saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa

da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film

Georgian State University

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa

Ziebani

#2 (47), 2011

ART SCIENCE STUDIES#2 (47), 2011

gamomcemloba `kentavri~

Tbilisi _ 2011

UDC(uak) 7(051.2)

s-364

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti

saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #2 (47), 2011

saredaqcio sabWo

mixeil kalandariSviligiorgi SalutaSviliekaterine kiknaZe

literaturuli

redaqtori

mariam iaSvili

garekanis dizaini

levan dadiani

dakabadoneba

ekaterineoqropiriZe

gamomcemlobis

xelmZRvaneli

maka vasaZe

krebulisaTvis mowodebuli

masala uzrunvelyofili unda

iyos Sesabamisi samecniero

aparatiT. Tan unda axldes

monacemebi avtoris samecniero

kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul

da inglisur enebze, agreTve

naSromis inglisurenovani

reziume.

krebulis stamburi gamocema

egzavneba sxvadasxva

saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs.

naSromebi mogvawodeT da

cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT:

0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis

gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa

rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universiteti,

II korpusi.

tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408

mob: +995 (95) 305 060

+995 (77) 288 750

E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University

Art Science Studies #2 (47), 2011

Editorial GroupMIKHEIL KALANDARISHVILIGIORGI SHALUTASHVILIEKATERINE KIKNADZE

Literary EditorMARIAM IASHVILI

Cover DesignLEVAN DADIANI

Book BindingEKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE

Head of Publishing HouseMAKA VASADZE

Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages.

Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers.

Works should be supplied under the following contact:0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State UniversitySecond Block

Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750E-mail: kentavri@tafu.edu.geWeb: www.tafu.edu.ge

4

sarCevi

Teatrmcodneobamaia goSaZenekrofilia fromiseulad ............................................................................8

kulturis menejmentinino sanadiraZe kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi .........................18

universitetis sadoqtoro programa

scenografiis istoria da Teorialali gelaSvilikostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi `qeTo da kote~

yaraCoRelTa samosis magaliTze ........................................................36

dramis reJisuranino lipartianifilosofiuri postmodernizmi ..............................................................44

maia Sengelia uiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~

genezisisaTvis .........................................................................................................53

saTeatro Jurnalistikis istoriamariam CubiniZeqarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli ........................68

universitetis samagistro programa

Tanamedrove evropuli Teatriguram kokaiavsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi

1902-1906 wlebSi ................................................................................................80

Tamar komlaZeabsurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi

(eJen ionesko) ........................................................................................................91

naTia cqvitaiarihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~ ...........................................102

avtorTa Sesaxeb .............................................................................................113

5

CONTENTS

THEATRE STUDIESMAIA GOSHADZENecrophilia By Phrome ..................................................................114

CULTURE MANAGEMENT NINO SANADIRADZE Culture Products And Cultural Products Segmentation ...................................................................115UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM

THEORY AND HISTORI OF SCENOGRAPHYLALI GELASHVILICostume Painting In The Movie “Keto And Kote” ........................117

DRAMA DIRECTIONNINO LIPARTIANIPhilosophical Post Modernism .......................................................120MAIA SHENGELIAWilliam Shakespeare’s “Titus Andronicus” For Genezis ....................................................................................120

THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORYMARIAM CHUBINIDZEGeorgian Theatre Journalism And The Audience ...........................122

UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAM

MODERN EUROPEAN THEATREGURAM KOKAIATheatre Directing Researches Of Vsevolod Meyerhold In 1902-1906 ...............................................124TAMAR KOMLADZEThe Theatre Of The Absurd And Its Representatives .........................................................................125NATIA TSKVITAIARichard Wagner “The Poet And Thinker” .......................................... 126

6

7

Teatrmcodneoba

8

maia goSaZe

nekrofilia fromiseulad

yvelaferi, rasac aryofnidan yofnaSi gadavyavarT

Semoqmedebaa, ambobda platoni. yofna yovelive arsebulis

sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT, garedan

ganusazRvrel-ganupirobebeli TviTobiT aRqma-gancdis

gamomxatvelia da imavdroulad, mxolod awmyoseuli

SesaZleblobebisa da mdgomareobis gamomxatveli.

TviTonac upirvelesad awmyoSi `yofnisas~ vlindeba,

latenturi arsebobis inertulobidan Tavs aRwevs da

realizdeba. swored awmyosadmi mimarTebas, adamianis

wamyvani fsiqikuri tendenciis, _ sicocxlis moyvareobis

an moZuleobis umTavres gamomxatvelad miiCnevda

fsiqologi erix fromi.

fromis mier biofiliad Seracxuli sicocxlis

moyvareoba, sicocxlis yovelTvis mxolod awmyoSi

moZrav stiqiaSi CarTulobisken swrafvaSi vlindeba,

_ awmyos muRamis gancdaSi vlindeba (pasternakiseuli

melodiurobiT mJRer sityvebSic, rom gamosWvivis

`ukvdavebaa Tavad sicocxle – “жизнь и бессмертье одно“).1

nekrofiliad (mkvdaris rogorc inertulis,

ucvlelis, araSemoqmedebiTis moyvareobis gamomxatvelis)

fromis mier Seracxuli sicocxlis moSiSi da moZule

fsiqikuri tendencia ki swored Sedegze da ara

procesze, flobaze da ara Ziebaze, erTxel da samudamod,

aTvisebul-Sesisxlxorcebulis naWuWSi gaxvevaze da

ara cnobierebis zrdasa da gafarToebaze mimarTebaSi

vlindeba, _ awmyoseuli realobisgan mudmiv gaucxoeba-

distancirebaSi vlindeba.

procesis SedegSi, moZravis uZravSi, warmavlis

waruvalSi, mokvdavis ukvdavSi STanTqmis, _ sicocxlis

9

samudamo sakuTrebaSi miRebis, samudamod mopovebul, uZrav

Sedegad qcevis, _ erTxel da samudamod damsaxurebuli

netarebis obieqtad qcevis mania sikvdilis instinqtis

mSobadsa da masazrdoebel STagonebis wyarod gvevlineba

patrik ziuskindis romanSi `parfiumeri~.

nebismier viTarebaSi, nebismier drosa da sivrceSi

yofnisgan ganurCevlad, yovelTvis mainc armyofi, _

Tvalxilulobis miuxedavad, arsebulis mudam daunaxavi

ziuskindis romanis gmiri, parfiumeri Jan batist grinuei,

avtorisve TqmiT ̀ yvelafers esenciis msgavsad kvaldakval

aRiqvamda, rogorc warsulis sulis matarebelsa da

awmyoTi xelSeuxebels~.2

awmyosgan mudam gaucxoebuli, awmyos mudam miuRebeli,

awmyoSi mudam armyofi ziuskindiseuli parfiumeri,

Jan batist grinuei, yovelTvis swored aq da amJamad

sicocxlis moZravi stiqiis uarmyofeli sikvdilis

instinqtis, _ nekrofiliis (fromiseuli gagebiT)

gansaxierebad gvevlineba.

yovelive cocxalis, _ Sesabamisad moZravis, cvalebadis,

mzardisa da ganviTarebadis da imavdroulad warmaval-

swraflmavalis moZule parfiumeriis genia ukvdavi

surnelebis SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis

maniiT iyo Sepyrobili. edemiseuli da imavdroulad

waruvali sunamos Seqmnas ki swored warmavalis,

Sesabamisad cocxalis mokvdinebis Sedegad aRwevs.

netarebis momgvrel surnelebaTa adre Tu gvian

qrobadobis gardauvalobasTan brZolis ziuskindiseuli

parfiumeris Jini, arsebiTad, swored mudmivi Zalisxmevis

gamovlenis momTxovni, warmaval-swraflmavali cxovrebis

Tavad procesis erTxel da samudamod mopovebul uZrav

SedegSi gaxevebis, sanukvar momavlad aRqmul edemiseul

idiliis netar inertulobaSi dabrunebis ukvdav ocnebas

warmoaCens.

TviTmoqmedi idiliis wiaRSi uSfoTvelad miZinebis,

usasrulo `hefi-endad~ qceuli cxovrebis `ukvdav~

10

sakuTrebaSi miRebis survili ziuskindiseul romanSi,

siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT edemSi dabrunebis iluziis

STamberavi sunamos Seqmnisa da flobis maniis saxiT

vlindeba. saamur surnelebaTa dapyrobis swrafvaSi,

pirvel warmatebas parfiumeri yvavilebis Tavisuflebisken

mswraf aromatebze borkilebis dadebiT aRwevs.

zRva yvavilebis Wknobis, mokvdinebis, svel `gvamebad~

qcevis sanaxaobiT monusxuli parfiumeri kuprSi

aduRebuli surnelovani sulis mesakuTred iqceoda.

aromatizirebuli qonisgan damzadebuli, edemiseuli

surnelebis mfrqveveli sunamos SeynosvisTanave adamians

maradiuli axalgazrdobisa da netarebis mopovebis

gancda eufleboda. cxovreba maSinve siberisa da

sikvdilis gardauvalobisgan, yovelgvari Zalisxmevis

gamovlenis saWiroebisgan, _ zogadad nebismieri saxis

procesSi myofobisgan Tavisufal uZrav Sedegad

iqceoda, _ TviTmoqmed idiliis uZrav peizaJad iqceoda.

gafiqrebisTanave, yvela survilis aRmsrulebel edemSi

virtualurad dabrunebuli, erTxel da samudamod

mopovebul netarebaSi (cxeli wyliT gavsebul abazanaSi

CamjdariviT) xevdeboda.

swored mokvdavi aromatis mimTvisebeli ukvdavi

surogati, _ WeSmaritad cocxali aromatisTvis sulis

amomxdeli aduRebuli kupris naxarSi afrqvevda edemiseul

surnelebas, ukvdavebasTan ziarebis momnusxvel iluzias

aziarebda mis Semynosavebs. swored aduRebuli kupris

samflobelos Semoqmedi iqca kuprSive `gamomcxvari~

edemis avtorad, _ marad moZravi warmavlobis uZravi

maradisobiT Canacvlebisken swrafvis sayovelTao maniis

masazrdoeblad.

waruvali bednierebis iluziis STamberavi produqcia

swored warmavalis damTrgunavi, _ WeSmaritad cocxali

aromatisTvis sulis amomxdeli cnobierebis pirmSo-

nayofad gvevlineba.

sagulisxmoa rom RvTaebrivi surnelebis marad

maia goSaZe

11

SemnarCunebeli sunamos Seqmnas parfiumeri mis mier

moklul qaliSvilTa sxeulebidan mopovebuli esenciis

safuZvelze SesZlebs. qalebis seriuli mkvleli maniakis

siuJeturi TvalsazrisiT TiTqmis deteqtiuri istoria

awmyoSi mudam aryofnis, _ sicocxlis yoveldRiuri,

yovelwuTieri ̀ mkvlelobis~ ambavs warmoadgens, _ nicSes

cnobili naSromis saTaursa da paTossac Tu davesesxebiT

adamianur erTob adamianur ambavs mogviTxrobs, _

cocxalis surogatiT, warmavalis waruvaliT, awmyos

momavliT, moZravis uZraviT, procesis SedegiT, gareganis

SinaganiT, TviTobis TviTmoqmedi wesrigiT Camnacvlebeli

usinaTlobis Sinagan istorias warmoaCens.

oRond ara axla!

awmyos winaSe mudam uZlurad xelebis mosavsave, _

oRond ara aq da ara amJamad suliskveTebis gamomxatveli

sulis Zaxilad gaismis Seqspiriseuli makbetis cnobili

sityvebi ̀ xvale xvals misdevs~3 (dedanSi: tomorrow and

tomorrow and tomorrow4), iseve, rogorc Cexoviseuli

sami dis cnobili `laitmotivuri~ SeZaxili `moskovSi,

moskovSi, moskovSi!~5 – TiTqos awmyodan, aq da amJamad

arsebobidan gaqrobis msurvelis, uZluri sulis

Zaxili.

`ukvdavi~ momavliT gamajildovebeli, yovlismomcveli

wesrigis gareSe, - `umizezod~ da `uSedegod~ cxovrebis

ver miRebis motivi (Cexoviseul gmirTa samyaroSi mudam

Sexmatkbilebuli mravalxmianobiT gaJRerebuli), marad

axlis mSobadi SemoqmedebiTi stiqiis, nebis, aqtivobis

uarmyofeli, sicocxlis moSiSi da moZule fsiqikuri

tendenciis gamomxatvelad iqceva.

uflis nebis yovlisSemZleobis moaruli frazebiTa da

Tvinieri morCilebiT amRiarebel Cexoviseul gmirTaTvis

iRbali Tu uiRbloba, SenaZeni Tu danakargi, _ cxovrebaSi

yovelive uflis nebis gamomxatvelia, sakuTari Sinagani,

nekrofilia fromiseulad

12

pirovnuli arsisa da SesaZleblobebis garda, _ pirovnuli

zrdisa da ganviTarebisken, cnobierebisa da Tvalsawieris

gafarToebisken, Tavisufali SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobisken

swrafvis garda, _ swored Semoqmedis xatisamebr adamianis

Seqmnilobis ideis garda.

oRond ara me, ara martom, ara aq da ara amJamad,

_ SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTia Cexoviseul gmirTa

umravlesobis cxovrebiseul kredos gamomxatveli

paTosi. yovlismomcveli wesrigisa Tu qaosis,

maradisobisa Tu warmavlobis winaSe, individualuri

Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebisa da zedmetobis idea,

maTi ucvleli Zilispirulis maradiul laitmotivad

rCeba. awmyos, rogorc sanukvar momavlis dadgomamde

rogorRac gasayvan, mosaklav droSi (mosacdel oTaxSi

myofiviT) `yuryutis~ xanad aRqma, maT mudmivad Tanamdev

ganwyobad rCeba.

mxolod sicocxlesTan gamosalmebis saSiSroebis

winaSe, misTvis marTlac sabediswerod dasrulebuli

duelis win wamierad mainc SesZlebs tuzembaxi (piesidan

`sami da~) arsebulTan mimarTebaSi gamoRviZebas, _ mudam

Waobad aRqmuli im patara qalaqis mSvenierebis gancdas,

sadac mdinarecaa, tyec, ulamazes xeTa nairsaxlebebic

xaroben, misi mkvidrni ki mxolod koRoebs aRiqvamen.

sagulisxmoa rom kacobriobis naTel momavalze

meocnebe ̀ sami dis~ gmirebi ara mxolod arafers iRoneben

maTi axloblis, tuzenbaxisTvis uazrod Tavsmoxveuli

duelis CasaSlelad, aramed mis daRupvasac ki zezeulad

mZinareni TiTqos sakuTar Tavze ZaldatanebiT amCneven.

awmyoseuli realobisgan, sakuTari Tavisa da

erTmaneTisgan gaucxeobuli Cexovis gmiri zamTarSi

zafxuls mistiris, _ zafxulSi zamTars, ucxoeTSi

samSoblos, samSobloSi ucxoeTs, _ umuSevari mosamsaxures

Senatris, – samsaxurSi moaruli saxlSi mjdoms,

daojaxebuli martoxelas, martoxela ki daojaxebuls.

imedsa Tu uimedobaSi gamqcevi, warsulisa Tu

maia goSaZe

13

momavlisken, saiqiosa Tu ucxo planetebisken momzirali,

aswleulebisa Tu aTaswleulebis Semdgom cxovrebas

rom Senatris, nebismieri siSoresa da xangrZlivobas

gulgaxsnil-xelgaSlili rom egebeba mudam karCaketili,

Zunwi da Seuvali swored arsebulis mimarT rCeba, _

iqneba es yofiTi Tu Sinagani `realoba~, Sinagani xma Tu

mowodeba. erTaderTi rac mis gulsa da suls ar ekareba,

risi aRqma-gancda da gaazreba ar surs, yofniseuli

mimarTebis momTxovni realobaa.

swored momavliT gaTenebamde ZilquSidan gamosvlis

armsurvelad, TiTqos marTlac dabadebamdel, netar

inertulobaSi dabrunebis msurvelad gvevlineba Cexovis

gmiri kinomsaxiobTa Teatriseul `alublis baRSi~.

giorgi margvelaSvilis mier dadgmul speqtaklSi,

TeTri alublis edemis baRis maradiul mkvidrTa, _

mudam awmyos acdenilsa da am acdenilobaSi TiTqos

urTierTamreklav oreulTa wyvilebad qceul gmirTa

infantiluri samyaros protagonistad ranevskaia (nineli

WankvetaZe) gvevlineba; mis Tavisebur, _ arsobriv da

ara erTi medlis ori mxaris warmomCenn antipodad, _

mudam garedan gapirobebulobaze apelirebadi umweobis

uarmyofelad ki lopaxini.

mTeli speqtaklis manZilze mudam Seusmeneli

lopaxini (gia roiniSvilis SesrulebiT) ara mxolod

ranevskaias mier uaryofil Tayvanismcemlad, ara mxolod

mis Tavisebur alternativad, _ arsebobis gansxvavebuli

SesaZleblobebis warmomCenad, aramed alublis baRis

maradiul mkvidrTa mier Seusmeneli maTive Sinagani xmis,

Seucnobadi da amdenad dakarguli `sinamdvilisa~ da

SesaZleblobebis personificirebad gmirad iqceva.

speqtaklSi lopaxini siyvaruls uxsnis pirdapiri

gagebiT. smenadaxSul ranevskaias, dawolis win, xmaurisagan

damcav sacobebs yurebSi rom Caidgams, daZinebis amao

mcdelobis Semdeg warmomdgari ki zardaxSidan amoRebuli

raRac qaRaldebis Tvalierebas iwyebs. sanam ranevskaia,

nekrofilia fromiseulad

14

rogorc Cans mamulis dagiravebasTan dakavSirebul

sabuTebSi garkvevas amaod (Zilismomgvrelobis efeqts

Tu ar CavTvliT) cdilobs, oTaxSi lopaxiani Semodis

anTebuli sanTliT xelSi.

ukve miZinebul saxlSi ratomRac SemorCenili Tu

dabrunebuli stumari, penuarSi gadacmuli ranevskaias

danaxvisTanave moibodiSebs, gasvlasac daapirebs, magram

sapasuxo reaqciiT, ufro swored ki ureaqciobiT

sakuTar SeusmenlobaSi darwmunebuli Seyovndeba,

sanTels karadis Tavze Semodgams da TiTqos salocavi

xatis win Tavis grZnobas aRsarebasaviT gamoTqvams, _

Tumca imavdroulad yovelgvari abezari molodinisgan

Tavisufali TviTkmarobiT. avanscenaze mayureblis

pirispir qaRaldebSi TavCaqindruli ranevskaias

zurgsukan, moSorebiT, naxevrad Cabnelebul scenis

siRrmeSi ganaTebuli `aRmsareblis~ saxe, TiTqos raRac

uxilavi siRrmidan, `amoyvinTuli~ sazrisiT gaelvebuli

uCinardeba.

mTeli speqtaklis manZilze ama Tu im saxiT

lopaxinis mudmivi uaryofa, _ iqneba es misi msoflaRqma,

ranevskaiasadmi utyvi (Tumc sruliad aSkara) grZnoba

Tu friad metveli mowodeba-gafrTxileba, umoqmedobis

SemTxvevaSi mamulis dakargvis gardauvalobis Sesaxeb,

swored raRac arsismieri realobisadmi edemis

baRis maradiul mkvidrTa `zurgSeqcevis~ motivis

gamomxatvelad iqceva.

sagulisxmoa, rom sakmaod xangrZlivi dros manZilze

ranevskaiasTvis lopaxinis mier mirTmeuli yvavilebi

(sicocxlis warmaval-swraflmavali stiqiisa da masTan

Tanaziari TviTobis arqetipis maradiuli gamomxatvelni)

`daunaxaobisa~ da gaTelvis obieqtad iqcevian. rodesac

xangrZlivi ganSorebis Semdeg, kvlav Tavis mamulSi

dabrunebuli ranevskaia rogorc iqna dainaxavs lopaxinis

mier misken gawvdil yvavilebis Taiguls, _ TiTqos

scenaze mdgari msaxiobisa da mis winaSe myofi mayureblis

maia goSaZe

15

rolSi erTdroulad aRmoCenili, gamorTmevisTanave

haerSi moisvris. lopaxinis mier akrefili yvavilebis

xelmeored gamorTmevisTanave ranevskaia imave Jests

imeorebs, _ odnav onavruli keklucobiT Serbilebuli,

magram TiTqos raRac iracionaluri yovlismflangvelobis

brma sijiutiT.

ziuskindis romanSi swored momavlis ukvdavsayofad

`sulamoxdili~ yvavilebis msgavsad, kinomsaxiobTa

Teatris scenaze mimofantuli, zed gadavlisa da

gaTelvis TiTqos uxilav obieqtad qceuli yvavilebi,

sicocxlis yovelTvis swored awmyoSi moZravi, warmaval-

swraflmavali stiqiis usasrulod ganmeorebadi

uaryofis niSan-xatad gvevlinebian.

miwisqveSa gamoqvabulSi Zilis moyvaruli parfiumeris

msgavsad, ranevskaia nineli WankvetaZis SesrulebiT,

sicocxlis marad moZrav stiqias daxSuli sivrcis

uZraobaSi, _ arsebiTad misive ucvleli cnobierebis

Taviseburad proecirebad uZraobaSi gaurbis, _ xan

garemomcvelebisgan Tavs (ufrosebisgan damaluli

bavSviviT) wignebis karadas afarebs, xan ki Zvelmanebis

damtev skivrSi Cawveba da am saxiT stovebs, ufro swored

ki am saxiT gaaqvT dakarguli mamulidan.

aryofnis netar inertulobaSi, _ samyarosTan pirveladi,

edemiseuli, harmoniis inertulobaSi gaxevebisken

mswraf alublis baRis mkvidrTa scenuri istoria

ganxorcielebadis ganuxorcieleblobis, gansacdelis

ganucdelobis, aRsaqmelis aRuqmelobis, Sesmenadis

Seusmelobis Sinagan istorias warmoaCens.

ama Tu im saxiT moazrebuli gapirobebulobis

winaSe individualuri Zalisxmevis gamovlenis amaoebis

SegrZneba, swored arsebobis sakuTari SesaZleblobebis

Ziebisgan gaqcevis, _ sakuTar ̀ fexze~ wamodgomis nacvlad

uzenaes sazrisze amaRlebuli nostalgiis kvarcxlbekze

gaSeSebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

yofna-aryofnis dilema, sikvdil-sicocxles Soris

nekrofilia fromiseulad

16

(cxadia egzistencialuri TvalsazrisiT) arCevani

swored `ukvdav~ Sedegsa da `mokvdav~ process Soris

arCevanSi vlindeba, _ maradisobiT dajildovebis imediTa

Tu moTxovniT, yovelive amJamad arsebulis, mocemulis,

realizebadis gaufasurebasa da yovelgvari gasaCivrebis

gareSe, swored awmyoSi, arsebulSi, mocemulSi sakuTari

SesaZleblobebis mTeli sisavsiT cxovrebas Soris

arCevanSi vlindeba.

Борис Пастернак.Собрание сочинений, М., т. 2, 1969, с. 225.1. Патрик Зюскинд. Парфюмер, М., 1967, с. 43.2. uiliam Seqspiri.tragediebi, Tb., t.3, 1987, gv. 227.3. William Shakespeare. Tragedies, L. 2001. p. 167.4. Антон Чехов. Рассказы, повести, пьесы. М., 1967, с. 654.5. Платон, Пир. м. 1969, с. 76.6.

ix.: 7. Эрих Фромм, Душа человека. М., 1984.

maia goSaZe

17

kulturis menejmenti

18

nino sanadiraZe

kulturis sferos produqtebi da

saxeebi

ekonomistebis, marketingisa da bazris kvlevis

specialistebis ganmartebiT, produqti aris sargeblis

nakrebi myidvelis TvalsazrisiT. produqtis aRwera

misi teqnikuri parametrebis an simboluri faseulobis

mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli, rac sabolood, realur

an warmosaxviTi sargeblis nakrebs warmoadgens.

momxmareblebi iyeneben TavianT finansebs calkeuli

produqtis SesaZenad sakuTari survilebisa da saWiroebis

Sesabamisad.

nebismieri kompaniisaTvis produqti ganisazRvreba,

rogorc teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebis nakrebi, romelic

sxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeba mwarmoebeli kompaniis

mier. sxvadasxva adamianis TvalTaxedvidan produqti

sxvadasxvagvarad xasiaTdeba: Tu erTisTvis warmoadgens

materialuri komponentebis nakrebs, meoresTvis, igive

produqti, saqonlis (sasaqonlo) xarisxis serias

SeiZleba niSnavdes.

momxmareblis mier produqtebis klasifikacia

sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba da ganisazRvreba moxmarebis

moculobis Sesabamisad, romelsac iyenebs (xarjavs)

momxmarebeli da sabolood jgufdeba Semdegnairad:

• yoveldRiuri moTxovnis an pirveladi moxmarebis

saqoneli;

• dagegmili sayidlebi;

• specialuri asortimentis saqoneli;

yoveldRiuri saqoneli aris is saqoneli, romelsac

momxmarebeli xSirad yidulobs da TiTqmis ar eZebs

gansazRvruli savaWro niSnis mixedviT. magaliTad, Tu

momxmarebels ar surs Sors mdebare supermarketSi

wasvla, Cveuli savaWro niSnis (markis) rZis, puris an sxva,

19

uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia SeiZinos nebismieri

sxva savaWro niSnis produqti, romelic mezobel an

axlo mdebare maRaziaSi iyideba.

dagegmili produqtebi (SenaZenebi) xSirad

dakavSirebulia gansazRvruli an gamorCeuli savaWro

niSnis produqtebTan, romlis gamoc momxmarebeli

mzadaa gamoiyenos mniSvnelovani Zalisxmeva da miiRos

specialuri SeTavazeba an ipovos sasurveli produqti.

dagegmili sayidlebis dros momxmarebeli uars ambobs

SemTxveviT SeTavazebul nebismieri sxva savaWro niSnis

(markis) produqtze, _ Tu misTvis sasurveli produqti

ar iqneba maRaziaSi, is yvela Zalisxmevas gamoiyenebs da

ecdeba SeiZinos zustad misTvis sasurveli produqti.

specialuri asortimentis saqonlis kategoriaSi,

sxva danarCen maRali brendebis kategoriebTan erTad,

kulturis produqtebic moiazrebian: momxmarebels

surs gansazRvruli Sous an filmis naxva, sayvareli

Semsruleblis gansazRvruli Canaweris SeZena.

momxmarebeli ar dauSvebs kompromiss da ZalRones

ar daiSurebs winaswar SeiZinos bileTi, idges rigSi

an gaiaros sxvadasxva manZili misTvis sasurveli

produqtis misaRebad an sanaxavad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

kulturis produqti, SeiZleba miekuTvnos dagegmili

sayidlis kategoriasac. magaliTad, musikaluri Canaweris

an kulturis mza produqtebis SemTxvevaSi, momxmarebeli

eZebs sxvadasxva kategoriaSi misTvis sasurvel Canawersa

Tu produqts.

produqtebis umetesoba xasiaTdeba sami ZiriTadi

komponentiT:

1. ZiriTadi produqti an TviT obieqti;

2. Tanmxlebi momsaxureba;

3. faseuloba, – simboluri, emociuri an raime sxva

faseuloba, romelsac momxmareblebi am Tu im produqts

aniWeben.

kulturis sferos produqtebi gansakuTrebul

20

produqtTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian da specialuri

asortimentis rigSi ganixilebian. Tanamedrove

mkvlevrebi kulturis produqts „rTuli produqtebis“

kategoriasac akuTvneben.

kulturis produqti: rTuli produqti _ produqtis

sirTule SeiZleba mniSvnelovnad Seicvalos misi

(produqtis) specifikuri Taviseburebebidan, momxmareblis

mier miniWebuli maxasiaTeblebis an TviT produqtis

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebidan gamomdinare. zogierTi

produqti miiCneva ufro rTulad, maTi teqnikuri

specifikidan gamomdinare, radganac momxmareblisagan

moiTxovs mniSvnelovan Zalisxmevas – aRiqvas da Seafasos

produqtis Taviseburebani. magaliTad, gamoucdeli

myidveli, romelic pirvelad iZens personalur kompiuters,

awydeba teqnikur sirTuleebs, rac iwvevs kompiuteris

SeZenasTan dakavSirebul emociur daZabulobas. axali

manqanis SeZenamde momxmarebels SeuZlia rCeva hkiTxos

megobrebs, vinaidan maTi azri mniSvnelovania SerCevis

rTul procesSi. igive momxmarebeli sxva „Cveulebriv

an martiv“ produqtebs avtomaturad SeiZens, rogorc es

xdeba yoveldRiuri moxmarebis saqonlis umravlesobis

SeZenis dros, yvelanairi daZabulobisa da Carevis

gareSe.

