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has led historically to major highs andlows in the economies of South American

states, often causing extreme politicalinstability. This is leading to efforts todiversify production to drive away fromstaying as economies dedicated to onemajor export.

South America is one of the mostbiodiverse continents on earth. SouthAmerica is home to many interesting andunique species of animals includingthe llama, anaconda, piranha,jaguar, vicua, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests

possess high biodiversity, containing amajor proportion of the Earth's species.

Brazil is the largest country in SouthAmerica, encompassing around half ofthe continent's land area and population.

The remaining countries and territoriesare divided among three regions:TheAndean States, the Guianasandthe Southern Cone.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Conehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guianashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Stateshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaguarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piranhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacondahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llama


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Outlying islands[edit]

Traditionally, South America also

includes some of the nearbyislands.Aruba, Bonaire, Curaao, Trinidad, Tobago, and the federal dependenciesof Venezuelasit on the northerly SouthAmerican continental shelfand are oftenconsidered part of the continent. Geo-

politically, the island states and overseasterritories of the Caribbean are generallygrouped as a part or subregion of NorthAmerica, since they are more distant ontheCaribbean Plate, even though San

Andresand Providenciaare politicallypart of ColombiaandAves Islandiscontrolled by Venezuela.[5][11][12]

Other islands that are included withSouth America are the GalpagosIslandsthat belongto Ecuadorand EasterIsland(in Oceaniabut belongingto Chile), Robinson CrusoeIsland, Chilo(both Chilean) and Tierra
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arubahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonairehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Platehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providencia_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-North_America_Atlas-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuegohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuegohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceaniahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-12https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-North_America_Atlas-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-North_America_Atlas-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providencia_Islandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_(island)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Platehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_dependencies_of_Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%A7aohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonairehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arubahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=2


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del Fuego(split between ChileandArgentina). In the

Atlantic, Brazilowns Fernando deNoronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, andthe Saint Peter and Saint PaulArchipelago, while the FalklandIslandsare governed by the UnitedKingdom, whose sovereignty over the

islands is disputed by Argentina. SouthGeorgia and the South SandwichIslandsmay be associated with eitherSouth America orAntarctica.[citation needed]

History[edit]

Main article: History of South AmericaPrehistory[edit]Further information: History of SouthAmerica Pre-Columbian era
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuegohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_disputehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America#Pre-Columbian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America#Pre-Columbian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America#Pre-Columbian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_America#Pre-Columbian_erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarcticahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_sovereignty_disputehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronhahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego


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The prehistoric Cueva de las Manos,orCave of the Hands, in Argentina.

South America is believed to have beenjoined withAfricafrom the late PaleozoicErato the early Mesozoic Era, untilthe supercontinentPangaeabegan to riftand break apart about 225 million yearsago. Therefore, South America and

Africa share similar fossils and rocklayers.

South America is thought to have beenfirst inhabited by humans when peoplewere crossing the Bering Land

Bridge(now the Bering Strait) at least15,000 years ago from the territory that ispresent-day Russia. They migrated souththrough North America, and eventuallyreached South America throughthe Isthmus of Panama.

The first evidence for the existence of thehuman race in South America dates backto about 9000 BC, whensquashes, chili
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaeahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Straithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash_(plant)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Straithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beringiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaeahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercontinenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesozoic_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleozoic_Erahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_de_las_Manos


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peppersand beansbegan to becultivated for food in the highlands of

theAmazon Basin. Pottery evidencefurther suggests that manioc, whichremains a staple foodtoday, was beingcultivated as early as 2000 BC.[13]

By 2000 BC, many agrariancommunitieshad been settled throughout

theAndesand the surrounding regions.Fishing became a widespread practicealong the coast, helping establish fish asa primary source of food. Irrigationsystems were also developed at this

time, which aided in the rise ofan agrarian society.[13]

South American cultures begandomesticating llamas, vicuas, guanacos, and alpacasin the highlands of theAndes circa 3500 BC. Besides their useas sources of meat and wool, theseanimals were used for transportation ofgoods.[13]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniochttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_foodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpacahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpacahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanacohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1ahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andeshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_societyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-OBrienP-Oxford_Atlas-13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_foodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniochttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basinhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chili_pepper


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Pre-Columbian civilizations[edit]Main article: Pre-Columbian era South

America

The Inca estate of Machu Picchu, Peruisone of the New Seven Wonders of theWorld

The rise of plant growing and thesubsequent appearance of permanenthuman settlements allowed for themultiple and overlapping beginnings ofcivilizations in South America.

