september 13, 2017 - cclr situ 20170912...reterro, livermore ca ignacio dayrit center for creative...
TRANSCRIPT
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September 13, 2017
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CENTER FOR CREATIVE LAND RECYCLING
•Workshops & Webinars
•Policy & Research•Consulting•Technical Assistance: EPA TAB grantee•Online at www.cclr.org
Sarah [email protected]
Ignacio Dayrit415.398.1080 | [email protected]
Jean Hamerman646.712.0535 | [email protected]
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COMING CCLR WEBINAR SCHEDULE
Date Title
October 4 Phytoremediation Demystified
October 11 Urban Agriculture & Healthfields
TBA US EPA ARC Webinars
All webinars are free - sign up at cclr.org
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UP NEXT: PHYTOREMEDIATION DEMYSTIFIEDOCTOBER 4 | 2PM ET | 11PM PT
Ever wonder how the plant kingdom can contribute to your remediation efforts? Our in-depth dive will let you into the mechanics, best practices, trends,
and latest research on phytoremediation.
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TAB LOCATIONS
Location?
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TODAY’S PRESENTATION
IntroductionsArul Ayyaswami
Tetra Tech, Philadelphia PAJoe Muzzio
Reterro, Livermore CAIgnacio Dayrit
Center for Creative Land Recycling
Questions & Answer
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TODAY’S PRESENTERS
Arul Ayyaswami is the Vice President and National Director of Remediation Technologies for Tetra Tech. Arul is an expert in remediation design and costing. He has developed methodologies to tackle large remediation projects and has innovative pathways to resolve environmental liabilities. He’s demonstrated improved performance through the use of innovative remedial technologies that significantly reduce time and expense to achieve site remediation goals.
Joe Muzzio has 28 years of experience as an environmental consultant, and holds a BS in geology and a law degree. He is a California professional geologist, certified engineering geologist and active member of the California State Bar. Joe has worked extensively under State and Federal regulations to design and manage environmental assessment and remediation projects throughout the western US, including projects that involve in situ and ex situ soil remediation.
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SOIL AND GROUNDWATER REMEDIATION
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SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES TO “DIG AND HAUL”
Outline
• Overview of Dig and Haul for Site Remediation
• On-Site Soil Remediation Alternatives• In Situ vs. Ex Situ
• Introduction to Evaporative Desorption Technology (EDT)
• Case Study of EDT with Life Cycle Assessment Comparison to Dig and Haul
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DIG AND HAUL
– AN OVERVIEW
Dig and Haul• A common alternative for
Analysis of Brownfields Cleanup Alternatives
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DIG AND HAUL – AN OVERVIEW
Dig and Haul - Defined• An ex situ soil remediation alternative
• Excavation to physically remove the contaminated soil from the site
• Load the soil in dump trucks • Transport soil from site for disposal at
licensed Landfill
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DIG AND HAUL – AN OVERVIEW
Dig and Haul - Advantages
• Considered a “BAT” for brownfield development• Provides for “complete” contaminant source removal• Reduces potential for future vapor intrusion mitigation
measures • Most feasible for
shallow soil contamination (~25’)
• Can enable quick “soil closure” from regulatory agency to facilitate redevelopment
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DIG AND HAUL – AN OVERVIEW
Dig and Haul – Disadvantages• Can be more expensive than in situ technologies or
ex situ on-site treatment
• Negative impacts to surrounding neighborhoods• Increased traffic and safety hazards due to trucking of
contaminated soil
• Increased GHG emissions from trucks
• Physical affects to community infrastructure (e.g., road damage)
• Causes resource depletion• Landfill space
• Imported clean fill
• Long-term Generator Liability with landfill disposal
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TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
14https://brownfieldstsc.org/roadmap/
Soil Alternatives
Further Divided into In Situ and Ex Situ Technologies
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ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES
In Situ Remediation Typical Technologies
• Soil Vapor Extraction• Soil Mixing/Stabilization • Soil flushing• Amendments for enhanced biodegradation
or chemical oxidation• Thermal remediation
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ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES
In Situ Remediation Advantages• Soil remediation completed in subsurface• No significant surface disturbances• Works well at depths greater than feasible
excavation• Often less expensive than ex situ remediationDisadvantages• Can be slower than ex situ alternatives• Success often controlled be heterogeneity of
contaminant distribution and soil type
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ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES
Ex Situ Remediation with On-site Treatment
Typical Technologies• Chemical mixing oxidation/stabilization• Enhanced biodegradation (Biopiles)• Low/High temperature thermal remediation
• Evaporative Desorption Technology (EDT)
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ON-SITE SOIL REMEDIATION ALTERNATIVES
Ex Situ Remediation with On-site TreatmentAdvantages• Complete removal of contamination• Contaminant and soil heterogeneity not an issue• Relatively quick compared to in situ technologies• Can be combined with in situ technologiesDisadvantages• Somewhat limited by depth, but typically
facilitates expedited property development• Can be disruptive to existing site operations
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EVOLUTION OF REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES
• Extraction Techniques• Pump and Treat & Excavation
• In Situ Technologies• Air Sparging, VER, SVE, etc.