kulturis produqtebis umravlesoba ganisazRvreba

rogorc rTuli produqti, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac isini saWiroeben specialur codnas an efuZnebian

abstraqtul cnebebs, romlebic momxmareblisgan moiTxoven

gansakuTrebuli Sefasebis unars. sirTule miT ufro

izrdeba, rodesac momxmarebeli ar icnobs produqtis

gansazRvrul tips an Taviseburebas. miuxedavad amisa,

kulturis sfero moicavs rogorc rTul, aseve naklebad

rTul produqtebsac, rac gulisxmobs iseTi produqtebis

kategorias, romlebSic gamoyenebulia Zalzed konkretuli,

martivi ideebi. aseT produqtebs xSirad popularuli

produqtebi ewodeba. pop-musika da samer-stok Teatri

nino sanadiraZe

21

(Summer stock theatre, - „msubuqi“ Teatris nairsaxeoba) SeiZleba CaiTvalos martiv produqtad, klasikur

simfoniur repertuarTan an avangardul speqtaklTan

SedarebiT Teatri („msubuqi“ Teatris nairsaxeoba)

SeiZleba CaiTvalos martiv produqtad, klasikur

simfoniur repertuarTan an avangardul speqtaklTan

SedarebiT.

produqtze saubrisas mniSvnelovania ganisazRvros

termini – produqtis xazi, romelic gulisxmobs

yvela im produqtTa jgufs, romlebic sakmaod

mWidrod arian erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni. termini

„produqtis xazis siRrme“ gamoiyeneba erTi produqtis

xazSi SemoTavazebuli sxvadasxva nimuSis raodenobis

aRwerisaTvis. wignis maRaziaSi SeZenili romanebi

warmoadgenen produqtis xazs. periodika, leqsikonebi da

sabavSvo wignebi, _ warmoadgenen erTi tipis produqtis

sam sxvadasxva xazs. produqtis narevi Sedgeba erTi

kompaniis mier SemoTavazebuli yvela xazisagan. magaliTad,

Teatraluri dasi, romelic ucxo qveyanaSi gastrolze

uCvenebs mxolod erT warmodgenas, mayureblisaTvis

warmoadgens erTi mwarmoeblis, mxolod erT produqts.

am SemTxvevaSi xazis an narevis idea ubralod ar

arsebobs. Teatraluri dasi, romelsac mudmivi scena

aqvs da sezonis manZilze ramdenime warmodgenas marTavs

premieris CaTvliT, hyavs Tavisi mudmivi momxmarebeli

da Tavis mayurebels sTavazobs produqtis xazs. yoveli

speqtakli, miuxedavad sxvadasxva Teatraluri esTetikisa

da Janrisa, sxvadasxva reJisorisa da msaxiobebisa,

ekuTvnis produqtis erT kategorias – „Teatri“ da

warmoadgens erTi mwarmoeblis mier Seqmnil calkeul

produqts. sagamomcemlo saxli an studia, romelic

aseve awarmoebs kulturis produqtebs TavianTi

warmoebuli produqtebiT, momxmarebels sTavazobs

warmoebuli produqtebis narevs, Teatraluri dasi ki

warmoadgens produqtebis xazs, romelsac momxmarebels

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

22

Tanmimdevrulad sTavazobs. produqtebis narevis cneba

iolad gamosayenebelia im kompaniebis mimarT, romelTa

amocanasac warmoadgens sxvadasxva gasarTobi RonisZiebis

gavrceleba. prezenteri an promouteri momxmarebels

sTavazobs sxvadasxva produqts (warmodgena, klasikur

musika, qoreografia, Sou), romelTagan TiToeuli arsebobs

rogorc produqtis xazi, momxmarebeli ki iRebs, rogorc

produqtebis narevs. xelovnebisa da kulturis msxvil

centrebsa da organizaciebs SeuZlia Teatraluri xazis,

sabaleto xazisa da sxvaTa calkeulad SeTavazeba

maSin, rodesac mcire centrebsa da mcire masStabian

organizaciebs SeuZliaT mxolod SezRuduli narevis

SeTavazeba, romelSic iqneba mxolod ramdenime produqtis

xazi, romelTagan yoveli SeiZleba Seicavdes mxolod

erT produqts.

kulturis organizaciebs, TavianT ZiriTad

produqtebTan erTad, aqvT saSualeba da SesaZlebloba

Seqmnan Tanmxlebi produqtebis seria, romlebic ZiriTad

produqtebTan iqnebian kavSirSi da mainc warmoadgenen

damoukidebeli produqtebis xazs. simfoniur orkestrs

SeuZlia momxmareblisaTvis sakoncerto abonementis

SeTavazeba, sakuTari repertuaris kompaqt-diskze Cawera

da amave dros sareklamo sagnebis, magaliTad, maisurebis

gayidva.

Tanmxlebi produqtebis gayidvebsa da marketingis

gamoyenebas, kulturis sferos sxvadasxva organizaciasTan

erTad, yvelaze warmatebiT, muzeumebi mimarTaven.

kulturis sferos organizaciebis marketingi

mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli auditoriis gafarToebisa

da amasTan, mudmivi momxmareblis cnebis Seqmnisa da

momxmarebelTan urTierTobis ganmtkicebis saqmianobasTan.

magaliTad, muzeumebs, mudmivi da droebiTi gamofenebis

CatarebasTan erTad, SeuZliaT SesTavazon saganmanaTleblo

da kulturuli RonisZiebebi, master–klasebis,

eqskursiebisa da konferenciebis CaTvliT. muzeumTa

nino sanadiraZe

23

umetesobas aqvs agreTve kafe, restorani da suvenirebis

maRazia. muzeumebis mier SemoTavazebuli gafarToebuli

produqtis narevisa da mTavar produqtTan urTierToba

saSualebas iZleva gazardos Semosavlebi da gazardos

damoukidebeli Semosavlebis SesaZlebloba. damoukidebeli

Semosavali dakavSirebulia kulturis sferos

organizaciebis unarTan, _ miiRos Semosavali sakuTari

Zalisxmevis xarjze, gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo saxsrebis

mozidvisa da subsidiebisagan, Semowirulobebisagan da a.

S. gansxvavebiT yvela im danarCeni saxsrebisagan, rasac

moziduli saxsrebi ewodeba. Semosavlebis damoukideblad

miReba gulisxmobs saxsrebis im wyaroebis gamoyenebas,

romlebic umeteswilad dakavSirebulia momxmarebelTa

momsaxurebasTan. msgavsi tipis saxsrebs miekuTvneba:

• Sesvlis safasuri / bileTis fasi;

• sacalo vaWroba – maRazia, an sasuvenire vaWroba;

• kvebis obieqtebi;

• ijaris safasuri;

• sxvadasxva RonisZiebis, prezentaciisa da

gansakuTrebuli RonisZiebebis mowyobiT miRebuli

Semosavlebi;

• saganmanaTleblo programebi;

• sagamomcemlo saqmianoba da informaciis

saSualebebi;

• saxelSekrulebo momsaxureba.

kulturis sferos obieqtebi (filmebi, gamofenebi,

wignebi, koncertebi da sxv.) ganixileba koordinirebuli

produqtis narevis saxiT, romelTa sxvadasxva nawiliT

vaWroba unda iyos urTierTgamaZlierebeli faqtorebi da

damatebiTi saxsrebis mosazidad Catarebuli RonisZiebebi.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi moqmedi muzeumebis ori mesamedi

Tavis momxmarebels sxvadasxva tipis momsaxurebas

sTavazobs: biblioTekas, arqivs, kino da sakonferencio

darbazs, suvenirebis maRazias da restorans an kafes da sxv.

garda zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebisa, kulturis

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

24

sferos produqti xasiaTdeba Semdegi gansakuTrebuli

gansxvavebebiTac:

• xarisxi da gansakuTrebuloba _ gansakuTrebuli

warmomavloba, istoriuli mniSvneloba da warmoebis

iSviaTi teqnologia;

• niSan-Tvisebebi _ masalis iSviaTi saxeoba da nivTis

eqskluziuri warmoeba, nivTis istoriuli mniSvneloba

da a. S.;

• produqtis stili da dizaini.

kulturis produqtebis ganzomileba _ garda

damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebisa, arsebobs kulturis

produqtis, rogorc nawarmoebis, ganxilvis sxvadasxva

xerxi, romelic kulturis produqtis mxatvruli

Rirebulebis sami ganzomilebiT xasiaTdeba da SedarebiTi,

teqnikuri da araZiriTadi, anu meorexarisxovani,

ganzomilebebis saxeliTaa cnobili.

SedarebiTi ganzomileba momxmarebels aZlevs

saSualebas sxvadasxva kriteriumze (dargi, Janri, istoria

da a. S.) dayrdnobiT ganixilos produqti gansazRvrul

konteqstSi. SedarebiTi kriteriumebis raodenoba izrdeba

an mcirdeba konkretuli momxmareblis gamocdilebis an

mis mier produqtis codnis Sesabamisad. es ganzomileba

gansazRvravs produqts, rogorc amJamad arsebul,

agreTve adre arsebul produqtTan SedarebiT. magaliTad,

Tanamedrove qoreografiis nawarmoebi SeiZleba Sefasdes

rogorc produqti imave programis sxva nomrebTan

SedarebiT, imave baletmaisteris sxva nawarmoebebTan an

cekvis sxva stilTan (moderni, jazi da sxva) SedarebiT.

xdeba Sefaseba imisa, Tu ra adgili ukavia produqts

konkretul bazarze, sad arsebobs an arsebobdnen sxva

produqtebi. urTierTkavSirebis es rTuli sistema

ganmartavs, ratomaa amdenad daujereblad rTuli

kritikosis amocana: man unda icodes yvela es sxvadasxva

aTvlis wertili. SedarebaTa sistemis sirTule xsnis,

agreTve, Tu ratomaa zogierTi kulturis produqti sxvaze

nino sanadiraZe

25

(meore produqtze) popularuli. magaliTad, saSualo

momxmarebeli adreuli asakidan ismens popularul musikas

da amgvarad wlebis ganmavlobaSi iZens gamocdilebas,

romelic axdens misi gemovnebis formirebas; sabaleto

warmodgena ki yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ar aris farTod

gavrcelebuli da amitom xelovnebis es forma saSualo

an SemTxveviTi momxmareblisaTvis naklebad gasagebia.

teqnikuri ganzomileba Seicavs produqtis teqnikur

da materialur komponentebs im saxiT, romliTac

momxmarebeli iRebs maT. es SeiZleba iyos TviT

produqti (skulptura), matarebeli (firfita an wigni)

an nawarmoebis Sesrulebis komponenti (speqtakli, Sou).

momxmarebeli, romelic yidulobs kompaqt-disks, iZens

mxatvruli nawarmoebis teqnikur ganzomilebas. magram

imave momxmarebels mayureblis saxiT SeuZlia naxos

(dainaxos) teqnikuri ganzomileba rogorc nawarmoebis

nawili, magram ar SeuZlia flobdes mas. nebismier

SemTxvevaSi teqnikuri ganzomileba gavlenas axdens

produqtis xarisxze. araZiriTadi anu meorexarisxovani ganzomileba

dakavSirebulia warmosaxviT garemoebebTan, romlebic

axlavs produqtis aRqmas. xelovnebis nawarmoebis orjer

sruliad erTnairad danaxva SeuZlebelia – erTi da

igive adamianisTvisac ki. momxmareblis aRqma produqtis

SefasebaSi warmoadgens Zireul da garduval komponents.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas im konteqstis aRqmazedac,

romelSic warmodgenilia produqti. magaliTad, peizaJi

sxvadasxvanairad gamoiyureba mzis Casvlisa da dRis

zecis fonze. ufro metic, personas, romelic aRiqvams

produqts, SeiZleba qondes sxvadasxva ganwyoba, fizikuri

mdgomareoba, garemo da sxva, romlebic gansazRvrul

rols TamaSobs produqtis saerTo aRqmaSi da gavlenas

axdens momxmareblis azrze.

kulturis sferos produqtebis maxasiaTeblebis da

sxvadasxva ganzomilebaze saubrisas mniSvnelovani da

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

26

gasaTvaliswinebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli garemoeba,

romelsac gansakuTrebuli anu cocxali garemoeba SeiZleba

vuwodoT da romliTac xasiaTdeba saSemsruleblo

xelovnebis sfero. miuxedavad imisa, rom momxmareblis

aRqma kulturis yvela produqtisaTvisaa mniSvnelovani

(kulturis sferos produqtebi maxasiaTeblebisa

da sxvadasxva ganzomilebis mixedviT), gansakuTrebul

rols TamaSobs saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi, sadac

msaxiobis ganwyobileba, misi fizikuri mdgomareoba da

mis mier mayureblisa Tu msmenelis reaqciis aRqma aseve

warmoadgens araZiriTad faqtorebs, romlebic gavlenas

axdenen produqtis xarisxze da kidev erTxel amtkiceben,

rom xelovnebis am saxeobaSi is ar SeiZleba iyos orjer

da metjer absoluturad erTnairi, da dasturdeba is

faqti, rom xelovnebis am saxeobaSi aRqmis xarisxi

ar SeiZleba iyos orjer an metjer absoluturad

erTnairi.

kulturis sferos produqtebis warmoebis

maxasiaTeblebi - kulturis sferos produqtebis

warmoebisas mniSvnelovani yuradReba eniWeba ekonomikis

ZiriTadi kanonebis codnasac, Tumca ar eqvemdebareba

mxolod da mxolod ekonomikur kanonebsa da wesebs.

kulturis sferos marTvisas mniSvnelovania kulturis

mmarTvelobiTi bunebis codnac, radganac menejmenti

kulturis sferoSi (mmarTvelobiTi funqcia) ar unda

moqmedebdes, mxolod momxmareblis moTxovnilebaTa

ganviTarebaze, aramed menejmentma unda Seqmnas pirobebi

ukve arsebuli moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.

kulturis produqtis sasicocxlo cikli _

samyaroSi, yvelaferi, adamianiT dawyebuli da warmoebuli

produqciiT damTavrebuli ibadeba, izrdeba da kvdeba.

cneba sasicocxlo ciklis produqtebis mimarTac

gamoiyeneba, radganac kacobriobis manZilze araerTi

produqti yofila aqtualuri da mniSvnelovani,

romlebic daviwyebas miscemia da istoriad qceula

nino sanadiraZe

27

(magaliTad, papirusi, kalami da samelne, gramofoni

da firsakravi da a. S.). mogvianebiT warmatebuli

produqtebi gamosayeneblad ufro moxerxebuli, ufro

efeqtiani produqtebiT Seicvala, romlebic ukeT

akmayofileben momxmareblis moTxovnebs, vidre maTi

winamorbedni. produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis kvlevebi

da warmodgenebi aucilebelia, radganac teqnologiebis

ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba rogorc momxmareblis

moTxovnileba, ise gemovnebac. teqnologiuri progresi

da gemovneba ori urTierTdakavSirebuli fenomenia,

romlebsac gavlena aqvT erTmaneTze da dakavSirebulia

warmoebuli produqtebis sicocxlisunarianobaze.

produqtis sasicocxlo cikli oTxi stadiisgan

Sedgeba da Znelia imis mtkiceba, Tu, romel stadiaze

aRmoCndeba produqti ama Tu im dros da romel fazaze

iqneba esa Tu is produqti warmatebuli.

• produqtis gatana bazarze;

• zrda;

• bazris gajereba;

• kleba - moTxovnilebis vardna.

bazarze gatana - produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis

ganxilvisas, axali produqtis bazarze gatana xasiaTdeba

neli gasaRebiT, finansuri danakargebiTa da konkurentebis

ararsebobiT. bazarze gatanis etapi SeuZlebelia

ganisazRvros, radganac garefaqtorebze da momxmarebelTa

gamoxmaurebazea damokidebuli. momxmareblis ZiriTadi

masa rac ufro male Seicvlis Tavis Cvevebs da

gaiTavisebs siaxles, miT ufro swrafad iqneba miRweuli

zrdis stadia. produqtis bazarze damkvidrebis procesi

SeiZleba Seneldes sxvadasxva gamomwvevi mizezis

gamo: es SeiZleba iyos gavrcelebisa da distribuciis

qseli, romelic zRudavs axal produqtTan miaxloebas,

konkurenti kompaniebis swrafi ganviTareba, analogiuri

produqtebis dawinaureba, maRali fasi, konservatuli

bunebis momxmarebeli, romlebic eWvis TvaliT uyurebs

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

28

siaxles, da sxva.

gamocdilebisa da bazris kvlevebis mixedviT, bazarze

produqtis yvelaze maRali gasayidi fasi bazarze

gatanis stadiaSi fiqsirdeba, _ rodesac mwarmoebels

uwevs gaweuli xarjebis dafarva. maRalia ara marto

saqonlis erTeulis warmoebis Rirebuleba, aramed gasayid

fass emateba produqtis garantiisa da momxmarebelTan

komunikaciis xarjebic (reklama, PR da a. S.). mwarmoebelma

aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos momxmareblis moTxovnebis

Sesabamisad warmoqmnili damatebiTi xarjebis procentic,

romelic SesaZloa moxmardes produqtis srulyofasa

da damuSavebas.

zrda - bazarze produqtis aTviseba zrdis stadiaSi

Sedis da ganixileba momxmarebelTa dainteresebis

mixedviT. axali produqtis ganxilvisa da bazarze

gatanis dros momxmarebelTa dainteresebis ricxvi ufro

mniSvnelovania, vidre gayiduli produqtis raodenoba.

moTxovnis gazrdis procesi SesaZlebels xdis iseTi

mniSvnelovani nabijebis SesaZleblobas, rogoricaa

fasis gazrda an daweva, SeTavazebebis arealis gazrda da

axali sareklamo kampaniis dawyeba. es stadia xasiaTdeba

gayidvebis da konkurenciis sakmaod didi gazrdiT, radgan

axla bazars SeuZlia SeiTavsos sxva konkurentebic. axali

momxmareblis gamoCena mwarmoebels aZlevs sakmarisi

SemuSavebis (mogebis) SesaZleblobas ise, rom safrTxe

ar Seuqmnas ukve arsebuli kompaniebis gasavlianobas.

am periodSi saqonlis samomxmareblo seqtorSi izrdeba

momxmareblis raodenoba da individualuri gamoyenebis

done.

am periodSi kompaniebs xvdeba sakmaod seriozuli

dilema: Rirs Tu ara moklevadiani Semosavlebidan

sargeblis miReba, Tu jobia es Semosavlebi Caidos

investiciebSi produqtis sasicocxlo ciklis Semdgom

stadiaze konkurenciis ukeTesi poziciis gamomuSavebis

imediT. meore variantis arCeviT, xelmZRvanelma SeiZleba

nino sanadiraZe

29

gadawyvitos: saerTo mogebidan raRac procenti Cados

produqtis srulyofaSi, gavrcelebis gzebis gafarToebaSi,

axali kategoriis momxmareblis moZiebaSi, saqonlis

dawinaurebisa da cnobadobis amaRlebisaTvis Catarebul

kampaniebSi da sxva. yvela am SemTxvevaSi miRebuli

mogeba moxmardeba kompaniis samomavlo mdgomareobis

gaumjobesebas.

gajereba - bazris gajerebis stadia, yovelTvis

grZeldeba ufro didxans, vidre wina stadiebi.

gajereba, _ es aris axali produqtis bazarze gatanis

procesi, rodesac potenciuri momxmareblis moTxovnebi

dakmayofildeba da saerTo moTxovnis niSnuli darCeba

erTsa da imave doneze.

gajerebis stadia SeiZleba daiyos sam periodad:

pirveli, – gajerebis zrda, rodesac realizaciis zrda

neldeba. am periodSi iseTi momxmareblebic ki, romelTac

eSiniaT da ar uyvarT siaxleebi, iwyeben produqtis

aTvisebas da uerTdebian mudmivi momxmareblis ricxvs,

romelTa ricxvic gajerebis procesSi izrdeba. meore

periodi, _ esaa periodi, rodesac produqtis realizeba

Cerdeba ZiriTadad Semcvleli saqonlis gayidviT.

mesame periodi, – gajerebis vardna, romelic xasiaTdeba

realizaciis moculobis uecari vardniT, radgan zogierT

momxmarebels ukve ainteresebs Semcvleli an axali

produqti.

moTxovnis vardna iwvevs konkurenciis sferoSi

seriozul Sedegebs. imisda miuxedavad, rom bazari

mTlianad gajerebulia, mudam Cndeba axali kompaniebi an

axali produqtebi, romlebic bazarze TavianTi adgilis

mopovebas cdiloben. konkurenciis mzardi intensiuroba

SedarebiT sust kompaniebs aiZulebs SeCerebas an axali

adgilis moZiebis aucileblobas.

sasicocxlo ciklis gajerebis stadiaze arsebuli

produqtis mniSvnelobisa da aucileblobis dadgena

arc ise advilia. Tumca, bazarze gatanis da zrdis

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

30

stadiis dadgena ufro martivia, vidre sxva stadiebSi.

magaliTad, rogor unda ganvasxvaoT realizaciis

droebiTi stabilizacia bazris gajerebis fazisagan?

diagnostikuri midgoma moicavs sam elements: produqtis

gavrcelebis done, bazris axali segmentebis mopovebis

SesaZlebloba da erT sulze moxmarebis moculoba. Tu

kompanias ar SeuZlia gazardos momxmareblis ricxvi

mocemul segmentSi da da veRar poulobs damatebiT,

ana axal segmentebs, romelTa interessac SeiZleba

warmoadgendes SeTavazebuli produqti da SeuZlebeli

xdeba erT sul momxmarebelze moxmarebis moculobis

gazrda, es niSnavs imas, rom sruli gajerebis zRvari

miRweulia.

vardna - sasicocxlo ciklis stadiaSi vardnis stadia,

yvelaze rTuli stadiaa, rac realizaciis droebiTi

Cavardnas gulisxmobs. vardnis statiis gamomwvevi bevri

mizezi SeiZleba arsebobdes: gare faqtorebi, informaciis

simwire, moumzadebloba, bazris arainformirebuloba

da sxva. problemis analizisas Cndeba kiTxva, rogor

ganvasxvaoT moTxovnis droebiTi daweva vardnisagan?

aseT gaurkvevlobas mivyavarT rTul Sedegebamde

gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu produqti arsebobs bazarze

sakmaod xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi. mTavari

indikatori, rasac vardnis stadiis diagnostikis dros

iyeneben, bazris analizi da kiTxvaa: arsebobs Tu ara

bazarze analogiuri, magram ukeTesi xarisxis produqti?

produqtis vardnis stadia, rogorc yovelTvis, maSin

miiRweva, rodesac bazari jerdeba ufro maRali xarisxis

msgavsi an analogiuri produqtebiT. aseTi indikatoris

SesaniSnavi magaliTia kompaqt-diski, romelmac

Tavdapirvelad Seaviwrova, mogvianebiT ki bazridan

mTlianad gaaqro firfita. aris SemTxvevebi rodesac arc

produqtis indikatoria absoluturad zusti kriteriumi:

bazris bevri mkvlevari fiqrobda, rom televizia

mTlianad Caanacvlebda da gadaaSenebda radios, dRes

nino sanadiraZe

31

fiqroben rom interneti da onlain sistemebi mTlianad

gaaqroben televiziebs an eleqtronuli produqtebi

da wignebi mTlianad gaaqroben gamomcemlobebsa da

wignebs, rogorc produqtebs, magram produqtis orive

kategoriebi Tanabrad arseboben, gankuTvnilni arian

momxmareblebis erTi da igive bazrisTvis, miuxedavad

erTnairi daniSnulebebisa, xasiaTdebian sxvadasxva

teqnikuri maxasiaTebliT, moTxovnebiTa da damokidebulia

momxmareblis gemovnebaze.

produqtis vardnis fazaSi mwarmoebelma SesaZloa

airCios sxvadasxva strategia: produqtis warmoebis

droebiT SeCereba, status qvo-s SenarCuneba an

strategiis Secvla, romelic iTvaliswinebs bazris

yvelaze sargeblian segmentebze poziciebis gaZlierebasa

da momxmareblis CarTulobis gazrdas.

produqtis Seqmna da riskebi - axali produqtis

Seqmna an gamoSveba, gulisxmobs damuSavebis mTel

process – produqtis ideas, teqnikur ganzomilebas,

warmoebis moculobas da fass. kulturis sferos

produqts, gansxvavebiT sxva danarCenni produqtebisgan,

romlebic yvela zemoT CamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebisagan

Sedgeba, emateba, _ Sefaseba – testireba, Sefasebas ki

kulturis sferos produqti mxolod bazarze gatanis

Semdeg iRebs. kritikuli procesis ganxilva xdeba ukve

imis Semdeg, roca mas gauSveben gasayidad, gaxsnilia

dasaTvaliereblad an Sesrulebulia mayureblis

TandaswrebiT. axali produqtis damuSaveba da marketingi

– seqtoris miuxedavad, TavisTavad gulisxmobs risks

da ramdenime mkafio Tanmimdevruli stadiisgan Sedgeba.

TiToeuli stadia. moiTxovs gadawyvetilebis miRebas,

romelTa analizisas menejeri an samuSao jgufi iRebs

gadawyvetilebas, mxolod produqtis ganzomilebebis

Sefasebis mixedviT (bazris analizisa da fasis kvlevis

gareSe), gaagrZelos produqtis damuSaveba Tu ara, radganac

SemoqmedebiTi procesi, romelic yvela mxatvruli

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

32

produqtis damuSavebas axasiaTebs, gansxvavdeba zogadad

produqtis Seqmnis procesebisgan. magaliTad, Teatrs

mxolod premieraze SeuZlia gaigos, rogor aRiqvams

speqtakls sazogadoeba. eqspertebic ki SeiZleba Secdnen

piesis komerciuli warmatebis winaswarmetyvelebaSi.

piesasa da speqtakls Soris didi gansxvavebaa, _ speqtakli

mza produqtia, sadac Semsruleblebis Semadgenloba,

sarepeticio procesi da reJisura da sxva faqtorebi

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen produqtze. arsebobs aseve

garkveuli elementebi, romlebic gars akravs mxatvruli

produqtis „warmoebas“, da warmatebasac, SeiZleba

gadaisinjos, magaliTad, sareklamo kampaniis elementebi.

zemoT ganxiluli yvela TvisebiTa da maxasiaTebliT

SeiZleba davaskvnaT Semdegi: produqtis gansazRvreba

ramdenime wesiT aris SesaZlebeli. produqti, _ es

aris sargeblis nakrebi myidvelis TvalsazrisiT.

produqtis aRwera misi teqnikuri parametrebisa an

simboluri faseulobis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli, rac,

sabolood realur an warmosaxviTi sargeblis nakrebs

warmoadgens.

produqti iyofa moxmarebisa da gamoyenebis mixedviT,

radganac produqtis cneba bevrad farToa, vidre ubralo

fizikuri realoba, gansxvaveba sxvadasxva produqtsa da

kulturis produqtebs Soris, Tanxlebi samsaxuriTa da

simboluri ganzomilebiT ganisazRvreba. kulturuli

produqti SeiZleba gansazRvro sami ganzomilebis

Tanaxmad: SedarebiTi, teqnikuri da meorexarisxovani

anu araZiriTadi ganzomileba;

kulturul produqtebs Zalian xSirad aRiqvamen

rogorc rTuls, imitom, rom maTTan dakavSirebulia

esTetikuri gageba, subieqturi, gauzomavi raodenobrivi

elementi, romelic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT gemovnebas,

mentalobasa da damokidebulebasac ki.

kulturuli produqtis sirTulis xarisxi SeiZleba

meryeobdes organizaciis misiidan damokidebulebaSi.

nino sanadiraZe

33

gamyidvelisTvis produqti SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodes

rogorc sargeblobis krebuli, romelsac aRiqvams

myidveli;

produqtis sasicocxlo cikli marketingis cnebis

wyaroa. is Cveulebrivad ganisazRvreba oTxi stadiiT:

produqtis bazarze gatana, ganviTareba, bazris gajereba,

moTxovnilebis vardna. kulturis organizaciebebisTvis,

produqtis sicocxlis unarianoba gansazRvrulia da misi

praqtikuli gamoyeneba gansakuTrebulad SezRudulia;

axali produqtis gamoSveba warmoadgens gansakuTrebul

risks, warmoeba kulturisa da xelovnebis seqtorebSi

unda ganvixiloT rogorc gansakuTrebulad sarisko

wamowyeba, radgan yvela produqti, am mimarTulebiT,

axal produqts warmoadgens. kulturis produqtebis

warmoebisas riski sami TvisebiT xasiaTdeba: pirveli

(magaliTad, Semsrulebel xelovnebebSi), _ SeuZlebelia

produqtis naxva da gamocda premieramde da warmoebisa

da sareklamo xarjebis gaReba xdeba brmad. meore, –

kulturis sferos produqtebis sicocxlis vada winaswar

aris gansazRvruli, miuxedavad maTi komerciuli

warmatebisa. mesame, – kulturis sferos produqti ar

inaxeba, rogorc mwarmoeblis, aseve momxmareblis mier,

ris Sedegadac izrdeba ara mxolod riskis done, aramed

rTuldeba konkurenciis problema.

