sedimen

7/21/2019 sedimen

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/sedimen-56da3daa408b0 1/147

7/21/2019 sedimen


ATUAN HASIL PROSES LITIFIKASI,

DIAGENESA, KONSOLIDASI, KOMPAKSI DAN

SEMENTASI AHAN AHAN LEPAS, AIK ITU

ROM AKAN PECAHAN ATUAN (CLAST),

SISA TANAMAN YANG TERANGKUT MAUPUN

SISA INATANG DAN AHAN HASIL

PRESIPITASI KIMIA TERLARUT;

TERENDAPKAN DALAM SE UAH CEKUNGAN/

ASIN

........... Keseluu!"# $%ses &el"#'su#'

"*"s $e+u""# &u+.

A T U A N S E D I M E

N

http://www.geoscapesphotography.com/ca-pointreyes-conglomerate-p2987.htm

















7/21/2019 sedimen


PROSES PEM ENTUKAN ATUANSEDIMEN - SIKLUS

SEDIMENTASI

SOURCE

ALLOGENIC

Sea level

EROSI, PROSES

PEMECAHAN

MEMUDAHKAN PROSES

ANGKUTAN, SELAMA MASA

TRANSPORTASI SEMUA

AHAN TERANGKUT

MENGALAMI PERU AHAN

AIK SECARA FISIK

MAUPUN KIMIAI.

SEMUA MATERIAL YANG

DIANGKUT AKAN

TERENDAPKAN ILA TENAGA

ANGKUT SUDAH LA IH

KECIL KETIM ANG E AN

YANG DIANGKUT ATAU

E AN YANG DIANGKUT

SUDAH LE IH ESAR

DARIPADA TENAGA

PENGANGKUT.

MATERIAL YANG

TERENDAPKAN INI

DAPAT MENGALAMI

PROSES

PEM ATUAN/LITIIFIKASI

DAN AKHIRNYA

MENADI 0 ATUAN

SEDIMEN1, YANG

SELANUTNYA ILA

TERANGKAT

KEPERMUKAAN, UGA

DAPAT ERPERAN

SE AGAI 0SUM ER1.

SUM ER ; SEMUA ENIS ATUAN ATAU APAPUN

YANG ADA DI KULIT UMI INI, ILA ERSENTUHAN

DENGAN UDARA AKAN MENGALAMI PROSES

PELAPUKAN. ADA DUA MEKANISMA PELAPUKAN

YAITU, DEKOMPOSISI DAN DISINTEGRASI. SE AGAI

AKI AT DARI PELAPUKAN TERSE UT MAKA

ATUAN AKAN ERKURANG KETAHANANNYA

TERHADAP SEMUA AGEN DEGRADASI TERMASUK

UGA PROSES PENGURAIAN KIMIA.

AUTHIGENIC

7/21/2019 sedimen


SEDIMENTASI DAN

ATUANSEDIMEN

THREE MAOR TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS2 CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY

ROCKS, CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS, AND IOGENIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

.

A *! $%3ess 3"# %33u, 4!ee# l5#' %'"#s+se6*"3*7 %#s

ss%l5e # 4"*e *% +"e su3! *!#'s "s s!ells "# &%#es.7 T!s

*8$e %9 se+e#*"*%# s 3"lle

&)%'e#)3 se()+e #*"*)%# 7

SOURC

E

ALLOGENI

C

Se"

le5el

A se3%# *8$e %9 se+e#*"8 e$%s*%# %33us 4!e# +"*e"l s

ss%l5e # 4"*e, "# 3!e+3"ll8 $e3$*"*es 9%+ *!e 4"*e. T!s

*8$e %9 se+e#*"*%# s e9ee *% "s

3!e+)3"l se()+e#*"*)%#

.

R5es, %3e"#s, 4#s, "# "# u#%99 "ll !"5e *!e "&l*8 *% 3"8

*!e $"*3les 4"s!e %99 %9 e%#' %3s. Su3! +"*e"l, 3"lle

(e*)*us

, 3%#ss*s %9 9"'+e#*s %9 %3s "# +#e"ls. !e# *!e

e#e'8 %9 *!e *"#s$%*#' 3ue#* s #%* s*%#' e#%u'! *% 3"8

*!ese $"*3les, *!e $"*3les %$ %u* # *!e $%3ess %9 3l"s*3

se()+e#*"*)%#

AUTHIGENIC

7/21/2019 sedimen


L I T H I F I C A T I O N

" #

D I A G E N E S I S

THE PROCESS OF MODIFICATION

OF

NELY DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS

INTO

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS .

7/21/2019 sedimen


Lithification :

berasal dari bahasa Yunani lithos!"batu# lithification adalah $roses di%ana sedi%en

%en&ala%i 'o%$a'si diba(ah te'anan )beban*# %en&eluar'an cairan +an& ter$eran&'a$#

secara $erlahanlahan dan berubah %en,adi batuan +an& $adat-

dia&enesis : . $h+sical#che%ical# and biolo&ical chan&es affectin& sedi%ent and sedi%etar+

roc'-

. co%$action s/uee0es &rains to&ether# reducin& $ore s$ace-

. recr+stallisation b+ disolution and $reci$itation of %inerals-

. ce%entattion in (hich ne( %inerals $reci$itated in $ore s$aces bind sedi%ent

to&ether# for%in& roc'-

. ne( %inerals %a+ re$lace %inerals in ori&inal roc'-

7/21/2019 sedimen


THE SETTING IN 1HICH A SE2I3ENTARY ROC4 5OR3S IS CALLE2 THE

SE2I3ENTARY EN6IRON3ENT- E7er+ en7iron%ent has a characteristic

co%bination of &eolo&ic $rocesses and circu%stances- The t+$e of sedi%ent that is

de$osited is not onl+ de$end on the sedi%ent that is trans$orted to a $lace# but also on

the en7iron%ent itself-

8LACES 1HERE LARGE.SCALE

SE2I3ENTATION TA4ES 8LACE ARECALLE2 SE2I3ENTARY 9ASINS-

1here the lithos$here %o7es

u$(ard )tectonic u$lift*# land

e7entuall+ rises abo7e sea le7el# so

that and erosion re%o7es %aterial#

and the area beco%es a source for

ne( sedi%ent--

1here the lithos$here

%o7es do(n(ard )

tectonic subsidence*# a basin

for%s and sedi%entation

can ta'e $lace- 1hen the

lithos$here 'ee$s subsidin&#

ne( acco%%odation s$ace

'ee$s bein& created

C E 4 U N G A N S E 2 I 3 E N T A S I )9ASIN* dan

LING4UNGAN 8ENGEN2A8AN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_subsidence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_subsidence

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_uplift

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_basin

7/21/2019 sedimen


9E9ERA8A 8ERISTI1A TER9ENTU4NYA CE4UNGAN SE2I3ENTASI

7/21/2019 sedimen


LING4UNGAN 8ENGEN2A8AN-

7/21/2019 sedimen


TABLE 1

9ATUAN YG TER9ENTU42ALA3

LING4UNGAN SE2I3ENTASI

ALLU6IAL 5AN5LU6IAL

8ALU2AL

ROC4 TY8E 9RECCIA#CONGLO3ERATE#AR4OSE

CONGLO3ERATE# SAN2STONE#SILTSTONE#

SHALE

8EAT# COAL#9LAC4 SHALE#SILTSTONE

CO38OSITION TERRIGENOUS TERRIGENOUS TERRIGENOUS

COLOR 9RO1N OR RE2 9RO1N OR RE2 9LAC4# GRAY#OR 9RO1N

GRAIN SIE CLAY TO GRA6EL CLAY TOGRA6EL )5ININGU81AR2*

CLAY TO SILT

GRAIN SHA8E ANGULAR ROUN2E2 TOANGULAR

...

SORTING 8OOR 6ARIA9LE 6ARIA9LE

INORGANICSE2I3ENTARYSTRUCTURES

CROSS.9E22INGAN2 GRA2E29E22ING

ASY33ETRICALRI88LES# CROSS.9E22ING#GRA2E29E22ING# TOOL

3AR4S

LA3INATE2 TO3ASSI6E

ORGANIC OR9IOGENICSE2I3ENTARYSTRUCTURES

... TRAC4S#TRAILS#9URRO1S

ROOT 3AR4S#9URRO1S

5OSSILS ... RARE5RESH1ATERSHELLS# 9ONES#

8LANT5RAG3ENTS

8LANT 5OSSILS#RARE5RESH1ATER

SHELLS# 9ONES#5ISH

2 A R A T

7/21/2019 sedimen


TA9LE ;

9ATUAN YG TER9ENTU4 2ALA3 LING4UNGAN

SE2I3ENTASI

2ELTA 9ARRIER9EACH

LAGOON TI2AL 5LAT

ROC4 TY8E SAN2STONE#SILTSTONE#SHALE# COAL

<UARTARENITE#CO<UINA

SILTSTONE#SHALE#LI3ESTONE#OOLITICLI3ESTONE ORGY8SU3

SILTSTONE# SHALE#CALCILUTITE#2OLOSTONE ORGY8SU3

CO38OSITION TERRIGENOUS TERRIGENOUSORCAR9ONATE

TERRIGENOUS#CAR9ONATE# ORE6A8ORITE

TERRIGENOUS#CAR9ONATE# ORE6A8ORITE

COLOR 9RO1N#9LAC4# GRAY#

GREEN# RE2

1HITE TO TAN 2AR4 GRAY TO9LAC4

GRAY# 9RO1N# TAN

GRAIN SIE CLAY TO SAN2)COARSENINGU81AR2*

SAN2 CLAY TO SILT CLAY TO SILT

GRAIN SHA8E ... ROUN2E2 TOANGULAR

... ...

SORTING 8OOR GOO2 8OOR 6ARIA9LE

INORGANIC

SE2I3ENTARYSTRUCTURES

CROSS.

9E22ING#GRA2E29E22ING

CROSS.

9E22ING#SY33ETRICAL RI88LES

LA3INATION#

RI88LES# CROSS.9E22ING

LA3INATION#

3U2CRAC4S#RI88LES# CROSS.9E22ING

ORGANIC OR9IOGENICSE2I3ENTARYSTRUCTURES

TRAILS#9URRO1S

TRAC4S#TRAILS#9URRO1S

TRAILS# 9URRO1S STRO3ATOLITES#TRAILS# TRAC4S#9URRO1S

5OSSILS 8LANT5RAG3ENTS#SHELLS

3ARINESHELLS

3ARINE SHELLS 3ARINE SHELLS

T R A N S I S I

7/21/2019 sedimen


TA9LE =- 9ATUAN YG TER9ENTU4 2ALA3 LING4UNGAN SE2I3ENTASI

REE5CONTINENTAL SHEL5 CONTINENTAL SLO8E

AN2 RISEA9YSSAL 8LAIN

ROC4 TY8E 5OSSILI5EROUSLI3ESTONE

SAN2STONE# SHALE#SILTSTONE#5OSSILI5EROUSLI3ESTONE# OOLITIC

LI3ESTONE

LITHARENITE#SILTSTONE# AN2 SHALE)OR LI3ESTONE*

SHALE# CHERT# 3ICRITE#CHAL4# 2IATO3ITE

CO38OSITION CAR9ONATE TERRIGENOUS ORCAR9ONATE

TERRIGENOUS ORCAR9ONATE

TERRIGENOUS ORCAR9ONATE

COLOR GRAY TO 1HITE GRAY TO 9RO1N GRAY# GREEN# 9RO1N 9LAC4# 1HITE RE2

GRAIN SIE 6ARIA9LE#5RA3E1OR4S# 5E1 TONO GRAINS

CLAY TO SAN2 CLAY TO SAN2 CLAY

GRAIN SHA8E ... ... ... ...

