service automation in semantic web, eb and grid ching-long yeh 葉慶隆 department of computer...

Service Automation in Service Automation in Semantic Web, EB and GridSemantic Web, EB and Grid

Ching-Long Yeh 葉慶隆Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Tatung UniversityTaipei, Taiwan

Email: [email protected]://www.cse.ttu.edu.tw/chingyeh

SW, EB, Grid 2

ContentContent

• Web technology evolution• Semantic Web • Semantic Web Service• Electronic Business Architecture: ebXML • Workflow Automation in Grid• Semantic Web Service Architecture• Summary

Web Technology EvolutionWeb Technology Evolution

SW, EB, Grid 4

Web TechnologyWeb Technology

• HTML• XML• Electronic Business• Semantic Web

SW, EB, Grid 5

InformationPool

WWWWWW

HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol)HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

Web server

ApplicationClient

HTTP

URL

HTML Document

• Human-to-machine interaction• Information explosion

SW, EB, Grid 6

InformationPool

Interaction Using XML

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol)

SOAP server

Application

HTTP

XML Document

• Machine-to-machine interaction • Service automation

SOAP server

Application

InformationPool

XML Document

SW, EB, Grid 7

Web Service Architecture

Serviceregistry

Servicerequester

Serviceprovider

FindWSDL, UDDI

PublishWSDL, UDDI

Bind

Servicedescriptions

Servicedescriptions

Services

SW, EB, Grid 8

Electronic Business

Transport, routing, packaging

Business processes,business documents

Company ACompany B

Transport, routing, packaging

Business processes,business documents

ERPERP

• Application-to-Application• Business Process Automation• RosettaNet• ebXML

SW, EB, Grid 9

Semantic WebSemantic Web

• The Semantic Web is a vision:

• See “W3C Semantic Web Activity,” by Marja-Riitta Koivunen, for more descriptions.

the idea of having data on the web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various applications

http://www.w3.org/Talks/2001/1102-semweb-fin/Overview.html

SW, EB, Grid 10

Semantic WebSemantic Web

• The Semantic Web is the new generation of the World Wide Web, based on the semantic network knowledge representation formalism, which enables packaging information in the form of object-attribute-value statements, so called triplets.

• By assuming that terms used in these statements are based on the formally specified meaning (for the community of interest), i.e. ontologies, these triplets can be semantically processed by machine agents.

From: http://www2002.org/CDROM/poster/130.pdf

SW, EB, Grid 11

The Semantic Web Layered ArchitectureThe Semantic Web Layered Architecture

(http://www.w3.org/2001/Talks/0228-tbl/slide5-0.html)

Tim Berners-Lee:“Axioms, Architecture and Aspirations”W3C all-working group plenary Meeting28 February 2001

URI Unicode

XML Namespaces

XML Schema

Sig

RDF M&S

RDF Schema

Ontology

Rules

Logic

Proof

Trust

SW, EB, Grid 12

The Big Picture of SW

(http://semanticweb.org/about.html#bigpicture)

SW, EB, Grid 13

What Is in an Ontology?What Is in an Ontology?

• One widely cited definition of an ontology is Gruber’s [Gruber 1993] “A specification of a conceptualization”.

• An ontology is a formal explicit description of – concepts in a domain of discourse (classes (sometimes called

concepts)),

– properties of each concept describing various features and attributes of the concept (slots (sometimes called roles or properties)), and

– restrictions on slots (facets (sometimes called role restrictions)).

• An ontology together with a set of individual instances of classes constitutes a knowledge base.

SW, EB, Grid 14

Ontology SpectrumOntology Spectrum

What is an Ontology?What is an Ontology?

Catalog/ID

GeneralLogical

constraints

Terms/glossary

Thesauri“narrower

term”relation

Formalis-a

Frames(properties)

Informalis-a

Formalinstance

Value Restrs.

Disjointness, Inverse, part-

of…

(From: http://www.ksl.stanford.edu/people/dlm/papers/ontologies-come-of-age-mit-press-(with-citation).htm)

Semantic Web LanguagesSemantic Web Languages

SW, EB, Grid 16

What is XML?What is XML?