1. James Heilbrun .The Economics of Art and culture. 2000.2. Iain Robertson . understanding international art markets and management 20053. Dr Paul du Gay. Production of Culture/Cultures of Production.1998.4. François Colbert, Jacques Nantel, Suzanne Bilodeau, J. Dennis Rich. Marketing culture and the arts.2006.

kulturis sferos produqtebi da saxeebi

34

universitetis

sadoqtoro programa

35

scenografiis istoria da

Teoria

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. qeTevan kinwuraSvili

36

L Llali gelaSvili

doqtoranturis III kursi

kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi

`qeTo da kote~

yaraCoxelTa samosis magaliTze

kinofilmi ,,qeTo da kote~ gadaRebulia 1948 wels a.

cagarelis komediis ,,xanuma~ da viqtor doliZis operis

,,qeTo da kote~ mixedviT. ,,qeTo da kote~ gadaiRes

reJisorebma: vaxtang tabliaSvilma da Salva gedevaniSvilma

siko faSaliSvilis scenaris mixedviT. musika aris

arCil kereseliZis da viqtor doliZisa. filmis mTavari

mxatvaria ioseb sumbaTaSvili, kostiumebisa – farnaoz

lapiaSvili. filmze agreTve, muSaobdnen mxatvrebi: kote

kvaliaSvili, evgeni maWavariani da qristesia lebaniZe.

kostiumebis mxatvroba filmis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani komponentia. mxatvarma didi Sroma gaswia

uamravi personaJisTvis rogorc mxatvrtul-istoriulad

gamarTlebuli, ise saxasiaTo Cacmulobis Sesaqmnelad.

farnaoz lapiaSvils, rogorc scenografs, gamoarCevs

konstruqciul da ferwerul saSualebaTa harmoniulad

Serwymis unari. kostiumebi filmSi naxatiT da faqturaTa

mravalferovnebiT unda Serwymoda interierebs, rekvizits,

dekoraciul garemos.

XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnis Tbilisi, sadac filmis

moqmedeba mimdinareobs, mravalferovani qalaqi iyo.

evropisa da aziis gasayarze mdebare qalaqSi erTmaneTs

erwymoda aRmosavluri da dasavluri motivebi, rac, cxadia,

saxasiaTo gamovlenas povebda CacmulobaSi. mxatvars

moeTxoveboda mravalferovani wyaroebis moZieba, Seswavla,

mxatvrulad gaazreba, rasac farnaoz lapiaSvilma

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRali profesionalizmiTa da

mxatvruli alRoTi gaarTva Tavi. filmisTvis Seqmnili

kostiumebidan gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa yaraCoxelTa

kostiumi.

37

kinofilmSi ,,qeTo da kote~ didi ostatoba gamoavlina

yaraCoxelTa jgufma. maRali Sefasebis Rirsia msaxiobTa

romantikuli paTosiT savse STagonebuli TamaSi, rac

koloritulobas matebs kinosuraTs, romelic filmis

warmatebis erT-erTi mizezia. yaraCoxelTa scenebi is

reJisoruli mignebaa, uromlisodac ar iqmneba xelovnebis

nawarmoebi.

yaraCoxelebis epizodma warmoSva siyvarulis poezia,

ramac films ganumeorebloba da mayureblis aRiareba

moutana. maRalmxatvruli RirsebebiT aRbeWdilma

epizodebma waruSleli STabeWdileba datova mayurebelze,

elvis siswrafiT gaikafa gza msmenelis gulisaken. aq

mxolod yaraCoxelTa serenadas anu, rogorc xalxi

uwodebs, muxambazis magaliTis dasaxelebac ki sakmarisia.

ganumeorebelia, agreTve yaraCoxelebis cekva SandlebiT,

romelic ise moswonebia iliko suxiSvils, romelic am

filmis qoreografiul nawilze muSaobda, rom Semdeg es

cekva ,,qarTuli xalxuri cekvis saxelmwifo ansamblis~’’

repertuarSi dautovebia.

originalurad gadawyvetili yaraCoxelTa epizodebi,

Tamamad unda mivakuTvnoT filmis saukeTeso kadrebs.

ramdeni gamomgonebloba da gemovneba gamoavlines filmis

damdgmelebma da kompozitorma. am WeSmaritad brwyinvale

scenaSi, raoden damajerebeli, gamomsaxveli, poeturi da

amasTan koloritulia yovelive es.

istoriulad yaraCoxeli darbaiseli, Caspandi,

gulmarTali, patiosani, raindi iyo. garegnulad ki

warmosadegi, mxarbeWiani, brge da pirbudaRi. yaraCoxeli

anu ,,yaraCoxeli~ niSnavs SavCoxians. isini xelosanTa

fenas warmoadgendnen (15, gv. 43).

rac Seexeba maT samoss, _ ecvaT Savi Salis Coxa,

grZelkaloebiani, moklenaoWiani da orCaqiani. Coxis

napirebi damuSavebuli iyo buzmentis brtyeli CafariSiT.

ecvaT agreTve axaluxi, ganieri Sarvlebi da waRebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom filmi `qeTo da kote~ Sav-

38

TeTria, yaraCoxelTa samosi faqturulad imdenad

metyvelia da detalebiT mdidari, rom feradovnebis

SegrZnebasac qmnis. Sesabamisi wyaroebis mokvlevis

da istoriuli cnobebis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze

saSualeba gveZleva cocxlad warmovidginoT es samosi da

maT feradovnebazec ki SeviqmnaT STabeWdileba. maT Coxis

Signidan ecvaT: wiTeli abreSumis doSluRgakeTebuli da

gulamoWrili perangi, zemodan ki Savi atlasis an satinis

wvrilnaoWiani axaluxi, romelic gverdze ikvreba. Rilebi

ki yaiTnis hqondaT. rac meti Rili hqonda mas, miT ufro

lazaTianad iTvleboda. axaluxs sami jibe hqonda – ori

garedan da erTi Signidan. saerTod axaluxi ikereboda

wiTeli feris.

yaraCoxelTa Coxa ori saxis iyo: naoWiani da unaoWo.

gulze marjvniv da marcxniv gakeTebuli hqonda sakvesebi.

am sakvesebSi qalis naxevari TiTi Tu Caeteoda. mas

ar xmarobdnen. es ise, Snos gulisTvis iyo gakeTebuli.

Coxa arasodes ikvreboda, ise iyo Sekerili, rom piri

pirs ar unda misdeboda da Coxis qveS axaluxi unda

gamoCeniliyo.

filmSi yaraCoxels ganieri Sarvali acvia. maTi

Sarvali gansakuTrebiT qobaCi Savi Salisagan ikereboda,

TavebSi abreSumis foCebiani xonjari hqondaT gayrili.

Sarvlis farTo totebi Signidan hqondaT Camagrebuli,

sacveTebis CarCubaRebSi. saSarvle qsovilebs iZendnen

daRestneli lekebisagan. Sarvals sabumiani erqva. misi

ube sami naWrisagan ikereboda. saSinaod icvamdnen qoSebs,

sagareod xmarobdnen yafaRian waRebs.

yaraCoxelTa samkauli iyo vercxlis gobakebiani

qamari, qamarSi ki wiTeli baRdadi hqondaT Camagrebuli.

Tavze galibandis qudi exuraT, welSi vercxlis Cibuxi

da CibuxisaTvis qisa-weqoTi ekeTaT. yvela yaraCoxeli

atarebda ulvaSs.

qarTuli samosi odiTganve xasiaTdeboda Tavisi

individualurobiTa da momxibvlelobiT. SeiZleba

lali gelaSvili

39

iTqvas, rom am niSanTvisebebs XVII saukunemde ufro

mdgradad inarCunebda eri. am periodSi qarTlis samefos,

xelisuflebis saTaveSi modis rostom-xani, romelmac

qarTul samefo sistemaSi umtkivneulod SeZlo iranuli

Tanamdebobebis SemoReba. aman, raRa Tqma unda, asaxva

hpova qarTul samosSic. magaliTad, gavrcelda xalaTebi

gverdze SeWrili, farTo mklavebiT da a. S., rac qarTuli

kostiumisaTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli. imave periods

ukavSirdeba yaraCoxelTa fenis gaCena. istorikosebis

azriT, isini iraneli sazogadoebis `raindebis~

STamomavlebi iyvnen. amis safuZvels maTi cxovrebis

wesi da Cacmuloba iZleoda. maT hqondaT Tavisi droSa,

Tavisi wesi, wesdeba da rac mTavaria, kultura. vercxlis

qamari, romelsac isini atarebdnen iyo maTi simdidre.

ambobdnen, rom maT qamars unda `daemarxa~ isini. omi

iyo da omobdnen, mSvidoba iyo da Sromobdnen, leqsebsac

Txzavdnen, mRerodnen, cekvavdnen da qeifobdnen kidec.

zemoT warmodgenilma yaraCoxelTa samosma, rogorc

werilobiTi wyaroebic adastureben da rac naTlad

Cans ekranidan, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli yaraCoxelTa

rolis Semsrulebel msaxiobebs, Zalze dasamaxsovrebeli

saxasiaTo saxis SeqmnaSi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, isic Tu

rogor exmareba filmSi ara marto msaxiobebs, aramed

mocekvaveTa dass samosi plastikaSi, ra haerovnad

moZraoben isini am samosSi gamowyobilni.

filmSi ,,qeTo da kote’’ ara marto ama Tu im interieris

garegnuli saxe, gmiris profesia, sazogadoebrivi

mdgomareoba, midrekilebebi, xasiaTi da a.S. aramed yoveli

kostiumi, fexsacmeli, sagani Tu aqsesuari laparakobs

mis mflobelze. rom ara, profesionali mxatvris Tvali

da gemovneba, mxolod garemo da rekviziti ar iqneboda

sakmarisi, piriqiT, es sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda cudad

asaxuliyo kinosuraTze, magram farnaoz lapiaSvilma,

SeZlo daecva sazRvari fufunebasa da TavSekavebulobas

Soris, mxatvarma SeZlo sxvadasxva socialuri fenisa

kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi

`qeTo da kote~ yaraCoxelTa samosis magaliTze

40

Tu klasis interesebi, Cvevebi kostiumebSi gadmoeca da

amave dros, SeZlo tradiciuli Strixebis SenarCunebac

ratom aRafrTovanebs XX saukuneSi mayurebels

kinofilmi da ratom aris ase aqtualuri isev? Cveni azriT

mxatvarma maRal doneze gadmosca imdroindeli realuri

kostiumi, amave dros man SeZlo sakuTari TvalTaxedva

didi gemovnebiTa da sifrTxiliT gadaetana masSi,

kostiumi gaexada stilizeburi da cocxali. msaxiobebi

ki ar acocxleben filmis kostiumebs, aramed kostiumebi

exmarebian msaxiobebs yoveli kadri Tu mizanscena iyos

harmoniuli, originaluri da ganumeorebeli,

kinofilmis mxatvrul warmosaxvaSi didi roli iTamaSa

Tbilisis XIX saukunis epoqis arqiteqturulma fonma

da ioseb sumbaTaSvilis mxatvrobam. epoqis SegrZnebasa

da Secnobas, kargad da sworad aRwevs kinonawarmoebSi

mxatvari.

maxvil-gonivrulma, SemoqmedebiTma unarma, im periodis

qalaqisa da sazogadoebrivi formaciis kargma codnam,

mdidarma fantaziam da agreTve sxvadasxva xelwerisa

da individualurobis mxatvrebs misca saSualeba,

kinofilmisaTvis „qeTo da kote“ SeeqmnaT konkretuli

realuri garemo XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebisa, rogorc

dekoraciebis, aseve kostiumis TvalsazrisiT. romelic

kinoxelovnebis masalisadmi XX saukunis pirveli

naxevris damokidebulebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. swored es

iyo erTaderTi swori gza gamovleniliyo da filmSi

asaxuliyo realuri burJuaziuli yofa cxovreba, qalaqis

iersaxe da im epoqis realuri samosi, romelic Semdeg

mivida kinokostiumamde.

gamovlinda kinokostiumis gadawyvetis sxvadasxva

dekoratiuli SesaZleblobebi, rac ar aris martivi da

gacilebiT rTulia vidre naturalizmi da foto masalis

aRdgena.

filmSi xatovnad aris asaxuli, rTuli masobrivi

– saxalxo scenebi. maxvili kompoziciuri alRo

lali gelaSvili

41

karnaxobda filmze momuSave mxatvrebs, kadris gabedul

agebas, xolo faqizad gaazrebuli mravalferovani

gadawyveta, mTlianad daeqvemdebara moqmedebis emociuri

atmosferos gaxsnas, Seesityva moqmed pirTa saxeebs.

scenebis dekoraciul gadawyvetaSi ki filmis mxatvrebi

iswrafvodnen gamoevlinaT yvelaze mTavari ama Tu im

movlenaSi.

rom ara „qeTo da kotes~ mxatvroba, kinematografSi

gadasuli mxatvris SemoqmedebiTi Taviseburebani:

dinamikis, riTmisa da moZraobis mZafri SegrZneba,

mayurebeli ver CaerTveboda moqmedebaSi da ver gaxdeboda

misi uSualo monawile.

am filmma gauZlo dros swored imitom rom

SemoqmedebiTma jgufma SeZlo yoveli drois mayureblis

filmSi Tanamonawileoba. am SemoqmedebiT jgufSi ki,

erT-erTi umTavresi roli mxatvrebs ekuTvniT, udaoa

mxatvris roli filmze muSaobisas konkretulad am

filmis mxatvroba da misi genialuri ganmxorcieleblebi

rom ara, „qeTo da kote“ ver iqneboda iseTi sicocxlis

unariani, rogoric aris.

reJisorebis, operatorisa da mxatvrebis mWidro

TanamSromlobam ganapiroba plastikuri enis Rrma

gamomsaxveloba, epoqisa da komikuri yofis WeSmariti,

cxovrebiseuli saxis Seqmna, ramac didad Seuwyo xeli

filmis esTetikuri koncefciis poeturad gadmocemas.

n. uruSaZe. Teatris samyaroSi. farnaoz lapiaSvili, Tbilisi, 1. 1982, gv. 50.

i. griSaSvili. Zveli Tbilisis literaturuli bohema, 2. baTumi, 1986. gv 14-49.

T. gersamia. Zveli Tbilisi, Tbilisi, 1984. gv. 379.3. c. bezaraSvili. g. jalabaZe. qarTuli xalxuri tansacmeli, 4.

kostiumebis mxatvroba kinofilmSi

`qeTo da kote~ yaraCoxelTa samosis magaliTze

42

Tbilisi, 1988. gv. 22.

l. molodini. g. CaCaSvili. qarTuli kostiumis katalogi 1 5. xevsuruli, Tbilisi, 1964. gv. 158.

l. gelaSvili. msoflio modis ilustrirebuli enciklopedia, 6.

Tbilisi, gamomcemloba „imperia“ 2006. gv. 408.

N

lali gelaSvili

43

dramis reJisura

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. giorgi margvelaSvili,

prof. vasil kiknaZe

44

nino lipartiani

doqtoranturis III kursi

filosofiuri postmodernizmi

ukve ramdenime aTwleulia, rac midis gacxarebuli

kamaTi postmodernizmze, am fenomenis arsze, misi

warmoSobis adgilsa da mizezebze, mis mimarTebaze

modernizmTan.Pam diskusiaSi monawileTa Soris

azrTa sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva, Tumca, miuxedavad

amisa, Camoyalibda am movlenis garkveulwilad

myari daxasiaTebac. gamoikveTa postmodernis mTeli

rigi gavleniani Teoretikosi, dagrovda teqstebis

mniSvnelovani raodenoba, sadac analizi ukeTdeba

postmodernistul situacias.

cneba `postmodernizmi~, `postmoderni~,

`postmodernistuli~ Tanamedrove xelovnebaSi

garkveuli mimarTulebisa da koncefciis aRmniSvnelad

da tendenciebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba. am cnebebs

iyeneben politikaSi, religiaSi, eTikaSi, filosofiaSi,

isini aseve kulturis periodizaciisTvisac gamoiyeneba.

gaCnda aucilebloba mTlianobasa da urTierTkavSirSi

gaazrebuliyo kulturaSi mimdinare procesebi,

cvlilebebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, ekonomikur

struqturebSi, yvelaferSi, rasac xSirad modernizacias,

postindustriul, samomxmareblo sazogadoebas

uwodeben.

postmodernizmis, postmodernis gansazRvra, rogorc

Teoretikosebis da mkvlevrebis umetesoba amtkicebs,

SeiZleba mxolod `modernizmTan~ socialur-

istoriul konteqstSi moxdes. `postmodernizmi~

aRiqmeba, rogorc ambivalenturi termini, romelic

niSnavs modernizmis, rogorc gagrZelebas, aseve

gadalaxvas. am TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben terminebs

45

`postmoderni~, rogorc modernizmis, filosofiuri

safuZvlebis revizia da `postmodernizmi~, – rogorc

modernizmis xelovnebis gadaxedva. postmodernis

fenomeni, rogorc specifikuri reaqcia wina periodis

kulturis damkvidrebul formebze, evropisa da

amerikis mowinave qveynebSi aRmocenda. amerikeli

Teoritikosis f. jeimisonis azriT, postmodernis

gamoCena SeiZleba omis Semdgomi periodiT daTariRdes,

kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi _ 1940-1950

wlebiT. safrangeTSi postmodernis formireba mexuTe

respublikis damyarebas (1958 w.) daemTxva.1 miuxedavad

amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `postmodernizms samSoblo

ar gaaCnia~, – ase amtkicebs amerikeli Teoretikosi

d. silvermani. dRes postmodernistuli situacia

kulturaSi mTels msoflioSi SeiniSneba, xolo

yvelaze `postmodernistul~ qveyanad J. derida

iaponias asaxelebs.

postmodernizmis dRevandelobasTan yvelaze

daaxloebuli ganmarteba arnold toinbim daamkvidra,

rogorc dasavleTevropuli kulturis ganviTarebis

etapi, romelic 1875 wels daiwyo.

am termins XX saukunis pirveli naxevris

sxvadasxva avtorTan vxdebiT: 1934 wels espaneli

literaturaTmcodne federiko de onisa saubrobs

postmodernizmze, romelic literaturis istoriaSi

ganixileba rogorc gardamavali faza (1905-1914 ww.)

`modernizmsa~ da e. w. `ultramodernizms~ Soris.2

yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria sxvadasxva saxis

movlenaze. ufro gamokveTili azri postmodernizmis

Sesaxeb mxolod mogvianebiT Camoyalibda. am fenomenis

mkvlevarebis umetesoba ixreba iqiT, rom postmoderni

aRmocenda mxatvruli kulturis farglebSi da ukve

mogvianebiT gamoixata sxva sferoebSi – filosofiaSi,

politikaSi, religiasa, Tu mecnierebaSi.3

46

postmodernis wamyvani Teoretikosi J. f. liotari

Tvlis, rom sazogadoebis gadasvla postindustriul

epoqaSi 1950-iani wlebis bolos daiwyo. Tavis

naSromSi ̀ pasuxi SekiTxvaze: ra aris postmodernizmi~,4

habermasTan polemikaSi, is ganmartavs, rom modernis

proeqti ki ar dasrulda, aramed daimsxvra, ganadgurda

da likvidirebul iqna. swored am movlenis

aRsaniSnavad iyenebs igi simbolos `osvencimi~, –

danaSaulisas, romelic postTanamedroveobas xsnis.

am simbolos igi imisTvis iyenebs, rom xazi gausvas

diskursebis konfliqtis saSiSroebas da survils

erTi Janris diskursma daiqvemdebaros meore, rasac

aucileblad totalitarizmamde mivyavarT. naSromSi

`postmodernizmis mdgomareoba~ (1979 w.) liotari

aRwers postTanamedrove codnis Taviseburebebs,

romelic orientirebulia ara SeTanxmebaze, konsensusze,

aramed azrTa sxvadasxvaobaze ̀ paralogiaze~. liotaris

msjelobaSi amosavali punqti aris survili, `rogor

gadaarCinos azrovnebis Rirseba osvencimis Semdeg~.

postmoderni liotarTan ar aris modernis

antiTeza, is aucileblad modernsac moicavs da

warmoadgens modernis nawils. liotari Tvlis, rom

TavsarTi `post~ Zalian xSirad iwvevs gaugebrobas

statiaSi `pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris postmoderni?~

(1982 w.), is gvTavazobs ganvixiloT TavsarTi `post~

ara rogorc gagrZeleba, aramed rogorc dabruneba,

anamnezi, kulturis ganviTarebis winamdebare periodis

gadaxedva.5 mogvianebiT, Tavis gamosvlaSi, romelic

gamoqveynda saTauriT `redaqtirebuli moderni~, is

miuTiTebs imaze, rom dasaxeleba TavsarTis gareSe

misTvis gacilebiT metad misaRebia, vidre postmoderni

da postmodernizmi, radgan amiT iridebs saSiSroebas

ganixilos postmoderni, rogorc modernis antiTeza,

piriqiT, igi Tvlis, rom postmoderni ukve modernSive

nino lipartiani

47

iwyebs arsebobas, amitom postmoderni aris ara modernis

dasasruli, ara axali epoqa, aramed modernis Semdgomi

ganaxlebis stadia. moderni agrZelebs Tavis ganviTarebas

postmodernTan erTad. modernis antiTeza aris ara

postmoderni, aramed klasika. liotari darwmunebulia,

rom dRes Tanamedroveobis `gadawera~ warmoadgens

aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonili

iqneba modernis redaqtireba, ris Semdegac SesaZlebeli

gaxdeba visaubroT epoqis dasasrulze da momdevno

periodis dasawyisis daTariRebaze.6

am azrs iziareben sxva dasavleli filosofosebic,

kerZod v. strada, romelic ganixilavs postmodernizms,

rogorc modernis fazas XX sauknis bolos da xazs

usvams, rom TavsarTi `post~ aris is, rac modernSi

aRwevs kritikul gacnobierebas, rogorc Tavisi

warsulis, aseve rTuli siaxlisa.7

r. rosti Tvlis, rom filosofosebi unda

gaurbodnen cdunebas gaxdnen `cvlilebebis agentebi~,

piriqiT filosofosis daniSnulebas xedavs imaSi,

rom Zvelisa da axlis Sejereba moaxdinos, gaxdes

samarTliani Suamavali Taobebs Soris, tradiciebsa

da kulturulad aqtiur sferoebs Soris. swored am

SemTxvevaSi iqneba SesaZlebeli mivaRwioT garkveul

kulturul kosmopoliss.8 amave azrs iziareben r.

bernstaini, f. jeimisoni, p. de mani da sxvebi.

Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom postmoderni,

ubralod, gansxvavdeba modernisagan. misi Sinaarsi

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris axali. is moiazrebs ara

siaxles, aramed pluralizms da am pluralizms aqvs

Tavisi antikuri da Suasaukuneebis formebic. siaxled

SeiZleba CaiTvalos is, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi is

gaxda dominanti da es ganasxvavebs XX saukunis

postmoderns modernisagan, radgan Tu adre pluralizmi

aucilebeli iyo mxolod zogierT sferoSi, axla is

sayovelTao da radikaluria.

filosofiuri postmodernizmi

48

Sesabamisad, liotarma Seqmna postmodernis

formulireba modernTan damokidebulebaSi.

`postmoderni gansazRvravs Tavis mdgomareobas ara

modernis Semdeg an masTan opoziciaSi, aramed piriqiT,

is ukve masSi arsebobs, modernSivea Cadebuli~.9 es

motivebi, romelic aqamde dafaruli formiT arsebobda,

axla ganmsazRvreli gaxda. i. vitgenSteini Tavis

filosofiur kvlevebSi eTxoveba monoTeistur

azrovnebas da gzas uTmobs gardauval, mravalmxriv

enobriv TamaSebs. is propagandas uwevs e. w. popurs,

yvelafris aRrevas, garkveul `inteleqtualur

disneilends~. es aris mravalferovnebis yalbi forma,

sadac yvelaferi ganurCevlad erT masaSi ireva.

filosofiam pluralizmi Seafasa, rogorc

pozitiuri xedva. dRes ukve naTelia, rom filosofiuri

postmodernizmi xdeba meTodologiuri RerZi, romelic

bolo aTwleulSi Seiqmna da xeli Seuwyo kulturaSi

arsebuli situaciis gaazrebas. wina epoqebisgan

gansxvavebiT Cveni epoqa SeiZleba ganisazRvros

rogorc `mravalmxrivi dialogis~ epoqa. mravalmxrivi

imitom, rom dialogi xdeba `kulturis arsebobis

universaluri, yovlismomcveli saSualeba~.

gansakuTrebul pozicias postmodernistul

mkvlevrebSi ikavebs J. bodriari Tavisi naSromebiT,

romlebic eTmoba krizisuli movlenebis mTel speqtrs,

rac XX saukunis kulturas axlda. igi Seexo

adamianis sulieri da praqtikuli moRvaweobis yvela

sferos – ekonomikas, politikas, warmoebas, religias,

fsiqologias da xelovnebas. Tanamedrove kulturis

bevr Taviseburebas bodriari simulakris koncefciaSi

xedavs - `simboluri gacvla da sikvdili~ (1976 w.).

simulakrSi is moiazrebs saxes, romelic STanTqavs

realobas. simulakri Cndeba kulturis ganviTarebis

mxolod garkveul etapze.

nino lipartiani

49

rogorc bodriari amtkicebs, sazogadoeba gadadis

siyalbis epoqaSi. is gamoyofs simulakris sam dones.

simulakris pirvel doned miiCnevs e. w. `TabaSiris

miRwevebs~. barokos xelovnebaSi, taZrebsa da

sasaxleebSi TabaSiri yvelanairi masalis imitacias

axdens. es ukve xelovnuri niSnebis demokratiis

triumfs gvamcnobs. simulakris sawyis etapze,

TabaSiris simulakrs funqcionaluri daniSnuleba

aqvs da efeqtis moxdenazea gaTvlili. Sedegad, is

erTferovani da mosawyenia. bodriari simulakris

pirvel da meore dones ganasxvavebs da `radikaluri

mutaciis process~ uwodebs.

simulakris meore dones warmoadgens warmoebis

teqnikuri epoqa, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

seriuloba. pirvelad es movlena v. beniaminma

gaaanaliza statiaSi ̀ xelovnebis nawarmoebi teqnikuri

gamomsaxvelobis epoqaSi~.

beniaminma teqnologiur warmoebaSi sruliad axali

formebi gamoikveTa. warmoebis procesSi is xedavda

sistemas, romelic Sepyrobilia gauTavebeli warmoebis

cieb-cxelebiT, rasac mesame donis simulakramde

mivyavarT, sadac xdeba yvelanairi formebis modelireba.

modelis sizustes didi mniSvneloba eniWeba.

beniaminis wignSi `borotebis gulaxdiloba: esse

eqstremalur fenomenebze~ Sefasebulia simulaciis

mdgomareoba, Cven ganwirulni varT gadaviTamaSoT

yvela scenari, rac ki odesme Seqmnila. Cven vcxovrobT

gauTavebeli idealebis reproduqciaSi, fantaziebsa da

ocnebebSi, romelTa originalebi warsulSi darCa. ̀ gaqra

progresis idea, magram progresi grZeldeba~,10 – wers

bodriari. gaqra simdidris idea, romelic amarTlebda

warmoebas. TviTon warmoeba ki ganagrZobs arsebobas,

ufro meti aqtivobiT, vidre aqamde. politikur sferoSi

gaqra politikis idea, Tumca politikuri TamaSi

filosofiuri postmodernizmi

50

grZeldeba. yoveli mxridan vxedavT seqsualurobis

sikvdils, sadac gaurkveveli aseqsualuri arsebebi

ubralo erTjeradi gayofiT mravldebian.

bodriari aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove kultura

gadatvirTulia. kacobriobas aRar Seswevs Zala

moiSoros dagrovili xlami. kultura transis

mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. misi azriT kacobriobas da

Tanamedrove kulturas aRar Seswevs unari moZebnos

ganviTarebis Tundac erTi pozitiuri impulsi.

modernizmis triumfalurma svlam ver moaxerxa

adamianis faseulobebis transformacia, samagierod

moxda faseulobebis gafantva _ involucia. amis Sedegi

gaxda `totaluri konfuzia~.

J. derida `Tanamedroveobis gadalaxvas moiazrebs

tradiciuli msoflmxedvelobis dekonstruqciiT~.