One of the earliest known South

American civilizations was at NorteChico, on the central Peruviancoast.Though a pre-ceramic culture, themonumental architecture of Norte Chico
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_the_World#Winnershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_the_World#Winnershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:80_-_Machu_Picchu_-_Juin_2009_-_edit.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_the_World#Winnershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Seven_Wonders_of_the_World#Winnershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=5


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is contemporaneous with the pyramidsofAncient Egypt. Norte Chico governing

class established a trade network anddeveloped agriculture then followedby Chavnby 900 BC, according to someestimates and archaeological finds.Artifacts were found at a sitecalled Chavn de Huantarin modern Peru

at an elevation of 3,177 meters. Chavncivilization spanned 900 BC to 300 BC.

In the central coast of Peru, around thebeginning of the 1st millenniumAD, Moche(100 BC 700 AD, at the

northern coast ofPeru), Paracasand Nazca(400 BC 800 AD, Peru) cultures flourished withcentralized states with permanent militiaimproving agriculturethrough irrigationand new styles of

ceramic art. At theAltiplano, Tiahuanacoor Tiwanaku(100 BC 1200 AD, Bolivia)managed a large commercial networkbased on religion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavin_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(culture)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplanohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwanakuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplanohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracas_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moche_(culture)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chav%C3%ADn_de_Huantarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chavin_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt


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Around 7th century, both Tiahuanaco andWari or HuariEmpire (6001200, Central

and northern Peru) expanded itsinfluence to all the Andean region,imposing the Huari urbanism andtiahuanaco religious iconography.

The Muiscawere the main indigenouscivilization in what is now modern

Colombia. They established aconfederation of many clans, orcacicazgos, that had a free trade networkamong themselves. They weregoldsmiths and farmers.

Other important Pre-Columbian culturesinclude: the Caaris(in south centralEcuador), ChimEmpire (13001470,Peruvian northern coast),Chachapoyas,and the Aymaran kingdoms (10001450,Bolivia and southern Peru).

Holding their capital at the great cityof Cusco, the Inca civilizationdominatedthe Andes region from 1438 to 1533.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiscahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1arihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim%C3%BAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachapoyas_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_civilizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuscohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chachapoyas_culturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim%C3%BAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1arihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muiscahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari_culture


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Known as Tawantin suyu, and "the landof the four regions," in Quechua, the Inca

civilization was highly distinct anddeveloped. Inca rule extended to nearly ahundred linguistic or ethnic communities,some 9 to 14 million people connected bya 25,000 kilometer road system. Citieswere built with precise, unmatched

stonework, constructed over many levelsof mountain terrain. Terrace farmingwasa useful form of agriculture.

The Mapuchein Central and SouthernChile resisted the European and Chilean

settlers, waging theArauco Warfor morethan 300 years.

European colonization[edit]Main articles: Spanish colonization of theAmericasand Portuguese colonization ofthe Americas

Portuguese arrival in Brazil in theColonial era. "From Spaniard andAmerindian woman, begets Mestizo".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_road_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauco_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arauco_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuchehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrace_farminghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_road_systemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages


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In 1494, Portugaland Spain, the twogreat maritime European powers of that

time, on the expectation of new landsbeing discovered in the west, signedthe Treaty of Tordesillas, by which theyagreed, with the support of the Pope, thatall the land outside Europe should be anexclusive duopolybetween the two

countries.The treaty established an imaginary linealong a north-south meridian370 leagueswest ofthe Cape Verde Islands, roughly 46 37'

W. In terms of the treaty, all land to thewest of the line (known to comprise mostof the South American soil) would belongto Spain, and all land to the east, toPortugal. As accurate measurementsof longitudewere impossible at that time,

the line was not strictly enforced,resulting in a Portuguese expansion ofBrazilacross the meridian.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopolyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitudehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duopolyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal


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Beginning in the 1530s, the people andnatural resources of South America were

repeatedly exploited byforeign conquistadors, first from Spainand later from Portugal. These competingcolonial nations claimed the land andresources as their own and divided it incolonies.

