sattellitepowerstation1-090907045808-phpapp02 (2)
TRANSCRIPT
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Satellite Power StationSatellite Power Station
andandMicrowave Power TransmissionMicrowave Power Transmission
Presented byPresented by--
MAYANK PATIDARMAYANK PATIDAR
EEEE07ERCEE03407ERCEE034
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OutlineOutline IntroductionIntroduction
Basic Concept Basic Concept
Solar Power SatelliteSolar Power Satellite
Microwave Power TransmissionMicrowave Power Transmission
SPS 2000SPS 2000 Issues InvolvedIssues Involved
ConclusionConclusion
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IntroductionIntroduction The demand for energy worldwide has
increasing by 100% or almost doubled in everydecade.
The worlds main source of power is stillgenerated by fossil f uels which is limited
(85% of the total power globally).
Harmf ul effects of hydrocarbon-based power
sources to environment. Regional political and religious conflicts can
disrupt world-wide distribution of fossil f uel.
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Basic Concept Basic Concept
Solar Power Satellites providing a betterSolar Power Satellites providing a betterway of power generationway of power generation
Transmission of power to earth viaTransmission of power to earth via
microwavesmicrowaves Collection of power by specially developedCollection of power by specially developed
antennas (rectennas)antennas (rectennas)
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SOLAR POWER SATELLITESSOLAR POWER SATELLITES
Solar Power SatelliteSolar Power Satellite oror SPSSPS, is a, is aproposed satellite built in geostationaryproposed satellite built in geostationary
orbit that uses microwave powerorbit that uses microwave powertransmission to beam power to a verytransmission to beam power to a verylarge antenna on Earth where it can belarge antenna on Earth where it can be
used in place of conventional powerused in place of conventional powersources.sources.
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Basic componentsBasic components
A huge solar collector, typically made of A huge solar collector, typically made of solar cells.solar cells.
D.C. to Microwave conversion throughD.C. to Microwave conversion throughmagnetron.magnetron.
Transmitting antenna sub array on theTransmitting antenna sub array on the
satellite, aimed at earth.satellite, aimed at earth.
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Reference systemReference system
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DOE (US) St udyDOE (US) St udy
Construct the satellites in spaceConstruct the satellites in space
Each SPS would have 400 million solar cellsEach SPS would have 400 million solar cells
Use the Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) to get Use the Heavy Lift Launch Vehicle (HLLV) to get Solar Sailing Array Panels (SSAP) to a Low EarthSolar Sailing Array Panels (SSAP) to a Low EarthOrbit (LEO)Orbit (LEO)
Tow pieces to the assembly point (GEO) usingTow pieces to the assembly point (GEO) using
ion thruster mechanism powered by the solarion thruster mechanism powered by the solarenergy obtained from solar panelsenergy obtained from solar panels
Integration into SPS by teleroboticsIntegration into SPS by telerobotics
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Advantages over Earth basedAdvantages over Earth based
solar powersolar power More intense sunlight More intense sunlight
In geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 kmIn geosynchronous orbit, 36,000 km
(22,369 miles) an SPS would be(22,369 miles) an SPS would beilluminated over 99% of the timeilluminated over 99% of the time
Power can be beamed to any locationPower can be beamed to any locationwhere it is desired.where it is desired.
No air or water pollution is created duringNo air or water pollution is created duringgenerationgeneration
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SpecificationsSpecifications
1.1. Satellite antenna must be between 1 and 1.5Satellite antenna must be between 1 and 1.5kilometers in diameter and the groundkilometers in diameter and the groundrectenna around 14 kilometers by 10rectenna around 14 kilometers by 10
kilometers .kilometers .2.2. Collector area must be between 50 (19 sqCollector area must be between 50 (19 sqmiles) and 150 square kilometers (57 sq miles)miles) and 150 square kilometers (57 sq miles)
3.3. 50 Tons of material50 Tons of material
Current rates on the Space Shuttle runCurrent rates on the Space Shuttle runbetween $3500 and $5000 per poundbetween $3500 and $5000 per pound
50 tons (112,000lbs)=$392,000,00050 tons (112,000lbs)=$392,000,000
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ContinuedContinued4.4. Possible power generation of 5 to 10Possible power generation of 5 to 10
GigawattsGigawatts
³If the largest conceivable space power³If the largest conceivable space powerstation were built and operated 24station were built and operated 24hours a day all year round, it couldhours a day all year round, it couldproduce the equivalent output of ten 1produce the equivalent output of ten 1million kilowattmillion kilowatt--class nuclear powerclass nuclear powerstations.´ stations.´
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Possible DesignsPossible Designs
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Deployment IssuesDeployment Issues Cost of transporting materials into spaceCost of transporting materials into space
Construction of SSAPConstruction of SSAP
Space WalksSpace Walks
MaintenanceMaintenance
Routine checkupRoutine checkup
Meteor impactsMeteor impacts
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Microwave PowerMicrowave Power
TransmissionTransmission
How the power gets to Earth?How the power gets to Earth?
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From the SatelliteFrom the Satellite
Power from the satellite is sent toPower from the satellite is sent toEarth using a microwave transmitterEarth using a microwave transmitter
The beamed power is receivedThe beamed power is receivedthrough rectenna located at a placethrough rectenna located at a placeon Earthon Earth
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Microwave TransmissionMicrowave Transmission
1.1. Frequency 2.45 GHz microwave beamFrequency 2.45 GHz microwave beam
2.2. Beamed Power level is well below lethalBeamed Power level is well below lethallevels of concentration even for prolongedlevels of concentration even for prolonged
exposureexposure
3.3. High efficiency up to 85%High efficiency up to 85%
4.4. Cause interference with communicationCause interference with communication
satellitessatellites5.5. Safety ensured for flying bodies to greaterSafety ensured for flying bodies to greater
extent.extent.