Ggrifinis azriT ki, saboloo jamSi, dekonstruqciuli

postmodernizmi midis relativizmsa da nihilizmamde.

amis alternativa aris konstruqciuli da

reviziuli postmodernizmi, romelic miiswrafvis

gadalaxos modernizmi. magram ara dekonstruqciis,

aramed postTanamedrove azrovnebis konstruqciis

gziT. konstruqciuli postmodernizmi Tvlis, rom

Tanamedrove epoqasac aqvs pozitiuri miRwevebi,

romlebsac ver uarvyofT.11

postmodernizmi Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens dasavluri

civilizaciis mravalmxriv Teoriul anarekls,

gansakuTrebiT kulturisa da filosofiis sferoSi.

kulturuli postmodernizmisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

struqturuli mravalferovneba. postmodernizmi mzad

aris ganWvritos momavali da moZebnos kacobriobis

gadarCenisa da xsnis gza. am kuTxiT filosofosebis

amocana aris ara marto axsnas gansxvaveba Zvels da

axals Soris, aramed daexmaros kacobriobas momavlis

SeqmnaSi

nino lipartiani

51

1. f jeimisoni.,postmodernizmi da momxmarebeli

sazogadoeba// xelovnebaTmcodneobis kiTxvebi.

2. ix. velSi., ”postmoderni”. erTi sadavo cnebis

geneologia da mniSvneloba

3. giddensi e., modernitis Sedegebi// axali

postindustrialuri talRa dasavleTSi. anTologia.

4. ix. J.-f. liotari pasuxi kiTvaze: ra aris postmoderni?

5. ix.: J.f. liotari SeniSvnebi “post”-is gagebaze

6. ix. : J.f. liotari SeniSvnebi “post”-is gagebaze

7. v. strada modernizacia da postmodernuloba

8. r. rorti filosofia da momavali// filosofiis

sakiTxebi.

9. J. f. liotari postmodernis mdgomareoba.

10. ix. : v. beniamini, xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri

aRdgenis epoqaSi. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi.

dekonstruqtivizmi. postmodernizmi.

11. i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi.

postmodernizmi

Джеймисон Ф. Постмодернизм и потребительское общество // • Вопросы искусствознания.XI (2/97). С.54- См.: Вельш В. «Постмодерн». Генеалогия и значение одного • спорного понятия//Путь. 1992. № 1. С.109–136. Гидденс Э. Последствия модернити // Новая • постиндустриальная волна на Западе. Антология. М., Academia. 1999. С. 109.[11] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Ответ на вопрос: что такое • постмодерн? // Ежегодник Ad Marginem,93. М., 1994. C. 320.[12] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» // • Иностранная литература. 1994. С. 58.

filosofiuri postmodernizmi

52

[14] См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» // • Иностранная литература. 1994. № 1. С. 56-59.Страда В. Модернизация и постмодерность // Академические • тетради. № 2. С. 34.[20] Рорти Р. Философия и будущее // Вопросы философии. • 1994. № 6. С. 33. [9] [17] Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Состояние постмодерна. С. • ix. : v. beniamini, xelovnebis nawarmoebi misi teqnikuri •

aRdgenis epoqaSi.

i. ilini, poststruqturalizmi. dekonstruqtivizmi. •

postmodernizmi.

53

Mmaia Sengelia

Ddoqtoranturis III kursi

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~

genezisisaTvis

sareJisoro eqsplikaciis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

nawilia nawarmoebis literaturuli analizi. marTalia

dramis Teoriis sakiTxebis trafaretuli gamokvlevebis

mimarT k. stanislavski Tavis skepticizms ar malavda

da ambobda, rom `am gamzadebuli trafaretis mixedviT

pirvel moqmedebaSi unda iyos kvanZis Sekvra an eqspozicia,

meoreSi – ganviTareba, mesameSi – kulminacia, meoTxeSi –

movlena, romelic kvanZis gaxsnas amzadebs da mexuTeSi

– kvanZis gaxsna da morali~,1 magram iqve aRniSnavda:

`literaturuli analizi ar Sedis Cemi kompetenciis

sferoSi. me mxolod SemiZlia visurvo, rom gamoCndes

specialisti artistebis dasaxmareblad da SeimuSaos,

Seqmnas meTodi, romelic Seamsubuqebs samuSaos da

mimarTulebas miscems piesisa da rolis literaturul

analizs... aucilebelia misdio avtors mis mier gakvalul

gzaze, raTa ara marto gaigo, aramed ganicado kidec

poetis amocanebi da miznebi...

artistma-xelovanma, unda icodes piesis agebuleba, mas

unda SeeZlos imTaviTve miakvlios piesis literaturuli

organizmis mTavar mamoZravebel centrebs, romlebSic

erTad gamonaskvulia poetis poeturi qmnilebis yvela

ZarRvi.~2

literaturuli analizi, garda dramis Teoriis

wminda teqnikuri sakiTxebisa (eqspozicia, kvanZis Sekvra,

ganviTareba, kulminacia, kvanZis gaxsna da a. S.), moicavs

informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel literaturul

1. Станиславский К. С. Т.5. М. 1957. gv. 461-462;2. iqve.

54

mimdinareobas ekuTvnis mocemuli nawarmoebi, rodis

da ra pirobebSi daiwera igi, ra iyo misi Seqmnis

maprovocirebeli movlena. literaturuli analizi

moicavs aseve masalas mwerlis biografiisa da epoqis,

nawarmoebSi asaxuli epoqis, filosofiuri azrovnebis,

arqiteqturis, mxatvrobis, modis, musikis, cekvis,

aqsesuarebis, avejis Sesaxeb. literaturuli analizis

dros xdeba personaJTa qmedebis fsiqologiuri analizi,

fsiqoanalizis elementebis (narcisizmi, oidiposisa

da eleqtras kompleqsi, totemizmis gamovlineba,

homoseqsualizmi da sxva.) aRmoCena, personaJTa

tipologiis dadgena (iungis tipologiis mixedviT),

astrologiuri analizi (sxvadasxva horoskopis

safuZvelze), niSandobliobis (naklis, tikis da sxva.)

analizi.Lliteraturuli analizis umniSvnelovanesi

nawilia nawarmoebis miTologiuri da religiuri

analizi, miTologiuri da sxvadasxva religiaTa

danaSrevis aRmoCena da maTi mniSvneloba personaJTa

qmedebis motivaciaSi.Yyvelaferi es saSualebas gvaZlevs

ganvsazRvroT momavali speqtaklis Janri, grZnobaTa

buneba, TamaSis xerxi, forma, sawyisi movlena, romelic

Tavis mxriv gansazRvravs personaJTa qmedebis motivacias

da Sesabamisad sworad amovxsnaT nawarmoebis fabula.

literaturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnis peripetiebi,

garkveul asaxvas povebs rogorc TviT am nawarmoebSi, ise

im speqtaklis formis xasiaTSic, romlis safuZvelsac

igi warmoadgens.

Seqspiris Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebuli

mniSvneloba eniWeba im pirvelwyaroebs, romelze

dayrdnobiTac didi dramaturgi qmnida sakuTar

qmnilebebs.Aam sakiTxis siRrmiseuli kvlevisas,

kvlav da kvlav wamoiWreba xolme skeptikosTa mier

manipulirebadi `avtorobis~ Tema.Mmagram am naSromSi

am problemas ar SevexebiT. aRvniSnav mxolod, rom

maia Sengelia

55

Seqspiri gviani Suasaukuneebis tipuri warmomadgenelia

da isic iseTive wesebiT xelmZRvanelobda xelovnebaSi,

rogorc imdroindeli msoflios araerTi avtori.

Sors rom ar wavideT, amis sailustraciod rusTavelis

`vefxistyaosanic~ kmara.

`vefxistyaosnis~ prologSi avtori garkveviT

ambobs:

`ese ambavi sparsuli, qarTulad naTargmanebi,

viT margaliti oboli, xelis-xel sagogmanebi,

vpove da leqsad gardavTqvi, saqme vqmen saWoWmanebi.

Cemma xel-mqmnelman dammarTos laRman da lamazman

nebi.~3

rogorc vxedavT, rusTavels sruliadac ar miaCnia

saZraxisad, rom sparsul ambavs gviyveba, sxvisgan ukve

SeTxzulsa da naambobs.Mmagram iqve, erTi taepiT win,

didi mgosani sakuTar damsaxurebasac aRniSnavs:

`mo, davsxdeT, tarielisTvis cremli gvdis ar-

SeSrobili,

misebri marT dabadebiT vinmca yofila Sobili! D

davje, rusTvelman gavleqse, misTvis gul-laxvar-

sobili,

aqamdis ambad naTqvami, aw margalitad wyobili.~4

rogorc vxedavT, rusTavels sakuTar Rirsebad aqamde

ambad naTqvamis leqsad Txroba miaCnia.

amdenad, Sua saukuneebSi msgavsi SemTxvevebi mravlad

iyo mTels msoflioSi.Aamasve aRniSnavs qarTveli

Seqspirologi n. yiasaSvilic: `Seqspiris droindeli

Teatris repertuari savse iyo antikuri siuJetebiTa

da TviT adre arsebuli piesebidan aRebuli calkeuli

dramatuli situaciebiT.Ees ukve garkveul tradiciad

iqca da Seqspiris mier am Temebisa da siuJetebis

gamoyenebis faqti, TavisTavad tradiciisaTvis valis

3. rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb. 1986. gv. 10.

4. iqve.

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis

56

moxdas udrida.Mmagram am faqtze dayrdnobiT ar SeiZleba

Seqspiris tradiciulobaze laparaki. siuJets, ambavs

da TviT Temasac Seqspiris droindel TeatrSi metad

pirobiTi mniSvneloba hqonda. mayurebeli Teatrisagan

ar moiTxovda sruliad axleburi, iqamde daumuSavebeli

Temis (da miT ufro siuJetis) moZebnas. samagierod igi

metad mgrZnobiare iyo yvela im siaxlis mimarT, rasac

dramaturgi Seitanda adre arsebul piesaSi. amdenad,

dramatuli nawarmoebis `forma~ erTgvarad tradiciuli

da xSirad konservatorulic ki iyo mis `SinaarsTan~

SedarebiT~.5

Seqspiris piesebis pirvelwyaroebad mravali avtori

da nawarmoebi saxeldeba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, didi

dramaturgi ar cdilobda sagangebod gamoegonebina esa

Tu is siuJeti. rogorc erT-erTi mkvlevari ambobs: `mas

rom yvela wyaro waekiTxa, romelsac Tavs axvevdnen, maSin

wignebiT Caxergili misi Semoqmedebis sakuTari wyaro

daiSriteboda.

aravis ecodineboda dRes romeo da julietas,

hamletis, otelos, liris da makbetis istoriebi, Seqspiri

rom ar Sexeboda maT sakuTari magiuri Semoqmedebis

kverTxiT.~6

Seqspiris piesis ̀titus andronikusis~ pirvelwyarosa

da TviT piesis genezisis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,

sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs.

sxvadasxva wyaros Soris saxeldebian ovideusis

`metamorfozebi~, senekas `fiesto~ da `troeli qalebi~,

magram dramis yvelaze ufro savaraudo wyarod miiCneva

Seqspiris dros arsebuli da Cvenamde XVIII saukunis

5. yiasaSvili n. `skilasa da qaribdas Soris~. Tb. `saqarT-Tb. `saqarT-

velo” 1992. stat.: `Seqspiri: tradicia da novatoroba~. gv.

108

6. Гарин И.И. Пророки и поэты. Том 6. Шекспир. Истоки. 1992. http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/garin_proroki_vi/default.aspx bolo

Semowmeba: 08.07. 2011

maia Sengelia

57

meore naxevris gamocemis saxiT moRweuli wigni, romelic

Seicavs `titus andronikusis~ prozaul versias da

titusisa da guTTa dedoflis baladas (aRmoCenilia

1936 wels).7Mmagram aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dasaxelebul

wignSi guTebis dedofals atava (Attava) hqvia da ara tamora.

calke msjelobis sagania gasuli saukunis 70-ian

wlebSi S. badriZisa da i. kenWoSvilis mier ganxiluli

v. dibeliusis mosazreba. mas miaCnia, rom dramis wyaros

warmoadgens XII saukunis bizantiis istoriis movlenebi.

kerZod, rom Seqspiris gmiris titus andronikusis

prototipia bizantiis keisari andronik I (1183-85), xolo

guTebis dedoflis – andronikes Tanamedrove qarTvelTa

mefe Tamari (1184-1213).

dibeliusi eyrdnoba andronikes mefobis Semdgomi xanis

istorikosis, nikita akominatoris, cnobas imis Sesaxeb,

rom andronikes mefoba savse iyo sazareli, despoturi

da yovelgvar morals moklebuli ambebiT; rom andronike

sadisturad daundobeli iyo sakuTari mtrebis mimarT,

Tumca gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli nebisyofiTa da yvelaze

kritikul momentSic ki inarCunebda simSvides.Mmisi

biografia savsea aRviraxsnilobiT.Mmagram andronike iyo

farTe gaqanebis politikuri figura, romelmac gaatara

mTeli rigi reformebi qveynis ekonomikis mowyobisaTvis

da didi kvali datova bizantiis saxelmwifoebriv

cxovrebaSi.

dibeliusis azriT renesansuli zekacis TvisebebiT

andronike da Seqspiris gmiri erTmaneTs gavs. magaliTad:

andronike komneni daundobeli iyo uaxloesi naTesavebis

7. Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса при уча-. Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса при уча-.Стэнли Уэллса при уча-Стэнли Уэллса при уча- Уэллса при уча-Уэллса при уча- при уча-при уча- уча-уча-стии Джеймса ШоуМ., Радуга, 2002. http://www.thelib.ru/books/avtor_neizvesten/shek-spirovskaya_enciklopediya-read.htmlbolo Semowmeba: 12. 06.2011

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis

58

mimarT, aseve ar daindo sakuTari vaJi titusmac.Ddibeliuss

mohyavs paralelic istoriul da Seqspirul andronikes

Soris.Aambavi disupatorisa, romelic andronikem Sewva

da sakuTar meuRles gaugzavna, gvagonebs qironisa da

demetriusis beds, romlebic titusma maT dedas, tamoras

sauzmeze miarTva.

`rogorc istoriuli, aseve Seqspiruli andronikes

mTavari mowinaaRmdege qalia: istoriaSi – dedofali maria

qsene, xolo SeqspirTan – tamora. orive SemTxvevaSi am

qalebis sayvarlebi (istoriaSi aleqsi protosebastosi,

xolo SeqspirTan aaroni) maTi vaJiSvilebis mtrebi arian.

titusi Tavis qaliSvils axal mbrZanebelze daniSnavs,

magram es qorwineba CaiSleba. aq dibeliusi msgavsebas

xedavs mis mier amdagvarad gadmocemul istoriul

faqtTan: andronike komnenma Tavisi qaliSvili irine

daaqorwina Tavissave naxevarZma aleqsize. magram SemdgomSi

andronikes SeeSinda siZis metoqeobisa, daabrmava igi da

gandevna.Qqmris bedi gaiziara andronikes qaliSvilmac.

Ddibeliusi varaudobs, rom es ori aleqsi (e. i. keisari

aleqsi da andronikes naxevarZma), SesaZloa SemdgomSi

erT pirovnebad aRiqves~.8

tamora da titusi dauZinebeli mtrebi arian,

xolo Tamar mefe da andronike komneni istoriuli

wyaroebis mixedviT, politikuri mosazrebebiT

erTmaneTs mfarvelobdnen. maT Soris naTesauri kavSiri

arsebobda. `Tamaris pirveli istorikosis cnobiT: daviT

aRmaSenebelma Tavisi qaliSvili kata bizantiaSi gagzavna

gasaTxoveblad. 1118 wlis agvistoSi, roca keisari aleqsi

I sikvdilis piras iyo, konstantinopolSi Casulebi iyvnen

abazgebi (e. i. qarTvelebi), romlebic acilebdnen TavianTi

mefis asuls.Ees ukanaskneli daniSnuli iyo keisris vaJ

8. `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1972. red.

nN. yiasaSvili. stat.: S. bad-riZe, i. kenWoSvili. “u. Se-

qspiris `titus andronikusi~.

maia Sengelia

59

aleqsize. ucnobia Sedga Tu ara es qorwineba, magram is

ki cnobilia, rom Semdgom nikifore ereniusma ver miiRo

keisris taxti. garda amisa, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom garkveuli droidan katas meuRle iyo aleqsis

erTaderTi vaJi isaak I, romelTanac mas SeeZina andronike

I komneni, SemdgomSi bizantiis keisari~.9

andronike I iyo Tamaris mamis giorgi III (1156-1184)

mamis, e. i. demetre I (1125-1156) diswuli. maSasadame

andronike komneni dedis mxridan iyo daviT aRmaSeneblis

SviliSvili da giorgi III mamidaSvili.Aamitom saqarTvelos

samefo kari XII saukuneSi uaRresad keTilganwyobili

iyo komnenebisadmi. roca antibizantiuri politikis

gatarebisas Tamarma trapizonis sakeisro Seqmna, mis

saTaveSi swored andronikes Svilebi daayena. A

ar arsebobs raime faqti andronikesa da Tamars Soris

arsebuli mtrobisa, romelic safuZvlad daedeboda

Seqspiris tragedias.

`Tamar-tamoras igiveobis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs isic,

rom XII da momdevno saukuneebSic evropis mkvidrni Tamar

mefes asaxelebdnen uZlieres da amave dros, RvTismosav

dedoflad.

rac Seexeba Seqspiris dros, am xanebSi ingliselebma

bevri araferi icodnen ara Tu Tamarze, aramed, saerTod

saqarTveloze.~10

Tamar-tamorasTan dakavSirebuli daskvna, sruliadac

ar gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom titus

andronikusis prototipad, sworedac rom andronike I

miviCnioT, gamomdinare im paralelebidan, rac axlavs

gmirisa da andronike komnenis xasiaTsa da cxovrebiseul

peripetiebs.

9. sanikiZe l. ̀ daviTian-Tamariani~. Tb. ̀ universitetis gamom-

cemloba~ 1994.

10. `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3 Tb. `xelovneba~ 1972. red.

Nn. yiasaSvili. stat.: S. badriZe, i. kenWoSvili. `u Seqspiris

`titus andronikusi~.

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis

60

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kata 1118 wels colad

SerTes keisar aleqsi I komnenis umcros Zes isaaks,

romelic ufros ZmasTan, keisar ioane II qiSpobis gamo

ojaxiT bizantiidan Turqul rumikoniaSi gadaixvewa,

sulTan ruqnaddin masud I xiznad. TurqTa karze meore

Ze SeeZina, _ andronike. bolos Zmam Seiriga da isaakic

dabrunda bizantiaSi. isaaks taxti ar eRirsa, ufrosi

Ze ioanec ikoniaSi dabrunda, sulTnis asuli SeirTo

da gaTurqda. 1143 wels keisari ioane II gardaicvala

(nadirobisas daiWra sasikvdilod; _ SeadareT basianusis

sikvdils), taxti misma Zem manuilma daikava ise, rom

andronikem xelis ganZrevac ver moaswro. keisar manuil

I komnenTan, e. i. RviZl biZaSvilTan, andronikes axlo

megobruli urTierToba hqonda: erTad gaizardnen, erTad

swavlobdnen. 1145 wels manuilma andronike belgradis,

niSisa da branicovos mmarTvelad daniSna.andronikem

kavSiri gaaba madiarTa (ungrelTa) sasaxlesTan,

arpadoviCTa dinastiis mefe geza II, romelic saomar

mdgomareobaSi iyo konstantinopolTan. imperatorma

andronike RalatisTvis Seipyro da cixeSi Casva. rva

wlis patimrobis Semdeg andronikem gaqceva moaxerxa

da Tavi ruseTis mTavar iaroslav galickis Seafara.

galicki moxibla bizantielma gmirma. karamzini ̀ rusuli

saxelmwifos istoriaSi~ werda: `mTavarma galickim

megobrulad miiRo manuilis mteri andronike, isaakis Svili,

romelic konstantinopolis sapyrobiledan gamoiqca da

samarTavad ramdenime qalaqi gadasca. andronike, rogorc

bizantieli istorikosebi weren, _ yovelTvis Tan

axlda iaroslavs nadirobisas, eswreboda saxelmwifo

sabWos sxdomebs, cxovrobda sasaxleSi, sadilobda

mTavarTan erTad da TavisTvis jars agrovebda.Bbolos,

ganucxada ra Tavisi ukmayofileba iaroslavs, manuilma

gamogzavna ori mitropoliti, romlebmac daiyolies

andronike dabrunebuliyo cargradSi.Eepiskoposma, kozma

maia Sengelia

61

galickim da iaroslavis boiarebma pativiT gaaciles igi

sazRvramde.~Aandronike mxolod usafrTxoebis mtkice

garantiebis miRebis Semdeg Seurigda manuils. erTi weli

daicves es pirobebi moSuRleebma. erTi wlis Semdeg

manuilma andronike konstantinopolidan moiSora da

kilikiaSi gaamwesa mTavarsardlad. iq qalebis moyvarulma

andronikem kidev erT qalTan daiWira saqme – grafinia

filipasTan.Ees qali TviTon keisar manuilis colisda,

maria dedoflis da iyo. SurisZiebiT daSinebulma

andronikem imperia datova.Mman Tavi antioqias Seafara,

mere ierusalims Cavida da iq axalgamefebul jvarosan

xelmwife amalrixs Sexvda, isic aRafrTovana da

qalaqi beriti (axlandeli beiruTi) miiRo saCuqrad.

Aiq dedofali Teodora gaixada sayvarlad, winare mefis,

balduin III qvrivi, amalrixis rZali (Zmis coli) da

manuil keisris Zmiswuli, e. i. TviT andronikes biZaSvili

(SeadareT guTebis Semosevis winamZRoli amalrixi;

guTebis dedofali tamora, romelsac raRac simpaTiebi aqvs

titusisadmi da Teodora).Amanuili gaacofa andronikes

saqcielma, is moiTxovda mis konstantinopolisTvis

gadacemas da dabrmavebas.Aandronikem Teodorasagan

Seityo, rom sikvdili eloda, amitom gaecala da Tan

waiyvana masze uzomod Seyvarebuli qali.11

1167 wels andronike saqarTveloSi Camovada. giorgi

III sixaruliTa da pativiT miiRo mamidaSvili.orive daviT

aRmaSeneblis SviliSvilebi iyvnen: giorgi _ demetre I,

andronike _ katasagan.Aandronikes stumrobisas, wyaros

mixedviT, Sirvanidan giorgis meore mamidaSvilma, daviT

aRmaSeneblis `aRmosavlelma SviliSvilma~, ufrosi

asulis Tamarisa da SirvanSah manuCar II Zem, aRsarTanma

(axsitan) Svela iTxova omSi. aRsarTani giorgis

`uCnda viTarca Svilyofilad, viTarca erTi didebulTa

11. журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль 2000. Сергей . журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль 2000. Сергей Дашков. Андроник I Комнин. http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: 09.06.2011

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis

62

misTagani~.Ggiorgim andronikec waiyvana da xazarebi da

yivCayebi erTiani ZaliT gandevnes Sirvanidan.12

Semdeg ucnobia, riT damTavrda andronikes

stumroba saqarTveloSi. is rumikonias wavida sulTan

kiliC arslan II karze. TurqTa sulTanma sabatonod

da saTareSod trapizoni misca. es mxare odiTganve

qarTvelebiT iyo dasaxlebuli, Tumca imJamad bizantias

esazRvreboda da emorCileboda.Aandronikec daundoblad

awiokebda TanamoZmeebs. konstantinopolis patriarqma

eklesiisagan gankveTa da dawyevla. daundobeli Jleta

grZeldeboda manam, sanam trapizonis gamgebelma nikifore

paleogolosma erT-erT SetakebaSi xelT ar igdo

Teodora da misi Svilebi, romlebic andronikesagan

hyavda.Aandronike manuilTan gamocxadda, fexebSi Cauvarda

da acremlebulma, patriarqis TandaswrebiT Sewyaleba

iTxova. `uZRebma Svilma~, amjeradac miiRo Sewyaleba.

manuilma sammarTvelod paflagoniis mdidari qalaqi

enea misca. imperatoris mmarTvelobiT ukmayofilo

mosaxleoba andronikes aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda. andronikem

amiT isargebla da jaris Sekreba daiwyo.Mmanuili

iTmenda, magram Tavisi Zis, aleqsandres erTgulebaze

mainc daafica.

manuilis sikvdilis Semdeg, Zalaufleba mcirewlovani

aleqsandres dedis, kaTolike marias xelSi gadavida.

berZnebi amiT ukmayofiloni iyvnen, riTac isargebla

andronikem da 1182 wlis gazafxulze paflagoniis jarebi

konstantinopolisken daiZrnen. gzaSi maT bevri berZeni

SeuerTda. 1183 wlis aprilSi andronike zeimiT Sevida

konstantinopolSi. inaxula manuil I saflavi da moTqmiT

gamoitira, mis Svils aleqsi II pativiT eqceoda da sakuTar

Tavs `uRirs mrCevels~ uwodebda. roca igrZno, rom

Zalauflebas mtkiced flobda, Ria moqmedebaze gadavida.

12. ix.: sanikiZe l. `daviTian-Tamariani~. Tb. `universitetis

gamomcemloba~. 1994; metreveli r. `Tamari~. Tb. “ganaTleba”.

1991.

maia Sengelia

63

1183 wlis seqtemberSi igi akurTxes, rogorc aleqsi

II TanammarTveli, ris Semdegac man swrafad moaxdina

aleqsis izolireba, xolo mogvianebiT moakvlevina.

aleqsis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 63 wlis andronikem aleqsis

13 wlis daze, agnesaze iqorwina. marTalia, dinastiuri

mosazrebebiT es qorwineba gamarTlebuli iyo, magram

cinikurad gamoiyureboda.Ddidebulebi, vinc ukmayofilebas

gamoTqvamda, saxifaTo meamboxeebad gamoacxada da daabrmava,

xolo daumorCilebeli patriarqi feodosi, gadayenebul

iqna.

andronik I gaatara axali fiskaluri reforma,

raTa qveynis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gamoesworebina.

maRal Tanamdebobebze, gansakuTrebiT samosamarTlo

postebze daawinaura mcodne da patiosani xalxi. sjida

usamarTlobas, uwesrigobas da meqrTameobas.Ppiradad

ismenda yovel saCivars da samarTlianad ganixilavda.

sakuTar Tavs xalxis da glexebis mefes uwodebda.

magram aqve, nikita akominatori aRniSnavda: ̀ dasjis dros

daundobeli, is erToboda moyvasis wamebiT; fiqrobda ra,

rom sxvisi daRupviT ganimtkicebda sakuTar Zalauflebas,

amiT gansakuTrebul siamovnebas ganicdida...

Zma Zmas ar indobda da mama Svils, Tu es andronikes

surda... es adamiani im dRes daRupulad miiCnevda, roca

romelime didebuls ar Seipyrobda, an ar daabrmavebda, ar

daaSinebda pirquSi gamoxedviT da veluri mrisxanebiT...

mxecebis msgavsad uyvarda mTebis xeobebSi xetiali

da Tan ise daatarebda sayvarlebs, rogorc mamali qaTmebs,

an Txa _ Txebs mdeloze.

mokled rom vTqvaT, andronikes rom moeToka Tavisi

sisastike da maSinaTve ar miemarTa gaxurebuli SanTisa

da maxvilisaTvis, gamudmebiT rom ar Seelaxa sakuTari

samefo samosi sisxliT da ar dayrdnoboda dasjas

(romliTac daavadda xalxisagan, xiznobis dros visTanac

cxovrobda), arcTu ukanaskneli mefe iqneboda komnenebis

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis

64

gvaridan~.13

ukmayofilo didebulebma moawyves amboxi andronikes

winaaRmdeg 1185 wlis miwuruls.Aandronikem CaaxSo

ajanyeba, magram mis mier gatarebulma represiebma

Tavidan gamoiwvia ajanyebis talRa da is taxtidan

Camoagdo avanturistma isaak II angelosma.Mmisi brZanebiT

Sepyrobil andronikes mklavi mokveTes da cali Tvali

amoTxares, mere aqlemze Sesves da quCebSi Camoatares.

xalxma TiTqmis mkvdari andronike awama, bolos qalaqis

moedanze Tavdayira dakida da daundoblad cema. sikvdilis

win momakvdavma amoikvnesa: `ufalo, ufalo, Semiwyale

me; xolo Tqven _ raisTvis amsxvrevT lerwamsa aw

damsxvreulsa?!” (SeadareT titusis xelis mokveTas da

mis ukanasknel sityvebs: `markus, Cirgvni varT, kedrebad

ki mogvqonda Tavi~.) Mmicvalebuli manam ekida, sanam

Zvlis grovad ar Camoiyara.14

13. журнал “Культ Личностей”, январь/февраль 2000. Сергей . журнал “Культ Личностей”, январь/февраль 2000. Сергей Дашков. Андроник I Комнин. http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: 09.06.201114. a) iqveb) l. sanikiZe.”daviTian-Tamariani”. Tb. “universitetis gamom-

cemloba”. 1994.A

maia Sengelia

65

daakvirdiT genealogias:

aleqsi I komneni daviT IV aRmaSenebeli

isaaki kata demetre I Tamari

andronike I giorgi III aRsarTan

manuil Tamari

aleqsi trapezonis daviTi

mefe

aseTia andronike I cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis,

saqarTvelosTan misi kavSiris istoria. is WeSmaritad

masStaburi, renesansuli figura iyo.Mmisi xasiaTis

Tvisebebi da Tavgadasavlis detalebi, TiTqos erT

personaSi aerTianebs Seqspiris tragediis yvela personaJs

erTad aRebuls. swored am da mTeli rigi niuansebis

gamo, savsebiT SesaZlebelia igi titus andronikusis

prototipi yofiliyo, rasac ver vityviT Tamarisa da

tamoras identobis Sesaxeb.

