboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaliebi

fekaliebi – damuSaveba da gamoyenebafekaliebi – damuSaveba da gamoyenebafekaliebi – damuSaveba da gamoyenebafekaliebi – damuSaveba da gamoyenebafekaliebi – damuSaveba da gamoyeneba

• fekaliebi unda damuSavdes, sanam is sasuqad iqneba gamoyenebuli.

• damuSavebis meTodebi saWireoben Semdgom Sefasebas (rekomendaciebi

Tavidan unda iqnas gaTvaliswinebuli).

• pirveladi damuSaveba (tualetSi) gulisxmobs Senaxvas da nacris an

kiris damatebiT tutiT damuSavebas.

• 1-2 Tasi (200-500 ml sakmarisia axali fekaliebis dasafaravad)

tutis masala unda daematos yoveli defekaciis mere.

• patara masStabis sistemebSi (saojaxo doneze), fekaliebis gamoyene-

ba SesaZlebelia pirveladi damuSavebis Semdeg, Tu qvemoTmoyvanil

cxrilSi mocemuli kriteriumebi dakmayofilebulia.

• wvasTan erTad, cxrilSi mocemuli damuSavebis meTodebis gamoyeneba

SesaZlebelia meoradi damuSavebis saxiT (tualetidan amoRebuli

masala da damuSaveba) saojaxo doneze.

22

• meoradi damuSaveba didi sistemebisTvis (municipalur doneze) gulisx-

mobs tutiT damuSavebas, kompostirebas da dawvas.

• tutiT damuSaveba SesaZlebelia nacris, kiris an karbomidis Semdgomi

damatebiT.

• wyalbadis maCvenebeli tutiT damuSavebis Semdeg unda iyos aranak-

leb 9 da masalis Senaxva unda moxdes wyalbadis am maCveneblze

naxevari wlidan erT wlamde. (sruli ganadgurebis miRweva SeiZle-

ba ar moxerxdes, magram nawilobrivi Semcireba moxdeba).

• did masStabebze, kompostireba ZiriTadad rekomendirebulia, rogorc

meoradi damuSaveba, radgan es rTuli procesia. yvela masalaze

temperatura 50C-ze meti unda SenarCundes daaxloebiT erTi kviris

ganmavlobaSi.

Senaxva gare pirobebSi nakleblad usafrTxoa, magram misaRebia, Tu

zemoTmoyvanili pirobebi daculi iqneba. naklebi Senaxvis dro SesaZlebe-

lia yvela sistemisTvis Zalian mSral klimatur pirobebSi, sadac nes-

tianobis done <20% aRwevs. 45C-ze maRali temperaturis dros mzeze

gaSroba an datoveba sagrZnoblad Seamcirebs dros. xelaxalma danes-

tianebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios salmonelasa da i-kolis xelaxali zrda.

23

daskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvnadaskvna

warmodgenili rekomendaciebi eqskrementebis sasoflo-sameurneo gamoy-

enebisaTvis dafuZnebulia eqskrementSi sakvebi nivTierebis raodenobis,

eqskrementis raodenobis, Semadgenlobisa da sakvebi nivTierebis vargisian-

obis codnaze da eqskrementebis damuSavebaze, romelic zegavelnas axdens

maT Tvisebaze. urTierTobebi da monacemebi, romlebsac saxelmZRvaneloe-

bis adgilobriv pirobebTan Sesawyobad safuZvlis Seqmna SeuZliaT,

mocemulia teqstSi.

urina da fekaliebi maRali xarisxis sasuqebia, dambinZureblebis,

rogoricaa mZime liTonebi, dabali SemcvelobiT. urina mdidaria azotiT,

xolo fekaliebi mdidaria – fosforiT, kaliumiTa da organuli naer-

TiT. gamoyofili sakvebi nivTierebis raodenoba damokidebulia moxmare-

buli sakvebis raodenobaze da eqskrementebSi azotisa da fosforis raode-

nobaze.