European infectious diseases(smallpox, influenza, measles,and typhus) to which the nativepopulationshad no immune resistance and systems of forced labor, such as

the haciendasand miningindustry's mit'a, decimated the nativepopulation under Spanish control. Afterthis, African slaves, who had developedimmunities to these diseases, werequickly brought in to replace them.

The Spaniards were committed toconvert their native subjectsto Christianityand were quick to purgeany native cultural practices that
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hindered this end; however, many initialattempts at this were only partially

successful, as native groups simplyblended Catholicismwith theirestablished beliefs and practices.Furthermore, the Spaniards brought theirlanguage to the degree they did with theirreligion, although the Roman Catholic

Church's evangelizationin Quechua,Aymara,and Guaranactually contributed to thecontinuous use of these native languagesalbeit only in the oral form.

Eventually, the nativesand the Spaniardsinterbred, forming a mestizoclass. At thebeginning, many mestizos of the Andeanregion were offspring of Amerindianmothers and Spanish fathers. Afterindependence, most mestizos had native

fathers and white or mestizo mothers.Many native artworks were consideredpagan idols and destroyed by Spanishexplorers; this included many gold and
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silver sculptures and other artifacts foundin South America, which were melted

down before their transport to Spain orPortugal. Spaniards and Portuguesebrought the western Europeanarchitectural style to the continent, andhelped to improve infrastructures likebridges, roads, and the sewer system of

the cities they discovered or conquered.They also significantly increasedeconomic and trade relations, not justbetween the old and new world butbetween the different South Americanregions and peoples. Finally, with theexpansion of the Portuguese andSpanish languages, many cultures thatwere previously separated becameunited through that of Latin American.

Guyanawas first a Dutch, and then

a British colony, though there was a briefperiod during the Napoleonic Wars whenit was colonized by the French. Thecountry was once partitioned into three
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parts, each being controlled by one of thecolonial powers until the country was

finally taken over fully by the British.

Plaza of San Francisco in the Historic

Center of Quito, Ecuador, is one of thelargest, least-altered and best-preservedhistoric centers in theAmericas.[14]

Independence from Spain andPortugal[edit]Main articles: Spanish American wars ofindependenceand Independence ofBrazil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Quitohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Quitohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-unesco-14https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrevista_de_Guayaquil.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaza_de_San_Francisco_en_Centro_hist%C3%B3rico_de_Quito,_Ecuador.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-unesco-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Quitohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Center_of_Quito


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The Guayaquil conference, betweenJosde San Martnand Simn Bolvar.

The European Peninsular War(18071814), a theater of the Napoleonic Wars,changed the political situation of both theSpanish and Portuguese colonies. First,Napoleon invaded Portugal, butthe House of Braganzaavoided capture

by escaping to Brazil. Napoleon alsocaptured King Ferdinand VII of Spain,and appointed his own brother instead.This appointment provoked severepopular resistance, which

created Juntasto rule in the name of thecaptured king.

Many cities in the Spanish colonies,however, considered themselves equallyauthorized to appoint local Juntas likethose of Spain. This began the SpanishAmerican wars of independencebetweenthe patriots, who promoted suchautonomy, and the royalists, whosupported Spanish authority over the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil_conferencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Braganzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(Spanish_American_Revolution)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_Revolution)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(Spanish_American_Revolution)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Braganzahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Warshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsular_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayaquil_conference


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Americas. The Juntas, in both Spain andthe Americas, promoted the ideas of

the Enlightenment. Five years after thebeginning of the war, Ferdinand VIIreturned to the throne and begantheAbsolutist Restorationas the royalistsgot the upper hand in the conflict.

The independence of South America was

secured by Simn Bolvar(Venezuela)and Jos de San Martn(Argentina), thetwo most important Libertadores. Bolvarled a great uprising in the north, then ledhis army southward towards Lima, the

capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru.Meanwhile, San Martn led an armyacross the Andes Mountains, along withChilean expatriates, and liberated Chile.He organized a fleet to reach Peru bysea, and sought the military support of

various rebels from the Viceroyalty ofPeru. The two armies finally met inGuayaquil, Ecuador, where they
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenmenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutist_Restorationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadoreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertadoreshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADnhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvarhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolutist_Restorationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment


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cornered the Royal Army of the SpanishCrown and forced its surrender.

In the Portuguese kingdom of Brazil andAlgarve, Dom Pedro I(also Pedro IV ofPortugal), son of the PortugueseKing Dom Joo VI, proclaimed theindependent Kingdom of Brazil in 1822,which later became the Empire of Brazil.