• Extensible Markup Language• A Syntax for Documents • A Meta-Markup Language• A Structural and Semantic Language, not a Formatting

Language• Not just for Web pages

SW, EB, Grid 17

XML StandardsXML Standards

• DTD• Namespace• Schema• DOM• CSS, XSL-T, XSL-FO• XLink• XPointer

SW, EB, Grid 18

XML Protocol: SOAPXML Protocol: SOAP

SW, EB, Grid 19

RDF M&SRDF M&S• RDF (Resource Description Framework)

– Beyond Machine readable to Machine understandable

• RDF consists of two parts– RDF Model (a set of triples)– RDF Syntax (different XML serialization syntaxes)

• RDF Schema for definition of Vocabularies (simple Ontologies) for RDF (and in RDF)

SW, EB, Grid 20

RDF Data ModelRDF Data Model• Resources

– A resource is a thing you talk about (can reference)– Resources have URI’s– RDF definitions are themselves Resources (linkage, see

requirement 1)

• Properties – slots, define relationships to other resources or atomic values

• Statements– “Resource has Property with Value”– (Values can be resources or atomic XML data)

• Similar to Frame Systems

SW, EB, Grid 21

A Simple ExampleA Simple Example• Statement

– “Ora Lassila is the creator of the resource http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila”

• Structure– Resource (subject) http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassila– Property (predicate) http://www.schema.org/#Creator– Value (object) "Ora Lassila”

• Directed graph

http://www.w3.org/Home/Lassilas:Creator

Ora Lassila

SW, EB, Grid 22

OWLOWLW3C Web Ontology LanguageW3C Web Ontology Language

• OWL provides three increasingly expressive sublanguages: OWL Lite, OWL DL, and OWL Full.

SW, EB, Grid 23

OWLOWLW3C Web Ontology LanguageW3C Web Ontology Language

OWL Lite language constructs

RDF Schema Features: Class rdf:Property rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdfs:range Individual

(In)Equality: equivalentClass equivalentProperty sameAs differentFrom allDifferent

Property Characteristics: inverseOf TransitiveProperty SymmetricProperty FunctionalProperty InverseFunctionalProperty

Property Type Restrictions: allValuesFrom someValuesFrom

Restricted Cardinality: minCardinality (only 0 or 1) maxCardinality (only 0 or 1) cardinality (only 0 or 1)

Header Information: ontology imports

Semantic Web ServicesSemantic Web Services

SW, EB, Grid 25

Some Motivating TasksSome Motivating Tasks

• The kinds of task we expect OWL-S to enable:– Automatic Web service discovery – Automatic Web service invocation – Automatic Web service composition and interoperation – Automatic Web service execution monitoring

SW, EB, Grid 26

High-level View of the Service OntologyHigh-level View of the Service Ontology

ServiceProfile

ServiceModel

ServiceGrounding

ServiceResourceprovides

presents

describedBy

supports

What the service does

How it works

How toAccess it

SW, EB, Grid 27

Top Level of the Process OntologyTop Level of the Process Ontology

Process Profile

AtomicProcess Composite

ProcessSimpleProcess

ControlConstruct

SequenceRepeatUntil

ProcessComponent=Process U ControConstruct



hasProcesshasProfile

computedInputcomputedOutputcomputedEffect

computedPreconditioninvocab

compsedBy

expandcollapserealizes

realizedBy

hasGrounding

InputPrecondition

Outputeffect

Condition

SW, EB, Grid 28

Grounding a Service to a Concrete Realization Grounding a Service to a Concrete Realization

Process Model

Atomic Process

Operation

DL-Based Types

Inputs/Outputs

Message

Binding to SOAP, HTTP, etc.

WSDL

OWL-S

Electronic Business ArchitectureElectronic Business Architecture

SW, EB, Grid 30

The ebXML Framework at WorkThe ebXML Framework at Work

Customer

Supplier

ebXMLRegistry

ProfilesProcessSpecifications

Registry Host1

2

Impl

emen

tatio

n

3

4

5

6

Intermediaries

SW, EB, Grid 31

Components of the ebXML FrameworkComponents of the ebXML Framework

• Defining how public business-process must be described using the ebXML BPSS standard.

• Defining the semantics of business documents that are exchanged in public processes using ebXML’s Core Component (ebCC) standard.

• Definition of services and the constraints in using the services using Collaboration Protocol Profile (CPP) defined in the ebXML CPPA standard.

• Description of the mutual agreement between the business partners – Collaboration Protocol Agreement (CPA) – to carry out the public business process. The schema for a CPA is also defined by ebXML CPPA standard.

• Protocols for registering, storing, and retrieving public business processes and associated business documents, and CPPs using the ebXML Registry standard.

• A standard way to send and receive messages between business partners, as defined in the ebXML Message specification.

Workflow Automation in GridWorkflow Automation in Grid

SW, EB, Grid 33

IntroductionIntroduction

• Grid technologies are changing the way scientists conduct research, fostering large-scale collaborative endeavors where scientists share their resources, data, applications, and knowledge to pursue common goals.

• Collaborations, – Virtual Organizations (VOs), LIGO and GEO– Virtual Data, first introduced within the GriPhyN project,

• The Grid applications are no longer monolithic codes, rather they are being built from existing application components. – In general, we can think of applications as being defined by

workflows, where the activities in the workflow are individual application components and the dependencies between the activities reflect the data and/or control flow dependencies between the components.

