sieuamchandoan-benhlyganmatthan
TRANSCRIPT
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11/1/2014 1
HÌNH ẢNH SIÊU ÂM CẤU TRÚC CƠ BẢNCỦA MÔ ĐẶC BÌNH THƯỜNGVÀ MỘT SỐ BỆNH LÝ CHÍNH
MÔ BÌNH THƯỜNG
Có hồi âm với những mật độ khác nhau:– Echo mỏng < Tủy thận < Vỏ thận < Lách < Gan <
Tụy < Xoang thận < Echo dầy.
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11/1/2014 2
Khối đặc Khối dịch Khối viêm Khối hoại tử
Đốm vôi hóa
Bệnh lý U GAN NANG VIÊM TỤY CẤP
ABSCESS SỎI
Hội chứng Choán chỗ Choán chỗ Choán chỗ Choán chỗ Không choán chỗ
Độ hồi âm Echo dầy Echo trống Echo mỏng Echo hỗn hợp
Echo dày
Sau khối u Không tăng âm
Có tăng âm Tăng âm nhẹ
Tăng âm nhẹ
Có bóng lưng
Bờ Viền rõ, echo mỏng
Rõ trước sau, mờ 2 bên
Mờ Mờ Bờ trước rõ
Hình ảnh
SIÊU ÂM CHẨN ĐOÁN VÀI BỆNH LÝ CHÍNH
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November 1, 2014 3
SIÊU ÂM CHẨN ĐOÁN BỆNH LÝ GAN-MẬT-THẬN
BS NGUYỄN QUÝ KHOÁNGBS NGUYỄN QUANG TRỌNG
BS TRẦN VĨNH NGUYÊN DUNG
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November 1, 2014 4
SIEÂU AÂM CHẨN ĐOÁN BỆNH LÝ GAN
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November 1, 2014 5
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
�Gan laø taïng lôùn nhaát trong cô theå con ngöôøi,naèm trong khoang maøng buïng (intraperitoneal space).
�Theå tích gan:Nam� 1500-1600 cm3.Nöõ�1400-1500 cm3.
�Tyû troïng gan # 1�Troïng löôïng gan # 1500g.
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November 1, 2014 6
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 7
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMPHAÂN CHIA CAÙC PHAÂN THUØY GAN
�Gan ñöôïc bao boïc bôûi bao Glisson.�ÔÛ roán gan,bao Glisson boïc laáy 3 thaønh
phaàn (Portal triad: TM cöûa,ñoäng maïch gan,oáng maät),ñeå töø ñoù phaân nhaùnh khaép gan.
�Bao Glisson bieåu hieän laø 1 ñöôøng echo daøy treân Sieâu aâm.
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November 1, 2014 8
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMPHAÂN CHIA CAÙC PHAÂN THUØY GAN
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 9
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
� Maët tröôùc gan coù raõnh cuûa daây chaèng lieàm (falciform ligament),raõnh naøy chaïy xuoáng bôø döôùi gan,nôi maø daây chaèng troøn (ligamentum teres) chaïy töø roán leân vaø tieáp tuïc ñi vaøo nhu moâ gan ñeán tieáp noái vôùi nhaùnh (T) cuûa TM cöûa.
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 10
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 11
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
�TM gan: goàm coù 3 TM gan (P),(T) vaø giöõa.Ba TM gan ñoå veà TMCD.
�TM gan (T) vaø giöõa thöôøng hôïp löu thaønh moät thaân chung tröôùc khi ñoå vaøo maët tröôùc TMCD.
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November 1, 2014 12
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
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November 1, 2014 13
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
� Tónh maïch MTTD hôïp doøng vôùi TM laùch (TM laùch naèm ngang,chaïy sau thaân vaø ñuoâi tuïy) roài môùi hôïp doøng vôùi tónh maïch MMTT ñeå taïo thaønh TM cöûa.
� TM cöûa chaïy leân treân vaø sang (P),taïo 1 goùc 450 vôùi TMCD.
� Khaåu kính TM cöûa thay ñoåi theo nhòp thôû.
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 14
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
�Bình thöôøng khaåu kính TM cöûa <13 mm (ño ôû vò trí hôïp doøng TM laùch-TMMTTT).
�Khi ñeán roán gan thì TM cöûa chia laøm 2 nhaùnh (P) vaø (T).
