schaefer10e ppt ch08
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SOCIOLOGYRichard T. Schaefer
Deviance and Social Control
8
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8. Deviance and Social Control
• Social Control• Deviance • Crime• Social Policy and Social Control
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– Conformity: going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior
– Obedience: compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchical structure
Social Control
• Techniques and strategies are employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
Sanctions: Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm
• Conformity and Obedience
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Social Control
• Research demonstrates that people may conform to attitudes and behavior of peers even when it means expressing intolerance towards others
• Milgram pointed out that in the modern industrial world, we are accustomed to submitting to impersonal authority figures, whose status is indicated by a title or uniform
• Conformity and Obedience– Conformity to Prejudice
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Social Control
– Informal Social Control: used casually to enforce norms
– Formal Social Control: carried out by authorized agents
• Informal and Formal Social Control
Under conducive circumstances, otherwise normal people can and often do treat one another inhumanely
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Social Control
– Some norms are so important to a society that they are formalized into laws•Law: governmental social control•Control Theory: our connection to
members of society leads us to systematically conform to society’s norms
• Law and Society
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Deviance
– Deviance: behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society• Involves violation of group norms, which
may or may not be formalized into law• Subject to social definition within a
particular society and at a particular time
• What is Deviance?
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Deviance
Figure 8-1. The Status of Medical Marijuana
Source: Developed by author based on data from Marijuana Policy Project 2004, 2005
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Deviance
•Stigma: labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
– Deviance and Technology• Technological innovations can redefine
social interactions and standards of behavior related to them
• What is Deviance?– Deviance and Social Stigma
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Deviance
• Deviance common part of human existence, with positive as well as negative consequences for social stability.
• Durkheim Legacy– Anomie: loss of direction felt in society when
social control of individual behavior becomes ineffective
• Explaining Deviance– Functionalist Perspective
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Deviance
• Explaining Deviance– Functionalist Perspective
• Merton’s Theory of Deviance
Anomie Theory of Deviance: how people adapt in certain ways by conforming to or by deviating from cultural expectations, including conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion
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Deviance
Table 8-1. Modes of Individual Adaptation
Source: Adapted from Merton 1968:194
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Deviance
• Cultural Transmission Theory– Cultural Transmission: humans learn how
to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly
– Differential Association: the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules (Sutherland)
• Explaining Deviance– Interactionist Perspective
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– Criminal victimization increases when motivated offenders and suitable targets converge
• Labeling Theory/Societal-Reaction Approach
– Some individuals or groups have the power to define and apply labels
Deviance
• Explaining Deviance– Interactionist Perspective
• Routine Activities Theory
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• Agents of social control and other powerful groups can impose their own self-serving definitions of deviance on the general public
– Feminist Perspective• Society tends to treat women in
stereotypical fashion• Emphasizes deviance, including crime,
tends to flow from economic relationships
Deviance
• Explaining Deviance– Conflict Theory
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Deviance
Table 8-2. Approaches to Deviance
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Crime
– Laws divide crimes into categories based on:• Severity of offense• Age of offender• Potential punishment• Jurisdiction
• Types of Crime
Crime: violation of criminal law, for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
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Crime
– Victimless Crimes: willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
– Professional Crime•Professional criminal: person who
pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation– Organized Crime: group that
regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities
• Types of Crime
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Computer Crime: use of high technology to carry out illegal activityComputer Crime: use of high technology to carry out illegal activity
Corporate Crime: any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government
Crime
• Types of Crime– White Collar and Technology-Based
Crime
– Transnational Crime• Crime that occurs across multiple national
borders
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Crime
– Not as accurate as social scientists would like
– Understanding Crime Statistics• Reported crime is very high in the U.S.• Public regards crime as major social
problem
• Crime Statistics
Victimization Surveys: surveys of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have been victims of crime
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Crime
• Violent crimes much more common in U.S. than Western Europe in 1980s and 1990s
• Disturbing increases in violent crime are evident in other Western societies
• Crime Statistics– International Crime Rates
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Crime
Table 8-3. Types ofTransnational Crime
Source: Compiled by author based on Mueller 2001 and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2005
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Crime
Figure 8-2. Victimization Rates, 1973—2003
Source: Catalano 2004:1
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Social Policy and Social Control
• Over the past 10 years, two-thirds of all murders committed with firearms
• 1994 Brady Act mandates firearms dealers run criminal history background checks on people who wish to purchase handguns
– About two percent of all purchases denied
• Gun Control– The Issue
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Social Policy and Social Control
• The Second Amendment to the Constitution guarantees the “right of the people to keep and bear arms”
• 30 to 35 million people in the United States own handguns
• About 45 percent of U.S. households have some type of firearm on the premises.
• Gun Control– The Setting
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Social Policy and Social Control
• Since Brady Act, support for stricter measures declined
• Conflict theorists contend that groups like National Rifle Association (NRA) dominate the legislative process because they can mobilize resources
• Gun Control– Sociological Insights
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Social Policy and Social Control
• Advocates for stricter gun control want:– Total ban on assault weapons– Tight restrictions on permits to carry
concealed weapons– Increased penalties for leaving firearms where
they are easily accessible
• Gun Control– Policy Implications
Unlawful use of guns is a global issue