1. Гарин И.И. Пророки и поэты. Том 6. Шекспир. Истоки. 1992. http://www.i- u.ru/biblio/archive/garin_proroki_vi/default.aspx bolo Semowmeba: 08.07. 2011

ix.: metreveli 2 r., `Tamari~. Tb. `ganaTleba~. 1991;

Uuiliam Seqspiris `titus andronikusis~ genezisisaTvis

66

3. журнал «Культ Личностей», январь/февраль 2000. Сергей Дашков. Андроник I Комнин. http://www.peoples.ru/state/king/bizantia/komnin/ bolo Semowmeba: 09.06.20114. rusTaveli S. `vefxistyaosani~. Tb. `ganaTleba~. 1986. gv. 10.

sanikiZe 5. l.. “daviTian-Tamariani”. Tb. “universitetis

gamomcemloba” 1994

6. Станиславский К. С. Т.5. М. 1957. gv. 461-4627. ix.: `qarTuli Seqspiriana~. wig. 3. Tb. `xelovneba~. 1972.

red. nN. yiasaSvili. stat.: S. bad-riZe, i. kenWoSvili.: `u. Seqspiris `titus andronikusi~.

8. yiasaSvili n. “skilasa da qaribdas Soris”. Tb. “saqarTvelo”

1992. stat.: “Seqspiri: tradicia da novatoroba”. Ggv. 108

9. Шекспировская энциклопедия. Ред.Стэнли Уэллса при участии Джеймса Шоу. М., Радуга, 2002. http://www.thelib.ru/books/avtor_neizvesten/shekspirovskaya_enciklopediya-read.html bolo Semowmeba: 12. 06.2011

maia Sengelia

67

saTeatro Jurnalistikis

istoria

naSromi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvaneli _ giorgi CarTolani

68

Mmariam CubiniZe

doqtoranturis III kursi

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika

da mayurebeli

periodul presaSi Teatris Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli

masalebi Teatris istoriis Seswavlis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. misi daxmarebiT mkiTxveli

igebs ara mxolod konkretuli speqtaklis Taobaze,

aramed imasac, Tu ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes

Teatrs qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri, sazogadoebrivi

Tu kulturuli cxovrebis fonze. Tumca, garda amisa,

saTeatro Jurnalistika ukve TavisTavad dasrulebuli

profesiaa da ara Teatris mxolod erTgvari `damateba~.

amgvarad, saintereso xdeba Tavad es profesia, misi

TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili _ presis daintereseba

TeatriT, mimomxilvelTa interesebis konkretuli

obieqtebi (dramaturgi, msaxiobi, mayurebeli), Sefasebis

xerxebi _ azrovnebisa da weris stili, statiebis

moculoba, maTi adgili Jurnal-gazeTebSi da konkretul

SemTxvevaSi maTi mniSvneloba.

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika saTaves XIX

saukunis meore naxevarSi iRebs. vinaidan, am periodSi

saqarTveloSi arsebuli politikuri reJimis fonze,

qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis mcdelobebis miuxedavad,

SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda ramdenime qarTulenovani gamocemis

erTdroulad arseboba, amitom saTeatro Jurnalistikis

sawyisebze saubrisas (gamomdinare qarTuli presis

arastabiluri mdgomareobidan), Cven vcdebiT 50-ian

wlebs da mimovixilavT Semdgom, daaxloebiT sam aTeul

weliwads.

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikis CvenTvis saintereso

periodze msjelobisas, cxadia, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, ra

69

xdeba qarTul TeatrSi am wlebSi. 1850 wels daarsda da

maleve daixura giorgi erisTavis Teatri. amis Semdeg oc

weliwadze metxans qarTveli scenismoyvareebi TbilisSi da

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqsa Tu sofelSi metnaklebi

aqtiurobiT warmoadgenen speqtaklebs.Aam dros presa

akvirdeba da wers TiToeul maTganze. Jurnalistebis

mier Teatris erovnul-ideologiuri mniSvnelobis (enis,

erovnuli TviTmyofadobis dacva, ganaTlebis sakiTxebi)

gaanalizebiT, mayurebelSi esTetikuri moTxovnilebebis

zrdis gaTvaliswinebiT, sazogadoebis mowinave

nawilisTvis naTeli xdeba, rom drouli da aucilebelia

profesiuli Teatris daarseba. Tu ra roli iTamaSa

mudmivmoqmedi Teatris SeqmnaSi qarTulma periodulma

presam, es qarTuli Teatris istoriaSi cnobili faqtia,

Tumca qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikis pirveli

periodi imiTac saintereso da mniSvnelovania, rom man am

drois manZilze SeZlo profesiuli Teatris mayureblad

gaezarda sakuTari mkiTxveli, romelTagan bevrs ama Tu

im perioduli gamocemis wakiTxvamde arc ki gaegona

Teatris Sesaxeb.

presa, rogorc mediatori, pirvel etapze mkiTxvelis

TeatrSi mizidviTaa dainteresebuli.Ees procesi

1879 wlamde (mudmivmoqmedi Teatris daarsebamde)

Tanmimdevrulad xorcieldeba. Jurnalistebi sxvadasxva

saSualebas iyeneben imisTvis, rom mkiTxveli (potenciuri

mayurebeli) TeatrSi siaruls miaCvios, masze fiqrisTvis

ganawyos da saerTodac, is maT cxovrebaSi erT-erT

umniSvnelovanes movlenad aqcios.

erT-erTi pirveli aseTi xasiaTis werili Jurnal

`ciskris~ _ `salaybos furclebSi~ gamoqveynda.

`molaybem~ (m. TumaniSvili) gamoaqveyna statia, sadac

dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs qalaqSi arsebul yvela

gasarTobs. werils ase amTavrebs: `davxede saaTsa da

iyo merve. magram kmara amdeni layboba. zogi kvlav iyos.

70

metadre xom iciT Teatri Cemi bomonia, imaze gadamigia

Cemi sicocxle, iq mitirnia, iq micinia, iq davmtkbarvar _

darCes Teatri Semdeg furclebamdis.1

werilis avtori TiTqos eTamaSeba mkiTxvels. vrclad

mimoixilavs qalaqur gasarTobebs, da bolos, mxolod

erTi, TiTqos zogadi abzaciT sruliad cvlis rogorc

sakuTari, aseve mkiTxvelis interesis sagans. uceb

aRmoCndeba, rom am werilSi umTavresi is sakiTxebi ki

ar yofila, razec Jurnalistma amdeni `ilayba~, aramed

is, razec man saerTod ver moaswro saubari, anu Teatri,

da amas mkiTxveli SesaniSnavad grZnobs.

am statiaSi Cven ukve vxvdebiT Jurnalistur intrigas

da CvenTvis naTeli xdeba, rom rodesac Jurnalistma

zustad icis, Tu ra sakiTxs surs miapyros mkiTxvelis

yuradReba, maSin kargad mofiqrebuli intriga, mxolod

sworad gamiznuli Jurnalisturi xerxi xdeba, romelic

amave Tvisebis met-naklebad matarebel mkiTxvels

sakiTxis mimarT interess uCens. Semdgom, Cven davinaxavT,

rom molaybis es Canafiqri zustad `moxvda~ mizans.

amis Semdeg `ciskris~ ramdenime nomeri ise gamovida,

rom masSi ̀ molaybis~ mier Sepirebuli statia ar aRmoCnda

(SesaZloa, esec am gamowvevis gagrZelebaa). rogorc

Cans, erT-erTi mkiTxveli, i. beriZe am faqtma sakmaod

gaanawyena da Jurnalis meaTe nomerSi redaqciam misi

werili gamoaqveyna. werilis bolos igi wers, rom gaaxara

`salaybos furclis~ danaxvam, `magram ra rom, didis

mouTmenlobiT amovikiTxe winasityvaoba da ara mimxedi

imisa, mainc kidev Cavurbine pirvel furcels: uecrad

xelebi Camomcvivda da wigni gamvarda xelidan. `Teatri,

Teatri, sad aris Teatri?~ _ viZaxdi gagiJebuliviT,

ratom ar aRasrula piroba? ratom ar mogviTxra

mazrebis mkiTxvelT ambavi Teatris warmodginebaTa?2

beriZis am werilSi, sadac pirvel rigSi kargad igrZnoba

erT-erTi rigiTi moqalaqis daintereseba TeatriT,

mariam CubiniZe

71

vxvdebiT erT sayuradRebo SeniSvnasac. saqme exeba

JurnalSi saTeatro cxovrebis Sesaxeb gamoqveynebuli

statiebis simwires da am statiebSic, TeatriT, rogorc

mxolod sazogado problemiT dainteresebis tendencias,

rodesac avtorebi maTSi TiTqmis ar saubrobdnen

msaxiobebze, mayurebelze, dramaturgebze da a. S.

dRes, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelma ukve kargad icis, rom

es profesiuli kritikis daniSnulebaa da naklebi

kavSiri aqvs im sferosTan, romlis warmomadgenladac

am SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba `molaybe~. es publicistikaa,

rac iTvaliswinebs swored sazogadoebrivi sakiTxebis

win wamowevas. imdroindel qarTul JurnalistikaSi es,

marTalia, pirveli mcdelobebia am JanrSi, magram sakmaod

maRali profesionalizmiT warmodgenili, ris mizezadac

im periodis qarTveli sazogado moRvaweebis ganaTlebis

masStabi da sazRvargareTis, gansakuTrebiT ki rusuli

presis gamocdilebis codna SegviZlia davasaxeloT.

mayureblis TeatrSi mizidvas gansxvavebuli xerxiT

cdilobs 1861 wels dimitri baqraZe. `wigni miwerili

redaqtorTan~ reportaJul xasiaTs atarebs da

mogviTxrobs quTaisSi saqvelmoqmedo mizniT warmodgenili

speqtaklis `gayris~ Sesaxeb. aRwerilia scenismoyvareTa

mzadebis procesi. am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis sainteresoa

`gayris~ finaluri scenis dawvrilebiT aRwera,

romlis saSualebiT dResac ki SegviZlia TvalnaTliv

warmovidginoT da nawilobriv aRvadginoT is suraTi

da ganwyoba, rac quTaisis erT-erT klubSi 1861 wlis 3

marts sufevda: `daboloeba warmodgenisa iyo mosawoni.

qorwili, mayruli simRera, patarZlis Semoyvana, ucxod

rom iyo TeTrad Cacmuli da Semkuli davarayebulis

ialqniTa. lekuri Semdeg milocvis da dasasrul qalTa

da kacTagan simReriTve warmoTqma Secvlilisa leqsisa,

romelSic avtoris magier isini uCveneben ̀ gayris~ sagansa

da iTxoven Sendobasa naklulovanebisTvis~.3

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli

72

amgvarad, d. baqraZe ar cdilobs Tavisi Tanamedrove

avtorebis mibaZvas da Teatris aRmzrdelobiT

mniSvnelobaze ar saubrobs. mkiTxvelis yuradRebas

ufro speqtaklis esTetikuri mxarisken miapyrobs. is

zust gaTvlas akeTebs qarTveli mayureblis emociur

xasiaTze da warmodgenaze werisas swored zemoaRniSnul

scenas gamoyofs gansakuTrebiT. unda aRiniSnos isic,

rom `gayra~ is piesa iyo, romelic im dros sakmaod

xSirad idgmeboda. SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom werilis

mkiTxveli, samomavlod aucileblad daelodeboda ̀ gayris~

momdevno warmodenas. aseve, didi iqneboda cduneba im

`kartinis~ xilvisa, romlis Sesaxeb `Tergdaleuli~ (k.

lorTqifaniZe) ̀ciskris~ 1862 w. #6-Si wers. mimoixilavs

ra sxvadasxva qalaqur sanaxaobas, askvnis, rom maTze

gacilebiT sainteresoa Teatri: ̀ aba erTi daukvirdiT, visac

Tqvengan Teatri unaxavs da warmoidgineT ki piruTvnelad

giorgi erisTavis melodramaSi `SeSlili~, saca giJi

qali Sav kabaSi Tma gaSlili mReris da laparakobs.

me ara mgonia, qarTvelisTvis amaze meti kartina vinmem

moZebnos~.4 am sityvebis Semdeg, mkiTxvelSi cxadia unda

gaCndes interesi da survili aseTi sanaxaobis xilvisa.

sainteresoa is, rom CamoTvlil TvalsaCino gasarTobebs

`Tergdaleuli~ aseve saxier suraTs upirispirebs da

ara, magaliTad, raime zogad azrs an mxolod sakuTar,

Teoriul mosazrebas, rasac SeiZleba gaeRizianebina

da sawinaaRmdego damokidebulebiT ganewyo mkiTxveli.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom avtori mkiTxvels ukve sakuTar

Tanamoazred xdis _ garkveul avtoritetad (`daukvirdiT,

visac Tqvengan Teatri unaxavs~) da amgvarad, yovelgvari

didaqtikis gareSe urCevs erovnuli TeatrisTvis

yuradRebis miqcevas. is mkiTxvels maTsave moqalaqeobriv

da erovnul TviTSegnebaze ugdebs sityvas.

1974 wels, gazeT `droebaSi~ `mevelem~ (d. miqelaZe)

mayurebels Teatri da misi mniSvneloba sruliad

mariam CubiniZe

73

gansxvavebuli kuTxiT warmoudgina. mkiTxvelis

yuradRebas ipyrobs ukve werilis saTauri: `ra iqneba

CvenTvis qarTuli Teatri?~ (esec erT-erTi Jurnalisturi

xerxi, romelic qarTul JurnalistikaSi sxva saintereso

magaliTebiTac gamovlinda). avtori Tavis publicistur

nawerSi aRniSnavs, rom g. erisTavis Teatris daarsebis

wlebSi naklebi raodenobiT iyideboda ̀ saTamaSo qaRaldi~,

iklo loTobam, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulmac, rasac

`mevele~ Teatrs ukavSirebs da miiCnevs, rom is zneobis

amaRlebis erT-erTi umTavresi saSualebaa.

werili im mxrivaa saintereso, rom masSi Jurnalistis

mier statistikuri monacemebis codnas vxvdebiT. am

periodSi qarTveli publicistebi TavianT naSromebSi

ukve xSirad da mizanmimarTulad iyeneben statistikur

monacemebs, romlebic `maTTvis ZiriTadi mamtkicebeli

sabuTia~.5 am SemTxvevaSic, avtori mimarTavs mas Teatris

sazogadoebriv mniSvnelobaze sasaubrod. rogorc

vxedavT, qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika sociologiur

kvlevebsac ki iyenebs, rodesac mudmivmoqmedi dasis

Seqmnis aucileblobaze wers.

publicistikis da zogadad, imdroindeli qarTuli

JurnalistikisTvis damaxasiaTebel kidev erT formas

vxvdebiT `ciskarSi~ (1865 w., #4) es aris piradi

werilebi, romlebic zogjer sakmaod mdare xarisxis

iyo da ubralod, gverdebis Sesavsebad iyenebdnen. maTze

`Tergdaleuli~ kritikulad aRniSnavda, rom, `Cveni

`ciskari~ Seiqmna foCtis magierio~.6 Tumca, arsebobda

gamonaklisebic da am Janrmac dagvitova ramdenime

saintereso nimuSi saTeatro JurnalistikaSi. erT-erTi

swored zemoaRniSnuli werilia _ ucnobi avtoris,

miwerili Zmisadmi, romelic saqarTveloSi ar imyofeba

da ainteresebs qarTuli Teatris ambavi. adresatis

interesebis sferodan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom avtoris

werili piradi mimoweris farglebs sagrZnoblad

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli

74

dascildeba. rodesac werils gavecnobiT, mivxvdebiT, rom

avtorma es forma Segnebulad airCia, raTa amiT odnav

mainc Seerbilebina is mkacri toni, rasac igi mkiTxvelis

mimarT gamoTqmul sayvedursa da mosazrebaSi amJRavnebs.

erTgvari sociologiuri dakvirvebis elementebs es

werilic Seicavs. garda amisa, aqve vxvdebiT avtoris

mier qarTveli mayureblis `cnobieri~ xasiaTis codnas.

saqme exeba maT mier italiuri operiTa da rusuli

speqtaklebiT gadaWarbebul dainteresebas. werils

epigrafad qarTuli andaza aqvs wamZRvarebuli, romelic

garkveul miniSnebas ukve gvaZlevs mis problematikaze:

`mamis suli maminacvlisas ficulobdao~, _ ambobs

qarTuli andaza. avtori, romelic mayureblis am

pozaze saubrobs da ar erideba mis mxilebas, movlenis

saboloo SefasebaSi daundobelia: ̀ qarTuli warmodgenis

ukadrisoba qarTvelisgan aris Tavis masxrad agdeba~.7

es sityvebi asmagad mwvave da mniSvnelovani xdeba,

Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli sazogadoebis aseTive

damokidebulebas qarTuli literaturisa da enis

mimarT.

italiuri operis da rusuli Teatris mimarT

qarTvelTa interess, ramdenime wlis Semdeg Tavis

statiaSi sxvagvar Sefasebas aZlevs `anCisxatisubneli~

(p. umikaSvili) da mas mayureblis esTetikuri

moTxovnilebiT xsnis. sxva avtorebisgan gansxvavebiT, igi,

ase vTqvaT, mayureblis mxares irCevs da miiCnevs, rom

pirvel rigSi, jer Teatri unda dadges saTanado doneze,

raTa daimsaxuros mayureblis yuradReba: ̀ Cveni mayurebeli

publika xedavs italiur operas, rusul speqtaklebs,

Tvali da yuri sakmaod gaxsnili aqvs. Tu gindaT, rom

dasacinari ar gaxdeT, maSasadame, imaT dasakmayofileblad

warmodgenis gaumjobesebaa saWiro~.8 aseT SemTxvevaSi

avtors mayurebeli ukve sxva `ganzomilebaSi~ gadahyavs.

marTalia, iribi formiT, am werilSic mTavari Teatria,

mariam CubiniZe

75

`misi ukeT mowyoba~, magram erTi SexedviT (an erTi

wakiTxviT), mayurebeli TeatrisTvis Tavis mniSvnelobas

grZnobs. amjeradac, mas imas ki ar Seaxseneben, rom Teatri

misi sulieri Tu gonebrivi aRzrdisTvis aucilebelia

da a. S. aramed, mas ukve Tavad Tvlian angariSgasawev

movlenad. es ki mkiTxvelze magiurad moqmedebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom `droebas~ da mogvianebiT

daarsebul Jurnal `mnaTobs~ bevr sakiTxze da, maT

Soris, Teatrzec xSirad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi

hqondaT (rac araerTxel gamxdara maT Soris polemikis

gamarTvis mizezi), cxadia, arsebobda sakiTxebi, raSic isini

erTsulovanni iyvnen. Cven mier zemoaRniSnul werils

moyva n. avaliSvilis naweri Jurnal `mnaTobSi~, sadac is

mayureblis mniSvnelobaze agrZelebs saubars. werilSi,

saTauriT `Teatris mniSvneloba~ avtori gansxvavebuls

TiTqos arafers ambobs, _ wers Teatris saganmanaTleblo

mniSvnelobaze; magram aq aRsaniSnavia werilis dasawyisSi

avtoris minaweri: ̀ vuZRvni Cvens mowinave sazogadoebas~,9

Tumca statiidan gamomdinare, Cven mivxvdebiT, rom es

ar aris sazogadoebis mxolod garkveuli (`mowinave~)

nawilisadmi mimarTuli sityvebi. werili ekuTvnis

mTlianad qarTvel xalxs da gajerebulia maTdami

loialuri ganwyobiT. es kontrasti (minawersa da

werilis Sinaars Soris) mkiTxvels TiTqos samomavlod

axali cxovrebis wesze dafiqrebas sTavazobs _ geqnebaT

Teatri? maSin Tqven sruli ufleba gaqvT mowinave

sazogadoeba gerqvaT. es erTgvari gamowvevaa.

rogorc davinaxeT, pirvelma qarTulenovanma Jurnal-

gazeTebma Tavidanve miaqcies yuradReba Teatris

mayureblis kulturis Camoyalibebas. pirvel etapze Cven

ufro xSirad iseTi xasiaTis werilebs vxvdebiT, sadac

avtorebi sazogadoebisTvis Teatris mniSvnelobaze

msjeloben, Tumca mogvianebiT davinaxavT, rom ukve TviTon

mayurebeli xdeba aranakleb mniSvnelovani.

qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistika da mayurebeli

76

amjerad, Cven mokled mimovixileT is ramdenime werili,

sadac avtorebi uSualod mayureblis problemas ayeneben.

es qarTuli saTeatro Jurnalistikis mxolod erTi

sferoa im mravalTagan, romelTa Rrma da Tanmimdevrulma

Jurnalisturma kvlevebma sabolood safuZveli Cauyara

qarTul profesiul Teatrs.

1. ix.: m̀olaybe~. `salaybos furceli~, Jurnali `ciskari”, 1858, #1.

2. ix.: i. beriZe. Jurnali `ciskari”, 1858. #10.

3. ix.: d. baqraZe. `wigni miwerili redaqtorTan”, Jurnali

“ciskari”, 1861, #3.

4. ix.: `Tergdaleuli”. `axali ambebi”, Jurnali `ciskari”, 1862,

#6.

5. al. kalandaZe. `narkvevebi qarTuli Jurnalistikis

istoriidan”,1965, gv. 209.

6. `Tergdaleuli”. Jurnali `ciskari”, 1862, #4.

7. `qarTuli warmodgena TbilisSi”. Jurnali `ciskari”, 1865,

#4.

8. `anCisxatisubneli”. `feletoni”, gazeTi `droeba”, 1869,.

#40.

9. n. avaliSvili. `Teatris mniSvneloba”.,Jurnali `mnaTobi” ,

1869, #7-8.

mariam CubiniZe

77

universitetis

samagistro programa

78

79

Tanamedrove evropuli Teatri

naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT

statiis stili daculia

programis xelmZRvanelebi _ Tamar bokuCava

80

guram kokaia

magistraturis II kursi

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli

Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSi

1896 wels momavalma didma reJisorma vsevold

meierholdma Caabara moskovis filarmoniis saswavlebelSi,

vladimer nemiroviC-danCenkos samsaxiobo jgufSi.

mogvianebiT is gaxda moskovis samxatvro Teatris

msaxiobi.

samxatvro TeatrSi moRvaweobis dros, meierholdi ar

iziarebda Teatris naturalistur, realistur, ganwyobiT

esTetikas. is werda, rom samxatvro Teatrs ori saxe

hqonda: naturalisturi da ganwyobis. naturalizmi

Teatrma meiningelebisgan aiRo, romlebic zustad

asaxavdnen piesaSi mocemul garemos. Teatri iqceoda

avtoris sityvebis ilustratorad. ganwyobis Teatri

a. p. Cexovis SemoqmedebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. misi

ganwyobis saidumlo enis ritmSi mdgomareobda. ganwyobis

Teatris Seqmna garkveulwilad Cexovis TeatrSi aqtiurma

muSaobam ganapiroba. `Tolias~ dadgmis dros, ganwyobas

Semsruleblebis musikaluroba qmnida, romelTac

gaTavisebuli hqondaT Cexovis poeziis ritmi. moskovis

samxatvro Teatris esTetikur principebs meierholdi ar

iziarebda da amitom is samxatvro Teatridan wavida.

1901-1902 wlebSi meierholdTan erTad samxatvro

Teatris dasi datoves: roksanovam, saninma, koSeverovma,

mixailovskim, luCininma, abesalamovma, principarma. isini

wavidnen ruseTis samxreT provinciaSi, daba xersonSi da

1902 wlis 22 seqtembers meierholdis xelmZRvanelobiT

Seudgnen saTeatro moRvaweobas. xersonis Teatris

msaxiobi f. k. lazarevi ixsenebda, rom meierholdi

artistebs Tavisi muSaobis stiliT itacebda. aZlevda

maT SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas da exmareboda rolis

SeqmnaSi.

81

meierholdis miswrafeba axali ideebisadmi naTlad

gamoCnda franc fon Sentanis piesis, `akrobatebis~

dadgmiT. es piesa man msaxiob n. a. bukeviCis daxmarebiT

Targmna da gamosca Tavisi reJisoruli miTiTebebiT. am

piesis sareJisoro SeniSvnebi SemorCenilia meierholdis

arqivSi da daTariRebulia 1903 wlis ianvriT.

`akrobatebis~ moqmedeba xdeboda cirkis msaxiobebis

sagrimioroSi. scenis iataki maRla unda yofiliyo

aweuli siTbos SesanarCuneblad. perspeqtivaSi, ukana

fonad, unda yofiliyo mayurebeli, an namdvili, an

daxatuli. kedlebze gakruli iqneboda sxvadasxva

sareklamo afiSa. aseve iqneboda kedelze mimagrebuli

zari eqvsi RilakiT, romelic sxvadasxva Rilakze

TiTis daWerisas sxvadasxvanairad aJRerdeboda. pirvel

moqmedebaSi scenaze xelovnuri qaosi unda yofiliyo.

scenaze miyril-moyrili iyo cxvirsaxocebi, fexsacmelebi,

TeTreuli, qudebi, qolgebi. meore moqmedebaSi scena

lagdeboda da yvelaferi Tavis adgils ubrundeboda.

mTavar gmirs, kloun landovskis meierholdi Tavad

TamaSobda. klounis qaliSvils TamaSobda e. munti,

dasis wamyvani qali msaxiobi. landovskis ecva klounis

namdvili kostumi. TiTqmis yvela SemsruleblisTvis

axali kostumi Seikera. xersonis gazeT `samxreTSi~,

speqtakls reJisoruli Sedevri uwodes.

meore sezonSi dasi datova koSeverovma. meierholdma

jgufs saxeli gadaarqva da Seqmna `axali dramis

amxanagoba~. am periodSi ruseTSi moRvaweobdnen

simbolisti poetebi: bloki, briusovi, balmonti. es

ukanaskneli ambobda, rom realistebi yovelTvis ubralo

damkvirveblebi iyvnen, simbolistebi _ moazrovneebi.

simbolizms SeeZlo gaego azris axali mniSvneloba.

simbolizmis siom samxatvro Teatris karic SeaRo

da scenis farda aaSriala. stanislavski moskovSi da

meierholdi xersonSi erTnairad fiqrobdnen simbolizmze.

v. nemiroviC-danCenkoc simbolizmSi xedavda CixSi Sesuli

82

Teatris gadarCenis saSualebas. is werda, rom Cexovis

sayvarelma, Tavmdabalma, liriulma gmirebma daasrules

Tavisi arseboba. ̀ mxatis~ naturalizmis krizisi naTlad

gamoCnda 1902 wels dadgmul speqtakl `wyvdiadis

Zalasa~ da 1903 wels dadgmul `iulius keisarSi~.

stanislavskim scada simbolisturi piesebis dadgma.

1904 wels man dadga meterlinkis ̀ brmebi~, ̀ upatiebelni~,

`iq SigniT~. misTvis advili ar iyo konceptualurad

gansxvavebul `axal dramaze~ muSaoba. mas sWirdeboda

damxmare, romelic dramis axal principebSi gzas

gaukvalavda da aseTi meierholdi iyo. mxatis samxatvro

xelmZRvaneli meierholdze werda, rom ipovna is, vinc

sWirdeboda da romlis muSaobac da moRvaweobac mis

ocnebebs emTxveoda.

1905 wlis pirvel maiss nikalaevis gazeTSi daibeWda

cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom meierholdis `axali dramis

amxanagoba~ Sedioda samxatvro Teatris SemadgenlobaSi,

misi filialis saxiT, meierholdis xelmZRvanelobiT.

studia `mxati~ kvleviT laboratorias warmoadgenda,

sadac profesionali msaxiobebi muSaobdnen. stanislavskis

TqmiT, studiis devizi winsvla, xolo mizani _ axali

dramatuli formebis Zieba iyo. mxatvrebad studiaSi

muSaobdnen: sapunovi, sudeikini, denisovi, ulianovi,

gugunava, golsti, kompozitorad _ ilia saci.

studiaSi sruli Tavisufleba sufevda. meierholdma

daiwyo moris meterlinkis piesaze `tentaJiles

sikvdili~ muSaoba. am piesaze muSaobisas Tavdapirvelad

Camoyalibda statikuri Teatris principebi, romlebic

scenaze figurebis ganlagebis axlebur xerxebs

efuZneboda. reJisori msaxiobebs ise ganalagebda,

TiTqos monumentur bareliefebsa da freskebs qmnida. am

piesaze muSaobam reJisors saSualeba misca musikisa da

plastikis saSualebiT personaJebis Sinagani dialogi

gamoevlina. mas saSualeba mieca moqmedebis mistikuri

da logikuri maxvilebi SeeerTebina. masTan obieqturi

guram kokaia

83

cxovrebis nacvlad, win wamovida misi subieqturi aRqma

da swored es gansazRvravda simbolistur Teatrs.

meierholdis gaTvliT Seqmnil atmosferos unda daepyro

mayurebelTa darbazi. misTvis Teatri iyo taZari, misi

moRvaweebi _ qurumebi, mayureblebi _ morwmuneebi.

msaxiobi yvelas Tvalwin unda Cavardnliyo eqstazSi

da wmindanis roli etvirTa. meierholdi meterlinkSi

did yuradRebas uTmobda sxvadasxva xmaursa da xmas.

iswrafvoda ritmulobisken. Tu samxatvro TeatrSi

msaxiobisTvis mTavari iyo gadmoeca misi personaJis

yovelwamieri gancdebi, meierholdTan mTavari iyo saerTo

toni, saerTo JReradoba.