SORTING ... 8OOR TO GOO2 8OOR GOO2

INORGANICSE2I3ENTARYSTRUCTURES

... LA3INATION# CROSS.9E22ING

GRA2E2 9E22ING#CROSS.9E22ING#LA3INATION# 5LUTE3AR4S# TOOL 3AR4S)TUR9I2ITES*

LA3INATION

ORGANIC OR 9IOGENICSE2I3ENTARYSTRUCTURES

... TRAILS# 9URRO1S TRAILS# 9URRO1S TRAILS# 9URRO1S

5OSSILS CORALS# 3ARINESHELLS

3ARINE SHELLS 3ARINE SHELLS# RARE8LANT 5RAG3ENTS

3ARINE SHELLS )3OSTLY3ICROSCO8IC*

L A U T

7/21/2019 sedimen


SOURCES

>- ALLOGENIC:

9ERASAL 2ARI LUAR 9ASIN # 2ARI 9ATUAN YANG

SU2AH A2A SE9ELU3NYA # 3ASU4 2ALA3 9ENTU48ECAHAN-

;- AUTHOGENIC :

9ERASAL 2ARI 2ALA3 9ASIN ITU 9AHAN YANG

TER9ENTU4" 3ENG4RISTAL 2ALA3 LING4UNGAN

SE2I3ENTASI-

4O38ONEN 8E39ENTU4 9ATUANSE2I3EN

7/21/2019 sedimen


ALLOGENICS : >- SOLLI2 9REA42O1N 8RO2UCTS ) 8A2ATAN HASIL 8E3ECAHAN* :

9ERASAL 2ARI HASIL 8E3ECAHAN 9ATUAN YANG SU2AH A2A

SE9ELU3NYA 2ALA3 9ENTU4 4E8INGAN!# !5RAG3EN! ATAU

CLAST! 3ERU8A4AN TERRIGENOUS 8ARTICLES!?? 4E8INGAN HASIL EROSI 2ARI 2ARATAN-

CONTOH :

->- INORGANIC 3ATERIAL : 9ATUAN )9ATUAN SE2I3EN# 9ATUAN

9E4U 9ATUAN 3ETA3OR5*# 3INERAL# dll-

-;- CAR9ONACEOUS 3ATERIALS : CAR9ONACEOUS 3ATERIALS

RE1OR4S 5RO3 OL2ER 5OR3ATIONS# 3O2ERN 8LANTS3ATERIALS-

;- 9U4AN SOLI2 9REA42O1N 8RO2UCTS:

->- 9AHAN YANG 9ERASAL 2ARI LETUSAN GUNUNGA8I :

8IRO4LASTI4 -

-;- 9AHAN YANG 2IANG4UT 2ALA3 9ENTU4 LARUTAN 2AN

SELAN@UTNYA 2IEN2A8A4AN 2I2ALA3 9ASIN!- 8ENGEN2A8AN

2A8AT TER@A2I 4ARENA 9IOLOGIC SECRETION ATAU

8RECI8ITATION!-

7/21/2019 sedimen


AUTHOGENICS: 8ARTICLES THAT GRE1S AS SOLI2 IN THE

1ATER O5 THE 2E8OSITIONAL 9ASIN AS A RESULT O5

9IOLOGIC SECRETION OR CHE3ICALS 8RESI8ITATION :

->- SCELETALS 2E9RIS-

-;- NON SCELETAL CLACIU3 CAR9ONATE 3ATERIAL-

-=- E6A8ORITE 3INERALS THAT 1ERE 8HYSICALLY

TRANS8ORTE2-

-- CALCIU3 CAR9ONATE# SILI4AT # SILICICEOUS :5ORA3#

CORAL# 3OLUSC# 8ELLET# 8ELLOI2# OOI2S # dll-

u'uran"si0e:

sands B &ra7els . silt B cla+ si0e-

7/21/2019 sedimen


III-=-

6ARIASI 4O38OSISI 9ATUAN SE2I3EN) CLASTIC / FRAGMENTAL).

5A4TOR 8ENGARUH

>- SU39ER ATAU SOURCE-;- STA9ILITAS 3INERAL-

=- SI4LUS SE2I3ENTASI 3ATURITY-

- LING4UNGAN 8ENGEN2A8AN-

7/21/2019 sedimen


composition is tied to source area and tectonic setting

S O U R C E S

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/Sedtect.html

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/Sedtect.html

7/21/2019 sedimen


TING4AT 4ESTA9ILAN 3INERAL

ALLOGENICSTA9ILITY

UN2ERCON2ITIONS8RESENT AT

SUR5ACE

3INERAL

UNSTA9LE

OLI6INES

8YRODENES

CA.RICH8LAGIOCALSE

HORN9LEN2E

AN2ESINE .OLIGOCLASE

LESS UNSTA9LE

S8HENE

E8I2OTE

AN2ALUSITE

STAUROLITE

4YANITE

SILLI3ANITE

3AGNETITE

GARNET

6ERY STA9LE

3USCO6ITE

AL9ITE

ORTHOCLASE"3ICROCLINE

CLAY 3INERALS

<UART

TOUR3ALINE

IRCON

3INERAL CO38OSITION3U2ROC4S

SAN2STONES

CLAY 3INERALS F

<UART = F

5EL2S8AR > . >

CAR9ONATE 3INERALS = >

ORGANIC 3ATTER#HE3ATITE# J OTHERS

= >

UNSTA9LEAUTHIGENIC

3INERALS

GY8SU3

CAR9ONATE

3INERALS

A8ATITE

GLUACONITE

8YRITE

EOLITES

STA9LEAUTHIGENIC

3INERALS

CHLORITE

AL9ITE

ORTHOCLASE

3USCO6ITE

<UART

CLAY

3INERALS

TING4AT 4ESTA9ILAN 3INERAL

AUTHOGENIC

STA9ILITAS 3INERAL-

7/21/2019 sedimen


T I N G 4 A T 4 E 3

A T A N G A N "

3 A T U R I T Y

8 E N G U L A

N G A N

#

1 A 4

T U 2 A N

@ A R A 4

3 A T U R I T Y

SI4LUS SE2I3ENTASI

LO1 3ATURITY

LO1 3ATURITY

HIGH 3ATURITY

6ARIASI 4O38ONEN 8E39ENTU4 9ATUAN SE2I3EN

7/21/2019 sedimen


LING4UNGAN 8ENGEN2A8AN-

7/21/2019 sedimen


T E 4 S T U RTE4STUR A2ALAH 4ENA38A4AN 3 I 4 R O 9ATUAN YANG

3E38ERLIHAT4AN GA39ARAN U4URAN 4ECIL# TER4A2ANG" SERING

HANYA 2A8AT 2IA3ATI 2I9A1AH 3I4ROS4O8-

2I9E2A4AN TERHA2A8 STRU4TUR YG RELATI8 9ERU4URAN 9ESAR# 2A8AT 2ILIHAT

2ENGAN 3ATA 2AN 3U2AH 2I4ENALI 2ILA8ANGAN-

ALLOGENIC

AUTHOGENIC

Sea le7el

PROSES SEDIMENTASI

DAN LITIFIKASI

SOURCE

7/21/2019 sedimen


TEXTURE:

THE GENERAL APPEARANCE OF CHARACTER OF AN EARTHMATERIAL, INCLUDING GEOMETRIC ASPECTS OF THE MATERIAL

AND ITS COMPONENTS (e.g., mineral, !la"#.

FA$RIC:

THE SPATIAL AND GEOMETRIC CONFIGURATION OF THECOMPONENTS THAT MA%E UP A ROC%, INCLUDING TEXTURES

AND STRUCTURES& THE ORIENTATION IN SPACE OF THE

PARTICLES AND CEMENT IN A SEDIMENTAR' ROC% AND THE

SPATIAL ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICLES AND OIDS IN A

SOIL.

De)ini"i*n m*+i)ie+ )r*m R.L. $a"e an+ . A. a!-*n. /01. Dictionary of Geological

Terms. American Geological In"i"2"e, An!3*r $**-, Ran+*m H*2e, Ne4 '*r-, 56 7.

7/21/2019 sedimen


2UA GOLONGAN UTA3A @ENIS TE4STUR

9ATUAN SE2I3EN-

4ONGLO3ERAT

9RE4SI

I- TE4STUR 4LASTI4 )5RAG3ENTAL*2I9ENTU4 OLEH 4E8INGAN ATAU 5RAG3EN# 9AI4 4E8INGAN 9ATUAN 9E4U#

4E8INGAN 9ATUAN SE2I3EN 4E8INGAN 9ATUAN 3ETA3OR5 4E8INGAN

3INERAL 3AU8UN 4E8INGAN ORGANIS3A 2AN 9AHAN ALA3I LAINNYA-

2A8AT 9ERASAL 2ARI 2ARAT )ALLOCHTONE* 3AU8UN YANG 9ERASAL 2ARI

2ALA3 9ASIN ITU SEN2IRI )AUTHOCHTONE*-

TE4STUR 4LASTI4

)5RAG3ENTAL*

TE4STUR NON4LASTI4

)NON 5RAG3ENTAL*-dan

7/21/2019 sedimen


II- TE4STUR NON4LASTI4

)NON5RAG3ENTAL*-2I9ENTU4 OLEH SATUSATUAN 3ASSA# 9U4AN OLEH 4E8INGAN; YANG

3ENYATU-2I9ENTU4 2ARI 9AHAN YANG 9ERASAL 2ARI 2ALA3 9ASIN ITU

SEN2IRIK contoh : sili'aan# &a%$in&an- 9erbeda den&an te'stur non'lasti' +an&

dibentu' han+a oleh satu satuan %assa# te'stur 'lasti' diban&un oleh ban+a'

'o%$onen# sehin&&a %e%erlu'an $e%bahasan lebih lan,ut-

CHERT

O8AL

7/21/2019 sedimen


Co%$action#de(aterin&

and

lithification

A2A TE4STUR 8RI3ER!# 2I9ENTU4 OLEH 8ENGATURAN 9UTIRAN

YANG TER@A2I 8A2A SAAT TEREN2A84AN K ATAU TE4STUR

SE4UN2ER!# YAITU TE4STUR YANG TER9ENTU4 A4I9AT 8ROSES

8E39ATUAN# TE4ANAN 9E9AN# A8A4AH ITU 8ROSES 4O38A4SI ATAU

3UNG4IN @UGA ! 5RACTURING!-

DARI %EADIANN'A :

7/21/2019 sedimen


3ATRIDCE3ENT

8ORE

-; %%

5RAG3ENT

9ATUAN SE2I3EN 4LASTI4 2I9ENTU4 OLEH 4O38ONEN :

>- CLAST ATAU 5RAG3ENT ?-- 4E8ING 8E39ENTU4 9ATUAN SE2I3EN

9ERU4URAN 9ESAR- ;- 3ATRI4S ????------???? 4E8ING 8E39ENTU4 9ATUAN SE2I3EN

9ERU4URAN 4ECIL LE9IH 4ECIL 2ARI 8A2A

CLAST"5RAG3EN# 3E39ENTU4 3ASSA 2ASAR *-

=- SE3EN"8ERE4AT????--- YANG 3ERE4AT ANTAR 9UTIR" 4E8ING "CLAST

5RAG3EN-

- 8ORI 8ORI --- RUANG ANTAR 9UTIR YANG TI2A4 TERISI OLEH

3ATRI4S 3AU8UN SE3EN-

TE4STUR 4LASTI4

5RAG3ENTAL

7/21/2019 sedimen


SELA3A TRANS8ORTASI# 2ALA3 8ER@ALANAN 3ULAI 2ARI SOURCE! 4E

2AERAH 9ASINK SE9AGAI 8ENGARUH 2ARI SI5AT RESISTENSI 9AHAN#1A4TU TE38UH# @ARA4# SERTA ARAH 2AN 4UAT TRANS8ORT# SE3UA

4O38ONEN 4LASTI4 3ENGALA3I 8ERU9AHAN 9AI4 SECARA 5ISI4

3AU8UN 4I3IA ) U4URAN# 9ENTU4 2LL* UNSUR TE4STUR 4LASTI4 :

>- SIE " U4URAN-

;- 5OR3 " 9ENTU4 ??-- ROUN2NESS 2AN S8HERECITY-=- GRAIN CONTACT "SENTUH ANTAR 9UTIR" 4E3AS-

- GRAIN ORIENTATION " 8OLA SUSUN 9UTIR-

- CO38ACTNESS "4O38A4SI-

U N S U R T E 4 S T U R 4LASTI4

7/21/2019 sedimen


80

Uden.1ent(orth &rain si0escale-

8hi .lo&; )&rain dia%eter in

%%* naturall+ occurrin& &rou$s-

Gra7el M roc' fra&%ents Sand Mindi7idual %ineral &rains)$articulate residues*-

3ud M $articulate residues ".che%ical (eatherin& $roducts

- Cla+ M che%ical (eatherin&

$roducts )cla+ %inerals# etc-*

UKURAN BUTIR,The Wentworth scale or

Udden-Wentworth

scale

7/21/2019 sedimen


2. KESERAGAMAN UKURAN: sortin!"#$i%a&an

7/21/2019 sedimen


Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture:Grain Size/Sorting

9 Quantitative assessment of the % of dierent grain sizes in aclastics

Mean: average particle size

Mode: most abundant class size

Median: 50th percentile

i i l hi i f

7/21/2019 sedimen


Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture;Granulometry

7/21/2019 sedimen


=- 9 E N T U 4 5 R A G 3 E N: ROUN2E2 2AN S8HERECITY

'IN

GG

DIA

GRAM

di= intermediate

diameter dl= long diameter

ds= short diameter

s$hericit

+

roundnes

s

roundnes

s

s $ h e r i c i t +

7/21/2019 sedimen


Line o Traverse!"sing mi#ros#o$e)

Cement

Matri%!#la&s' et#.)