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaSi gamoyenebamde, eqskrementebi higienuri

saxelmZRvaneloebis Sesabamisad unda damuSavdes.

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis dros, urinasa da fekaliebis gamoy-

enebis specifiuri adgilobrivi rekomendaciebi unda efuZnebodes mcena-

reebis ganoyierebis adgilobriv rekomendaciebs.

Tu mineraluri azotis sasuqebisTvis (karbomidi da amoniumi) gamoy-

enebis normebi xelmisawvdomia, maSin is urinas gamoyenebis rekomendaci-

isTvis bazisad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. sanam msgavsi rekomendaciebi urinas-

Tvis iqneba morgebuli, misi azotis Semcveloba srulyofilad unda

gaanalizdes. sxva SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba Sefasdes, rogorc 3-7 g azoti

erT litrSi. Tu adgilobrivi rekomendaciebi ar aris xelmisawvdomi,

rogorc wesi, erTi adamianis mier erT dReSi (24 saaTi) warmoebuli

urina SieZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas erT kv.m. farTobze, zrdis TiTo

sezonze. Tu urina Segrovda, erTi adamianis erT weliwadSi gamoyofili

urina, azotis zomieri xarisxiT, 300-400 m2 farTobis gasanoyiereblad

sakmarisi iqneba. umetesi mcenarisTvis, gamoyenebis maqsimaluri norma am

dozis aranakleb oTxjer gamoyenebaa. urina aseve, Seicavs bevr fosfors

romelic sakmarisia 600 m2-mde farTobis gasanoyiereblad erTi adamianze

da sasoflo-sameurneo sezonze, Tu gamoyenebis norma arCeulia fos-

foris mosaSoreblad, rogorc fekaliebisTvis.

urinas gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sufTad da gazavebulad. Tumca, misi

gamoyenebis norma yovelTvis unda efuZnebodes sakvebi nivTierebis sasur-

vel normas da wylis nebismieri damatebiTi moTxovnileba unda mogvardes

ubralo wyliT da ara gazavebuli uriniT. sunis, amiakisa da foTlovani

namwvavebis dakargvis Tavidan asacileblad urina miwasTan axlos unda

iqnas gamoyenebuli da rac SeiZleba male SeuerTdes niadags.

urina swrafadmoqmedi sasuqia, romlis sakvebi nivTierebebi saukeTe-

sod gamoiyeneba, Tu urina gamoyenebulia daTesvamde an drois 2/3 nawil-

Si daTesvasa da mosavlis aRebas Soris. saukeTeso ganoyierebis efeqti

miiRweva, Tu urina da fekaliebi kombinirebulad iqneba gamoyenebuli,

magram ar aris aucilebeli imave wels da imave adgilas.

fekaliebisTvis, gamoyenebis norma SeiZleba daefuZnos adgilobriv

rekomendaciebs, mxolod fosforze damyarebuli sasuqebis gamosayene-

blad.

24

fekaliebi zogjer, ufro maRali normebiT gamoiyeneba, romlis Sed-

egad struqtura da niadagis wylis Semcveloba aseve sagrZnoblad um-

jobesdeba, rogorc misi organuli naerTis gaZlierebis efeqti. orive,

organuli naerTi da nacari xSirad emateba fekaliebs da isini aZliereben

niadagis amortizaciis unarsa da wyalbadis Semcvelobas, romelic gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania wyalbadis dabali Semcvelobis niadagisTvis.

amdenad, gamoyenebis strategiis mixedviT, erTi adamianis fekaliebi sakma-

risi iqneba 1.5-300 m2 farTobis gasanoyiereblad, imis da mixedviT, gamoy-

enebulia isini maTi oragnuli naerTebisa Tu fosforis SemcvelobiT.

kultivaciis dawyebamde, fekaliebi gamoyenebuli unda iqnas da airios

niadagSi.