Semoqmedebis am etapze, meterlinkis piesaze muSaobis

dros, meierholdma uaryo maketi da gadavida dekoraciis

eskizze. am dadgmaze muSaobdnen mxatvrebi: n. sapunovi

da s. sudeikini. mxatvrebs xelT hqondaT speqtaklis

reJisoruli gadawyveta, romlis mixedviTac isini

Sesabamis ferTa harmonias qmnidnen. meierholdi werda, rom

maketis xelSi trialiT, isini xelSi Zvel, naturalistur

Teatrs aTamaSebdnen, romlis ganadgurebac maT surdaT.

`tentaJiles sikvdilis~ didi nawili Suasaukuneebis

sasaxleSi mimdinareobda. misi dekoraciis awyobas didi

dro sWirdeboda da amitom, maT pirobiTi sasaxle gaakeTes.

dekoraciaSi iyo daxatuli ukana foni, xidi, xeivani.

saqusari Txel gamWvirvale qsovilze (tiuli) iyo

daxatuli. sudeikinma gaakeTa I-III moqmedebis dekoracia,

sapunovma _ II-IV moqmedebisa. maT namuSevarSi mTavari

iyo feri, harmonia, koloriti, ferTa gama. am yvelafers

mogvianebiT meierholdi impresionistuls uwodebs.

`tentaJiles sikvdilis~ dekoracia mwvane-lurj tonSi

iyo gadawyvetili. mas harmoniulad erwymoda ilia

sacis musika. meierholdi cdilobda mieRwia msaxiobis

TamaSis ritmulobisTvis, scenis erTiani sivrculi da

feradovani gadawyvetisTvis. gaCnda statikuri uZravi

Teatris koncefcia. artistebi aCvenebdnen ara adamianis

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSi

84

moZraobis asls, aramed Senelebuli musikis TanxlebiT

piesis sulis moZraobas. plastika eyrdnoboda moZraobis

musikalur ritms da ara cxovrebiseuls. daZabul

momentebSi msaxiobebi uecrad SeSdebodnen. reJisori

artistebisgan skulpturul gamomsaxvelobas iTxovda.

gaCdnen cocxali Zeglebi da bareliefebi. scenis win iyo

gamWvirvale qsovilis (tiuli) farda da mayurebeli mis

miRma xedavda scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas. es farda

iZleoda idumalis, ararealuris STabeWdilebas. saqusarze

exata zRva da kldeze mdgari cixe-simagre. meierholdma

scenis ukana foni avanscenasTan axlos moswia. speqtaklSi

pirobiTi Jesti, faqtobrivad, ritualuri iyo. nel-nela

yalibdeboda stilizaciis principi.

`Sluksa da iauSi~, sadac ludovikoebis epoqa unda

eCvenebinaT, mxatvarma ulianovma ramdenime saxasiaTo

detaliT mianiSna masze: pirvel moqmedebaSi sasaxlis

karibWe naCvenebi iyo patara, mrgvali kariT, romelzec

zemoT brinjaos patara amuris qandakeba iyo damagrebuli.

samefo saZinebeli warmodgenili iyo specialurad

gadidebuli sawoliT. krinolini, pariki, msaxiobis

kostiumi, _ dekoraciis ferebSi iyo gadawyvetili.

meierholdma fsiqologizms omi gamoucxada da

wminda formis ZiebaSi yuradReba dauTmo plastikas,

ritms, Jestis gamomsaxvelobas, gansakuTrebulad

teqstis kiTxvas. is werda, rom naturalisturi Teatri

ar icnobda plastikis xibls, ar aiZulebda msaxiobebs

evarjiSebinaT sxeuli. mas miaCnda, rom Tu `antigones~

an `iulius keisris~ dadgmas moisurvebda, jer maTSi

arsebuli musika unda gaegona.

meierholdi axali tipis Teatrs qmnida.

stanislavskisTvis mTavari iyo msaxiobis Sinagani teqnika,

xasiaTis Tavisebureba, fsiqologia. meterlinkze muSaobis

dros Camoyalibda im esTetikis principebi, romelTac

meierholdi msaxiobebs Txovda. es iyo civi kiTxva

Tavisufali vibraciisa da motirali intonaciisgan.

guram kokaia

85

is Tavisufali iyo daZabulobisgan. sityva ise unda

gaJRerebuliyo, rogorc wylis wveTis xma Rrma WaSi

Cavardnisas. ar unda yofiliyo boloebis gagrZeleba,

wamRereba, Sinagani TrTola da mRelvareba unda arekliliyo

Tvalebze, tuCebze, intonaciaze. es ar unda gamoxatuliyo

mkerdSi xelis cemiT, rogorc es sxva TeatrebSi xdeboda.

Sinagani emociebi dakavSirebulni unda yofiliyvnen

garegan formasTan. scenaze ar unda yofiliyo swrafi

saubari nevrasTeniuli notebiT. meierholdi sityvas,

grZnobis gadmocemis saukeTeso saSualebad ar miiCnevda.

kargad, daxvewilad naTqvami sityva ar niSnavda azrs.

mas rixard vagneris magaliTi mohqonda argumentad da

ambobda, rom sulieri daZabulobis gadmosacemad vagneri

orkestrs iSveliebda da mxolod msaxiobis Sesruleba

ar hyofnida. rogorc vagneri iyenebda orkestrs, ise

vsevold meierholdi iyenebda plastikur moZraobas.

Tvlida, rom msaxiobisTvis aucilebeli iyo plastikuri

statikuroba.

1905 wels stanislavskim, Tavisi azriT warumatebeli

muSaobis gamo, studia daxura. meierholdi mixvda, rom jer

axali msaxiobi unda aRezarda da Semdeg unda daesva mis

winaSe axali saSemsruleblo amocanebi. briusovi werda,

rom studia realizmisgan gaTavisuflebas cdilobda.

masSi iyo ufro meti plastika, vidre realobis baZva.

arc dekoracia iyo realisturi. saubari yovelTvis

musikis fonze midioda. reJisorisa da msaxobebis teqnika

erTmaneTs ar emTxveoda. sadac mTavrdeboda reJisoruli

mignebebi, iq iwyeboda msaxiobTa tradiciuli TamaSi da

naTlad Canda, rom cudi msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen.

studiaSi muSaobis dros, meierholdi iswrafvoda

pirobiTi Teatrisken. mas surda TeatrisTvis daebrunebina

is pirvelqmnili JReradoba, rac mas dabadebidanve hqonda.

reJisuris xelovnebaSi igi or ZiriTad models gamoyofda.

orive oTx ZiriTad Teatralur elements efuZneba. esenia:

dramaturgi, reJisori, msaxiobi da mayurebeli. pirvelia

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSi

86

`Teatri _ samkuTxedi~. am SemTxvevaSi samkuTxedis zeda

wveroSi dgas reJisori, qvemoT ki avtori da msaxiobi.

mayurebeli am oris xelovnebas, reJisoris gavliT iRebs,

anu _ reJisori am sistemaSi mTavar poziciaze dgas. aseT

SemTxvevaSi reJisori gvTavazobs ama Tu im piesis miseul

xedvas, gaazrebas. muSaobs speqtaklze manam, sanam sasurvel

Sedegs ar miaRwevs. es hgavs orkestrs, sadac diriJori

aris wamyvani. meierholdi ambobda, rom orkestrs SeuZlia

daukras mravaljer Sesrulebuli nawarmoebi diriJoris

gareSe. marTalia Sesruleba ar iqneboda srulyofili,

magram musika mainc gaiJRerebda. msaxiobebs ki yovelTvis

sWirdebaT reJisori. is mayurebels mxolod reJisoris

Canafiqris gacnobiT ver moizidavs. is mayureblis

yuradRebas mxolod maSin daimsaxurebs, Tu Tavis TavSi

gaaerTianebs avtors, reJisors da aCvenebs sakuTar Tavs

scenidan. es faqti ganasxvavebs Teatrsa da orkestrs.

meore models `pirdapiri Teatri~ hqvia. am

modelSi Semadgeneli komponentebi erT wrfeze Semdegi

TanamimdevrobiT arian ganlagebulni, _ avtori, reJisori,

msaxiobi, mayurebeli. am modelSi reJisori da dramaturgi

erTmaneTSi arian Serwymulni, xolo msaxiobi am modelis

wamyvan figuras warmoadgens.

`mxatidan~ meierholdi peterburgSi wavida. iq man

gaicno Tanamedrove xelovnebis warmomadgenlebi: viaCeslav

ivanovi, bloki, sologubi, andrei beli... g. Culkovi werda,

rom simbolisturi Teatri ukve momwifebuli iyo.

saWiro iyo mxolod gambedavi reJisori, romelic mas

ganaxorcielebda.

1906 wlidan meierholdi dadgmis procesSi mTel

scenasa da darbazs iTvisebs da Tavisi Sexedulebebis

Sesabamisad iyenebs. es poltavis Teatris scenidan

iwyeba, romelzec manipulaciebis gakeTeba advili

iyo. meierholdi speqtakls Teatraluri Senobis

yvela kuTxemde Slis. poltavis ufardo speqtaklma

meierholds dekoraciis Seucvlelobis idea gauCina.

guram kokaia

87

amiT is inarCunebda samoqmedo adgilis erTianobas.

zogjer meierholdi mayureblis TandaswrebiT cvlida

dekoracias.

am dros rusul simbolizmSi Teatris bunebis

Sesaxeb ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba gamoikveTa.

andrei belis azriT, drama misteriidan wamovida da

isev misteriasTan unda dabrunebuliyo. viaCeslav

ivanovi samoedno Teatrs emxroboda. rusuli

Teatraluri simbolizmis gamarjvebad SeiZleba

CaiTvalos meierholdis mier vera komisarJevskaias

TeatrSi dadgmuli `da beatrisa~, `adamianis cxovreba~,

`balaganCiki”. meierholdTan, Teoriuli Sexedulebis

mxriv, axlos iyo briusovi, romelmac 1902 wels dawera

statia `arasaWiro simarTle~ da es statia daexmara

reJisors daenaxa gansxvaveba `mxatsa~ da sakuTar Tavs

Soris. briusovi ambobda, rom xelovneba ar iyo mxolod

cxovrebis anarekli.

gardatexa moxda 1906 wlis 22 noembers meterlinkis

`da beatrisas~ dadgmiT. es iyo vera komisarJevskaias da

meierholdis saukeTeso erToblivi naSromi imave msaxiobis

TeatrSi, peterburgSi. komisarJevskaia pirvelad Sevida

yovelgvari kaprizebis gareSe reJisorul speqtaklSi da

gamoavlina axali SesaZleblobebi. speqtakli beatrisaze

agebuli da msaxiobze awyobili iyo. meierholdi mixvda

Tu rogor esmoda komisarJevskaias ansambluroba. is

maSin eTanxmeboda am princips, roca danarCenebi mis

garSemo iyvnen gaerTianebulni. speqtaklis mxatvari

s. sudeikini iyo. Ria vercxli, gobelenis Zveli oqro,

joto, botiCeli qmnidnen scenis gaformebas. speqtaklis

warmatebis mTavari mizezi albaT iyo is, rom reJisorisa

da dramaturgis idea daemTxva erTmaneTs. reJisoris,

msaxiobis, dramaturgis saTqmeli iyo mwuxareba darRveuli

harmoniulobis gamo da amisgan gamaTavisuflebeli

saswaulis molodini. speqtaklSi didi yuradReba masis

organizebas hqonda daTmobili.

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSi

88

1906 wlis 30 dekembers komisarJevskaias TeatrSi

aCvenes ori speqtakli, meterlinkis `wminda antonius

saswauli” da blokis `balaganCiki”. meterlinkis piesis

gadawyvetas reJisori marionetebSi eZebda. am speqtaklis

Semdeg meierholds xSirad abralebdnen, rom mas msaxiobebis

marionetebiT Canacvleba surda. marionetebs artistze

sando masalad ganixilavda Tavad meterlinki.

blokis `balaganCikiT~ simbolizmSi gaCnda erTgvari

antiburJuaziuli groteski. am speqtakls skandali

mohyva. misi dadgma saetapo iyo meierholdisTvis. masSi

Semodis maskaradis, niRbebis, karnavalis Tema, romelic

yovelTvis itacebda mas. `balaganCikSi~ gaixsna scenis

siRrme, marjvena da marcxena kulisebi Caiketa cisferi

tiloTi, ukana fonad cisferi tilo daikida da Seiqmna

mTlianad cisferi sivrce. scenaze idga patara Teatri

Tavisi Semadgeneli nawilebiT (xaraCoebiT, fardiT,

suflioris ormoTi, portalebiTa, padugebiT, arlekiniT,

kalosnikebiT.). mayurebeli xedavda rogor icvleboda

patara Teatris dekoraciebi. patara Teatris rampis win

datovebuli iyo patara adgili avtorisTvis. moqmedeba

iwyeboda barabnis xmiT. iwyeboda musika da mayurebeli

xedavda rogor ikavebda sufliori Tavis adgils. roca

patara Teatris farda ixsneboda, mayurebeli samkedlian

pavilions xedavda. rampis paralelurad idga grZeli

magida, romelTanac isxdnen mistikosebi. erTi kari iyo

marcxniv, meore _ SuaSi, marjvniv _ fanjara. fanjris

qveS iyo mrgvali magida grimis qoTniT da oqros skamiT,

romelzedac piero ijda. mistikosebis magida Savi fardiT

iyo dafaruli, romelic iatakze eSveboda. mayureblebi

mistikosebis mxolod tanis zeda nawils xedavdnen.

roca mistikosebs ramis eSinodaT isini Tavs xridnen da

mxolod biusti Canda scenaze. isini manekenebs hgavdnen.

`balaganCikis~ mxatvari iyo n. sapunovi. roca avtori

gamodioda patara Teatris scenaze, mas mistikosebi

iWerdnen da iZulebiT gahyavdaT scenidan. roca piero

guram kokaia

89

monologs amTavrebda, misi magida da skami zemoT

adioda da mis nacvlad svetovani darbazis dekoracia

Camodioda. scenaSi, roca niRbebi Semorbodnen yviriliT

_ `lamprebi~, statistebi kulisebidan yofdnen mxolod

xels, romelSic lamfebi lamprebi eWiraT. Teatrma

amiT mayurebels uTxra, rom mas ar rcxvenoda imis,

rom is Teatri iyo. gamJRavnda pirobiToba. speqtaklis

gadawyveta reJisors STaagona blokis remarkam, sadac

ewera, rom `kulisebidan gamosuli xeli iWerda avtors

sayeloTi~. meierholdi am speqtaklSi pieros rols

TamaSobda. speqtaklma mayureblis araerTgvarovani

Sefaseba daimsaxura, zogi yviroda da ustvenda, zogs ki

Zalian moewona. ̀ balaganCikis~ kompozitori iyo kuzmini.

Tavad piesis avtors Zalian moewona Tavisi nawarmoebis

meierholdiseuli gaazreba.

simbolisturi Teatri meierholdisTvis iyo

gardamavali rgoli pirobiTi Teatrisken. simbolisturi

Teatri, garkveul wilad, dakavSirebuli iyo fsiqologiur

TeatrTan. masSi SenarCunebuli iyo `meoTxe kedeli~.

SenarCunda siCume da scenuri suraTi, romelic

fantastikur samyaros gviCvenebda. siCumes meterlinki

grZnobebis gamoxatvis saukeTeso saSualebad miiCnevda.

scenaze ararealuris CvenebiT mizanscenebi aRar hgavda

cxovrebiseul scenebs. arc saubari, Jesti da poza iyo

cxovrebidan aRebuli.

cota xnis Semdeg, meierholdis SemoqmedebaSi gamoCnda

leonid andreevi, romlis piesebic Zalian axlos iyo

simbolistur TeatrTan da maTSi eqspresionistuli

notebic Canda. andreevi cdilobda kosmiuri da

maradiuli simbolizmis ideebi rusuli realobisTvis

daekavSirebina. man Semoitana alegoriebi. misi `adamianis

cxovreba~ iyo axali sityva simbolizmSi. 1907 wels

meierholdma daiwyo `adamianis cxovrebis~ repeticiebi.

am piesis repeticiebi paralelurad midioda moskovis

samxatvro TeatrSi. `balaganCikis~ msgavsad, aqac

vsevold meierholdis reJisoruli Ziebebi 1902-1906 wlebSi

90

reJisorisTvis piesis gasaRebi gaxda dramaturgis remarka:

`yvelaferi ise, rogorc sizmarSi.~ meierholdma mTeli

scena nacrisfer tiloSi gamoawyo. piesis personaJis,

viRac nacrisferSis monologi srul sibneleSi midioda.

mere nel-nela inTeboda sinaTle da Canda divani,

romelzec moxucebi isxdnen. mTel speqtaklSi sinaTlis

erTi patara wertili iyo, romelic scenis sxvadasxva

nawils anaTebda da mxolod msaxiobi da is aveji Canda,

romelzedac Semsrulebeli ijda. iqmneboda STabeWdileba,

rom scenaze uxilavi kedlebi iyo aRmarTuli. avejsa

da rekvizits udekoracio speqtaklSi ufro didi

mniSvneloba mieniWa. mayurebeli xedavda divnis konturs,

svets, bufets, savarZels, karadas da danarCens Tavis

fantaziaSi qmnida. msaxiobebi qandakebebs hgavdnen da

maTi grimi saxis nakvTebs gamokveTda. meierholdi werda,

rom axali Teatris ZiebaSi mTavari ar iyo ferweruli

fonis Seqmna da masze msaxiobebis, rogorc bareliefebis,

ise ganlageba. `adamianis cxovrebas~ ar hyavda mxatvari.

misi funqciebi meierholdma SeiTavsa. bloki `adamianis

cxovrebas~ meierholdis saukeTeso speqtaklad

miiCnevda.

am periodSi meierholdis esTetikuri principebis

mixedviT Seqmnili Teatri, naturalisturisgan gansxvavebiT,

ar iswrafoda mizanscenebis mravalferovnebisken. misi

mTavari amocana iyo xazis floba, kostiumebisa da

jgufebis Seqmna. es Teatri Tavisi statikurobiT ufro

dinamikuri iyo vidre naturalisturi Teatri.

Мейерхольд Всеволод Эмильевич. Статьи, письма, речи, беседы. • Часть первая (1891-1917), Издательство «Искусство», Москва, 1968.К. Рудницкий. • `Режиссёр Меиерхольд”, академия наук СССР, институт истории исскуств, министерства культуры СССР, издательство `Наука”, Москва, 1969. SoTa samuSia. `rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni gramatikuli cnobariT~, • gamomcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, Tbilisi, 2006.

guram kokaia

91

Tamar kamlaZe

magistraturis II kursi

absurdis drama da misi

warmomadgenlebi

(eJen ionesko)

absurdis drama XX saukunis 50-60-iani wlebis

frangul dramaturgiaSi warmoqmnili mimdinareobaa.

xSirad, saxelwodebis gamo, kamius egszistencialur

TeatrSi erevaT, rac uxeSi Secdomaa. Tumca, es Secdoma

albaT imiT aixsneba, rom swored egzistencialistma

kamium Semoitana `absurdis adamianis~ cneba Tavis

filosofiur werilebSi. am mimdimareobas, aseve,

avangardul da eqsperimentul Teatrsac uwodeben, zogjer

ki antiTeatrad da `ganqiqebis Teatradac~ (theatre de derision) moixsenieba. A

absurdis drama uaryofs realistur da angaJirebul

Teatrs.Aam mimarTulebis dramaturgebi miiCneven, rom

ideologiuri Teatri ideis mona xdeba, sadac xelovneba

meore planzea da win mxolod ideis vulgarizacia

modis, isini scenis realobisa da yoveldRiuri yofiTi

realobis gaigivebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqreben.

antiTeatrs Tavisi principebi axasiaTebs: Teatri

mxolod Teatrsave miemarTeba, msaxiobebi ki mxolod

piesis msvlelobisas arseboben, moqmedeba zRaprul,

sizmriseul, gamogonil samyaroSi mimdinareobs da ar

emorCileba drosa da sivrceze tradiciul warmodgenebs.

ar arsebobs aranairi, simboluri logikac ki, romelic

gaaerTianebs azrs da mis gamomxatvel simboloebs.

sityvebi da sagnebi sruli avtonomiiT sargebloben,

metyveleba kargavs sakomunikacio funqcias da sasceno

obieqti xdeba, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania e. w.

`metyvelebis krizisi~. absurdistebis azriT, sityvebs,

xSirad, SecdomaSi SevyavarT, radgan maTi mniSvneloba

92

garemoebis mixedviT icvleba, amitom avangardul Teatrs

aRar swams metyvelebis, enis, igi upiratesobas Jestebsa

da moZraobas aniWebs.

axali Teatraluri mimdinareobis warmomadgenlebze

ZiriTadi gavlena alfred Jarim, antonen artom da

siurealistebma moaxdines. Jaris `mefe ubu~ absurdis

dramis uSualo winamorbedad aris miCneuli. aq personaJebi

gaupirovnebelia, maT ganzrax ar aqvT raime saxis

fsiqologiuri maxasiaTeblebi, specialuri niRbebiT da

`xmebiT~ arian aRWurvilni. gvxvdeba masis gamomxatveli

krebiTi personaJebic. artos naSromSi `Teatri da

misi oreuli~ fsiqologia da morali uaryofilia

da dialogebi azrs ar atareben. mTavaria ara teqsti,

aramed Jesti da xma. siurealizmisagan antiTeatrma

sizmriseuli sivrcisadmi miniWebuli mniSvneloba,

metyvelebis sakomunikacio funqciis uaryofa, alogizmi

da asociaciuroba gadaiRo.

saxeli `absurdis Teatri~ martin eslinis wignidan

wamovida, romelic avtorma 1962 wels gamoaqveyna. eslinis

wignSi absurdistTa saxeliT erT jgufSi is Tanamedrove

dramaturgebi gaerTiandnen, romlebic cdilobdnen Tavisi

sigiJe, Relva, ocneba Tu msoflmxedveloba avangarduli

formis axal dramaturgiul samyaroSi gadaetanaT. am

moZraobis wamyvani figurebi arian: eJen ionesko, semuel

beketi, Jan Jene, artur adamovi da harold pinteri. Tumca,

zogierTi maTgani ar eTanxmeboda am gansazRvrebas da

miaCnda, rom misi Semoqmedeba sruliad damoukidebel

fenomens warmoadgenda, TiToeuli maTgani dainteresebuli

iyo gamoexata Tavisi individualuri xedva msofliosa

da samyaros Sesaxeb. Tavisi xelovnebis specifikis

gamosaxatavad, isini sxvadsxva gansazRvrebas mimarTavdnen,

magaliTad iseTebs, rogoricaa antiTeatri an axali

Teatri. absurdistTa jgufSi, xSirad sxva dramaturegebic

moixseniebodnen: tom stopardi, artur kopiti, fridrix

Tamar kamlaZe

93

durenmarti, fernando arabali, edvard olbi da sxvebi.

xandaxan, absurdis periods 1920-30 wlebis

avangarduli eqspeqrimentebis periodsac ukavSireben,

Tumca, cxadia, rom misi fesvebi ufro Rrma warsulSi

midis. samyaros absurdulobis gancda berZnul dramaSic

SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, absurdis niSnebs Sua saukuneebis,

aRorZinebis epoqisa da barokos dramaturgTa SemoqmedebiT

xelwerasa da msoflaRqmaSic vxvdebiT.

XIX saukunis dramaSi absurdis esTetikis

msgavsi mxatvruli modelirebis elementebi ibsenis,

gansakuTrebiT ki strindbergis piesebSi SeiniSneba.

Tumca, absurdis Teatris namdvili winamorbedi alfred

Jaris `mefe ubu~ iyo, `Tojinebisa da monstrebis

piesa~ `ubu roi~, romelSic mefe ubus miTologiuri,

groteskuli figura Seiqmna. kidev erTi adamiani, vinc

absurdis winamorbedad ganixileba – luiji pirandeloa,

gansakuTrebiT misi `avtoris maZiebeli 6 personaJi~.

pirandelo namdvili eqsperimentatori gaxldaT, surda

dramaturgiuli realizmis meoTxe kedeli gaerRvia.

absurdis dramaturgiis formirebaze udidesi zegavlena

moaxdina jeims joisis cnobierebis nakadis meTodma da

franc kafkas eqspresionizmma.

absurdis Teatris dRevandeli forma II msoflio

omis Semdgomi fenomenia. Jenes `msaxuri qalebis~ pirveli

warmodgena parizSi 1947 wels Sedga. ioneskos `qaCali

momRerali qali~ da adamovis adreuli piesebi 1950 wels

warmoadgines. beketis `godos molodinSi~ 1952 wels

daidga. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom yvela es warmodgena

parizSi gaimarTa. raRa Tqma unda, parizi absurdis Teatris

samSoblos warmoadgens. aseve ucnauri da mniSvnelovania isic,

rom absurdisti dramaturgebi, ZiriTadad, sxva qveynebidan

arian safrangeTSi Camosulebi: beketi – anglo-irlandielia

da safrangeTSi frangul enaze wers, ionesko – naxevrad

frangi, naxevrad ruminelia, adamovi – rus-amerikeli, mxolod

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)

94

Jenea frangi, aq dabadebuli da gazrdili.

absurdis warmomadgenelTa Soris semuel bekets

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, misi `godos molodinSi~

XX saukunis saukeTeso piesad aris aRiarebuli. beketi

yvelaze metad poetia, `godos molodinSi~ da `TamaSis

dasasruli~ udavod misi dramaturgiuli da poeturi

Sedevrebia. `mSvenieri dReebi~, `krepis ukanaskneli

Canaweri~ da ̀ ori moqmedeba sityvebis gareSe~ brwyinvale

da Rrma poetur suraTebs warmoadgens. aseTive

poeturobiT xasiaTdeba radio piesebi: ̀ nacari~, ̀ sityvebi

da musika~ da `CanCqeri~ – maT Tanabrad idumali Zala

aqvT.