Tangential Conta#t

S"t"red Conta#t

Long Conta#t

Con#avo(Conve%Conta#t

CONCA6E.CON5ED SUTURE 8OINT CONTACT LONGITU2INAL"STRAIGHT

- SENTUHAN ANTAR

9UTIR- ) &rain $ac'in& *

7/21/2019 sedimen


I39RI4ASI

ACA4

SE@A@AR

ARAH ARUS

- GRAIN ORIENTATION"

8OLA SUSUN 9UTIR

7/21/2019 sedimen


STRU4TUR 9ATUAN SE2I3EN

Sedi%entar+ structures are &eo%etries that for% in

sedi%entar+ roc's due to $articular $rocesses

durin& de$osition and dia&enesis " lithification-

Unli'e tetures# structures are al(a+s

lar&e.scale features that can easil+ be

studied in the field-

7/21/2019 sedimen


STRUCTURES IN SE2I3ENTARY ROC4S CAN 9E 2I6I2E2

INTO:

>- 8RI3ARY STRUCTURES 5OR3E2 2URING

2E8OSITION -

;- SECON2ARY STRUCTURES !# 5OR3E2 A5TER2E8OSITION-


sedi%entar+ roc's due to $articular $rocesses durin&

de$osition and dia&enesis " lithification-

7/21/2019 sedimen


7/21/2019 sedimen


4LASI5I4ASI 2AN 8ENA3AAN

STRU4TUR 9ATUAN SE2I3EN-

>-4LASI5I4ASI 9ER2ASAR 8ER9AN2INGAN TERHA2A8

8ERISTI1A SE2I3ENTASI-

;-4LAS5I4ASI 9ER2ASAR4AN 8ROSES 8E39ENTU4AN

Sedi%entar+ structure can tell so%ethin& about the

sedi%entar+ en7iron%ent or can ser7e to tell (hich side

ori&inall+ faced u$ (here tectonics ha7e tilted or

o7erturned sedi%entar+ la+ers-


sedi%entar+ roc's due to $articular $rocesses durin&

de$osition and dia&enesis " lithification-

7/21/2019 sedimen


GROU8 EDA38LES ORIGIN

>- 8RE.2E8OSITIONAL) INTER9E2E2*

II- SYN2E8OSITIONAL

)INTER9E2E2*

III-8OST.2E8OSITIONAL )2E5OR3E2 INTER9E2

AN2 INTRA9E2STRUCTURE*

I6- 3ISCELLANEOUS

CHANELSCOUR.AN2.5ILLL

5UTE 3AR4SGROO6E 3AR4STOOL 3AR4S

3ASSI6E

5LAT.9E22ING )INCLU2ING8ARTING LINEATION*CROSS.9E22ING

LA3INATIONCROSS.LA3INATION

SLU38SLI2E

CON6OLUTE LA3INATIONRECU39ENT 5ORESETSLOA2 STRUCTURE

RAIN 8RINT

SHRI4AGE CRAC4S

8RE2O3INANTLYEROSIONAL

8RO2O3INANTLY2E8OSITIONAL

8RE2O3INANTLY2E5OR3ATION

STRU4TUR 9ATUAN SE2I3EN

4LASI5I4ASI STRU4TUR 2ENGAN 2ASAR 8ER9AN2INGAN TERHA2A8

8ERISTI1A SE2I3ENTASI# 2IGOLONG4AN 3EN @A2I @ENIS:

http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/SedStruct/HiRes/Flutes3.jpg

7/21/2019 sedimen


S(o)r*and*Fi%% Str)(t)r#s

C&ann#% Cast

Here flo(s of coarse sedi%ent re$eatedl+

eroded# then filled channels )scours* in the

underl+in& sedi%ent- The coarse fill (as

itself scoured and filled-

5LUTE CAST

Fl"te #asts

are ossils o the mars s#oo$ed in th

e m"d *& +ater #"rrents. The& are al+a&

s o"nd on the *ottom o a sedimentar&

ro# *ed.

>- 8RE.2E8OSITIONAL

) INTER9E2E2*

SYN2E8OSITIONAL


http://0.tqn.com/d/geology/1/0/w/W/1/flutecasts.jpg









7/21/2019 sedimen


8ERLA8ISAN"9E22INGKthe %ost co%%on feature

of sedi%entar+ roc's-

9uild u$ b+ e$isodes of

de$osition-The si%$lest $ossibilit+ is

$lannar beddin&-

http://0.tqn.com/d/geology/1/0/b/W/1/bedding.jpg

7/21/2019 sedimen


8ERLA8ISAN 2A8AT TERLIHAT 2ENGAN A2ANYA

HAL; 9ERI4UT INI:

Change o ,a#ing

Change o

Com$osition

Sand

Shale

Change o Sha$e

Eolian

Fl"vial

Change o Si-e

Slo+

C"rrent

Fast

C"rrent

Change o rientation

River

ea#h

>- 8erbedaan u'uran butir-

;- 8erbedaan 'o%$osisi-

=- 8erbedaan (arna )+& bisa sa,a ter,adi

'arena $erdaan 'o%$osisi* -

-8erbedaan tin&'at $ela$u'an ),u&a

da$at ter,adi 'arena $erbedaan'o%$osisi*-

-8erbedaan tin&'at 'onsentrasi butir +&

berbeda u'uran )u'uran besar"$ebble # ,u&a

fossil# dll* $ada sedi%ent +& relati$

ho%o&en-

F-8erbedaan orientasi butir +& tida' bulat)(alau$un ini bu'an benar benar $erla$isan

*K biasan+a terda$at $ada batuan sedi%en

+an& beru'uran 'asar" 'on&lo%erat-

7/21/2019 sedimen


LAYERTHIC4NESS

NA3ES

P = C3 3ASSI6E

>.= C3 6ERY THIC4LY 9E22E2

= . > C3 THIC4LY 9E22E2

> . = C3 3E2IU3LY 9E22E2

= . > C3 THINLY 9E22E2

> . = C3 6ERY THINLY 9E22E2

-= . > C3 THIC4LY LA3INATE2

-= C3 THINLY LA3INATE2

4ERAGA3AN 4ETE9ALAN 8ERLA8ISAN

7/21/2019 sedimen


SYN2E8OSITIONALCROSS 9E22ING K

7/21/2019 sedimen


.sedi%ent &rades fro% coarse on the lo(er left to fine on the u$$er

ri&ht-

GRA2E2 9E22ING K SYN2E8OSITIONAL

http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/SedStruct/HiRes/GradedFlamed.jpg

http://www.depauw.edu/acad/geosciences/tcope/SedStruct/HiRes/GradedBeds.jpg

7/21/2019 sedimen


I39RICATION

IMRICATIN, *r 3ingling, i a "a!-ing 7a""ern *) e+imen"

7ar"i!le "3a" 7*in" "* an!ien" !2rren". (m*re ;el*4#

7/21/2019 sedimen


RIPPLE MARKS

RI88LE 3AR4S are "3*e

mar- le)" ;< 4a"er *r 4in+. ri77le mar-are )*rme+ in an+< ;*""*m ;< *!illa"i*n

4a=e.

7/21/2019 sedimen


river or +ind #"rrents !"ni(

dire#tional)

tidal #"rrents !*i(ire#tional)

7/21/2019 sedimen


Several types of burrows, includingBurrows surrounded by pellets, branching,

Ushaped and vertical Georgia

9URRO1S

7/21/2019 sedimen


Pi%%ar Str)(t)r#

CONCRETIONS

)*rm a mineral !*me *2" *)*l2"i*n "* !emen" <*2ng e+imen"

"*ge"3er.

8ILLAR STRUCTURE#

i )*rme+ a )l2i+ e!a7e )r*m

e+imen" "3a" are 2n+er 7re2re.

(m*re ;el*4#

7/21/2019 sedimen


5LA3E STRUCTURE'

,art o the #la& +as dra+n "$+ard into the moving sand as a lame str"#t"re' indi

#ating the dire#tion o motion.

http://0.tqn.com/d/geology/1/0/e/W/1/flamestructure.jpg




7/21/2019 sedimen


CON6OLUTE LA3INATION

Con7olute La%ination

1hile la+ers of sedi%ent are still fresh and

unce%ented# %otions of 7arious 'inds %a+

disru$t the% into intricatel+ cur7ed for%s

(ithout brea'in& the%-

7/21/2019 sedimen


Ba%%* and "i%%o+*

str)(t)r#

all(and($illo+ str"#t"re is the res"lt o dense san

d sl"m$ing do+n into loose m"d.

9ALL. AN2. 8ILLO1 STRUCTURE

http://0.tqn.com/d/geology/1/0/B/g/1/ball-and-pillow-structure.jpg




7/21/2019 sedimen


Load casts are si&ns of 7i&orous acti7it+ in

sedi%ents before the+ turned to roc'-

The+Qre a 7ariet+ of sole %ar's# found on

beddin& botto%s- )%ore belo(*

LOA2 CASTS

7/21/2019 sedimen


3ISCELLANEOUS

3U2 CRAC4S

RAIN 8RINTSHRI4AGE CRAC4S"

3U2 CRAC4S

7/21/2019 sedimen


Che%ical StructuresSt&lolites

Con#retions

olites

Cr&stal #asts

9io&enic StructuresTra#e ossils

Stromatolites

Es#a$e str"#t"res Rees

2efor%ational Structure

sConvol"te *edding

Flame str"#t"res Load #asts

Current 5lo( Structures,arallel laminations

Ri$$les

Cross *eds

Graded *edding

4LASI5I4ASI 9ER2ASAR4AN 8ROSES 8E39ENTU4AN

C h e % I c a l S t r c t r e s

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/chemstr.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/stylo.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/conc.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/oolites.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/casts.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/biostr.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/trace.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/strom.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/escape.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/reefs.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/deformstr.html


http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/convolute.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/flame.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/load.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/curflow.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/parallel.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/ripple.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/crossbeds.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/graded.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/graded.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/crossbeds.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/ripple.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/parallel.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/curflow.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/load.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/flame.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/convolute.html








http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/casts.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/oolites.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/conc.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/stylo.html





7/21/2019 sedimen


C h e % I c a l S t r u c t u r e sSt+lolites bentu' $er%u'aan +an& ta'

teratur ber&eri&i# biasan+a ber(arna

&ela$# tersin&'a$ $ada $er%u'aan batuan

'arbonat- ),aran& se'ali $ada ,enis

batuan sedi%en lain*- 4e,adiann+a%enun,u'an adan+a larutan +an& ter,adi

setelah batuan itu terbentu'- La$isan

&ela$ tersebut %eru$a'an bahan +an&

tida' larut-

Concretions adalah %assa bulat

ta'teratur +an& dibentu' oleh bahan +an&

lebih resisten- Se%en +an& %ere%bes

%e%bun&'us sebuah inti# biasan+a

sebuah fossil atau butiran den&an

'o%$osisi +an& berbeda-

Oolites adalah bentu' bulat



7/21/2019 sedimen


Oolites adalah bentu' bulat

berla$isla$is 'onsentris#

u'uran san&at 'ecil )>" .