es moduli adaptirebulia saxelmZRvanelodan “urinasa da fekalieb-

is gamoyeneba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebaSi” (h. ionsoni, a.

rixter-Stintcingi, b. vinerasi, b. & e. salomoni). detaluri informaci-

isTvis, gamoiyeneT es publikacia.

ekosanis mTavari bmulebiekosanis mTavari bmulebiekosanis mTavari bmulebiekosanis mTavari bmulebiekosanis mTavari bmulebi

ekosani norvegia: sicocxlis mecnierebaTa norvegiis universiteti.

am saitidan SegiZliaT gadmoiweroT kursis prezentacia “Sesaferisi san-

itaria ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis”, romelic Catarda 2005 wlis agvisto-

Si. aseve, gverdze aris ekosanTan dakavSirebuli literaturuli masaleb-

is didi sia. http://www.nlh.no/research/ecosan/ an http://www.ecosan.no

ekosanresi (EcoSanRes) (ekologiuri sanitariis kvleva) – saerTa-

Soriso garemos dacvisa da ganviTarebis programaa ekologiur sanitar-

iaze. veb-gverdi Seicavs didi raodenobis PDF-failebs da dokumentebs

ekosanze, yvela maTganis gadmowera SesaZlebelia. aseve, gverdze aris

ekosanTan dakavSirebuli bmulebis sia.

www.ecosanres.org

GTZ-is ekosanis veb-gverdi: GTZ-is specialuri veb-gverdi, romelic

Seexeba ekologiur sanitarias, aq moipoveba didi raodenobiT informacia

– konferenciebis oqmebi, kvlevis uaxlesi moxsenebebi, bmulebi, cxrilebi

da beWdviTi informacia ekosanTan dakavSirebul TiTqmis yvela Temaze.

http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/8524.htmwww.gtz.de/ecosan

IRC - wylisa da sanitariis saerTaSoriso centri: es veb-gverdi

Seicavs didZali raodenobis siaxles da informacias, praqtikul rCevebs,

aseve kvlevebisa da treningebis masalebs, ekonomiur wylis miwodebaze da

sanitariaze ganviTarebad qveynebSi, inglisurad, frangulad, espanurad

da portugaliurad. bevri publikaciis gadmowera SesaZlebelia PDF for-matSi.

http://www.irc.nl

SANICON Sanitation Connection - internetSi dafuZnebuli resursia,

romelic saSualebas iZleva miiRoT zusti, sando da ganaxlebuli ifnor-

25

macia teqnologiebze, institutebze da sanitariis sistemebis dafinanse-

baze mTeli msoflios garSemo. saerTaSoriso institutebs Tavisi wv-

lili SeaqvT am gverdis sainformacio bazaSi, maTi specializaciis Teme-

bis mowodebiT.

www.sanicon.net

WASH: wyali, sanitaria da higiena yvela kampaniisTvis erToblivi

dacvisa da komunikaciis kampaniaa politikuri codnisa da mxardaWeris

mobilizaciisTvis, 1.1 miliardi adamianis tanjvis Sesamsubuqeblad, rom-

lebsac ar aqvT usafrTxo wylis gamoyenebis saSualeba da 2.4 miliardi

adamianis mxardasaWerad, romlebic adeqvaturi sanitariis gareSe arian.

mocemuli veb-gverdi awvdis detalur informacias gegmebze, miznebze,

meTodologiaze da qmedebebze kampaniis saxeliT, saerTaSoriso da

adgilobriv doneze.

http://www.wsscc.org/dataweb.cfm?code=26

msoflio tualetis organizacia (WTO) aris arasaSemosavlo orga-

nizacia, romelic dafuZnda singapurSi 2001 wels. organizacia avr-

celebs informacias ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi ukeTesi

tualetebis standartebis saWireobaze da uzrunvelyofs platformas

yvela tualtis asociaciisTvis, am saqmesTan dakavSirebuli yvela orga-

nizaciisTvis da individebisTvis, rom gaadvildes ideebis gacvla, janm-

rTelobisa da kulturis sakiTxebi. saqmianoba Seicvas:

kvleva da ganviTareba, konferenciebi

treningebis akademia (rogoricaa msoflios tualetis instituti)

katastrofebis gadaudebeli proeqtebi (rogoricaa, cunamiT dazare-

buli regionebi).