Cveulebriv, klasikur piesebSi personaJebi

damajerebelni da fsiqologiurad motivirebulni arian.

aseTi piesa logikur dialogzea damyarebuli, aqvs

dasawyisi, Sua nawili da dasasruli, absurdistuli

piesis personaJi ki umotivacio qmedebebiT xasiaTdeba.

zogierTi absurdistuli piesis dialogi, TiTqosda,

saerTod suleluria da uazro bodvaSi gadadis, es

piesebi yovelTvis TviTneburi wertilidan iwyeba da

aseve TviTneburad sruldeba. es nawarmoebebi dascinoda

yvela im standartebs, romelsac Cveulebrivi drama

saukuneebis manZilze misdevda.

absurdis dramis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

warmomadgeneneli, irlandieli dramaturgi, semuel

beketia, romelic absurdis dramasTan mWidro kavSirSia.

mis savizito baraTad piesa `godos molidinSi~ iqca.

beketis Semoqmedeba, ZiriTadad, adaminis arsebobis mimarT

pesimisturi damokidebulebiTaa cnobili, Tumca, es

pesimizmi mis piesebSi xSirad iumors ukavSirdeba da

sabolood ganqiqebis saxes iRebs. beketis Semoqmedebas

adamianis samyaroSi arsebobis uazrobis gancda mudam

Tan sdevs. adamiani dabadebisTanave absurdisTvisaa

ganwiruli da es qmnis tragizms: `Tqven miwaze xarT

Tamar kamlaZe

95

da amas aRaraferi eSveleba~ – ambobs piesa `TamaSis

dasasrulis~ protogonisti saxelad hami.

adamianTaAurTierTdamokidebulebisa da adamianuri

arsebobis tragizmi `godos molodinSi~ mTeli

radikalurobiT warmogvidgeba. scenazea ori mawanwala

– vladimiri da estragoni, romelnic ukacriel adgilas,

erTi xis qveS, Tavadac ar ician ratom, mistikuri

personaJis, vinme godos gamoCenas elodebian, romelic

arc arasodes unaxavT, ar ician vin aris, da arc is

ician, saerTod mova Tu ara igi. epoqa, adgili, vinaoba

piesaSi saerTod ar arsebobs, mTeli intriga mxolod

molodinSia. personaJebs situaciaze zemoqmedebis moxdena

ar SeuZliaT, amitomac maT uazro molodins dasasruli

ara aqvs. usasrulo molodinis mdgomareoba adamianis

yofierebis sayovelTao absurdulobas gadmoscems. magram,

miuxedavad amisa, rogorc hami ambobs: `unda gagrZeldes,

yvelaferi unda gagrZeldes~. am gamonaTqvamis azri imaSia,

rom sazrisi unda eZebo, eZebo yvelafris miuxedavad.

beketis piesebis umravlesobaSi metyveleba moSlilia

da sakomunikacio mniSvneloba dakarguli aqvs, aq mTavari

amocana kontaqtis SenarCunebaa, Tundac uazrod. magram

frazis damTavreba, personaJTa uamravi replika raime

informacias ar iZleva da arc dialogs anviTarebs. ase

iqmneba tragizmiT savse komikuri situaciebi. piesaSi

saerTod gaugebaria ra, ratom da risTvis xdeba. or

mawanwala personaJs erTmaneTis meti aravin hyavT,

erTmaneTs ver itanen, Tumca uerTmaneTodac ar SeuZliaT,

mxolod godos molodini aerTianebT da elian mas

saidanme, risganme, vinmesgan, aqedan an iqedan, mimarTulebas

mniSvneloba ar aqvs. isini mxolod godos molodinSi

arseboben, romelic SeiZleba saerTodac ar arsebobs, mis

gareSe ki veraviTar gadawyvetilebas ver miiReben, Tavis

mokvlisac ki. maTi fiqriT, godo mgoni SabaTs apirebs

mosvlas, moxucebma ki ar ician ra dRea dRes, kviris

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)

96

dasawyisi Tu dasasruli, dilaa Tu saRamo, sizmaria Tu

cxadi, dari Tu avdari. arc is ician, godos risTvis

elodebian da ra unda sTxovon mas. albaT, isini, yofis

absurdulobisagan gaqcevas da Tavis daRwevas vinmeze

CaWidebiT cdiloben, mxsnels sruliad Seugneblad da

Seucnoblad elodebian.

semuel beketis SemoqmedebaSi metyveleba absoluturad

fuWia, radgan azrs ar atarebs, magram, meore mxriv,

mniSvnelovania, radgan mniSvnelobis iluzias qmnis.

semuel beketTan erTad, SeuZlebelia ar aRvniSnoT, aseve

absurdis dramaturgis, eJen ioneskos umniSvnelovanesi

wvlili absurdis dramis ganviTarebasa da aRorZinebaSi.

warmoSobiT rumineli, frangi dramaturgi da mwerali,

absurdis dramis ubadlo warmomadgenelia. mSoblebis

usaxsrobis gamo, ionesko dasTan erTad, safrangeTis erT-

erTi soflis mcxovrebis ojaxSi izrdeboda. es periodi

mwerlis mexsierebaSi yvelaze bednier wlebad darCa.

axalgazrda mwerals mamasTan konfliqti hqonda, radgam

mama Svilis literaturiT gatacebas ver egueboda,

amis gamo ionesko dedasTan brundeba rumineTSi, sadac

ojaxdeba da paralelurad wers leqsebs, romanebs da

literaturul kritikas. 1938 wels, mas Semdeg, rac

rumineTi germaniasTan erTad, ruseTis winaaRmdeg oms

iwyebs, mwerali kvlav safrangeTSi brundeba da amjerad,

aq sabolood rCeba.

1948 wlidan, piesiT ̀ qaCali momRerali qali~, ioneskos,

rogorc dramaturgis karieris aRmasvla iwyeba. 1950 wels

piesas scenaze dgamen da is kritikosTa yuradRebasac

ipyrobs. am periodSi ionesko safrangeTis moqalaqeobas

iRebs. Semdgom wlebSi ionesko piesebs `gakveTili~ da

`Jaki, anu morCilebas~ wers, ris Semdegac, mas, absurdis

dramis umniSvnelovanes warmomadgenlad aRiareben. 1953

wels ioneskos piesebis pirveli krebuli gamodis, ori

wlis Semdeg misi piesebi sazRvargareT pirvelad idgmeba.

Tamar kamlaZe

97

1957 wels iwereba ̀ martorqa~, novela, romelSic avtori

Sovinisturi patriotizmisa da rasizmis gavrcelebis

winaaRmdeg gamodis da romelic, simbolurad, alJiris

oms ukavSirdeba. Semdgom, es novela piesad gadakeTda,

misi pirveli warmodgena diuseldorfSi Sedga, radgan is

safrangeTisaTvis Zalzed delikatur sakiTxs exeboda.

germaneli mayurebeli masSi nacizmis kritikas xedavs,

frangebic amasve dainaxaven, roca `martorqa~ avtoris

samSobloSic daidgmeba.

ioneskos, faqtobrivad, sizmriseuli, ocnebiseuli

situaciebi gadaaqvs scenaze da am ocnebaSi realisturi

Teatris xerxebi TiTqmis aRar gamoiyeneba. sizmrebSi ar

aris logika, isini asociaciebiT viTardeba.

1970 wels eJen ionesko ukve aRiarebuli dramaturgia

da mas safrangeTis akademiis wevrad irCeven. sicocxlis

bolo periodSi, ionesko romanis JanrSic cdis beds da

1973 wels wers romans `martosuli~.

ionesko Tavis nawarmoebebs Tavidanve antipiesebs

uwodebs da maT tonalobis ganmsazRvrel iseT saTaurebs

aZlevs, rogoricaa: komikuri drama (`gakveTili~),

tragikuli farsi (`skamebi~), fsevdo drama (`movaleobis

msxverplni~). dramaturgi Tavis groteskul farsebsa

da alegoriebSi gacveTil salaparako enas, Stampur

gamoTqmebs kicxavs da dascinis, gangeb qmnis gaugebar da

uazro winadadebebs da Cveulebrivi yofiTi situaciebi

saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs, maT komikuri warmodgenis iersaxes

aZlevs, igi arsebul sazogadoebaSi adamianTa martoobas,

sicarieles da absurdul yofas gviCvenebs. misi piesebis

ZiriTadi Temaa metyvelebis komunikaciuri funqciis

uqonloba. scenaze sityvis adgils, xSirad, sagnebi ikavebs:

mag. `skamebSi~ gacocxlebuli da amoZravebulia skamebi.

esaa erTgvari moZravi arqiteqtura, magram moZraoba aq

ara sicocxlis, aramed sikvdilis niSania. scena carieli

skamebiT ifareba da isini adamianebs Telaven, romlebic

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)

98

arsebobis absurdulobiT welSi arian moxrilni, am

araraobas metyvelebis krizisi aZlierebs. ionesko

metyvelebas angrevs da masTan erTad im siyalbes, rasac

metyveleba gadmoscems. sityvebi erTmaneTs wminda

fonetikuri asociaciebiT uerTdeba. sityva, romelic

uvargisi gaxda, gaqra da adgili siCumes, simartoves,

sicarielesa da absurdulobas dauTmo. adamianis

martosulobis, cxovrebis absurdulobis Tema ioneskos

TiTqmis yvela piesaSia.

piesaSi `martorqa~ sagrZnobi gardatexa xdeba,

sadac ukve dramatul metyvelebas garkveuli azri aqvs

micemuli, es ukve uazrobis Teatri aRaraa da pirveli

SemTxvevaa, roca ionesko piesas qvesaTaurs aRar aZlevs,

e. i. antipiesidan piesaze gadadis. avtori acxadebda, rom

TeatrisaTvis saWiro sqemas miagno da rom, sabolood,

klasikuri Teatris momxrea. misi azriT, avangardis

Teatris mowodebac swored amaSia: aRmoaCino arqetipebi,

ganaaxlo gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi. Tumca, eJen ionesko,

mainc aris da iTvleba absurdis Ddramis ugvirgvino

mefed, dasavleTis samyaroSi is modernistuli ̀ absurdis

Teatris~ erT-erT dammaarseblad da beladad miaCndaT.

dramaturgma absurdis dramas mTeli rigi piesebi

miuZRvna, ramac es mimdinareoba metad ganaviTara da

maRal safexurze aiyvana.

piesa `gakveTili~ dawerilia 1951 wels. avtorma

nawarmoebi Tavidanve gansazRvra, rogorc komikuri drama

da absurduloba TviT adamianTa urTierTobaSi aCvena,

_ roca erTi adamiani meores Trgunavs. maswavlebeli,

romelic zogadad mowodebulia imisaTvis, rom adamians

aswavlos, moswavle gogonas gonebas unadgurebs.

piesis dasawyisSi TiTqosda zrdili admiani, nel-nela

transformirebas ganicdis da ampartavani, uxeSi, despoti,

maniaki xdeba. moswavle gogo ki Tavidan sakmaod

xalisiani, uzrunveli personaJia, piesis msvlelobaSi ki

Tamar kamlaZe

99

dabneul, daSinebul bavSvad gadaiqceva, bolos ki iseTi

daTrgunulia, yovelgvari aRqmisa da raimes SegrZnebis

unars kargavs. am SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli azrovnebas

ansaxierebs, romelic moralurad spobs adamians.

maswavlebeli Tavis fsevdomecnierul `WeSmaritebebs~

gadmoscems, sadac TandaTan logika qreba, sityvebi azrs

kargavs, ena ki – Tavis mniSvnelobas. adamianis sulieri

wameba Zaladobis pirdapiri aqtiT mTavrdeba, gaSmagebuli

maswavlebeli moswavles klavs. gamodis azrovnebam

mokla adamiani.

amgvarad, ionesko yovelgvari gonebrivi sawyisis

uaryofamde midis. adamianis damokidebulebebs gamoxatavs,

raRac uCinari Zalebisadmi, romelsac igi absurdul da

auxsnel moqmedebamde mihyavs. piesaSi avtori arsebuli

epoqis mmarTvel klasis racionalizms, azrovnebis kults

da saerTod azrovnebas dascinis, radgan azrovnebiT

samyaros absurdul arss ver miswvdebi.

fsevdodrama `movaleobis msxverplni~ eJen ioneskom

1953 wels dawera. rogorc avtori ambobda, piesis

amosaval wertilad im samyarom ubiZga, daxuTul

miwisqveSa sapyrobiles rom hgavs, sadac yvelaferi

erTmaneTs anadgurebs, sadac keTilSobilur rwmenas

amofarebulni adamianisadmi ukidures siZulvils

niRbaven. piesaSi naCvenebia, rom Tavisi movaleobis brmad

Semsrulebel dogmatikoss, mzamzareul ideologias

daqvemdebarebuls, modadqceul formulebsa da daReWil

WeSmaritebas amofarebuls ZaluZs adamianis sastik

mwvaleblad, moZaladed da mkvlelad iqces. aseTia piesaSi

policiis inspeqtori, romelic viRac malos eZebs.

misdami mindobil gamoZiebas fanatikosis sijiutiTa da

jalaTis sisastikiT asrulebs, msxverpli ki ubralo,

xelmocaruli dramaturgi Suberti aRmoCndeba.

inspeqtori misgan im adamianTan nacnobobis aRiarebas

iTxovs, romelic sabralo dramaturgs arasodes unaxavs.

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)

100

piesa `gakveTilis~ personaJis, maswavleblis msgavsad,

dasawyisSi moridebuli, Tavaziani da lamis morcxvi

policieli gamoZiebis msvlelobaSi uxeSi, despoti,

sadisti adamiani xdeba da acxadebs, rom is jariskacia,

ubralo instrumenti da aRuSfoTeblad awamebs Suberts.

sikvdilis win policieli Tavs ̀ movaleobis msxverplad~

acxadebs.

Suberti erTgvari meamboxea, arsebuli reJimiT

ukmayofilo, radgan awuxebs, rom rekomendacia yovelTvis

brZanebad iqceva xolme, xolo winadadebebi moulodnelad

mkacri kanonis saxes iRebs. sapirispiro personaJia misi

coli madleni, romelic policiis inspeqtors gavs

da kanonis dacvasa da inspeqtoris dawyebuli saqmis

bolomde miyvanas moiTxovs. piesa cxoveluri RrialiT

mTavrdeba: ̀ ReWe! ylape! ReWe! ylape!~. finalSi ki madleni

acxadebs: `Cven yvelani movaleobis msxverplni varT~.

mTeli piesa SegviZlia dogmatizmis despotizmSi

gardasaxvisa da tiraniad qcevis simbolur gamoxatulebad,

azrovnebaze dogmaturi sistemis damRupvel moqmedebad

gavigoT. avtori am Zaladobriv sistemas yvela arsebul

politikur reJimSi xedavs, acxadebs, rom politikuri

sistema adamianis daTrgunvis formaa, mas Tavisuflebas

arTmevs, paikad aqcevs, aiZulebs ama Tu im ideologiis

mza formulebis mqadageblad iqces. piesaSi ar aris

moqmedebis Tanmimdevruli da logikuri ganviTareba,

aris mxolod daglejili, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli

epizodebi. Tavis mniSvnelobas ena aqac kargavs. sityvebi

arafers gamoxataven da personaJebisagan damoukideblad

arseboben. ioneskos samyaro absurdis, koSmaris,

moulodnelobebis samyaroa. ufro da ufro vrwmundebiT,

rom realizmi yalbi da irealuria, mxolod warmosaxvaa

WeSmariti.

ori adamianis sruliad gaucxoebuli urTierToba,

uazro kamaTi da nabodvari winadadebebi, piesaSi `orTa

Tamar kamlaZe

101

bodva~ kidev ufro mZafrad Cans. isini col-qmari arian.

piesaSi dialogi sruliad alogikuria. dasawyisSi

colq-mari kusa da lokokinas igiveobaze kamaTobs, coli

amtkicebs, rom radgan kus javSani aqvs da lokokinas ki

niJara, radgan orive Tavis saxlebSi imaleba da orive

Zalian nela dadis, maSasadame ku da lokokina erTi

da igivea – es sruliad absurduli logikaa. kaci da

qali erTmaneTs mimarTavs, esaubreba, magram dialogi

Sinaarss an raime datvirTvas sruliad moklebulia,

isini erTmaneTTan gaucxoebulni arian, erTad cxovroben,

magram orive martoa sakuTar TavTan darCenili.

absurdis piesebis struqtura standartuli piesis

epizoduri struqturisagan radikalurad gansxvavdeba,

yvelaferi moZraobs wreze, ar viTardeba, erTsa da

imave wertilze iwyeba da sruldeba. Sinaarsi, xSirad,

gaugebaria, dialogebi araviTar azrs ar atarebs.

absurdis samyaroSi adamianis arsebobas mniSvneloba

da daniSnuleba ar gaaCnia da yvelanairi komunikaciac

darRveulia. logikuri konstruqcia da argumenti

sityvis iracionalurobisa da alogikurobisaken iZleva

gzas da saboloo daskvna aris dumili. am Teatraluri

stilis mizania, aCvenos msoflio, sadac adamiani marad

martoa, masTan aravinaa, man Tavad unda moipovos Tavisi

adgili metafizikur samyroSi.

Martil Esslin. “The Theatre of the Absurd”, “Pinguine Books” • published by the “Pinguine Group”, 1991.semuel beketi. “godos molodinSi”, Jurn. “xomli”, #8, 1972.• eJen ionesko. “gakveTili”, Jurn. “ciskari”, #7, 1989.• “movaleobis msxverplni”. Jurn. “xelovneba”, #7-8, 1998.•

“orTa bodva”. Jurn. “mnaTobi”, #3-4, 2004.•

absurdis drama da misi warmomadgenlebi (eJen ionesko)

102

naTia cqvitaia

magistraturis II kursi

rihard vagneri _ `poeti da moazrovne~

rihard vagneri erTi-erTi yvelaze gamoCenili

germaneli kompozitoria, genialuri niWis musikosi,

romlis Semoqmedebam didi kvali datova evropuli

musikaluri xelovnebis istoriaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom germanul musikaSi, beThovenis Semdeg, ar yofila

aseTi gaqanebis, gabeduli SemarTebis, titanuri,

novatoruli CanafiqrebiT aRsavse sxva kompozitori,

romelic ase daJinebiT ibrZoda sakuTari miznebis

ganxorcielebisaTvis.

vagnerisa da misi musikaluri dramis irgvliv azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba arsebobda. erTi mxriv, hyavda momxreebi,

romlebic aRiarebdnen mas ara marto musikosad, aramed

poet-dramaturgad, moazrovned, xelovnebis filosofos-

Teoretikosad; meore mxriv, misi mowinaaRmdegeni ar

iziarebdnen kompozitoris saopero reformatorul

ideebs da zogi uaryofda kidec mis sakompozitoro niWs.

am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, swori pozicia iqneboda, kargad

SeeswavlaT vagneris, rogorc musikaluri, ise Teoriuli,

nawarmoebebi da jerovnad SeefasebinaT misi genialuri niWi,

ostatoba, Rirseulad daefasebianad misi musika da aseve

Rirseulad SeefasebinaT misi nawarmoebebis (musikaluri

da Teoriuli) ideur-mxatvruli Rirebulebebi.

vagneris SemoqmedebiTi saxe yuradRebas ipyrobs

moRvaweobis universalurobiT. is iyo ara marto didi

kompozitori, aramed poeti da dramaturgi - yvela

sakuTari operis teqstebis avtori, Tavisi drois udidesi

diriJori, musikaluri kritikosi da publicisti, Tavisi

xelovnebis Teoretikosi. mravalricxovan literaturul

nawarmoebebSi igi exeboda filosofiur sakiTxebs da maT

Tavis mxatvrul amocanebTan mWidro kavSirSi ayenebda.

103

amdenad, rihard vagneris Semoqmedeba sainteresoa ara

mxolod musikis istoriisaTvis, aramed rogorc saerTod

xelovnebis, ise Tanamerove Teatris istoriisaTvis da

germanuli civilizaciisaTvis. vagnerma Seqmna xelovnebis

axali forma, musikaluri drama, romlis kanonebsac

vpoulobT mis kritikul TxzulebebSi, romlebic Seicavs

Seufasebel dokumentebs musikis esTetikisaTvis. Tumca,

vagneris musikaluri drama aranakleb mniSvnelovania

Teatraluri xelovnebis ganviTarebis kuTxiT.

rogorc yvela didma xelovanma, cxovrebis

mniSvnelobis maradiul problemaze dafiqrebulma

adamianma, man gvamcno Tavisi ideebi adamianis bedisweraze,

rogorc dramis simbolisturi formiT, aseve Teoriuli

Txzulebebis saSualebiT. erTi sityviT, is ara marto

musikosia, aramed dramaturgi, esTeti da moazrovne _

ase axasiaTebs germanel kompozitors anri liStanberJe

Tavisi wignis _ `rihard vagneri, rogorc poeti da

moazrovne~ SesavalSi.

vagneri daibada laifcigSi 1813 wels. is bavSobidan

iyo garemoculi Teatraluri atmosferoTi, garda amisa,

dainteresebuli iyo literaturiT, poeziiT, antikuri

samyaros istoriiT. misi kumirebi gaxldnen homerosi

da Seqspiri. vagneris yvelaze Zlieri musikaluri

STabeWidileba iyo karl maria veberis opera ̀ Tavisufali

msroleli~, romelic man, avtoris diriJorobiT,

drezdenSi moismina. laifcigSi beThovenis musikis

mosmeniT gancdilma STabeWdilebam gadaawyvetina musikosi

gamxdariyo. pirveli cdebi kopoziciaSi saorkestro

uvertiura da safortepiano piesebi iyo. vagnerma Caabara

laifcigis univeristetSi `musikis studentad~.

1833 wels vagneri misma Zmam, voitsbergis saopero

Teatris momReralma, Teatris qormaisteris Tanamdebobaze

samuSaod miiwvia. am periodSi iwyeba vagneris moRvaweoba

sxvadasxva saopero TeatrSi, germaniis patara qalaqebSi.

is swavlobda Teatris specifikas, sxvadasxva skolisa da

104

mimdinareobis operebs, momReralTa xelovnebas, aiTvisa

saopero Teatris Taviseburebani.

1833 wels viurcbergSi daiwera misi pirveli

opera `feriebi~ (karlo gocis zRapris `qali-gvelis~

siuJetze). 30-iani wlebis I naxevarSi is ukve wers

statiebs operis Sesaxeb, sadac saubrobs germanuli

operis da vokaluri xelovnebis krizisis Sesaxeb

(statiebi _ `germanuli opera~, `dramatuli simRera~).

1836 wels daiwera misi meore opera `siyvarulis

akrZalva~ (magdeburgSi). kenigsbergSi vagneri daqorwinda

mina planerze, msaxiob qalze da masTan erTad rigaSi

gaemgzavra. vagneris ocneba iyo parizi, sadac igi 1839

wels Cavida, magram imedgacrueba ganicada. parizma ar

moutana mas SemoqmedebiTi warmateba.

parizSi Seiqmna `rienci~ da `mfrinavi holandieli~,

agreTve uvertiura `fausti~ da ramdenime romansi.

40-ian wlebSi vagneri Cadis drezdenSi, sadac

saTaveSi udgeba saopero Teatrs. am wlebSi iqmneba

`tanhoizeri~ da `loengrini~ _ gmirul-rainduli

operebi. aq vagneri agrZelebs `mfrinav holandielSi~

dawyebul saopero reformis xazs, rac Semdeg niSnebSi

gamoixateba: legendarul-miTologiur siuJetSi,

calkeuli, dasrulebuli nomrebis did dramatul scenebad

gardaqmnaSi, romlebic erTmaneTs enacvleba, saopero

ariis monologad, xolo duetis dialogad qcevaSi, rac

saopero JanrSi dramatuli sawyisis gaZlierebas iwvevs,

aseve saorkestro ganviTarebasa da gaZlierebaSi, operis

simfonizaciaSi, laitmotivizmSi.

drezdenSi vagneri simfoniur orkestrsac

diriJorobda, gansakuTrebiT saintereso iyo beThovenis

IX simfoniis Sesruleba. vagneri bevrs werda _

musikaluri da politikuri Sinaarsis statiebs. 1848

wels monawileoba miiRo drezdenis revoluciaSi, ris

gamoc mas mTavrobisagan damalva mouxda da ferenc

listis daxmarebiT SveicariaSi gaixizna.

naTia cqvitaia

105

SveicariaSi vagnerma filosofiurad da Teoriulad

ganazogada SemoqmedebiTi amocanebi, romlebic daisaxa

saopero reformis mizniT da romlebic, nawilobriv, ukve

gadawyvetili iyo ̀ loengrinsa~ da ̀ tanhoizerSi~. es iyo

Sromebi `xelovneba da revolucia~ da `opera da drama~,

sadac Rrmavdeba xelovnebaTa sinTezis idea. vagneri

Tavis musikalur dramas `momavlis dramas~ uwodebda.

misi wignis ZiriTadi arsi imaSi mdgomaroebs, rom musika,

romelic operaSi gamosaxvis saSualeba unda iyos, monad

iqca, xolo drama, romelic mizani unda iyos _ saSualebad.

am TvalsazrisiT, vagneri gansakuTrebiT akritikebs

italiur da frangul operebs. misi azriT, poezias ar

SeuZlia iyos srulyofili drama. mas sWirdeba kavSiri

musikasTan, magram musikasTan Serwyma yovelgvar poetur

siuJets ar SeuZlia. musikaluri dramis safuZvelia miTi,

_ istoriis dasawyisi da dasasruli. igi moklebulia

yovelive SemTxveviTs, gamoxatavs maradiuls da amitom

yvelaze srulad da organulad erTiandeba musikasTan.

rodesac musika da drama erT mTlianobad iqceva,

swored es iqneba momavlis xelovneba. musikaluri da

dramatuli moqmedeba erTi mTliani nakadi unda iyos,

romelic dasrulebuli, calkeuli nomrebiT ar gawydeba.

ZiriTadi gamomsaxveli roli eniWeba orkestrs. man unda

gamoxatos is, rac ar ZaluZs sityvas, anu gaaRrmavos Jesti,

gamosaxos gmirTa gancdebi, winaTgrZnoba `gamoTqvas~

momavali qmedebisa. simfoniuri musikis melodiuri

Sinaarsi unda Sedgebodes mravaljer gameorebuli

motivebisagan _ laitmotivebisagan, romlebic axasiaTebs

dramis moqmed pirebs, bunebis movlenebs, sagnebs, adamianTa

grZnobebs. uwyveti simfoniuri ganviTareba, romelic

agebulia mokle laitTemebis monacvleobaze, warmoadgens

vagneriseul `usasrulo melodiebs~.

Tavis TavSi musikosisa da poetis gaerTianebiT,

vagnerma daayena sakiTxi dramaturgi-kompozitoris

xedvis ormagobaze dramisa da musikis Serwymis

rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~

106

TvalsazrisiT da pirvelma Seqmna dawvrilebiTi da

zusti Teoria, Tu rogori unda iyos drama ̀ Cafiqrebuli

musikalur sulSi~. zogadad poeziisa da kerZod dramis

mizans adamianis sulis – `Sinagani adamianis~ gamosaxva

warmoadgens. misi grZnobebis, emociebis da analogiuri

emociebis sxvebSi gamowveva. poeziaSi es sityvis anu gonebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. emociebi sityvebad

gardaiqmneba da mayurebeli maT kvlav emociebad gardaqmnis. Tumca, sawyis emociasa da sityvas Soris, romelic mis

niSans warmoadgens, ar arsebobs aucilebeli da bunebrivi

kavSiri. sityvas SeuZlia gadmogvces emociis – sixarulis,

sevdis mizezebi an gaaanalizos maTi moqmedeba, zustad

gansazRvros, ra garemoebebSi daibada es emocia, magram

Zala ar Seswevs gvagrZnobinos emocia Tavis TavSi. Cans,

poezia ar `gadmocems~ Tavdapirvel emociebs uSualod

msmenelis sulSi. is mxolod karnaxobs analogiur

emocias sityvis wyalobiT, romelic moqmedebs gonebaze,

Semdgom warmosaxvaze. sxva mxriv, ra aris musika? am

kiTxvas ar aqvs gansazRvruli pasuxi. musikas Seswevs

Zala grZnobebze uSualo zemoqmedebis gziT gamoiwvios

CvenSi Zalian Zlieri, magram ganusazRvreli, bundovani

emociebi. aqedan gamomdinare, vagneri askvnis, rom musika

aris zustad is adeqvaturi da uSualo gamoxatuleba

emociisa, romelic SeuZlebelia ipovo sityvaSi. am ori

dargidan yoveli maTgani erTi meoreSi poulobs WeSmarit

srulyofilebas. musikas, Tavis mxriv, sWirdeba sityvis

daxmareba saTqmelis gamosaxatad. sakuTar saSualebebs

mindobils, mas ar ZaluZs gamogviyvanos Cven ubralo

emociis bundovani mxaridan; es aris axlo da Zlieri xma,

romelic arxevs Cveni gulis yvelaze malul nawilakebs,

magram arafers ar eubneba Cvens gonebas. amitomac,

beTxovenma IX simfoniaSi, bolos, orkestris partias

SeuerTa adamianTa xma: man iwinaswarmetyvela, rom musikas

SeuZlia gaaCndes yvelaze maRali mniSvneloba, mxolod

poeziasTan kavSiriT. axla ki gasagebia, Tu rogor SeuZlia

naTia cqvitaia

107

gaerTianeba musikasa da sityvas lirikul dramaSi.

vagneris reforma srulad ar ganxorcielebula mis

operebSi, nawilobriv ki winaaRmdegobebic gamoiwvia.

bolo operebSi simfoniuri orkestris rolis gazrdam

gamoiwvia moqmedebis Sesusteba da statikuroba.

1848 wels vagners daebada idea Seeqmna musikaluri

drama germanul-skandinaviuri miTis mixedviT zigfridze.

1852 wels. dawera tetralogiis teqsti, romelic

oTxi operisagan Sedgeboda: `rkinis oqro~, `valkiriebi~,

`zigfridi~, `RmerTebis damxoba~. musika 20 wlis

manZilze iqmneboda da pirvelad Sesrulda baireiTSi,

1876 wels.