SW, EB, Grid 34

SW, EB, Grid 35


• Although Grid middleware allows for discovery of the available resources and of the locations of the replicated data, users are currently responsible for carrying out all of these steps manually.

• Automating this process is desirable and necessary because of– Usability

– Complexity

– Solution cost

– Global cost

– Reliability

SW, EB, Grid 36

A knowledge-based architecture for workflow generation on the Grid

SW, EB, Grid 37

Architecture of the planning system and itsinteractions with other Grid-based services.

SW, EB, Grid 38

Application Example

• The GriPhyN Virtual Data System (VDS) that consists of Chimera, Pegasus and DAGMan has been used to execute both large workflows with an order of 100,000 jobs with relatively short runtimes and workflows with small number of long-running jobs.

Components of a Workflow Generation, Mapping and Execution System.

SW, EB, Grid 39

Application Example

A simple example of partial workflow descriptions expressed in Chimera’s Virtual Data Language (VDL)

SW, EB, Grid 40

Application Example

Abstract workflow produced by Chimera

Semantic Web Services ArchitectureSemantic Web Services Architecture

SW, EB, Grid 42


• Develop architectural and protocol abstractions forming a reference architecture to support Semantic Web Service technologies

• The support functions the architecture will cover– Dynamic Service Discovery– Service Process Enactment and Management– Negotiation and Contracting– Semantic Web Community Support Services– Semantic Web Service Lifecycle and Resource

Management Services– Cross-cutting Issues

SW, EB, Grid 43


• Semantic Web Services are viewed as a way to extend the capabilities of web services in the direction of dynamic interoperability.– Commercial web services, in both B2B and B2C applications– Grid computing– Ubiquitous computing– Information Services

SW, EB, Grid 44

Functional AreasFunctional Areas

Dynamic Service Discovery B2B B2C Ubiq Grid Info

Advertising of Service Descriptions

Candidate Service Query Formulation

Candidate Service Matchmaking

SW, EB, Grid 45


Service Process Enactment and Management B2B B2C Ubiq Grid Info

Candidate Service Selection

Service request formation and response interpretation

Request and Response Translation

Choreography interpretation and execution

Process mediation and delegation

Dynamic Service Composition

Process status monitoring and event notification

Service failure handling and compensation

SW, EB, Grid 46


Negotiation and Contracting B2B B2C Ubiq Grid Info

Service contract negotiation

Dispute Resolution and Compliance

Non-Repudiation/Audit Tracking/Explanation

SW, EB, Grid 47


Semantic Web Community Support Services B2B B2C Ubiq Grid Info

Ontology Management and Mapping Services

Service catalog and Information brokering Services

Membership and Authority Services

Security (identification/authentication, authorization, delegation)

Privacy Services

Reputation Services

Policy and Protocol Management Services

SW, EB, Grid 48


Service Lifecycle Support B2B B2C Ubiq Grid Info

Executable process management services

Resource Allocation and Provisioning services

SW, EB, Grid 49

SummarySummary

• Abstractions of services on emerging technological architectures

• The Semantic Web Service Architecture is probably an integration of the abstractions of services for various functional areas.

SW, EB, Grid 50

ReferencesReferences

• W3C Semantic Web Activity, http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/• Semantic Web Specifications, http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#spec• N. F. Noy and D. L. McGuinness. ``Ontology development 101: a guide to creating your first

ontology''. Stanford Knowledge Systems Laboratory Technical Report KSL-01-05 and Stanford Medical Informatics Technical Report SMI-2001-0880, March 2001.

• D. L. McGuinness. "Ontologies come of age". In D. Fensel, J. Hendler, H. Lieberman, and W. Wahlster (eds.) Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential. MIT Press, 2002.

• ebXML Technical Architecture Project Team, ebXML Technical Architecture Specification v1.0.4, http://www.ebxml.org/specs/ebTA.pdf

• J. Blythe, E. Deelman, and Y. Gil, “Automatically composed Workflows for Grid Environments,” IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, July/August, 2004.

• Y. Gil, E. Deelman, J. Blythe, C. Kesselman, and H. Tangmunarunkit, “Artificial intelligence and Grids: workflow planning and beyond,” IEEE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Jan/Feb, 2004.

• E. Deelman, et al, "Pegasus : mapping scientific workflows onto the Grid ," Across Grids Conference 2004, Nicosia, Cyprus, 2004.

• Mark Burstein (ed.), Semantic Web Services Architecture Requirements• Version 1.0 (1 June 2004), http://www.daml.org/services/swsa/swsa-requirements.html