http://www.worldtoilet.org/hp/wto_hp.htm

saerTaSoriso ekologiuri teqnikis sazogadoeba (IEES): IEES - uzrun-velyofs saerTo forums sxvadasxva adamianebisTvis da jgufebisTvis, rom-

lebic CarTuli arian ekologiuri teqnikis proeqtebSi. is Seicavs trad-

iciul teqnikas, sazRvao biologebs, ekologiis ekonomistebs, ganviTare-

bis muSakebs da bevr sxvas.

IEES - arasaSemosavlo organizaciaa, romlis mizania: xeli Seuwyos

mecnierebsa da eko-inJinerebs Soris kontaqts sxvadasvxa qveynebidan da

koordinacia gauwios maT saqmianobas; gaaZlieros TanamSromloba ekol-

ogebsa da teqnikosebs Soris; gacvalos informacia savele ekolog teqni-

kosebsa da samecniero da saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs, kerZo sawar-

moebs, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da samTavrobo struqturebs Soris.

http://www.iees.ch/

26

ganmartebebiganmartebebiganmartebebiganmartebebiganmartebebi

maRali normebis gamoyenebis riskimaRali normebis gamoyenebis riskimaRali normebis gamoyenebis riskimaRali normebis gamoyenebis riskimaRali normebis gamoyenebis riski

niadagSi fosforis an organuli naerTis didi raodenobiT gamoy-

enebis dros arsebobs negatiuri zemoqmedebis mcire riski. Tumca, qvemoT-

mocemuli apesqtebi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas gamoyenebis maRali normis

dros:

! Tu fekalur produqtSi gvaqvs naxSirbadiT mdidari daSladi masa-

la, maSin arsebobs sakvebad vargisi azotis moxmarebis riski niadag-

Si mikroorganizmebis mier, amdenad, azotis moklevadianma defi-

citma SesaZloa gamoiwvios mosavlianobis kleba.

! Tu didi raodenobiT kiri an nacari danamatebad aris gamoyenebu-

li, maSin gamoyenebis maRali normis dros negatiuri zemoqmedebis

mcire riski arsebobs, niadagSi wyalbadis maRali maCveneblis gamo

(>7.5-8). wyalbadis aseTi maRali maCvenebeli saSiSia mxolod uki-

duresad maRali gamoyenebis normis dros an Tu wyalbadis sawyisi

maCvenebeli niadagSi Zalian maRalia.

! anomiumis maRali maCvenebliani, damuSavebuli narCenebi da karbomi-

diT damuSavebuli Slamiani produqtebisTvis arsebobs negatiuri

zemoqmedebis saSiSroeba, Tu amoniumis gamoyeneba Zalian maRalia.

amrigad, am produqtebis gamoyenebis norma dafuZnebuli unda iyos

produqtSi amoniumis koncentraciis codnaze da azotis gamoyeneb-

is sasurvel normaze.

zemoTmocemuli gamoyenebis normebis gamoiyenebisas, Cveulebriv, mo-

savlianoba Zalian maRalia, radgan organuli naerTi, wyalbadis maCvene-

beli da CamxSobi maxasiaTebeli Zlierdeba da niadags didi raodenobiT

fosfori da kaliumi miewodeba, rac sakmarisia imisTvis, rom darCes

niadagSi wlobiT. Tumca, gamoyenebis es normebi ar aris resursulad

efeqturi fekaliebSi sakvebi nivTierebis gamoyenebasTan mimarTebaSi, mi-

uxedavad imisa, rom Zalian kargi efeqti aqvs sasoflo-sameurneo produ-

qtebis warmoebaSi. gamoyenebis normebis zemoTmocemuli magaliTebi gulisx-

mobs fekaluri produqtis 20-150 tonas heqtarze. gamoyenebis normaluri

normebi fermis ezos nakelisaTvis soflis meurneobaSi aris 20-40 tona

heqtarze.

mikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebimikrodambinZureblebi

mikrodambinZureblebi iseTi dambinZureblebia, romlebic Cveulebriv,

mcire raodenobiT Cndeba garemoSi. Camdinare wylebis SemTxvevaSi, is

gulisxmobs nivTierebebs, rogoricaa farmacevtuli da sinTezuri an

bunebrivi hormonebi (bolos aseve endokrinul nivTierebebs uwodeben). am

nivTierebebs negatiuri efeqti aqvT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini gaixsnen

wylis formaSi, radgan maT SeuZliaT zegavlena iqonion wyalSi mcxovre-

bi cxovelebis seqsualur ganviTarebaze.

27

garda amisa, zogierT farmacevtuli nivTiereba SeiZleba dagrovdes sqe-

li qsovilis formiT, da amnairad, saboloo jamSi, saSiSi gaxdes adami-

anisTvis, radgan isini sakvebi qselis saTavedan ikvebebian.

gamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literaturagamoyenebuli literatura

(1) ekosanresi (2005 w.): saxelmZRvanelo “urinasa da fekaliebis

usafrTxo gamoyeneba ekologiuri sanitariis sistemebSi”. beWdvi-

Ti informacia #5. efuZneba: k. Sioningi da t.a. stenstriomi.

2004 w. saxelmZRvanelo “urinasa da fekaliebis usafrTxo gamoy-

eneba ekologiuri sanitariis sistemebSi”. ekosanresis publika-

ciebis seria. moxseneba 2004-1. stokholmis garemos dacvis in-

stituti; stokholmi, SvedeTi.

(2) k. Sioningi da t.a. stenstriomi. 2004 w. saxelmZRvanelo “uri-

nasa da fekaliebis usafrTxo gamoyeneba ekologiuri sanitariis

sistemebSi”. ekosanresis publikaciebis seria. moxseneba 2004-1.

stokholmis garemos dacvis instituti; stokholmi, SvedeTi.

(3) h. ionsoni, b. vinerasi, k. hoglundi. t.a. stenstriomi, g. dal-

hameri da h. kirxmani. 2000 w. (Källsorterad humanurin i kretslopp),Svedurad, inglisuri SejamebiT. VA-FORSK moxseneba 2000-1. VA-FORSK\VAV. stokholmi SvedeTi.

(4) k. hoglundi. 2001 w. adamianis urinas gamoyofis wyaros xelax-

al gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis mikrobuli riskis

Sefaseba. sadoqtoro Tezisi, bioteqnologiis departamenti,

teqnologiis samefo instituti, stokholmi, SvedeTi.

(5) h. ionsoni, (2004 w.): sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoeba-

Si urinasa da fekaliebis gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo. ekonsanre-

sis publikaciebis seria. moxseneba 2004-2. stokholmis garemos

dacvis instituti; stokholmi, SvedeTi.

(6) j.j.r. frausto da silva da r.j.p. uiliamsi. 1997 w. element-

ebis biologiuri Semadgenloba – sicocxlis araorganuli qim-

ia. oqsfordi, inglisi.

(7) h. marSneri. 1997 w. maRali mcenareebis mineraluri kveba. meore

gamocema. akademiuri presa.

(8) h. ionsoni da b. vinerasi (2004): sxvadasxva qveynebSi urinasa da

fekaliebSi sakvebi nivTierebis Semcvelobis adaptireba msoflio

sasoflo-sameurneo organizaciisa da SvedeTis monacemebis mixedviT.

ekosani – wris Sekvra. ekologiuri sanitariaze meore saerTa-

Soriso simpoziumis oqmi, romelic aerTianebs pirvel IWA spe-

cialistTa jgufis konferencias mdgrad ganviTarebaze, 7-11

aprili, 2003 w., lubeki, germania. gv. 365.