;%%*# dibentu' oleh 'arbonat

$ri%er +an& %e re$lace bahan

lain-

Terbentu' bila ada &era' ria'

air +an& le%but diatas

$er%u'aaan +an&

%en&n+ebaba'an larutan

'arbonat $eralahan lahan

%e%bun&'us butiran; atau

fossil +an& ada-

Cr+stal casts terbentu' bila 'ristal

terlarut ) contoh: salt* 'e%udian

diisi oleh lu%$ur atau butiran

$asir-

9io&enic Structures Stro%atolites )fro% Gree'



7/21/2019 sedimen


9io&enic Structures

Trace fossils

Stro%atolites

Esca$e structures

Reefs

Stro%atolites )fro% Gree'

VW# strōma# %attress# bed#

stratu%# and XZ[\# lithos# roc'*

are la+ered accretionar+

structures for%ed in shallo(

(ater b+ the tra$$in&# bindin&and ce%entation of sedi%entar+

&rains b+ biofil%s of

%icroor&anis%s# es$eciall+

c+anobacteria )co%%onl+

'no(n as blue.&reen al&ae*-

The+ include so%e of the %ost

ancient records of life on Earth-

Stro%atolitic structures are

irre&ular $iles of thin# $arallel

la%inations built u$ b+ al&ae

and bacteria throu&h dail+

c+cles of &ro(th- See %ore of

the% here-






http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae

http://geology.about.com/od/fossilcreatures/ig/Stromatolite-Gallery/

http://drm.williams.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/sediment&CISOPTR=298&CISOBOX=1&REC=7

http://geology.about.com/od/fossilcreatures/ig/Stromatolite-Gallery/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_(geology)






7/21/2019 sedimen


Load casts are rounded or

bulbous $rotrusions for%ed

durin& co%$action- 1here these&roo7es ande de$resal

structursions beco%e filled (ith

sedi%ent# es$eciall+ if the surface

is %ud# the %ar's %a+ be

$reser7ed-

2efor%ational strcture

5la%e structures are defor%ed cla+ or

silt la%inations (ith cur7ed# $ointed

ends that $ro,ect into the o7erl+in& bedand rese%ble a fla%e blo(n in the (ind-

7/21/2019 sedimen


8arallel la%inations )(here the

u$$er and lo(er contacts are

a$$roi%atel+ $arallel* can

result fro%

0settlin& fro% sus$ension

0de$osition in a lo( ener&+

en7iron%ent

0la%inar flo( )(ater flo(in& in a

$lanar (a+*

Ri$$le %ar's are for%ed (hen

the current flo( ener&+

increases-

Current flo( structure

7/21/2019 sedimen


As the ri$$les Q%i&rateQ# continuous

erosion of the stoss side of the ri$$les andde$osition on the lee(ard side causes

cross beds to for%-

As sedi%ent is carried fro% a hi&h

ener&+ en7iron%ent into a lo(.ener&+

en7iron%ent# the hea7iest $articles (illbe the first to settle out# follo(ed b+

$ro&ressi7el+ li&hter and li&hter

$articles- The structure that results is

called &raded beddin&-

Current flo( structure

4LASI5I4ASI 9ATUAN SE2I3EN



7/21/2019 sedimen


4LASI5I4ASI 9ATUAN SE2I3EN

2AN 8ENA3AANNYA-

LAIN HALNYA 2ENGAN 9ATUAN 9E4U 2I3ANA URUTAN. 2ASAR

4LASI5I4ASI A2ALAH# 8ERTA3A 4O38OSISI 4I3IA"2AN 3INERAL4E3U2IAN TE4STUR K 8A2A 9ATUAN SE2I3EN URUTAN.2ASAR

4LASI5I4ASI 2I3ULAI 2ENGAN TE4STUR 9ARU 4E3U2IAN

4O38SISI

NA3A 4HUSUS9ATUAN : &ra+e(ac'e#

na$al# dll

4

O 3 8 O S I S I

T E 4 S T

U R

Sandstone






























7/21/2019 sedimen


and con&lo%erate

)clastic*

M>>

RELATI6E A9UN2ANCE of the %a,or sedi%entar+ roc' t+$es-CLASTICS . Sandstone# con&lo%erate# siltstone# and shale- Co%$rised %ainl+ of silicate

%inerals- Classified on the basis of &rain si0e and %ineral co%$osition

CAR9ONATES . li%estone and dolo%ite- consist %ainl+ of the carbonate %inerals calcite

)li%estone* or dolo%ite )dolostone*

4LASI5I4ASI 2AN 8ENA3AAN 9ER2ASAR4AN

7/21/2019 sedimen


NA3A 8ARTI4EL 4ISARAN U4URAN NA3A 9ATUAN

9OUL2ER P;F 33

GRA6ELCONGLO3ERATE OR 9RECCIA

)2E8EN2S ON ROUN2ING*

CO99LE F . ;F 33

8E99LE . F 33

GRANULE ; . 33

6ERY COARSE SAN2 > . ; 33

SAN2 SAN2STONE

COARSE SAN2 - . > 33

3E2IU3 SAN2 -; . - 33

5INE SAN2 ->; . -; 33

6ERY 5INE SAN2 -F; . ->; 33

COARSE SILT -=> . -F; 33

SILT

SILTSTONE

3E2IU3 SILT ->F . -=> 33

5INE SILT -] . ->F 33

6ERY 5INE SILT - . -] 33

CLAY - 33 CLAY CLAYSTONE# 3U2STONE# SHALE

TERRIGENOUS ,u&a disebut seba&ai SILICICLASTIC 'arena seba&ian besar clast!

adalah silicate %ineral &rains-

The Wentworth scale or Udden-

T E 4 S T U R

CONGLO!"#T!S

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/silicomp1.html

http://www.eos.ubc.ca/courses/eosc221/sed/sili/silicomp1.html

7/21/2019 sedimen


CONGLO!"#T!S

0 Coarse(grained sili#i#lasti#ro# +ith m"dd& or sand&matri%

0 Gravel 1234 o grains

0 Main t&$es5 6 Conglomerate5 ro"nded

#lasts in sand& matri%

6 re##ia5 ang"lar #lasts insand& matri%

6 7iami#tite5 #lasts in m"dd&

matri%.,rovenan#e easil& determined

*& #om$osition o #lasts

9OUL2ER P;F 33 .]

GRA6EL

CONGLO3ERATE OR9RECCIA

)2E8EN2S ON ROUN2ING*

CO99LE F . ;F 33 .F TO .]

8E99LE . F 33 .; TO .F

GRANULE ; . 33 .> TO .;

S#N$STON!

http://www.gc.maricopa.edu/earthsci/imagearchive/BRECCIA_big.jpg

7/21/2019 sedimen


S#N$STON!

9ATU SE2I3EN

5RAG3ENTAL"4LASTI4 9ATU8ASIR

AR4OSE

GREY1AC4E

9ATU8ASIR

7/21/2019 sedimen


%$"OC&S

0 3ost abundant of allsedi%entar+ roc's

0 Co%$osed of silt J cla+.si0ed$articles

6 2o%inated b+ cla+ %inerals)'aolinite# s%ectite# illite*

6 Also /uart0# felds$ar#

carbonate# or&anic %atter#others

6 Co%$osition %odified b+dia&enetic $rocesses

0 6ariable color

6 Gra+.blac' $resence ofor&anic %atter

6 Red.bro(n.+ello(.&reen oidation state of 5e

4LASI5I4ASI 2AN 8ENA3AAN 9ER2ASAR4AN

7/21/2019 sedimen


4 LASI5I4ASI 5OL4

CALCAREOUS

SAN2 CLAY

SILICEOUS

4 L

A S I 5 I 4

A S I

8 E T

T I @ O

H N

4LASI5I4ASI 5OL4 #

2UNHA3

SA N 2

S T O N

E

L I 3 E S T

O N E

C L AY S T O N E

S I L I C E O

U S S T O N

E

L I 3 E S T O N E

C L A Y

S T O N E

TE4STUR dan 4O38OSISI

@OHANSEN

4LASI5I4ASI 9ATU8ASIR 2OTT-

7/21/2019 sedimen


S S U S O)RO9ERT 2OTT*

SE8ERTI HALNYA 2ENGAN 5OL4# 2OTT @UGA 3ENGGUNA4AN 2IAGARA3 SEGITIGA# TETA8I 9ER9E2A

2ALA3 8ENGGUNAAN SU2UT SEGITIGANYA 2AN @UGA 9ER9E2A 2ARI 4LASI5I4ASI RO9ERT 5OL4

YANG 3ENGA9AI4AN 4EHA2IRAN 3ATRI4S# 2OTT 3ENGGUNA4ANNYA-

9CONTOHNYA CHERT! 2I8LOT )2IGA9UNG* 2ENGAN 4UARSA 2ISU2UT <# TI2A4 8A2A SU2UT R atau 5-

8ENA3AAN @UGA 9ER9E2A# 4EHA2IRAN 3ATRI4S > 2I8A4AI UNTU4 3ENA3A4AN NYA SE9AGAI

ARENITE!- ANTARA > . ^ 3A4TRI4S 2ISE9UT SE9AGAI 1AC4E! 2AN 9ILA LE9IH 9ESAR 2ARI

^ 2INYATA4AN SE9AGAI 3U2STONE!-

7/21/2019 sedimen


3O2AL ANALYSIS 9ATU8ASIR -Te'ni' ananlisa untu' 'lasifi'asi-

3O2AL ANALYSIS! A2ALAH CARA UTA3A UNTU4 3ENELITI 9ATU8ASIR2AN HASILNYA 2I8A4AI UNTU4 3ENG. 4LASI5I4ASI4AN# 8ENA3AAN

2AN UNTU4 ANALISA 4E@A2IAN-

Te'ni' ini dia(ali den&an analisa 'o%$isisi )$etro&rafi* secara rinci# di%ana 'ita

%e%un&'in'an untu' %e%beda'an berba&ai ,enis fra&%en# se%ua ,enis se%en#

%ati's# aoutho&enic re$lace%ent# dan bera&a% ,enis $ori;- @enis fra&%en# ter%asu''edala%n+a %ineral &rains )'uarsa# felds$ar# %i'a# %ineral berat dll# +an& berasal

dari batuan +& sudah ada sebelu%n+a*# dan fra&%en batuan se$erti batu&a%$in&#

&ranit# slate dll -

Atau lebih rinci la&i# u%$a%an+a %e%beda'an antara %ineral; felds$ar# 'uarsa

dll*- 4o%$osisi 'o%$onen batu$asir ini# dia%bil bebera$a )ti&a* 'o%$onen +an&

uta%a#+an& selan,utn+a dihitun& 'e%bali )dinor%alisasi* %en,adi ># hasil$erhitun&an+a di $lot

dala% dia&ra% se&iti&a-

sandstone #om$osition is tied to

so"r#e area and te#toni# setting

ternar& s&stem or sandstone #lassii#ation

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/Clastic.html









7/21/2019 sedimen


68

$!SC"'PT'(! T!)T%"#L

CL#SS'*'C#T'ON +#S!$ ON

P"OPO"T'ONS O*:

S ,san-; ..0123mm4

S ,silt; ...52..01mm4

C ,clay; 6...5mm4

San-stones7

siltstones7 an- shales

G ,gra8el; 93 mm4

S ,san-4

M ,matrix; 6..01mm4

Conglomerates an-reccia

,91. gra8el; in-icateshigh transportenergy4

ISTILA LAIN UNTUK BATUAN SEDIMEN DENGAN DASAR

7/21/2019 sedimen


Si%i(i(%asti( r)da(#o)s s#di$#nts and s#di$#ntar ro(-s (ontain $or#

t&an /0 si%i(i(%asti( 1ra$#nts. T&# ar# (oars# rain#d and (o$"os#d

o1 (%asts d#ri#d 1ro$ "r##3istin ro(-s o1 +&i(& o#r 20 ar# (oars#r

t&an 2 $$ 4ada"t#d 1ro$ Gr##ns$it&, 5678 and T)(-#r, 56659.