• In Situ Containment Techniques• Reactive Walls, ZVI Trenches, etc.
• In Situ Mass Reduction Techniques• Reductive, Oxidizing
• Monitored Natural Attenuation
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REMEDIAL HIERARCHY
COMPLEXITY
CO
ST
MNA
CHEMICAL
BIOLOGICAL
MASS TRANSFER
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SOIL VAPOR EXTRACTION (SVE)
Vacuum Gauge
Flowmeter
VaporTreatment
System
VacuumPump
VaporExtraction
WellVaporFlow
Vapor Sampling Port
VaporFlow
Contaminated Soil
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IN SITU AIR SPARGING
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MASS REMOVAL FOR PETROLEUM COMPOUNDS
CONTAMINANT (INCREASING DENSITY)
PER
CEN
T R
EMO
VA
L
HEAVY OILSGASOLINE
100
80
60
40
20
0
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IN-SITU AIR SPARGING
Contaminant
Extraction Well
Unsaturated Zone
Injection Well
Saturated Zone
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IN-WELL AIR STRIPPING
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Vacuum Enhanced Recovery (VER)
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VER BASIC PRINCIPLES
GroundwaterVapor
Smear Zone Dewatered Remediated Through Air Flow
Vacuum Enhanced RecoveryTETRA TECH
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VACUUM ENHANCED RECOVERY
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• Delivery, Delivery, Delivery
• Creation of a subsurface zone
• Delivery of reactive reagents
• Migrating contaminants intercepted
• Permanently degraded
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INJECTION BASED REMEDIES
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• Injection Delivery Methods
• Injection Pressure
• Reagent Types
• Test layout and Monitoring
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KEY PARAMETERS FOR DESIGN
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ENHANCED REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION - ERD
• Microbes called “reductive dechlorinators” replace chlorine with hydrogen atoms on CHs
• PCE is biodegraded via the following sequence
PCE → TCE → DCE → Ethene
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Phytoremediation
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BROWNFIELDS REMEDIATION
❖Brownfield Redevelopment is Complex• Parties involved• Uncertainties• Liabilities• Market Conditions
❖Therefore: Innovation is Rewarded• Remediation-focused investigation = $$ Savings• Rapid Characterization Technologies = Faster cleanup
plan approval• Selection of Technology: ➢ Earlier Remediation & Closure➢ Faster Development➢ More profit, Less Risk
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REMEDIATION-FOCUSED INVESTIGATION
❖Site Characterization is expensive
❖Generally some data collected is extraneous1. Collected at direction of Agency to protect public
health and fully delineate site before remediation is anticipated
2. Information often collected does not help with remediation planning
3. If remediation is not already contemplated – re-drilling and collecting additional samples is expensive (e.g. drill another well to obtain groundwater chemistry)
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REMEDIATION-FOCUSED INVESTIGATION
❖ Need to be more focused on the end goal – REMEDIATION
❖ Think early about what information is required:• Groundwater quality information (redox potential,
nitrogen, TDS, etc.)• Aquifer conditions• Soil properties data and radius-of-influence information• Building footprints & development plans
❖ Conduct investigation/sampling concurrently with data gap investigations
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RAPID CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
❖Use of Rapid Characterization Technologies allows for faster, more complete understanding of site conditions
❖Roughly Equivalent in Cost
❖Modern technologies replace traditional sampling approach
• Field Methods• Data Analysis
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RAPID CHARACTERIZATION TECHNOLOGIES
❖Field Methods• Laser-induced Fluorescence (LIF)• Rapid Optical Screening Technique (ROST)• Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)• Field Test Kits
Courtesy of Columbia Technologies, Inc.
❖Data Analysis• Geographic
Information Systems (GIS)
• Environmental Visualization Software (EVS)
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ENVIRONMENTAL VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE (EVS)
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Vertical “Cone” of High Permeability (Sandy Soil)
Area of Low Permeability (Silty/Clayey Soil)
VOC Distribution in Higher Permeability Soil
ENVIRONMENTAL VISUALIZATION SOFTWARE (EVS)
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CASE STUDY: CHLORINATED SOLVENTS; ALKALINE ACTIVATION; IN SITU SOIL BLENDING
• 5,000 tons Treated in 2 days • Depth to Groundwater – 1 foot• Treatment Interval – 1 to 11 feet bgs• 10 gram Klozur® / 1 gram Hydrated Lime Applied per
Kilogram of Soil• Concentrations Dropped from 100 – 200 ppm Total
VOCs (TCE plus Daughters) in Groundwater to Less than 0.1 ppm in One Week
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CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY
• 250-acre plant site
• The plant ceased operations and decommissioning plans were developed
• The VOC plume consists primarily of PCE and TCE
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CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)
• IRMs include active and passive soil vapor extraction (SVE), in-situ and ex-situ bioremediation for soil, and air sparging for groundwater
• Asbestos abatement and demolition plans were designed to decommission the facility
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• Thirty buildings covering 1.2 million square feet of floor space
• Removal of asbestos materials and disposal of
PCB-containing materials
CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)
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CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)
Public Meetings
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CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)
Building Demolition and Soil Removal
Asbestos Removal
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CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY (CONT.)