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RectennaRectenna³An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes³An antenna comprising a mesh of dipoles and diodes
for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter for absorbing microwave energy from a transmitter
and converting it by rectification into D.C. power.´ and converting it by rectification into D.C. power.´ Microwaves are received with about Microwaves are received with about
85% efficiency85% efficiency
95% of the beam will fall on the95% of the beam will fall on therectennarectenna
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Basic block diagramBasic block diagram
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Power capt ured by rectennaPower capt ured by rectenna
The voltage at the terminal of rectenna isThe voltage at the terminal of rectenna isequal to the electric field times theequal to the electric field times the
effective length.effective length.
VVTT =El=El
Half of the power capt ured is scatteredHalf of the power capt ured is scattered
back and half is delivered to the load.back and half is delivered to the load.
PPTT == VVTT22 /4R/4RTT
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RectificationRectification
The conversion from A.C. to D.C. by means of The conversion from A.C. to D.C. by means of rectifying device.rectifying device.
Types of rectification schemes.Types of rectification schemes.
--half wavehalf wave
--f ull wavef ull wave The expected overall rectification efficiency,The expected overall rectification efficiency,
cc=dc output power/rf incident power=dc output power/rf incident power
The obtained conversion efficiency due toThe obtained conversion efficiency due tomismatch,mismatch,
cc=dc output power/=dc output power/
(rf incident power(rf incident power--rf reflected power)rf reflected power)
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Rectennas method of InterconnectionRectennas method of Interconnection
Solar rectennas model.
Series connection.
Parallel Connection.
Hybrid Connection.
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Solar Rectennas modelSolar Rectennas model
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Rectenna DesignRectenna Design
Currently there are two different designCurrently there are two different designtypes being looked at types being looked at
Wire mesh reflectorWire mesh reflector
Built on a rigid frame above theBuilt on a rigid frame above thegroundground
Visually transparent so that it wouldVisually transparent so that it would
not interfere with plant lifenot interfere with plant lifeMagic carpet Magic carpet
Material pegged to the groundMaterial pegged to the ground
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Rectenna IssuesRectenna Issues SizeSize
Miles acrossMiles across
LocationLocationAestheticAesthetic
Near population centerNear population center
Health and environmental side effectsHealth and environmental side effectsAlthough claim that microwaves wouldAlthough claim that microwaves would
be safe, how do you convince peoplebe safe, how do you convince people
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SPS 2000SPS 2000
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Working model of Japanese SpaceWorking model of Japanese Space
Solar Power Plant SPS2000 inSolar Power Plant SPS2000 inSagamihara, Japan.Sagamihara, Japan.
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Design Feat uresDesign Feat ures
LEO satellite: Approx. 1000Km altit udeLEO satellite: Approx. 1000Km altit udeto reduce launch costs and to minimizeto reduce launch costs and to minimizesize of transmitting antenna.size of transmitting antenna.
Power output: Ranging from 5GW toPower output: Ranging from 5GW to10GW10GW
Microwave beam footprints: groundMicrowave beam footprints: ground
footprint of 3Km in diameter andfootprint of 3Km in diameter andtransmitting antenna of 100m intransmitting antenna of 100m indiameter.diameter.
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ContinuedContinued 55--10 GW satellite delivering microwave10 GW satellite delivering microwave
powerpower
Will not be in geosynchronous orbit,Will not be in geosynchronous orbit,instead low orbit 1000 kminstead low orbit 1000 km
Much cheaper to put a satellite in lowMuch cheaper to put a satellite in low
orbit orbit 200 seconds of power on each pass200 seconds of power on each pass
over rectennaover rectenna
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Low Orbit Low Orbit
Proposed to have hundreds of satellites inProposed to have hundreds of satellites inlow earth orbit low earth orbit
Since a low orbit microwave beam wouldSince a low orbit microwave beam would
spread less, the ground based rectennaspread less, the ground based rectennacould be smaller i.e. in the range of fewcould be smaller i.e. in the range of fewhundred meters across instead of 10hundred meters across instead of 10kilometers.kilometers.
In low orbit they circle the Earth in about In low orbit they circle the Earth in about every 90 minutesevery 90 minutes
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ReliabilityReliability Ground based solarGround based solar
only works duringonly works during
clear days, and must clear days, and must have storage for night have storage for night
Power can be beamedPower can be beamedto the location whereto the location where
it is neededit is needed
A network of low orbit A network of low orbit satellites couldsatellites could
provide power toprovide power toalmost any point onalmost any point onEarth continuouslyEarth continuouslybecause one satellitebecause one satellite
would always be inwould always be inrangerange
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IssuesIssues InvolvedInvolved Motivation towards improved technologyMotivation towards improved technology
and economic benefits.and economic benefits.
Effect of long term exposure to microwaveEffect of long term exposure to microwave
Large no. of satellites would take up largeLarge no. of satellites would take up largesection of spacesection of space
Would require a network of satellitesWould require a network of satellites
Proper agreement about SPS pathsProper agreement about SPS paths
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ConclusionConclusion In order for SPS to become a realityIn order for SPS to become a reality
several things have to happen:several things have to happen:
Government support Government support
Cheaper launch pricesCheaper launch prices
Involvement of the private sectorInvolvement of the private sector
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Thank youThank you