Despite the Portuguese loyalties ofgarrisons in Bahiaand Par,independence was diplomaticallyaccepted by the crown in Portugal, oncondition of a high compensation paid by

Brazil.Nation-building and balkanization[edit]

The newly independent nations began aprocess of balkanization, with severalcivil and international wars. However, it

was not as strong as in Central America.Some countries created from provincesof larger countries stayed as such up tomodern day (such as Paraguay or
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Pedro_Ihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanizationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom_Pedro_I


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Uruguay), while others were reconqueredand reincorporated into their former

countries (such as the Republic of EntreRosand the Riograndense Republic).

The PeruBolivian Confederation, ashort-lived union of Peru and Bolivia, wasblocked by Chile in theWar of theConfederation(18361839) and again

during the War of the Pacific(18791883). Paraguay was virtually destroyedby Argentina and Brazil intheParaguayan War.

Rise and fall of military

dictatorships[edit]

The Brazilian Minas GeraesclasskindledanArgentineBrazilianChilean navalarms race.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Entre_R%C3%ADoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Entre_R%C3%ADoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riograndense_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_battleship_Minas_Geraes_firing_a_broadside.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleshiphttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Pacifichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93Bolivian_Confederationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riograndense_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Entre_R%C3%ADoshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Entre_R%C3%ADos


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Wars became less frequent in the 20thcentury, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-

Ecuador fighting the last inter-state wars.Early in the 20th century, thethreewealthiest South Americancountriesengaged in a vastly expensivenaval arms racewhich was catalyzed bythe introduction of a new warship type,

the "dreadnought". At one point, theArgentine government was spending afifth of its entire yearly budget for just twodreadnoughts, a price that did not includelater in-service costs, which for theBrazilian dreadnoughts was sixty percentof the initial purchase.[15][16]

The continent became a battlefield ofthe Cold Warin the late 20th century.Some democratically electedgovernments of Argentina, Brazil, Chile,

Uruguay and Paraguay were overthrownor displaced by military dictatorships inthe 1960s and 1970s. To curtailopposition, their governments detained
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoughthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnoughthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_racehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Powershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Powers


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tens of thousands of political prisoners,many of whom were tortured and/or killed

on inter-state collaboration.Economically, they began a transitionto neoliberaleconomic policies. Theyplaced their own actions within the USCold War doctrine of "National Security"against internal subversion. Throughout

the 1980s and 1990s, Peru sufferedfrom an internal conflict.

Argentina and Britain foughtthe Falklands Warin 1982.

Colombia has had an ongoing, though

diminished internal conflict, which startedin 1964 with the creationof Marxistguerrillas(FARC-EP) and theninvolved several illegal armed groups ofleftist-leaning ideology as well as theprivate armies of powerful drug lords.Many of these are now defunct, and onlya small portion of the ELN remains, alongwith the stronger, though also greatlyreduced FARC. These leftist groups
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisonerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfarehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_Warhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoliberalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Condorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisoner


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smuggle narcotics out of Colombia tofund their operations, while also using

kidnapping, bombings, land mines andassassinations as weapons against bothelected and non-elected citizens.

Presidents of UNASURmember states atthe Second Braslia Summit on 23 May2008.

Revolutionary movements and right-wingmilitary dictatorships became common

after World War II, but since the 1980s, awave of democratization came throughthe continent, and democratic rule iswidespread now.[17]Nonetheless,allegations of corruption are still verycommon, and several countries have

developed crises which have forced theresignation of their governments,although, in most occasions, regularcivilian succession has continued.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNASURhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presidentes_unasur_(cropped).jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_IIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNASUR


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International indebtednessturned into asevere problem in late 1980s, and some

countries, despite having strongdemocracies, have not yet developedpolitical institutions capable of handlingsuch crises without resorting tounorthodox economic policies, as mostrecently illustrated

byArgentina's defaultin the early 21stcentury.[18][neutrality isdisputed]The last twentyyears have seen an increased pushtowards regional integration, with thecreation of uniquely South Americaninstitutions such as theAndeanCommunity, Mercosurand Unasur.Notably, starting with the electionof Hugo Chvezin Venezuela in 1998,the region experienced what has beentermed a pink tidethe election of

several leftist and center-leftadministrations to most countries of thearea, except for the Guianas andColombia.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_of_Latin_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unasurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_tidehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vezhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unasurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andean_Communityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_of_Latin_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:South_Americahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_viewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries%27_debt