Si%i(i(%asti( ar#na(#o)s s#di$#nts and s#di$#ntar ro(-s (ontain $or#

t&an /0 si%i(i(%asti( 1ra$#nts. T&# (%asts s&o)%d # "r#do$inant% ;2

<$ to 2 $$, +it& %#ss t&an 70 o1 t&# (%asts s$a%%#r t&an ;2 <$ and %#sst&an 20 o1 t&# (%asts %ar#r t&an 2 $$. Si%i(i(%asti( ar#na(#o)s

s#di$#nts and s#di$#ntar ro(-s $a (ontain so$# %it&i( 1ra$#nts,

)t t&# $a=orit o1 t&# rains ar# indiid)a% (rsta%s, arad#d to ario)s

d#r##s.

Si%i(i(%asti( ari%%a(#o)s s#di$#nts and s#di$#ntar ro(-s (ontain $or#t&an /0 si%i(i(%asti( 1ra$#nts. At %#ast 70 o1 t&# (%asts s&o)%d # %#ss

t&an ;2 <$. T&is $a in(%)d# ot& si%t rad# 4> to ;2 <$9 and (%a rad#

4? > <$9 "arti(%#s. Root na$#s ar# d#t#r$in#d t&# "ro"ortion o1 si%t to

(%a. @)a%i1i#rs ar# #n#ra%% )s#d to d#s(ri# an additiona%

(o$"on#nts.

ISTILA LAIN UNTUK BATUAN SEDIMEN DENGAN DASAR

UKURAN BUTIR.

7/21/2019 sedimen


9ATUGA38ING ) LI3ESTONE *-

7/21/2019 sedimen


4O38ONEN 8E39ENTU4 9ATUGA38ING-

>- 3INERAL; 4AR9ONAT )den&an sedi'it %ineral non'arbonat*

CALCITE#

2OLO3ITE# INTITIES ANION: CO=# Ca# 3&# 5e# 3n# dan ,u&a n-

ARAGONITE

3AGNESITE

;- 4ERANG4A 2AN 8ECAHAN ORGANIS3A SECARA 6OLU3E 3E3EGANG 8ERANAN

8ENTING ) 5ORA3INI5ERA# 8ELICI8O2A# ECHINO2ER3ATA# 9ENTONI4 2LS *

=- NON CAR9ONATE CO38ONENT ... 9IASANYA # TER2IRI 2ARI SILICATE 3INERALS#

5EL2S8ARS# 3ICA# HEA6Y 3INERALS 2AN 3INERAL LAIN SE8ERTI GY8SU3# ANHI2RI2#

GALUCONITE 2LS*-

2ALA3 STRATIGRA5I ?-- 2A8AT 3ENCA8AI >" . >" 2ARI 9ATUAN SE2I3EN- P

2I9ENTU4 OLEH LI3E CAR9ONATE-

a sedi%entar+ roc' consistin& lar&el+ of calciu% carbonate )CaCO=*#

usuall+ in the for% of the %ineral calcite- It %a+ be $roduced biolo&icall+#

che%icall+# or $h+sicall+-

O R I I

http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573488/Calcite.html

http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761573488/Calcite.html

7/21/2019 sedimen


9 3ost $ri%ar+ carbonate sedi%ents for% as bio&enic $articles in shallo( %arine en7iron%ents)secreted as shells of in7ertebrates and al&ae*

1ar% (ater )tro$icalK =oN to =oS latitude*

Shallo( shelfK (ithin the $hotic 0one )%ostl+ >.; %*

Also accu%ulate in dee$ (ater )$ela&ic oo0es*

9 Inor&anic $reci$itates fro% sea (ater also occur

9 Can for% in continental settin&s )lacustrine# desert# soil# s$rin&s*

O R I I!

9ATUGA38ING"LI3ESTONE or&anic dan non or&anic-

7/21/2019 sedimen


& &

@ENIS:>- ORGANIC LI3ESTONE : 2I9ENTU4 OLEH 9E4AS ORGANIS3A#

TE4STUR SANGAT 9ER6ARIASI# 4O38OSISI 4I3IA SA3A-

AUTHOCHTHONOUS# 2I9ENTU4 OLEH SISA ORGANIS3A YANG

9ELU3 3ENGALA3I TRANS8ORTASI 2ARI TE38AT ASAL HI2U8NYA#

TI2A4 3ENGALA3I 8E3ECAHAN# 3ASIH 9ERA2A 2ITE38AT ASAL

TU39UHNYA-

;- CLASTIC LI3ESTONE 2I9ENTU4 OLEH CALCITE 5RAG3ENT# A8A4AH

ITU TERRIGENOUS# ORGANIC ATAU8UN OOLITIC YANG 2ITRANS8ORT#

A9RASI-

ALLOCHTHONOUS# 2I9ENTU4 TERUTA3A OLEH RO39A4AN 9AHANORGANIS3A YANG S2H 3ENGALA3I 8ENGRUSA4AN# TRANS8ORTASI

2AN 9AH4AN A9RASI ... INI LE9IH CLASTIC LI3ESTONE!-

contoh : al&ea ls# coralline ls# fora%inifera ls-

TE4STUR 9ATUGA38ING

7/21/2019 sedimen


ce%ent

TE4STUR 9ATUGA38ING

fra&%ent

%atri

2UA @ENIS TE4STUR 9ATUGA38ING YAITU TE4STUR 4LASTI4 2AN

NON4LASTI4 - TE4STUR 4LASTI4 2I9ENTU4 OLEH GRAIN# 3ATRI4S

2AN SE3EN# 4ESELURUHANNYA 2I9ENTU4 OLEH 4AR9ONAT-

GRAIN (fragment)

Lithoclast: fra&%ent detrital dari batuan

'arbonat dihasil'an dari disinte&rasi batuan

'arbonat +& $ernah ada bai' itu dari luar

basin %au$un dari dala% basin!?--- u'uran

da$at %ulai dari fine sand B &ra7el!-

MATRIX

dibentu' oleh li%e %ud ?? setelah litifi'asi

disebut seba&ai %icrite!- tu%buh %en,adi

%atri's diantara sand.si0e $articles atau seba&ai

$articles dala% fine &rained li%estone- U'uran V- 2iaba(ah %i'ros'o$ biasa 'eruh B o$a/ue-

!M!NT atau disebut ,u&a seba&ai s$ar! ?

terlihat seba&ai clear cr+stal co%$onent!-

Selain itu ada : "#I$ $ori; +an& diisi oleh li/uid atau &as-

"OM#O!$! &'(&M#I!

7/21/2019 sedimen


9 Caronate roc<s mainly compose- of:

icrite

9 Lime mu- ,6...5 mm4

9 Largely fragmental algae remains7 also chemicalprecipitate

Sparite

9 Crystalline caronate material ,9...5 mm49 *orms y precipitation ,often as cement4 or

recrystallization

#llochems

9 Transporte- chemical or iochemical precipitates,fragmental material4

9 'nclu-e intraclasts7 ooliths7 peloi-s7 an- ioclasts

+iolithic elements

9 *orme- y organisms in situ

9 +oun- together y precipitate- material

"OM#O!$! &'(&M#I!

7/21/2019 sedimen


0>

9 'C"'T!:

icrocrystallinecalcite particles ofclay ,6=25 micron4size,sutranslucent

matrix4 forme- y9 Chemical or

iochemical ppt

9 #rasion ofallochems

'mplies -epositionin a lo> energyen8ironment ?ustli<e in terrigenousmu-stone

7/21/2019 sedimen


9 SP#"'T! ,C!!NT4:

Clear granular,@sugaryA4 caronatecrystallineorthochemical material

*orme- in interstitialpore spaces ofcaronate se-iment

9 Cement in poresin-icates original8oi- space

#lso commonly forms-uring -iagenesis

9 "ecrystallize-allochems or micrite

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#LLOCB!S: 'NT"#CL#STS

"e>or<e-7 early lithie-

caronate fragments

irregularly2shape- grains

that form y syn-epositionalerosion of partially lithie-

se-iment

7/21/2019 sedimen


9 #LLOCB!S: OOL'TBS

Concentrically laminate-caronate structures

Oolites 2 63 mm in-iameter

9 Thought to e

aiogenic in origin

9 Layers precipitate-onto a grain -uring>a8e agitation

Pisolites 2 same asoolites7 ut 93 mm

Oncolites 2 spheroi-alstromatolites ,9 =23 cm4

7/21/2019 sedimen


9 #LLOCB!S: P!LLO'$S

silt to ne graine-7 san-2size- caronate

particles >ith no -istincti8e internalstructure

most thought to e fecal pellets

#LLOCB!S: S< l t l ti l ,i l t 4

7/21/2019 sedimen


9 #LLOCB!S: S<eletal particles ,ioclasts4

>hole microfossils7 >hole megafossils7 ro<en shell fragments

9 arine in8erterates: algae7 forams7 corals7 ryozoans7rachiopo-s7 gastropo-s7 mollus<s7 ostraco-s7 etc

9 Stan-ar- microfacies ,fossil fragment type 29 en8ironment4

C#"+ON#T! "OC& CL#SS'

http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol212/carbonates.htm


7/21/2019 sedimen


C#"+ON#T! "OC& CL#SS'*'C#T'ON

9 9ased on de$ositional teture )%ainl+ $ro$ortion ofalloche%s*-

9 T(o %ain classification sche%es

5ol'

9 and t+$e of alloche%9 3icrite 7s s$arite %atri

2unha%

9 Abundance of alloche%s )ratio &rains:%ud*

9 Ori&inal co%$onents bound to&ether 9oth o7erloo' so%e t+$es of carbonates

Caronate "oc< Classication:





7/21/2019 sedimen


$%NB#= Presence or asence of lime mu-; is there any mu- at

all Calm >aters allo> for the accumulation of lime mu-an- in-icates the asence of current in-uce- agitation

3 Grain Support: self supporting frame>or<

) Dui- circulation7 -iagenesis

1 Grain <in-: stan-ar- microfacies types

5 Grain size7 roun-ing7 an- coating: hy-rologicinterpretations

E +iogenically ppt masses oun- at time of -eposition:

+oun-stone

organic frame>or<

laminations not consistent >ith gra8ity ,stromatolite4 roof o8er se-iment lle- ca8ities

7/21/2019 sedimen


*ith modi+cations b, $mbr, and "lovan

3udstone: 3udd+ carbonate roc' containin& less than > $ercent &rains )2unha%#

>_F;* Generall+ indicates cal% (ater and a$$arent inhibition of &rain $roducin&

7/21/2019 sedimen


>_F;*- Generall+ indicates cal% (ater and a$$arent inhibition of &rain.$roducin&

or&anis%s )lo(.ener&+ de$ositional settin&*-

1ac'estone: 3ud.su$$orted carbonate roc' containin& %ore than > $ercent &rains

)2unha%# >_F;*- Generall+ indicates cal% (ater and restriction of &rain.$roducin&

or&anis%s )lo(.ener&+ de$ositional settin&*- In cases (here &rains are ece$tionall+

lar&e# E%br+ and 4lo7an )>_^>* desi&nated these carbonates floatstones-!