(9) k. arnbierg-nilseni, l. hanseni, j. kiolholti, f. stuer-lau-

ridsen, a.b. hasling, t.a. stenstriomi, k. Sioningi, t. vestreli,

a. karlseni da b. haling-siorenseni, (2003): adamianis fekaliebis

adgilobrivi gamoyenebis riskis Sefaseba paTogenebze da wamle-

bze fokusirebiT.

28

(10) b. vinerasi, (2002): mdgradi sakvebi nivTierebis xelaxali gamoy-

enebis SesaZlebloba fekaliebis gancalkevebiT, kombinirebuli

urinas aSorebasTan. agrarian 353, SvedeTis sasoflo-sameurneo

mecnierebis universiteti, upsala, SvedeTi.

(11) k. Torup-kristensen (2001): fesvis zrda da niadagis azotis

gamofitva xaxvis, salaTis foTlebis, adreuli kombostosa da

stafilos mier. Acta Horticulturae. 563: 201-206.(12) m. iohansoni, h. ionsoni, c. hioglundi, a. rixter Stintcingi da

l. rode. 2001 w. urinas gancalkeveba – sakvebi nivTierebis

ciklis Sewyveta. stokholmis wylis kompania. stokholmi, Svede-

Ti. bmuli: http://www.stockholmvatten.se/pdf_arkiv/english/Urinsep_eng.pdf(13) a. rixter-Stintcingi, l. rode da h. akerhielmi (2001 w.):

adamianis urina, rogorc sasuqi – mcenareuli sakvebi nivTier-

ebebi, gamoyenebis teqnika da garemo efeqti (Svedurad, ingli-

suri bolosityvaoboT) JTI-Rapport Lantbruk & Industri 278, SvedeTissoflis meurneobisa da ekologiuri damuSavebis instituti.

SvedeTi.

(14) l. rode, a. rixter-Stintcingi da s. staineki, (2004 w.) amiakis

gamoyofa adamianis urinas gamoyenebis Semdeg Tixovan niadagze

qeris mosayvanad. sakvebi nivTierebis cikli sasoflo ekosiste-

mebSi, 68: 191-198.

(15) amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ganviTarebis saagento (2004 w):

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ganviTarebis saagentos sakvebi

nivTierebebis monacemTa baza. bmuli: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/cgi-bin/nut_search.pl

(16) NOVAQUATIS, EAWAG (2005 w.): Nova 5 Workpackages: mikro dambin-Zureblebi. bmuli: http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch/Downloads/Nova_05.pdf

(17) h. akerhielmi da a. rixter-Stintcingi (presaSi): anaerobulad

damuSavebuli wyaro mocilebuli saWmlis narCeni rogorc sasu-

qi, marcvleulis warmoebaSi. ganxilulia RAMIRAN-Si (sasof-lo-sameurneo da industriuli narCenebis soflis meorneobaSi

xelaxali gamoyenebis kvlevis qlesi), sakvebisa da soflis meur-

neobis organizaciis konferenciis oqmi 2004.

(18) enciklopedia “britanika”: akvakultura. bmuli: http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9008118?query=aquaculture&ct=

(19) ekosanresi (2005): sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis warmoebaSi

urinasa da fekaliebis gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo. beWdviTi in-

formacia #6 dafuZnebuli h. ionsonze. sasoflo-sameurneo

produqtebis warmoebaSi urinasa da fekaliebis gamoyenebis sax-

elmZRvanelo. ekosanresis publikaciebis seria. moxseneba 2004-2.

stokholmis garemos dacvis instituti; stokholmi, SvedeTi.