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Countries and territories[edit]

A political map of South America

10 largest South American cities

So Paulo, Brazil

Lima, Peru

Bogot, Colombia
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=10https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vista_a%C3%A9rea_Centro_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_RJ.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centro_internacional_cropped.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima,_Peru_Sunset_Skyline_%26_Cityscape.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarginalPinheiros.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Political_South_America%22_CIA_World_Factbook.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulohttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_America&action=edit&section=10


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Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Santiago, Chile

Caracas, Venezuela

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Salvador, Brazil

Braslia, Brazil

Fortaleza, Brazil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeirohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortalezahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fortaleza_-_Cear%C3%A1_-_Brasil.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brasilia_aerea_setorbancariosul.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Avtancredoneves23012011.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atardecer_en_el_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caracas_from_El_Calvario.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santiago_en_invierno.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortalezahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador,_Bahiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiagohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro


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Countryorterritoryw

ith flag

Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

Argentina

2,766,890km2(1,068,300 sq mi)

40,482,0

00

14.3/km

(37/sq mi)

BuenosAires

Bolivia

1,098,580km2(424,1

60 sq mi)

9,863,00

0

8.4/km

(21.

LaPazand Sucre[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pazhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boliviahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aireshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Countryorterritoryw

ith flag

Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

8/sqmi)

Brazil

8,514,877km2(3,287,

612 sq mi)

202,241,

714

22.0/km

(57/s

q mi)

Braslia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADliahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Countryorterritoryw

ith flag

Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

Chile[21]

756,950 km2(292,26

0 sq mi)

16,928,8

73

22/km

(57/sq mi)

Santiago

Colombia

1,141,748km2(440,831 sq mi)

46,920,000

40/km

(103

Bogot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago,_Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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densityper

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(per

sqmi)

Capital

.6/sqmi)

Ecu

ador

283,560 km2(109,48

0 sq mi)

14,573,1

01

53.8/km

(139

.3/sqmi)

Quito
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quitohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Area(km)[19](s

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pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

FalklandIslands(United

Kingdom)[22]

12,173 km2(4,700 s

q mi)

3,140[23]

0.26/km

(0.7/sq m

i)

PortStanley
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stanley,_Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stanley,_Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stanley,_Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stanley,_Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Stanley,_Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Area(km)[19](s

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pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

FrenchGuiana(France)

91,000 km2(35,000

sq mi)

221,500[

24]

2.7/km

(5.4/sq m

i)

Cayenne(Prfecture)

Guyana

214,999 km2(83,012

sq mi)

772,298

3.5/km

(9.1/

Georgetown
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayennehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayennehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgetown,_Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayennehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayennehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guianahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

sq mi)

Para

guay

406,750 km2(157,05

0 sq mi)

6,831,30

6

15.6/km(40.

4/sqmi)

Asunci

n
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Countryorterritoryw

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Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

Peru1,285,220km2(496,2

30 sq mi)

29,132,0

13

22/km

(57/sq mi)

Lima

SouthGeorgia and

3,093 km2(1,194 s

q mi)20

0/km(0/sq

mi)

KingEdwardPoint[26]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_Pointhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


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Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

SouthSandwichIslands(United

Kingdom)[25]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


34/58

Countryorterritoryw

ith flag

Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

Suriname

163,270 km2(63,040

sq mi)

472,000

3/km

(7.8/sq m

i)

Paramaribo

Uruguay

176,220 km2(68,040

sq mi)

3,477,78

0

19.4/km(50.

Montevideo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaribohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


35/58

Countryorterritoryw

ith flag

Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

2/sqmi)

Venezuela

916,445 km2(353,84

1 sq mi)

31,648,9

30

30.2/km

(72/s

q mi)

Caracas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracashttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuelahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country


36/58

Countryorterritoryw

ith flag

Area(km)[19](s

q mi)

Po

pulation(July

2009est.)[19]

Popul

ation

densityper

km

2

(per

sqmi)

Capital

Total 17,824,513385,742,554

21.5/km

See also: List of South Americancountries by populationand List of

sovereign states and dependentterritories in South America by medianage of population
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(country_subdivision)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America_by_median_age_of_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_South_American_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(political)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_densityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_populationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America#cite_note-factbook2008-19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territory_(countr

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