8ac'stone: Grain.su$$orted %udd+ carbonate roc' )2unha%# >_F;*- Lucia )>___*

di7ided $ac'stones into %ud.do%inated )$ore s$aces totall+ filled (ith %ud* and

&rain.do%inated )so%e inter&rain $ore s$ace is free of %ud* $ac'stones- This

di7ision is i%$ortant in understandin& reser7oir /ualit+ because %ud $lu&s

inter$article $ore s$aces- 8ac'stones indicate a ran&e of de$ositional $ro$erties-

3ud su&&ests lo(er.ener&+ $rocesses# (hereas the abundance of &rains su&&ests

hi&her.ener&+ $rocesses- 2unha% )>_F;* $ro7ided se7eral scenarios for the ori&in of

$ac'stones: )>* the+ %a+ be a $roduct of co%$acted (ac'estones# );* the+ %a+ resultfro% earl+ or late %ud infiltration of $re7iousl+ de$osited %ud.free sedi%ents# )=*

the+ %a+ result fro% the $rolific $roduction of &rains in cal% (ater# or )* the+ %a+

record the %iin& b+ burro(ers of different la+ers of sedi%ent- In cases (here the

&rains are ece$tionall+ lar&e# E%br+ and 4lo7an )>_^>* desi&nated these carbonates

rudstones-!

Grainstone: 3ud.free carbonate roc's# (hich are &rain su$$orted )2unha%# >_F;*- The+ &enerall+

7/21/2019 sedimen


Grainstone: 3ud free carbonate roc's# (hich are &rain su$$orted )2unha%# >_F;*- The+ &enerall+

are de$osited in %oderate. to hi&h.ener&+ en7iron%ents# but their h+draulic si&nificance can 7ar+-

2unha% )>_F;* $ro7ided se7eral su&&estions for their ori&in: )>* the+ %a+ be $roduced in hi&h.

ener&+# &rain.$roducti7e en7iron%ents (here %ud cannot accu%ulate# );* the+ %a+ be de$osited b+

currents that dro$ out the &rains and b+$ass %ud to another area# or )=* the+ %a+ be a $roduct of(inno(in& of $re7iousl+ de$osited %udd+ sedi%ents- In cases (here the &rains are ece$tionall+

lar&e# E%br+ and 4lo7an )>_^>* desi&nated these carbonates rudstones-!

9oundstone: Carbonate roc's sho(in& si&ns of bein& bound durin& de$osition )2unha%# >_F;*-

E%br+ and 4lo7an )>_^;* further e$anded the boundstone classification on the basis of the fabric

of the boundstone- The+ ha7e three subdi7isions:

)>* fra%estone: the or&anis%s build a ri&id fra%e(or'#

);* bindstone: the or&anis%s encrust and bind loose sedi%ent to&ether# and

)=* bafflestone: the or&anis%s do not for% a fra%e(or' or bind the sedi%ents to&ether but $ro7ide

$rotected areas for the sedi%ent to accu%ulate b+ bafflin& the currents-

9oundstones &enerall+ are de$osited in hi&her ener&+ en7iron%ents# (here currents can $ro7ide

nutrients to the or&anis%s that for% the boundstone# as (ell as carr+ a(a+ (aste $roducts-

Cr+stalline carbonates: Carbonate roc's that lac' enou&h e7idence of de$ositional teture to be

classified- Etensi7e dolo%iti0ation co%%onl+ obliterates the ori&inal de$ositional teture-

E39RY HAS 3O2I5IE2 2UNHA3QS

7/21/2019 sedimen


E39RY HAS 3O2I5IE2 2UNHA3QS

CLASSI5ICATION AN2 4LO6AN )>_^>* TO

INCLU2E COARSE GRAINE2

CAR9ONATES- IN THEIR RE6ISE2

SCHE3E# A 1AC4ESTONE IN 1HICH

THE GRAINS ARE GREATER THAN ;%%

IN SIE IS TER3E2 A 5LOATSTONE AN2

A COARSE GRAINSTONE IS CALLE2 A

RU2STONE-

9OTH TER3S ARE EDTRE3ELY

USE5UL IN 2ESCRI8TION O5

LI3ESTONES- E39RY AN2 4LO6AN TO3ORE GRA8HICALLY RE5LECT THE

ROLE THAT THE ORGANIS3S

8ER5OR3E2 2URING 2E8OSITION

ALSO 3O2I5IE2-

THE 9OUN2STONE CLASSI5ICATION O5 2UNHA3- TER3S SUCH AS

9A55LESTONE# 9IN2STONE# AN2 5RA3ESTONE ARE USE5UL IN CONCE8T 9UT

ARE EDTRE3ELY 2I55ICULT TO A88LY TO ANCIENT LI3ESTONES 1HERE

2IAGENESIS AN2 SA38LE SIE LI3IT ONES A9ILITY TO ASSESS AN ORGANIS3S

5UNCTION-

5OL4 LI3ESTONE CLASSI5ICATION

7/21/2019 sedimen


based on the t+$e of $articles and the nature and $ro$ortion of the %atri

and"or ce%ent $resent-

Robert L- 5ol' defined three %ain co%$onents to li%estones :alloche%s# co%$risin& 7arious &rains and $articlesK%icrite )micr ocr+stalline calcite %ud %atri*K ands$arite )s%ar r+ calcite ce%ent*-

The %ain alloche%s are bioclasts )`bio.# see belo(*# $ellets )`$el.*#

intraclasts )`intra.*# and ooids )`oo.*-

In definin& a li%estone b+ the 5ol' classification the roc' is na%ed

accordin& to the nature of the %aterial fillin& the s$aces bet(een the

$articles )i-e- %icrite %atri or s$arite ce%ent*-

$refied b+ an abbre7iation to denote the %ain alloche%s $resent: bio. for

bioclasts# $el. for $ellets# oo. for ooids# and intra. for intraclasts-

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-matrix.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-cement.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-limestone.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-allochem.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-grain.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-micrite.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-calcite.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-sparite.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-bioclast.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-pellets.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-intraclast.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-ooid.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-ooid.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-intraclast.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-pellets.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-bioclast.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-sparite.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-calcite.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-micrite.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-grain.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-allochem.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-limestone.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-cement.html

http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O13-matrix.html

7/21/2019 sedimen


4E9ANYA4AN 9ATUGA38ING 2I 4LASI5I4ASI4AN OLEH 5OL4 SE9AGAI ALLOCHE3ICAL ROC4S 9ILA

3ENGAN2UNG P > ALLOCH3ES ) 9UTIR; 4AR9ONAT TERANG4UT" TRANS8ORTE2 CAR9ONATE

GRAINS*- LE9IH LAN@UT 9ER2ASAR4AN .TASE INTERSTITIAL 3ATERIAL! # 9ATUAN 2A8AT 2I9AGI

3EN@A2I ; )2UA* GROU8 YAITU:

>-S8ARRY ALLOCHE3ICAL LI3ESTONES!# 9ATUGA38ING YANG 3ENGAN2UNG A S8ARRY CALCITE

CE3ENT O5 CLEAR COARSELY CRYSTALLINE 3OSAIC CALCITE CRYSTALS!-;-3ICROCRYSTALLINE ALLOCHE3ICAL LI3ESTONE! YANG 3ENGAN2UNG 3ICROCRYSTALLINE

CALCITE 3U2# 3ICRITE!# YAITU SU9TRANSLUCENT GRAYISH OR 9RO1NISH 8ARTICLES! 2G U4URAN

3ICRONS

5URTHER SU92I6ISION IS 9ASE2 ON THE ALLOCHE3 RATIOS O5 5OL4 )>_F;* ARE SHO1N IN SCHOLLE J

UL3ER.SCHOLLE );=*

&'AII&AI INI *AI& UNTU& $I+A&AI +A$A ,AI' AN'IA MI&R#&#+I&

7/21/2019 sedimen


5OSSILI5EROUS LI3ESTONE

7/21/2019 sedimen


CO<UINA . IS A TY8E O5 5OSSILI5EROUS LI3ESTONE

3A2E U8 O5 5OSSIL SHELLS 1ITH LITTLE OR NO

3ATRID- IT IS 8OROUS AN2 LIGHT.COLORE2# AN2 THE

SHELLS ARE 5RE<UENTLY 9RO4EN# A9RA2E2# AN2

5AIRLY 1ELL SORTE2- THE SHELLS ARE GRA6EL.

SIE2 )GREATER THAN ; %%*# AN2 CO<UINA IS A

CALCIRU2ITE-

5OSSILI5EROUS LI3ESTONE-

5OSSILI5EROUS LI3ESTONE )SO3ETI3ES

CALLE2 &!'!TA' 'IM!T#N! * CONTAINS

#I' # OR THE RE3AINS O5 ANCIENT

8LANTS OR ANI3ALS- 3ANY ORGANIS3S

HA6E CALCAREOUS SHELLS OR S4ELETONS#

AN2 THEIR RE3AINS 3AY ACCU3ULATE IN

LI3E 3U2 TO 5OR3 5OSSILI5EROUS

LI3ESTONE.

5ossiliferous li%estone-

5 ilif li t

7/21/2019 sedimen


Co/uina- Co/uina is a t+$e of

fossiliferous li%estone %ade

u$ of fossil shells (ith little or

no %atri- It is $orous and

li&ht.colored# and the shellsare fre/uentl+ bro'en#

abraded# and fairl+ (ell

sorted- The shells are &ra7el.

si0ed )&reater than ; %%*#

and co/uina is a calcirudite-

5ossiliferous li%estone

)so%eti%es called s.eletal

limestone* contains fossils# or the

re%ains of ancient $lants or

ani%als- 3an+ or&anis%s ha7e

calcareous shells or s'eletons#

and their re%ains %a+

accu%ulate in li%e %ud to for%

fossiliferous li%estone.

7/21/2019 sedimen


Oolitic li%estone- Oolites )or ooids*

are tin+ concentric s$heres of

calciu% carbonate (hich ran&e

bet(een -> and ;- %% in

dia%eter- On a cut or bro'en

surface the+ loo' circular# and

internal concentric la%inations %a+

be seen (ith a handlens or

%icrosco$e- #olites are not fossils/

The+ for% b+ the $reci$itation of

ara&onite under certain conditions

in (ar% shallo( seas# $robabl+

under the influence of blue.&reen

al&ae- 9ecause oolites are less than

; %% in dia%eter# oolitic li%estoneis calcarenite- )Structures

rese%blin& oolites that are lar&er

than ;- %% in dia%eter are called

%isolites*-

CAR9ONATE ROC4 NA3ES:

3ICRITE )3ICROCRYSTALLINE LI3ESTONE* 6ERY 5INE GRAINE2K 3AY 9E LIGHT GRAY OR TAN TO NEARLY

7/21/2019 sedimen


3ICRITE )3ICROCRYSTALLINE LI3ESTONE* . 6ERY 5INE.GRAINE2K 3AY 9E LIGHT GRAY OR TAN TO NEARLY

9LAC4 IN COLOR- 3A2E O5 LI3E 3U2# 1HICH IS ALSO CALLE2 CALCILUTITE-

OOLITIC LI3ESTONE )LOO4 5OR THE SAN2.SIE2 OOLITES*

5OSSILI5EROUS LI3ESTONE )LOO4 5OR 6ARIOUS TY8ES O5 5OSSILS IN A LI3ESTONE 3ATRID*

CO<UINA )5OSSIL HASH CE3ENTE2 TOGETHERK 3AY RESE39LE GRANOLA*

CHAL4 )3A2E O5 3ICROSCO8IC 8LAN4TONIC ORGANIS3S SUCH AS

COCCOLITHO8HORESK 5IES REA2ILY IN ACI2*

CRYSTALLINE LI3ESTONE

TRA6ERTINE )SEE E6A8ORITES*

OTHERS . INTRACLASTIC LI3ESTONE# 8ELLETE2 LI3ESTONE

##I$ ARE CAR9ONATE GRAINS 1HICH ARE USUALLY S3ALL LESS THAN > 33 IN 2IA3ETER S8HERICAL

GRAINS 1HICH 8OSSES A SERIES O5 CONCENTRIC LA3INATIONS 1HEN 6IE1 IN CROSS SECTION- ONE 3UST

RECOGNIE THE CONCENTRIC LA3INATIONS IN OR2ER TO A88LY THE OOI2 NA3E- THOSE OOI2S# 1HICH

HA6E 2IA3ETERS GREATER THAN A 5E1 3ILLI3ETERS# ARE GENERALLY RE5ERRE2 TO 9Y CAR9ONATE

8ETROLOGISTS AS 8ISOLITES-

+!''!T ARE 3ICROCRYSTALLINE TO CRY8TOCRYSTALLINE CALCITE OR ARAGONITE GRAINS THAT ARE

8RO9A9LY O5 5ECAL ORIGINS- THEY ARE IN 3OST CASES LESS THAN ; 33 IN 3ADI3U3 2IA3ETER AN2ELONGATE OR ROLLER IN EDTERNAL SHA8E-

*I#'AT ARE THE CALCITE OR ARAGONITE TESTS O5 ORGANIS3S THAT LI6E2 CONTE38ORANEOUSLY

1ITH THE 2E8OSITIONAL 8ROCESSES 1HICH 5OR3E2 THE SE2I3ENT- THERE ARE A 1I2E 6ARIETY O5

TY8ES O5 9IOCLASTS EACH 1ITH ITS O1N UNI<UE TEDTURE AN2 SHA8E- EDCLU2E2 5RO3 THE 9IOCLASTS

ARE ANY 5OSSILS THAT ARE NOT CAR9ONATE IN NATURE# TEETH# 9ONES# AN2 CONO2ONTS- ALSO EDCLU2E2

ARE ANY 9IOCLASTS# 1HICH 1ERE Q5OSSILSQ AT THE TI3E O5 2E8OSITION- THESES 1OUL2 9E CONSI2ERE2

TO 9E 2ETRITUS OR ROC4 5RAG3ENTS )SE2I3ENTARY ROC4 5RAG3ENTS SR5 OR 5OL4QS SAN2STONE

CLASSI5ICATION*-

7/21/2019 sedimen


elan?2"n<a -em;ang-an +engan mem;a!a

+an la7angan.

eleai @@@......... -*ne7 +aar.......