`zigfridze~ muSaobis periodSi man Sewyvita

tetralogiis wera da 1858-59 wlebSi dawera musikaluri

drama `tristani da izolda~, misi geniis erT-erTi

miRweva.

mas Semdeg, rac man miiRo nebarTva dabrunebuliyo

germaniaSi, 1861 wels, is miiwvies vaimarSi, listis

mier organizebul `sayovelTao germanuli musikaluri

kavSiris~ gaxsnaze. vagneri dasaxlda bibrisSi, md.

rainis sanapiroze da daiwyo muSaoba `niurnbergis

maisterzingerze~. 1872 wels fundamenti Caeyara

vagneris Teatrs baireiTSi, bavariis patara qalaqSi. 1874

wels daasrula musikaluri drama `RmerTebis damxoba~.

tetralogiis premiera Sedga 1876 wels baireiTSi. 1882

wels daidga misi bolo musikaluri drama `parsifali~.

vagneri gardaicvala 1883 wels veneciaSi.

vagneruli dramis SeswavlisaTvis da gagebisaTvis

saWiroa SeviswavloT vagneris filosofia da esteTika.

upirveles yovlisa, vagneris drama - filosofiuri an

umjobesia iTqvas, simbolisturia. es aris musikaluri

dramis bunebis logikuri Sedegi. simbolizmisa da

filosofiisaken midrekilebis gamo, xSirad akritikebdnen

kidec mas, radgan miiCnevdnen, rom ar aris gonivruli

poeziisa da filosofiis erTmaneTSi areva, poeturi

rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~

108

azrovnebis Senacvleba civi da ganyenebuli tiradebiT

foierbaxisa da Sopenhaueris doqtrinebidan, vrceli

metafizikuri saubrebi, romlebic damRleli, mosawyeni

da Sinaars moklebulia mayureblisaTvis. msgavsi

kritikis avtorebi, sakuTar Tavs amxeldnen imaSi, rom

maT saerTod ar esmiT ara Tu vagneris Semoqmedebis

WeSmariti Rirebuleba, aramed ar aRiareben germanuli

poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebel originalurobas: cocxali

saxisa da ideis Serwymas, xiluli da grZnobadi realobis

Serwymas idealur kanonTan, Serwyma, romelsac Zalian

xSirad vawydebiT goeTes poeziaSi an ibsenis dramebSi

(marTalia, sxva saxiT, Tumca aseve maRal doneze). goeTem

Seqmna sagnebis amgvari Semecneba da uwoda mas ganWvreta,

misi SexedulebiT, arsebiTad ganWvreta gulisxmobs

imas, rom yovel kerZo SemTxvevaSi davinaxoT saerTo

idea, romelsac es saxe sakuTar TavSi atarebs. vagneris

simbolizmi goeTes `Wvretas~ gavs, es aris idealuris

xilvis unari kerZo movlenaSi.

1848-1854 wlebis periodi ikveTeba, rogorc vagneris

inteleqtualuri da moraluri evoluciis erT-erT

yvelaze damaxasiaTebel etapi. 1848 wlamde is aRiarebs

maRal idealistur da Zlierad Seferil qristianul

pesimizms. 1854 wlis Semdeg is uwodebs sakuTar Tavs

Sopenhaueriseuli doqtrinis mimdevars, amtkicebs

adamianis mier yovelgvari warmavali survilebis

uaryofis aucileblobas da gvaswavlis, rom kacobriobas

SeuZlia mivides monaniebamde, netarebamde mxolod

yvelaferze uaris Tqmis, mwuxarebis saSualebiT. man

ipovna Sopenhaueris nawarmoebebSi Tavisi WeSmariti

azris sruli filosofiuri gamoxatuleba.

berZnul tragediaze saubrisas, vagneris SexedulebiT,

Tu gadavxedavT istorias, aRmovaCenT, rom sayovelTao

evoluciis ganmavlobaSi, kacobrioba erTxel ukve

amaRlda srulyofil mxatvrul nawarmoebamde, romelic

mTeli eris qmediTsa da STagonebul TanamSroblobas

naTia cqvitaia

109

eyrdnoboda. esqilesa da sofokles dros dramebi

savsebiT axorcielebs `komunisturi~ dramis im ideals,

romelzec ocnebobda da risi aRdgenac surda vagners

Tavisi TanamedroveebisaTvis da momavali TaobisaTvis.

es drama, upirvelesad, Tuki ganvixilavT mis masalas,

genialuri individuumis xelovnuri da subieqturi

qmnileba ki ar aris, aramed, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,

nayofia artistisa da xalxis TanamSromlobisa, saTuTi da

didebuli yvavili TviT saberZneTis STagonebuli geniisa.

berZeni xalxis cxovrebaSi tragedias gansakuTrebuli

roli eniWeboda. igi warmoadgenda saberZneTis religiuri

idealis yvelaze srul mxatvrul gamoxatulebas. Tavisi

sawyisiT, iseve rogorc suliskveTebiT, is iyo WeSmaritad

religiuri aqti, SeiZleba iTqvas saberZneTis religiuri

istoriisaTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovani, vidre taZrebSi

gamarTuli sakulto ceremoniebi.

sxva kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, berZnuli drama warmoadgenda

ara marto xalxis TanamSromlobas, aramed xelovnebaTa

TanamSromlobas, urTierTxelSewyobas. sinamdvileSi,

gansxvavebuli xelovnebebi dakavSirebulia erTmaneTTan

mWidro ZafebiT da srulyofilebas miaRweven mxolod

guliTadi Tanxmobis, Sinagani SeerTebis Sedegad.

elinuri xelovnebis brwyinvale ayvavebis epoqas

mosdevs dacemis, gaTiSulobis era, dabneulobisa da

umisamarTo Ziebis ori aTasi weli. vagneris azriT,

amis mizezi iyo adamianis sulis saerTo evoluciaSi.

berZnul epoqaSi adamiani jer kidev Zalian axlos

aris bunebasTan. igi bunebas mxatvris TvaliT uyurebs,

keTili nebiT emorCileba gardauvalobis kanons, romlis

gamoxatulebac masSi instiqtia, igi jer kidev axlosaa

xalxis sulis udidesi Semoqmedebis pirvelyofil

periodTan, religiasTan, miTTan, bunebriv saxelmwifosTan,

enasTan. saukuneebTan erTad Sekruli mTlianoba, bunebrivi

adamiani rRvevas iwyebs. intuiciisa da instiqtis periods

gansjis periodi mosdevs. ganyenebuli azrovneba iswrafvis

rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~

110

daeuflos adamians da amayad amaRldes grZnobaze.

ganWvretis nacvlad, igi aanalizebs. buneba, romelSic

igi adre aRiqvamda erTianobas, axla danawevrebulia da

sul ufro nawevrdeba umcires wvrilmanebamde. amgvarad

kosmogonia midis fizikamde da qimiamde, religia iqceva

Teologiad da filosofiad, miTi-istoriul qronikad,

bunebrivi saxelmwifo sawyiss aZlevs politikur

saxelmwifos da bolos, xelovneba iqceva mecnierebad

da esTetikad. yvela sferoSi bunebrivi adgils uTmobs

xelovnurs, mTlianoba-danawevrebulobas. amgvarma

evoluciam gamoiwvia mTeli da cocxali mxatvruli

nawarmoebis daqucmaceba. axla xelovnebis calkeuli

sferoebi (arqiteqtura, skulptura, mxatvroba, cekva,

pantomima, musika, poezia) cdilobs egoisturad, cal-

calke gabrwyindes da amasTan, iketeba amay da unayofo

martoobaSi.

`momavlis mxatvrul nawarmoebSi~ vagnerma

mimoixila sxvadasxva xelovnebis istoria da aCvena,

rom specializaciam, romelsac TiTqos xeli unda

Seewyo calkeul sferoTa ganviTarebisaTvis, maTi dacema

gamoiwvia. TanamedroveobaSi ki isini kvlav eswrafvian

erTmanTTan daaxloebas, raTa erTmaneTi Seavson.

vagneris ideebi evoluciis Sesaxeb, xelovnebis or

sferosTan: musikasTan da poeziasTan aris dakavSirebuli,

radgan swored es gaxlavT mTavari faqtori lirikuli

dramis mTlian nawarmoebSi.

masala, romliTac operirebs musikosi, _ bgeraa, bgeris

usazRvro niuansebi, misi simaRlis, tembris bunebrivi

gamoxatuleba. is usazRvro elferebi, romelic iZens

wminda emocias da grZnobas. bgeraTa sferos vagneri

okeanes adarebs, romelic usasrulobamde vrceldeba,

konkretuli sazRvrebis gareSe. maTi kanonia harmonia.

harmonia ganyenebuli mecnierebaa, bgeraTa urTierTSewyobis

Sesaxeb.

gavagrZeloT kompozitoris Sedareba: harmoniis

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usazRvro okeane aerTianebs or kontinents. sinamdvileSi

cekva aZlevs musikas, ritms anu is warmoadgens

erTgvar wesrigs, kanons, romelic adgens moZraobaTa

Tanmimdevrobas droSi. meore mxriv, poezia musikasTan

Sexebis dros TviTneburad badebs melodias. xalxis

aracnobieri xelovneba yovelgvari mecnieruli kanonebis

gareSe da ucodveli instiqtis wyalobiT qmnis Tavis

ubralo simRerebs, sadac grZnoba bunebrivad, poeziisa

da musikis daxmarebiT, gadmoicema da leqsi TavisTavad

iSleba musikaSi.

vagneris kritikuli naSromebis umetesi nawili, maT

Soris yvelaze mTavari - `opera da drama~, daiwera im dros, rodesac mis gonebaSi mwifdeboda gegma saopero

nawarmoebisa `nibelungebis beWedi~. am ukanasknels

kompozitori musikalur dramad, upiratesad umaRlesi

mxatvruli formis ayvavebis safexurad miiCnevda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `opera da drama~ tetralogiis

Teoriuli mimarTulebaa. aq vagneri iZleva dramatuli

siuJetis amorCevis miTiTebebs.

rogorc, zemoT aRvniSne, 1876 wels baireiTis

saopero Teatri gaixsna saopero ciklis `nibelungebis

beWedis~ premieriT, romelic 1876 wlis 13 agvistodan

17 agvistomde warmoadgines. baireiTis Teatri mdebareobs bavariis qalaq baireiTis

CrdiloeT nawilSi. emsaxureba ZiriTadad rihard vagneris

operebis dadgmebs baireiTis festivalis farglebSi.

Teatri aigo Tavad vagneris xelmZRvanelobiT, gotfrid

zemperis mier miunxenSi operis ganuxorcielebeli

Teatris proeqtis bazaze. Tanxa gamohyo mefe ludvig

II. Teatris Sida struqtura UuCveuloa, radgan

darbazSi ar aris galerea da aivani, xolo orkestri

ganlagebulia scenis qveS da uxilavia publikisaTvis.

interieri Seqminilia xisagan. garda amisa, darbazSi aris

akustikuri balansi orkestrsa da momRerlebs Soris,

rac SeuZlebels qmnis darbazSi arasaopero musikis

rihard vagneri `poeti da moazrovne~

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Sesrulebas. ormagi prosceniumi vizualurad zrdis

scenas. vagneris remofrmatoroba, Teatris struqturul

agebulebaSic naTlad Cans.

msoflio Teatris istoriisaTvis rihard vagneri

aris umniSvnelovanesi figura da reformatori, maT

Soris Tanamedrove sadadgmo gamomsaxvelobisa da

uaxlesi Teatraluri tendeciebis planSi. misi swrafva

sinTezurobisaken, iqca swored `momavlis Teatris~

ganmsazRvrelad.

XX saukunis saTeatro kulturis SeswavlisaTvis,

vagneris Semoqmedeba kidev ufro mniSvnelovania

scenografiuli sivrcis axali gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT,

romelsac kompozitorTan erTad Sveicareli musikosi,

mxatvari, reJisori-Teoretikosi adolf apia qmnida

(1862-1928ww.).

rogorc viciT, vagneri sulac ar agebda grandiozul

Senobas ganyenebuli Teoriebisagan. man Tavisi esTetikis

gamomuSavebiT sakuTar Tavs ki ar Seudgina programa,

aramed gonebas misca kvlevisa da sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi

warmosaxvis Semowmebis SesaZlebloba. igi upirvelesad

rCeba artistad. aqedan gamomdinare, vagneris SemoqmedebaSi

praqtika srulad gansazRvravs mis Teorias.

Анри Лиштанберже . Рихард Вагнер Как Поэт и Мыслитель. • http://www.zipsites.ru/books/rikhard_vagner_kak_poet_i_myslitel/joje belani. “me, rihard vagneri...”, “xelovneba”, 1974.• h• ttp://richard-wagner.ru/ http.://• traditio.ru/wiki/

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avtorTa Sesaxeb

maia goSaZe _ xelovnebaTmcodnebis doqtori.

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori.

daamTavra SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos

universitetis Teatrmcodneobis fakulteti.

sxvadasxva dros, gamoqveynebuli aqvs publikaciebi

amerikuli, antikuri da renesansis dramaturgiis Sesaxeb.

amJamad muSaobs Temaze `variaciebi miTosur motivebze~.

tel: + 995 (32) 299 65 64

nino sanadiraZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi-eqspert specialisti

SoTa rusTavelis kinosa da Teatris saxelmwifo

universiteti

biznesisa da marTvis fakulteti – asocirebuli

profesori.

tel: + 995 5 (77) 78 91 78

el-fosta: ninisanadiradze@gmail.com

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THEATRE STUDIES

Maia Goshadze

NECROPHILIA BY PHROMESummary

The article “Necrophilia by Chrome” discusses to run off from the present motives in the Patrick Ziuskind, Anton Chekhov and Giorgi margvelashvili’s play “Cherries Garden.”

Article’s author’s idea is that the dilemma of to be or not to be, between life and death (by view Existential) choose between “un dead” results and “dead’ process is clear in to the chosen, - by hope or ask of the prized undead. Without praise less and without judge all being on the present, given, realization. It must be arise all its whole life with itself ability again to try discovered unsuccessfully in the same row.

It became hated physical tendency prized with “un dead” future, un received the motive without all giving rules life, always birth new of the creative physical agent, hopefuls, refused of the activates, afraid and hatred of the life.

Not wish to arise from the sleeping from the future morning; we can see Chehkov’s hero, in the play “Cherry garden” made by director Giorgi Margvelashvili. It may be really wishes to come back in the best inertial before the birth.

Right towards the present, such as humans’ leader physics tendency, - to love life or hate creative motive is realized in the different epochs being madden work.

ABOUT AUTHORArt History PhD Associate Professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University. Graduated from Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University’s Faculty of Theatre Studies. She has had her articles on American, Ancient and Renaissance Drama published at various times. Currently she works on paper “Variations on mythical motives”Tel: + 995 (32) 299 65 64

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CULTURE MANAGEMENT

Nino Sanadiradze

CULTURE PRODUCTS AND CULTURAL PRODUCTS SEGMENTATION

Summary

In the article briefly is examined essence of attitude of meaning culture and art products. The production of culture perspective focuses on how the symbolic elements of culture are shaped by the systems within which they are created, distributed, evaluated, taught, and preserved. Initially, practitioners of this perspective focused on the fabrication of expressive-symbol elements of culture, such as art works, scientific research reports, popular culture, religious practices and other parts of what are now often called the culture or creative industries. Marketing Culture and the Arts is a useful tool for anyone seeking to understand how marketing works within the cultural context and to familiarize themselves with the unique challenges posed by artistic products in the choice of marketing strategies.

Market segmentation is the division of a market into different groups of customers with distinctly similar needs and product/service requirements. Or to put it another way, market segmentation is the division of a mass market into identifiable and distinct groups or segments, each of which have common characteristics and needs and display similar responses to marketing actions. The market segmentation concept is related to product differentiation. If you aim at different market segments, you might adapt different variations of your offering to satisfy those segments, and equally if you adapt different versions of your offering, this may appeal to different market segments. Since there is less competition, your approach is less likely to be copied and so either approach will do.

In conclusion it can be seen that the cultural production is the process by which cultural products (including goods, artifacts, visual and experiential objects, services, and art forms) are created, transformed, and diffused in the constitution of consumer culture. In

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this article we are interested in a specific class of cultural products, those that have artistic and aesthetic appeal. A central premise of the cultural production process is that culture itself is constructed and negotiated by cultural actors (producers, intermediaries, consumers) through interplay of symbolic and sensory modes of experience and their concomitant meaning systems in which the cultural actors are engaged.

ABOUT AUTHORDr. Associated professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, Georgian National MuseumTel: + 995 (577) 78 91 78E-mail: ninisanadiradze@gmail.com

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UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM

THEORY AND HISTORI OF SCENOGRAPHY

Head of the Program: Prof. Ketevan Kintsurashvili

Lali GelashviliThird year PhD student

COSTUME PAINTING IN THE MOVIE “KETO AND KOTE”

Summary

The movie <<Keto and Kote>> was shot in 1948 after A. Tsagareli comedy « Khanuma » and Victor Dolidze opera «Keto and Kote»

Poplulation, tired with World War II, needed an entertaining movie. That is why, the Soviet Government allowed the Georgian film directors to shoot the musical comedy « Keto and Kote ». The present work describes what obstacles and difficuilties were overcome in order to make that very movie which we know.

« Keto and Kote » film direcotrs are Vakhtang Tabliashvili and Shalva Gedevanishvili . The movie is shot after Siko Pashalishvili screenplay. Music is composed by Victor Dolidze and Archil Kereselidze. The movie designer is Jozeph Sumbatashvili, costume designer – Parnaoz Lapiashvili. Other designers : Koteh Kvaliashvili, Evgenyi Machavariani and Khristesia Lebanidze.

The costume design is one of the signigicant components in the movie-making process. The film designer Parnaoz Lapiashvili did a tremendous job for each particular character for creation of artistical-historically justified as well as characteristical apparel. Parnaoz Lapiashvili is distinguished by his ability to harmonically merge pictorial art and constructive means. The costumes in the movie should have been merged by sketch and diversity of texture with interior, decorative environment and properties.

The action in the movie takes place in Tbilisi of the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. In the multinational city on the crossroad of Europe and Asia the motives and elements of the east

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and the west weaved and it is not a surprise that this would have found its expression also in apparel. The designer had to learn lots of sources and then consider them. This was done brilliantly with his high professionalism by Parnazo Lapiashvili.

The designer could express in costumes the interests, habits of different social classes of the society and at the same time to maintain traditional details.

Parnaoz Lapiashvili’s cotumes are not mere costumes. They are means of expression of the style of life of Georgians with humor or irony of that epoch.

Each mise-en-scene of «Keto and Kote» is unique. The designer knows well in which time interval the characters are in different interiors, in nature. In case of designers the changes in environment and time is expressed in actors’ clothes, also in use of separate accessories and things.

The designer’s art in cinematography is distinquished by a specificity, which is well felt and considered by «Keto and Kote» designers. This is the reason why this movie is so interesting. The artistic characteristic features of designers were transfered into Cinematography: perception of dynamics, rhythm and movement. The designer seems to combine by editing the diverse urban scenes. In artistic reproduction of 19th century epoch the architectural background of old Tbilisi and Jozeph Sumbatashvili’s art played a great role.

Parnaoz Lapiashvili’s work for the movie is loaded with deep thinking and emotions, which is the result of the movie specific epoch and national individuality study, deep learning of ethnographic materials. That is why, one can feel so strongly the flavor of XIX century Tbilisi, fashion tendencies and real clothes transform into movie-costumes.

The artist conforms with success the contents of the movie and modern methods of cinematography of that period. In costumes created for the movie, he reaches the synthesis of texture technology and painting principles.To our mind, for all this there is one base – National culture, moving of artistic traditions into movie costumes, their styling and creating entire visual material, inner freedom.

In the movie Parnaoz Lapiashvili’s costume is active, when it shows the vivid dinamics of colors and also the dynamics of development of personage character. Colors in movement speak loud.

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No matter what is the main purpose of costume for the character, for P. Lapiashvili each costume is a color, combination of colors, which in its way, creat a particular colourful range. Despite the movie is black and white, alongside with colourful correspondence of costumes, one can easily see the correspondence of different texture cloths. As for sctuctural correspondence of different cloths – especially for shooting – is not an easy task stemming out of cinema specificity. P. Lapiashvili can fulfill this task with ease.

If not “Keto and Kote”-s designers’ personal artistic abilities, transformed into the movie, keen perception of dynamics, rhythm and movement, the viewer would never become part of performance and its immediate participant.

This movie could stand the time because the artistic team made the viewers of all generation be a participant. One of the major roles in this artistic team belongs to designers. The close cooperation of film directors, cameramen and designers define the deep expression of platic language, creation of a life images of epoch and comical being.This helped greatly to poetic convey of esthetical conception of the movie.

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DRAMA DIRECTION

Head of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Margvelashvili, Vasil Kiknadze

Nino LipartianiThird year PhD student

PHILOSOPHICAL POST MODERNISMSummary

Post Modernism era is an age of failed mankind with no more attempts to build up utopias or readjust the world. On a contrary, it tries to accept the world as it is, conform to it and furnish it with maximum comfort.

Shortly, it does not reflect one’s cruel idea, but an honest reaction upon the cynicism of modern history. It is not a stylish passion but an epoch establishing new style of public relations.We are predestined to replay all scenarios ever created. We live through reproduction of endless ideals, fantasies and dreams, the originals of which had been left in the past. “The idea of progress has disappeared, however the progress still takes place” – Post modernism tries to farewell the past sneeringly.

Maia ShengeliaThird year PhD student

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S “TITUS ANDRONICUS” FOR GENEZIS

Summary

Shakespeare's works, discussing the importance of those sources, which the playwright has created his own compositions. In this study the question again arises skeptics often manipulated by the «authorship» question. This time, we can not touch this problem. Only remark that Shakespeare's audience did not demand a new

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communities to find. Viewing assessing the novelty of the old, familiar story in terms of the new show. Shakespeare lived in that era, and it led to this principle. Therefore, to blame others for its use of stories, not right now.

All the sources that Shakespeare used, the researchers point out, could not write his own compositions. In particular, «Titus Andronicus,» a source is unknown, but appear to be motivated by several authors: ovideusi, seneka, but the most reliable source is considered the 18th century in the second half of the publications and we will come a book that contains a «Titus Andronicus» prose version. However, this work is mentioned attava tamoras name instead.

Our subject matter dibeliusis idea that Titus Andronicus is a prototype of the Roman Caesar Andronic I, and tamoras - Georgian Queen Tamar.

Comparative analysis has shown, because they were relatives of Queen Tamar, and Andronicus, and Tamora and Titus enemies are, therefore, can not be Tamara Tamora's prototype. The Tamar is a noble and a Christian believer.

As Andronic I, his character and play in the story of his life, the similarities, suggest that it is quite possible that Andronic I be Titus's prototype.

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THEATRE JOURNALISM HISTORY

Head of the Program: Prof. Giorgi Chartolani

Mariam ChubinidzeThird year PhD student

GEORGIAN THEATRE JOURNALISM AND THE AUDIENCE

Summary

Periodical press is the one of the most important means for the research of the history of theater. However, the profession of theatre journalism is full profession itself and not one of the “additions” to theatre.

Georgian Theatre journalism emerged in the second half of the 19th century. Due to Georgia's political regime at that time and in spite of Georgian public figures efforts, it turned out impossible to edit several Georgian publications at the same time; therefore, speaking about origins of Theatre Journalism (according to unstable situation of Georgian press), we will pass 50 - ies and overview the following 30 years.

Discussing Georgian Theatre Journalism of the period of our interest, of course, we should consider what was happening in Georgian theatre at that time. Founded in 1850, the theater of GeorgeTsereteli was quickly closed. A more than twenty years after Georgian stage amateurs, more or less actively, presented theatricals in the various cities or villages. The press watched and wrote about each of them. By the journalists’ analysis of national-ideological importance of theatre (issues of language, protection of national identity, education) and by increasing the viewer’s aesthetic needs, it became clear for the prominent part of Georgian society that setting of professional theatre was timely and necessary.

The role played by Georgian periodical press in the creation of the permanent Georgian Theatre is well-known fact in the history; but the first period of Georgian Theatre journalism is also interesting and important by the fact that it succeeded in turning its reader in the professional theater audience, many of whom before

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reading this or other periodical publication not even had heard about Theatre.

We more frequently can see in the press of this period the letters where the authors discuss the importance of theater for community, but later the audience itself becomes of not less importance.

The authors of some letters directly raise the problem of the audience. This is one of the areas of Georgian Theatre journalism whose deep and consistent research has finally laid the foundation for Georgian professional theater.

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UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAM

MODERN EUROPEAN THEATRE

Head of the Program: Prof. Tamar Bokuchava

Guram KokaiaSecond year MA student

THEATRE DIRECTING RESEARCHES OF VSEVOLOD MEYERHOLD IN 1902-1906

Summary

Vsevolod Meyerhold was worldwide known Russian theatre director, actor and theatre producer. He worked with different theatres, actors and actresses.

He began his career in Moscow Art Theatre, with Konstantin Stanislavsky and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko. He played some roles there. He didn’t agree MAT’s naturalistic aesthetic principles. He argued with K. Stanislavsky about theatre art and it’s principles.

Finally Vsevolod Meyerhold decided to leave the Theatre. Some of actors and actress followed him. They went to the south province of Russia, in Kherson and began to work there. The director began making experiments in theatre art.

This article is about the experiments Meyerhold has done. He began to work on modern drama. He was delighted with symbolists plays. He made experiments in every branch of theatre art. He searched for new forms of theatre art. This article includes V. Meyerhold’s activities between 1902-1906 years. There is information about the most notable performances he had done in this period of time: “Acrobats”, “Balaganchik”, “The Death of Tintagiles”, “The Life Of Man”, “Sister Beatrice”, etc. In these performances, the director tried new forms of stage design, light and sound effects, etc. The rythm was very important for him. He trained an actor in different ways and finally he created “Biomechanich System”, which spread in the whole world.

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This article is about the first steps of great director. He developed theatre art and influenced a lot of other theatre directors. There are V. Meyerholds aesthetic principles, opinions about art and theatre. Lot of his ideas were realized in his performances. This period was the beginning of his life long artistic researches and creations.

Tamar KomladzeSecond year MA student

THE THEATRE OF THE ABSURD AND ITS REPRESENTATIVES

Summary

In 20th century 50-60’s there has appeared a new direction in French drama -Theatre of the Absurd. It was called avant-garde or experimental theatre, sometimes it was even called Anti-Theatre or “Theatre de Derision”.

Theatre of the Absurd neglected the realistic or even ‘engaged’ theatre. Anti - theatre of absurd has it’s own rules: theatre is only in the theatre, actors live only during the play, action is in the dreamy, imaginative place, it’s not subjected to traditional points of view about time and space, words and things have their own autonomy, communicational function of speech due to the “crisis of the speech” is wasted and becomes the object of the stage. As a result the Avant-garde theatre of Absurd doesn’t believe in speech, language and prefers gestures and motion.

The term was coined by the critic Martin Esslin, who made it the title of a book on the subject first published in 1961. According to Esslin, the five defining playwrights of the movement are: Eugene Ionesco, Samuel Beckett, Jean Genet, Arthur Adamov, and Harold Pinter, although these writers were not always comfortable with this label and sometimes preferred to use terms such as «Anti-Theater» or «New Theater». Other playwrights associated with this type of theatre include Tom Stoppard, Arthur Kopit, Friedrich Durrenmatt, Fernando Arrabal, Edward Albee, and N.F.

Today the form of Theatre of the Absurd is considered to be the

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phenomenon what appeared after the World War II. One of the early peaces of absurd - Jean Jennet’s “The Maids” – first was performed in Paris, in 1947. “The Bald Prima Donna” by Ionesco and early plays by Arthur Adamov were performed in 1950. Samuel Beckett’s “Waiting for Godot” –was written between October of 1948 and 29 January of 1949. First it was staged in 1953, the Theatre de Babylon, Paris. It was voted «the most significant English language play of the 20th century”. The Theatre of the Absurd has appeared as a reaction to the World War II, at this time, there was confluence of existential philosophy and elements of drama, it makes to give ability to forming a new style of theatre - The Theatre of the Absurd.

Natia TskvitaiaSecond year MA student

RICHARD WAGNER “THE POET AND THINKER”

Summary

Richard Wagner is one of the most famous German composer, musician, great talent, which has very much affected the artistic history of European musical art. He’s works are interesting not only for the history of music, but for the general arts, modern theater and German music. Wagner created a new form of the art, the “Music drama”. Music drama rules are described in his critical writings, which contain invaluable documents for the aesthetics of music. However, the Wagner music drama is also very important in the development of theatrical art. In short, it is not only a musician, but also a playwright, aesthete and thinker; this is how he Wagner characterized by the German composer Henry Lishtanberzhe in his book introductions - “Richard Wagner as a poet and thinker”.

Through unification in one person the musician and the poet, Wagner raised the question of the playwright - Double point of the composer’s vision the drama and music in terms of the merger. He created detailed and accurate theory of how drama should be “conceived of in a musical.”

Wagner’s ideas about evolution are related with the two fields of arts - music and poetry, as this is a major factor in the overall work of lyrical drama.

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Richard Wagner is one of the most important figures and reformers in the World Theatre History, with his modern Staged expression the contemporary theatrical trends in the foreground. His commitment to synthesis became the “theater of the future” determinant.

XX Century Theatre for the Study of Culture, Wagner’s works is more important Stenography new solution in terms of space, which together with the Swiss composer, musician, painter, and director - theorist created Adolf Apia (1862-1928).

As we know, Wagner was not building grandiose building of the abstract theories. With his aesthetics, he was not composing certain programs for himself, but he gave to the mind of the creative imagination of its own research and testing capability. First of all Richard Wagner remains the artist. Hence, Wagner’s practical works determined his theory.

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