Air Sparging System
SVE System
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CASE STUDY:FORMER AIRCRAFT FACILITY - TODAY
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INTRODUCTION TO EDT
• Contaminated soil placed in treatment bins (~10 tons)
• Heated air drawn through soil volatizes contaminants which are extracted as off gas
• Off-gas modules destroy, collect, or recover contaminants in the off gas
• Data for each batch are recorded and archived to document contaminant removal
• Treated soil can be reused on site
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INTRODUCTION TO EDT
Flamelesselectric heaters
Sealed Chamber
Auto Vents
Negative Pressure
Vacuum Exhaust
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BENEFITS OF EDT • No NO
x, SO
x or PM-10 particulate emissions
• Easily deployed to high density and rural areas
• Alternative to transport and landfill disposal of soil and associated emissions and traffic risks
• Eliminates landfill costs and liability
• On-site EDT treatment has been designated “CEQA-insignificant” in CA
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EDT PROCESS
FILL
WEIGH
LOAD/UNLOAD
PROCESS
EMPTY
COOL/HYDRATE
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EDT CASE STUDY:FULLERTON CA
EDT System andDump Tent Location• Commercial/Residential
development proposed
• EDT selected over Dig and Haul • Insignificant environmental impacts
under CA law
• 97,000 tons soil excavated for
on-site EDT processing
• PCE/TCE in soil and soil vapor
• Grid power connection• 24/7 operation for 14
months Fullerton
45-acre Manufacturing Plant
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EDT CASE STUDY:FULLERTON CA
• EDT soil treatment met cleanup goals for residential site use
• 97,000 tons EDT treated soil used as backfill
• On-site soil treatment reduced truck traffic and associated hazards
• +*8,000 trucks removed from roads
• Agency issued “Soil Corrective Action Completion” in <2 yrs
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COMPARING SUSTAINABILITY OF EDT TO DIG AND HAUL
ABCA • Promotes selection of
Green and Sustainable Remediation
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SCREENING LEVEL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA)
Greener Cleanup (ASTM E2893-13)
• The Standard Guide for Greener Cleanup (2013) set the stage for implementing remediation technologies with lower environmental impacts and evaluating those impacts with a LCA
Screening Level LCA Objective
• EDT remediates soil without requiring the contaminated soil to be hauled to a landfill or the transport of clean soil to the site. What are the potential environmental benefits of the EDT method compared to dig and haul?
• Sought to compare selected environmental impacts of the EDT soil remediation technology to conventional dig and haul
• Impacts quantified:• Global Warming Potential (GWP)
• Primary Non-Renewable Energy Demand (PNRED)
• Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Why?
• These environmental impacts are very relevant to site owners and the state of California
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LCA METHODS- SYSTEM BOUNDARY
Dig and Haul
• Diesel for on-site operations:• Excavation, staging, and loading soil into
truck
• Borrow source excavation and loading trucks
• Staging, backfilling, and compacting soil
• Ancillary site operations
• Diesel for transportation of clean soil from borrow source and excavated soil from site to hazardous waste (20%) and municipal landfill (80%)
• On-site municipal water use
EDT
• Diesel for on-site operations:• Excavation and loading soil into EDT system• Backfilling and compacting soil
• Electricity to run equipment (replaced with diesel generator in diesel scenarios)
• Production of activated carbon
• Transport of spent carbon for treatment
• Treatment of spent carbon
• On-site municipal water use
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SCREENING LEVEL LCA-RESULTS
PRIMARY NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY DEMAND (PNRED)
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SCREENING LEVEL LCA-RESULTS
GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL (GWP)
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SCREENING LEVEL LCA-RESULTS
PARTICULATE MATTER (PM
2.5)
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SCREENING LEVEL LCA-SUMMARY
Scenario Dig and HaulEDT 14-Month
Electric
GWP [kgCO2eq] 6.29E+07 3.39E+06
PNRED [MJ] 3.26E+08 4.96E+07
Particulates [kgPM2.5] 3.62E+04 8.32E+02
Entire project
Scenario Dig and HaulEDT 14-Month
Electric
GWP [kgCO2eq/ton soil] 644 35
PNRED [MJ/ton soil] 3,339 510
Particulates [kgPM2.5/ton soil]
0.37 0.01
Per ton of soil
~85% Reduction in PNRED between
D&H and EDT
~95% Reduction in GWP between D&H and EDT
~98% Reduction in PM2.5 between D&H and EDT
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CONCLUSIONS
•Dig and Haul has it’s place, but is not always the best option•Should consider environmental impacts and long-term liabilities in evaluation of remedial alternatives
•On-site in-situ and ex-situ remediation alternatives should be considered during the ABCA selection process
•Benefits:• Can reduce overall project costs• Reduces air emissions (GWP)• Minimizes traffic impacts and neighborhood complaints• Reduces long-term generator liabilities
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