7/21/2019 sedimen


7/21/2019 sedimen


3ENGENALI 9ATUAN SE2I3EN-

9ATU SE2I3EN

7/21/2019 sedimen


9RE4SI

4ONGLO3ERAT

5RAG3ENTAL"4LASTI4

Caronate "oc< Classication:$unham

el- classication

7/21/2019 sedimen


el- classication

Texture an- allochem type

incorporate- into classication

Sedi%ent de$osited in cal% 7s a&itated (aters-

Use na%es of fossils or other alloche%s as %odifiers-

3ud.bearin& 6S 3ud.free sedi%ent :9 Grain 7s %ud su$$ort-

9 Ori&inal co%$onent bound )biolo&icall+*-

9 2e$ostional teture reco&ni0ible-

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8ELA8U4AN# EROSI # TRANS8ORTASI 2AN 2E8OSISI

7/21/2019 sedimen


SE3UA @ENIS 9ATUAN ATAU A8A8UNYANG A2A 2I 4ULIT 9U3I INI# 9ILA

9ERSENTUHAN 2ENGAN U2ARA A4AN

3ENGALA3I 8ROSES 8ELA8U4AN-

A2A 2UA 3E4ANIS3A 8ELA8U4AN

YAITU# 2E4O38OSISI 2AN

2ISINTEGRASI- SE9AGAI A4I9AT 2ARI

8ELA8U4AN TERSE9UT 3A4A 9ATUANA4AN 9ER4URANG 4ETAHANANNYA

TERHA2A8 SE3UA AGEN 2EGRA2ASI

TER3ASU4 @UGA 8ROSES 8ENGURAIAN

4I3IA-

SE3UA 3ATERIAL YANG 2IANG4UT A4AN

TEREN2A84AN 9ILA TENAGA ANG4UT

SU2AH LA9IH 4ECIL 4ETI39ANG 9E9AN

YANG 2IANG4UT ATAU 9E9AN YANG

2IANG4UT SU2AH LE9IH 9ESAR

2ARI8A2A TENAGA 8ENGANG4UT-

3ATERIAL YANG TEREN2A84AN INI

2A8AT 3ENGALA3I 8ROSES

8E39ATUAN 2AN A4HIRNYA

3EN@A2I 9ATUAN SE2I3EN!# YANG

SELAN@UTNYA @UGA 2A8AT

9ER8ERAN SE9AGAI SU39ER!-

S I 4 L U S S E 2 I 3 E N T A S I

B dina%i'a batuan sedi%en-

8E3ECAHAN 3E3U2AH4AN

8ROSES ANG4UTAN# SELA3A

3ASA TRANS8ORTASI SE3UA

9AHAN TERANG4UT 3ENGALA3I

8ERU9AHAN 9AI4 SECARA 5ISI4

3AU8UN 4I3IA1I-

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C O 3 8 A C T I O N

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KLASIFIKASI BATUGAMPING

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LITI5I4ASI 2AN 2IAGENESA

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LITHI5ICATION !rom the Gree +ord lithos ) is the $ro#ess in +hi#h sediments

#om$a#t "nder $ress"re' e%$el #onnate l"ids' and grad"all& *e#ome solid ro#.

Essentiall&' lithii#ation is a $ro#ess o $orosit& destr"#tion thro"gh #om$a#tion and#ementation.

Lithii#ation in#l"des all the $ro#esses +hi#h #onvert "n#onsolidated sediments into

sedimentar& ro#s. ,etrii#ation' tho"gh oten "sed as a s&non&m' is more s$e#ii#all&

"sed to des#ri*e the re$la#ement o organi# material *& sili#a in the ormation o

ossils. In geolog& #onsolidation is a s&non&m or lithii#ation.

2IAGENESIS is an& #hemi#al' $h&si#al' or *iologi#al #hange "ndergone *& a sediment

ater its initial de$osition and d"ring and ater its lithii#ation.

These #hanges ha$$en at relativel& lo+ tem$erat"res and $ress"res and res"lt in #hanges

to the ro#@s original mineralog& and te%t"re.

Ater de$osition' sediments are #om$a#ted as the& are *"ried *eneath s"##essive la&ers o

sediment and #emented *& minerals that $re#i$itate rom sol"tion. Grains o sediment'ro# ragments and ossils #an *e re$la#ed *& other minerals d"ring diagenesis. ,orosit&

"s"all& de#reases d"ring diagenesis' e%#e$t in rare #ases s"#h as dissol"tion o minerals

and dolomiti-ation.

!The *o"ndar& *et+een diagenesis and metamor$hism' +hi#h o##"rs "nder #onditions o

higher tem$erat"re and $ress"re' is gradational.)

PROSES PEM$ENTU%AN $ATUAN SEDIMEN

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connate_fluids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaction_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolomitization&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolomitization&action=edit&redlink=1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithification



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cementation_(geology)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compaction_(geology)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connate_fluids



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language

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Types of Se-imentaryaterial

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aterial9 Allochemical Particles

formed in situ at the site ofdeposition- of chemical.biochemical origin

Carbonates: ooids/ fossil

fragments/ pellets/ lithoclasts Glauconite, phosphate :in

situ authigenic.particulateminerals

Biogenic sediments: pelagictests/ siliceous and calcareous

Types of Se-imentaryaterial

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aterial9 Orthochemical Components

hemical #recipitates9 1econdar, cement

9 #rimar, chemical sediments: halite/etc

9 Organic Particulate Material

detrital organic matter 2 terrestrial and particulate

marine pelagic

35% found in mudroc4s andindicative of lo* $h and lo* currentstrength

Laminated Castile Formation basinalevaporites. Dark laminae are calciteplus organic matter; light laminaeare gypsum (Peter Scholle)

Coal

Types of Se-imentary

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aterial9 P!roclasts

particles fragmented and transported b,volcanic processes

9 'ephra: tu deposits

9 olcanic mud6o*s: lahar and volcanic brecciadeposits

ephra!olcanic

"sh

4lasifi'ai 2unha% dan %odifi'asin+a oleh E%br+ and 4lo7an )>_^>* dan @a%es )>_]*

den&an te'stur de$osisi seba&ai dasar- ) bai' untu' dia$li'asi'an $ada hasil megas.o%i. *

>-9ila &rain! . batu&a%$in& satu sa%a lain salin& %en+entuh dan sedi%en tida'

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/tephra.html


http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/ash.html




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& & $ & & +

%en&andun& %ud!# %a'a batuan tersebut dina%a'an GRAINSTONE-

;-9ila &a%$in& itu &rain su$$orted den&an sedi'it %ud!# disebut seba&ai

8AC4STONE-=-9i la sedi%en %ud su$$orted! den&an &rain! P> dina%a'an 1AC4ESTONE-

-9ila %en&nadun& &rain! > dan %ud su$$orted! disebut sEba&ai 3U2STONE-

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4lasifi'asi

batu$asir

didasar'an

atas u'uran

$arti'el dan

'o%$osisi-

4lasifi'asi 9atu$asir : 8ETTI@OHN-

T E 4 S T U RTE4STUR A2ALAH 4ENA38A4AN 3 I 4 R O 9ATUAN YANG

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3E38ERLIHAT4AN GA39ARAN U4URAN 4ECIL# TER4A2ANG" SERING

HANYA 2A8AT 2IA3ATI 2I9A1AH 3I4ROS4O8-

2I9E2A4AN TH2 STRU4TUR YG RELATI8 9ERU4URAN 9ESAR# 28T 2ILIHAT

2ENGAN 3ATA 2AN 3U2AH 2I4ENALI 2ILA8ANGAN-

3ATRI

DCE3ENT

8ORE

-; %%

5RAG3ENT

TE4STUR 9ATUAN

SE2I3EN %eli$uti

bentu'# u'uran dan

$en&aturan ti&a di%ensidari 'e$in&an; +an&

%e%bentu' batuan

sedi%en-

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TE4STUR .4LASTI4 #

.NON4LASTI4# 8RI3ER#

dan .SE4UN2ER-

ALLOGENIC

AUTHOGENIC

Sea le7el

Te'stur 4LASTI4!# te'stur +an&

dbentu' oleh 'e$in&an +an& berasal

dari batuan; +an& sudah ada

sebelu%n+a )allochtonous*K Te'stur

NON4LASTI4 +an& dibentu' oleh

sat0 sat0an massa atau .ristal +an&

tu%buh dari larutan %e%bentu'

interloc'in& %osaic! dari bahanatho&enic!-

Te'stur 8RI3ER# dibentu' oleh $en&aturan butiran +an& ter,adi $ada saat

terenda$an K atau te'stur SE4UN2ER# +aitu te'stur +an& terbentu' a'ibat $roses

$e%batuan# te'anan beban# a$a'ah itu $roses 'o%$a'si atau %un&'in ,u&a !

fracturin&!-

*ol<Fs Classication of Caronate "oc<s

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The foun-ation of *ol<s classication is the relati8eamounts of

,=4 allochems7,34 calcite cement or FsparH7 an-,14 microcrystalline to cryptocrystalline calcite

matrix or @micriteAThese amounts are est ascertaine- >ith the

petrographic microscope an-generally >ith the application of mo-al analysis ut>ith some s<ill an-

practice satisfactory results can e otaine- >ith goo-Iuality han- samples

#llochems are sepatate- into four types7 intraclasts7ooi-s7 pellets7 an-

ioclasts

4E9ANYA4AN 9ATUGA38ING 2I

4LASI5I4ASI4AN OLEH 5OL4 SE9AGAI

ALLOCHE3ICAL ROC4S 9ILA

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ALLOCHE3ICAL ROC4S 9ILA

3ENGAN2UNG P > ALLOCH3ES ) 9UTIR;

4AR9ONAT TERANG4UT" TRANS8ORTE2

CAR9ONATE GRAINS*- LE9IH LAN@UT

9ER2ASAR4AN .TASE INTERSTITIAL3ATERIAL! # 9ATUAN 2A8AT 2I9AGI

3EN@A2I ; )2UA* GROU8 YAITU:

>-S8ARRY ALLOCHE3ICAL LI3ESTONES!#

9ATUGA38ING YANG 3ENGAN2UNG A

S8ARRY CALCITE CE3ENT O5 CLEAR

COARSELY CRYSTALLINE 3OSAIC CALCITE

CRYSTALS!-

;-3ICROCRYSTALLINE ALLOCHE3ICALLI3ESTONE! YANG 3ENGAN2UNG

3ICROCRYSTALLINE CALCITE 3U2#

3ICRITE!# YAITU SU9TRANSLUCENT

GRAYISH OR 9RO1NISH 8ARTICLES! 2G

U4URAN 3ICRONS

5URTHER SU92I6ISION IS 9ASE2 ON THE

ALLOCHE3 RATIOS O5 5OL4 )>_F;* ARESHO1N IN SCHOLLE J UL3ER.SCHOLLE

);=*

&'AII&AI INI *AI& UNTU& $I+A&AI +A$A

,AI' AN'IA MI&R#&#+I&

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Ri7ers# oceans# (inds# and rain runoff all ha7e the abilit+ to carr+ the $articles (ashed off of

erodin& roc's- Such %aterial# called detrit0s# consists of fra&%ents of roc's and %inerals-

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1hen the ener&+ of the trans$ortin& current is not stron&

enou&h to carr+ these $articles# the $articles dro$ out in the

$rocess of sedimentation-

This t+$e of sedi%entar+ de$osition is referred to as clastic

sedimentation-

Another t+$e of sedi%entar+ de$osition occurs (hen %aterial is dissol7ed in (ater# andche%icall+ $reci$itates fro% the (ater- This t+$e of sedi%entation is referred to as chemical

sedimentation-A third $rocess can occur# (herein li7in& or&anis%s etract ions dissol7ed in (ater to %a'e

such thin&s as shells and bones- This t+$e of sedi%entation is called 1iogenic sedimentation

Thus# there are three %a,or t+$es of sedi%entar+ roc's: lastic edimentar2 Roc.s# hemical

edimentar2 Roc.s# and *iogenic edimentar2 Roc.s-

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B>

asins occur in a *ide

range of tectonic settings

9 ratonic settings:9 onvergent plate

setting and activeplate boundaries:

9 7ivergent plateboundaries:

#assive- &tlanticcoast basin

Rift asins- $ast&frican Rift

errigenous Clastic #asin

Carbonate #asin

'errigenous lastic7epositional $nvironments

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7epositional $nvironments

9 8ong s,stems omple9 association of

depositional environmentsthrough *hich clasticsediment is transportedand in *hich somesediment is deposited

$nd product is relativel,mature; sediment

9 1ediments are chemicall, and mechanicall, stable in

composition <high temp/ unstable minerals are not present29 1ediments are *ell sorted into the end member sizes of

sand and cla,=

9 1andstones at the end of the long s,stem are mature>uartz arenites

B

'errigenous lastic7epositional $nvironments

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/SedEnvir.html

http://csmres.jmu.edu/geollab/Fichter/SedRx/SedEnvir.html

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B8

7epositional $nvironments

9 1hort s,stems 'he siliciclastic

source land ispro9imal to <close to2the basin

ommonl, observedin tectonicall, activeregions

1ediments across theentire s,stem aremineralogicall, andte9turall, immature

'he, are generall,poorl, sorted andrange in size fromgravel to coarse sand

$epositional !n8ironments:Main ',pes

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Main ',pes9 Continental ,ao8e sea le8el4

*lu8ial ,stream4; stream channel an-Doo-plain

Glacial; -irect -eposits an- out>ash

Lacustrine ,la<e4

9 Transitional ,Continental an- arine4 $elta

!stuary an- lagoon

+each

9 arine ,elo> sea le8el4 Shallo> sea ,shelf4 an- reefs

Sumarine canyons ,sumarine @-eltasA4

Pelagic en8ironments; ayssal plains

BB

$epositional !n8ironments

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9 In geolog, depositional environments arede+ned b, processes and products #h,sical processes determine:

9 rain size/ sorting/ rounding9 edding st,le <including sedimentar, structures2 and

geometr, iological processes determine:

9 ?ossil content9 iological disruption of original strati+cation

hemical processes determine:

9 ',pes of minerals formed at the site of deposition and duringburial

9 1tud, of modern depositional environmentsused to infer ho* ancient roc4s formed <presentis 4e, to past;2

B1

SE2I3ENTASI 2AN 9ATUAN SE2I3EN Ri7ers# oceans# (inds# and rain runoff all ha7e the abilit+ to carr+ the $articles (ashed off of erodin&

roc's- Such %aterial# called detrit0s# consists of fra&%ents of roc's and %inerals- 1hen the ener&+ of

the trans$ortin& current is not stron& enou&h to carr+ these $articles# the $articles dro$ out in the

$rocess of sedimentation

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$rocess of sedimentation-

This t+$e of sedi%entar+ de$osition is referred to as clastic sedimentation-

Another t+$e of sedi%entar+ de$osition occurs (hen %aterial is dissol7ed in (ater# and che%icall+

$reci$itates fro% the (ater- This t+$e of sedi%entation is referred to as chemical sedimentation-

A third $rocess can occur# (herein li7in& or&anis%s etract ions dissol7ed in (ater to %a'e such

thin&s as shells and bones- This t+$e of sedi%entation is called 1iogenic sedimentation

Thus# there are three %a,or t+$es of sedi%entar+ roc's: lastic edimentar2 Roc.s# hemical

edimentar2 Roc.s# and *iogenic edimentar2 Roc.s-

C E 4 U N G A N S E 2 I 3 E N T A S I-

)9ASIN O5 SE2I3ENTATION*

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)9ASIN O5 SE2I3ENTATION*-

8laces (here lar&e.scale sedi%entation ta'es $lace are called sedi%entar+

basins-

The a%ount of sedi%ent that can be de$osited in a basin de$ends on the de$th of

the basin# the so called acco%%odation s$ace-

2e$th# sha$e and si0e of a basin de$end on tectonics# %o7e%ents (ithin the EarthQs

lithos$here- 1here the lithos$here %o7es u$(ard )tectonic u$lift*# land e7entuall+

rises abo7e sea le7el# so that and erosion re%o7es %aterial# and the area beco%es asource for ne( sedi%ent- 1here the lithos$here %o7es do(n(ard )tectonic

subsidence*# a basin for%s and sedi%entation can ta'e $lace- 1hen the lithos$here

'ee$s subsidin&# ne( acco%%odation s$ace 'ee$s bein& created-

The settin& in (hich a sedi%entar+ roc' for%s is called the sedi%entar+

en7iron%ent- E7er+ en7iron%ent has a characteristic co%bination of

&eolo&ic $rocesses and circu%stances- The t+$e of sedi%ent that is

de$osited is not onl+ de$endent on the sedi%ent that is trans$orted to a

$lace# but also on the en7iron%ent itself-

SE3UA @ENIS 9ATUAN ATAU A8A8UN

$e%bentu'an batuan sedi%en J si'lus sedi%entasi

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SEGALA @ENIS 9ATUAN

YANG SU2AH A2A -

SE3UA @ENIS 9ATUAN ATAU A8A8UN

YANG A2A 2I 4ULIT 9U3I INI# 9ILA

9ERSENTUHAN 2ENGAN U2ARA

A4AN 3ENGALA3I 8ROSES

8ELA8U4AN- A2A 2UA 3E4ANIS3A8ELA8U4AN YAITU# 2E4O38OSISI

2AN 2ISINTEGRASI- SE9AGAI A4I9AT

2ARI 8ELA8U4AN TERSE9UT 3A4A

9ATUAN A4AN 9ER4URANG

4ETAHANANNYA TERHA2A8 SE3UA

AGEN 2EGRA2ASI TER3ASU4 @UGA

8ROSES 8ENGURAIAN 4I3IA-

EROSI# 8ROSES

8E3ECAHAN

3E3U2AH4AN 8ROSESANG4UTAN# SELA3A 3ASA

TRANS8ORTASI SE3UA

9AHAN TERANG4UT

3ENGALA3I 8ERU9AHAN

9AI4 SECARA 5ISI4 3AU8UN

4I3IA1I-

SE3UA 3ATERIAL YANG

2IANG4UT A4AN

TEREN2A84AN 9ILA

TENAGA ANG4UT SU2AH

LA9IH 4ECIL

4ETI39ANG 9E9ANYANG 2IANG4UT ATAU

9E9AN YANG 2IANG4UT

SU2AH LE9IH 9ESAR

2ARI8A2A TENAGA

8ENGANG4UT-

3ATERIAL YANG

TEREN2A84AN INI

2A8AT 3ENGALA3I

8ROSES 8E39ATUAN2AN A4HIRNYA

3EN@A2I 9ATUAN

SE2I3EN!# YANG

SELAN@UTNYA @UGA

2A8AT 9ER8ERAN

SE9AGAI SU39ER!-

eneric rimmed carbonate shelf platform @

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basin margin

8rocesses include: $h+sical co%$action b+ the $ressure of o7erburden# acco%$anied b+

e$ulsion of $ore (aters- Gro(th of ne( dia&enetic %inerals and continued &ro(th of che%ical

7/21/2019 sedimen


Gro(th of ne( dia&enetic %inerals and continued &ro(th of che%icalsedi%ents fro% $ore (aters-

2issolution of soluble ele%ents of clastic roc's-

Recr+stalli0ation and inerali0ation as (ater che%istr+# $ressure# andte%$erature e7ol7e-

9 At the hi&h.T and + end# dia&enesis %er&es s%oothl+ into the lo(.T and + end of %eta%or$his%- The distinction is arbitrar+-

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LIMESTONE

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9 a<e up =.2=E ofse-imentary roc<s

9 !xcellent in-icators of-epositional en8ironments;integral to stu-y of pasten8ironments an- earthhistory

9 'mportant reser8oirs for oilan- gas

9 Caronates ,9E. primary

caronate minerals4 Limestone ,CaCO14

9 Chemical9 iochemical

$olomite ,Cag,CO1434

9 Chemical

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+i in"erme+ia"e

+iame"er +l l*ng +iame"er

+ 3*r" +iame"er

'INGG DIAGRAM

Sedi%entar+ roc's for% in 1asins Areas of the earths surface sub,ect to

lon& ter% )%illions to tens of %illions of +ears* subsidence resultin& in

s$ace to acco%%odate sedi%ent )not sub,ect to erosion*-

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1B

$ ) , *

scale si0e ran&e 1ent(orth ran&e na%e other na%es

The Wentworth scale or Udden-Wentworth scale

UKURAN FRAGMEN!CLAST!BUTIR

7/21/2019 sedimen


scale si0e ran&e 1ent(orth ran&e na%e other na%es

.] to . ;F. %% >->. in boulder bon&'ah

.F to .] FB;F %% ;-B>-> in cobble

. to .F =;BF %% >-;FB;- in 7er+ coarse &ra7el $ebble 'era'al

. to . >FB=; %% -F=B>-;F in coarse &ra7el $ebble

.= to . ]B>F %% -=>B-F= in %ediu% &ra7el $ebble

.; to .= B] %% ->^B-=> in fine &ra7el $ebble 'eri'il

.> to .; ;B %% -^_B->^ in 7er+ fine &ra7el &ranule

to .> >B; %% -=_B-^_ in 7er+ coarse sand $asir

> to -B> %% -;B-=_ in coarse sand

; to > -;B- %% ->B-; in %ediu% sand

= to ; >;B; % -_B-> in 5ine sand

to = F;-B>; % -;B-_ in 7er+ fine sand

] to =-_BF;- % ->B-; in silt %ud lanau

to ] >".=-_ % >" B-> in cla+ %ud le%$un&

to > >".> % >"B-=_ in colloid %ud

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LI3ESTONE . EN6IRON3ENTS

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9iolithite B The core of the reef

3icrite B In the sheltered la&oon and in dee$ (ater offshore

S$arite B Near the reef (here (a7es and currents re(or' the carbonate %aterial

Caronate $epositional Systems

h l

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'n the >arm7 clear7shallo>

>ater organisms create

se-iment:

Calcareous algae Dourish

an- generate micrite

'n8erterate animal

s<eletons accumulate as

se-imentary particles

,ioclasts4

6 Also# $articles created indirectl+ b+ biolo&ical or che%ical acti7it+

O liti ll t l d i t l ti ll h l d d l ll

sedimen

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