29

sarCevisarCevisarCevisarCevisarCevi

1. Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44444

2. 2. 2. 2. 2. moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis moTxovnebi mcenaris zrdisTvis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44444

" makrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebimakrosasuqebi da mikrosasuqebi

3. adamianis eqskrementis Semadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. adamianis eqskrementis Semadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. adamianis eqskrementis Semadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. adamianis eqskrementis Semadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3. adamianis eqskrementis Semadgenloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55555

" sasuqebisasuqebisasuqebisasuqebisasuqebi

" mZime liTonebi da mikrodambinZurebelimZime liTonebi da mikrodambinZurebelimZime liTonebi da mikrodambinZurebelimZime liTonebi da mikrodambinZurebelimZime liTonebi da mikrodambinZurebeli

4. mcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianoba urinasa da fekaliebSi . . . .4. mcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianoba urinasa da fekaliebSi . . . .4. mcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianoba urinasa da fekaliebSi . . . .4. mcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianoba urinasa da fekaliebSi . . . .4. mcenareuli sasuqebis vargisianoba urinasa da fekaliebSi . . . . 77777

5. urina, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. urina, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. urina, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. urina, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5. urina, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77777

" gazavebagazavebagazavebagazavebagazaveba

" gamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebi

" gamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnika

" gamoyenebis normagamoyenebis normagamoyenebis normagamoyenebis normagamoyenebis norma

" magaliTebimagaliTebimagaliTebimagaliTebimagaliTebi

6. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212121212

" urinas usafrTxo gamoyenebaurinas usafrTxo gamoyenebaurinas usafrTxo gamoyenebaurinas usafrTxo gamoyenebaurinas usafrTxo gamoyeneba

" urinas usafrTxo Senaxvaurinas usafrTxo Senaxvaurinas usafrTxo Senaxvaurinas usafrTxo Senaxvaurinas usafrTxo Senaxva

7. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313131313

8. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – gadamuSavebaze8. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – gadamuSavebaze8. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – gadamuSavebaze8. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – gadamuSavebaze8. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi – gadamuSavebaze

damokidebuli ganoyierebis efeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . damokidebuli ganoyierebis efeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . damokidebuli ganoyierebis efeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . damokidebuli ganoyierebis efeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . damokidebuli ganoyierebis efeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313131313

" ganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacariganoyierebis efeqtebi: nacari

" ganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: kompostiganoyierebis efeqtebi: komposti

" ganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazisganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazisganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazisganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazisganoyierebis efeqtebi: gaSroba/biogazis

produqcia/tutiT damuSaveba produqcia/tutiT damuSaveba produqcia/tutiT damuSaveba produqcia/tutiT damuSaveba produqcia/tutiT damuSaveba

9. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9. fekaluri masa, rogorc sasuqi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616161616

" gamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebigamoyenebis vadebi

" gamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnikagamoyenebis teqnika

" gamoyenebisa normagamoyenebisa normagamoyenebisa normagamoyenebisa normagamoyenebisa norma

10. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis10. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis10. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis10. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis10. praqtikuli rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masis

usafrTxo xelaxali gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . usafrTxo xelaxali gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . usafrTxo xelaxali gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . usafrTxo xelaxali gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . usafrTxo xelaxali gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1818181818

11. adgilobriv pirobebTan adaptacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. adgilobriv pirobebTan adaptacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. adgilobriv pirobebTan adaptacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. adgilobriv pirobebTan adaptacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11. adgilobriv pirobebTan adaptacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1818181818

12. saboloo rekomendaciebi: urina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. saboloo rekomendaciebi: urina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. saboloo rekomendaciebi: urina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. saboloo rekomendaciebi: urina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12. saboloo rekomendaciebi: urina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919191919

13. saboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masa . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. saboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masa . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. saboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masa . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. saboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masa . . . . . . . . . . . . .13. saboloo rekomendaciebi: fekaluri masa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2020202020

14. daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14. daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2222222222

30