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November 1, 2014 15
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
� TM cöûa (T) chaïy höôùng ra tröôùc,leân treân vaø sang (T) treân moät ñoaïn ngang qua phía tröôùc cuûa thuøy ñuoâi-ñaây chính laø moác giaûi phaãu ñeå xaùc ñònh thuøy ñuoâi-sau ñoù môùi phaân ra 3 nhaùnh chính cho caùc haï phaân thuøy II,III,IV.
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November 1, 2014 16
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
� TM cöûa (T) cuõng phaân nhaùnh ñeán haï phaân thuøy I (thuøy ñuoâi).
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November 1, 2014 17
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMGAN
� Gan nhaän maùu töø 2 nguoàn TM cöûa vaø ñoäng maïch gan,trong ñoù 75% löu löôïng maùu ñeán töø TM cöûa.
� Do öu theá troäi cuûa doøng chaûy khi hôïp doøng TMMTTT vaø TM laùch�Gan (P) nhaän phaàn lôùn maùu ñeán töø TMMTTT.
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 18
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMPHAÂN BIEÄT GIÖÕA TM CÖÛA VAØ TM GAN
� TM cöûa coù vaùch echo daøy do thaønh phaàn collagen trong vaùch taïo neân.� TM cöûa phaân nhaùnh ngang vaø hoäi tuï veà roán gan.Trong khi TM gan phaân
nhaùnh doïc vaø hoäi tuï veà TMCD.
Rumack CM. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 2nd ed. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 19
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMPHAÂN CHIA CAÙC HAÏ PHAÂN THUØY GAN
(COUINAUD)
Prof. Dr. Holger Strunk.Limitations and Pitfalls of Couinaud`s Segmentation of the Liver in Transaxial Imaging.Last Update 9/12/2004.http://www.uni-bonn.de/~umm705/quiz0403.htm
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11/1/2014 20
1
2
345
6
7
8
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November 1, 2014 21
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMKÍCH THÖÔÙC GAN
�Gan ñöôïc ño kích thöôùc baèng caùc laùt caét doïc:–Gan (P):ño treân ñöôøng trung ñoøn�
Ñöôïc xem laø gan to khi >15 cm.–Gan (T):ño treân ñöôøng doïc giöõa�
Ñöôïc xem laø gan to khi >10 cm.
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November 1, 2014 22
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMKÍCH THÖÔÙC GAN
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November 1, 2014 23
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMKÍCH THÖÔÙC GAN
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11/1/2014 24
MỘT SỐ BỆNH LÝ GAN TRÊN SIÊU ÂM
C.M.Rumack et al. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rdEdition. 2005
Gan nhiễm mỡ
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11/1/2014 25
TỤ DỊCH Ở KHOANG MORISON
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November 1, 2014 26
NANG GAN
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Áp-xe gan
Joseph K.T.Lee. Lee computed body tomography with MRI correlation. 1998.
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11/1/2014 28
Nấm Candida ở gan và lách
C.M.Rumack et al. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rdEdition. 2005
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1 November 2014 29
Khối đồng hồi âm (isoecho), chèn ép mạch máu, túi mật.
Mạch máu trung tâm với các nhánh tỏa ra theo hình nan hoa.
TĂNG SINH CỦ NỐT(FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA)
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1 November 2014 30
Siêu âm 2D Thì ĐM
Thì TMC
BƯỚU MÁU Ở GAN( HEPATIC HEMANGIOMA)
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11/1/2014 31
K GAN NGUYÊN PHÁT (HCC)
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1 November 2014 32
Khối u có viền hồi âm kém ở gan (P).
Thì TMCWash-out � HCC
Thì ĐM-MIP
K GAN (HCC)
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1 November 2014 33
Huyết khối TM cửa. Doppler cho thấy có phổ động mạch � U xâm lấn
TM cửa.
CT có chích thuốc cho thấy mạch máu tân sinh trong khối u xâm lấn.
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11/1/2014 34
K GAN ĐA Ổ TRÊN NỀN XƠ GAN
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11/1/2014 35
Ung thư ống tiêu hóa di căn gan
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1 November 2014 36
Siêu âm 2D: chỉ thấy 1 nốt hồi âm kém
Siêu âm tương phản: bộc lộ nhiều nốt di căn.
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November 1, 2014 37
SIEÂU AÂM CHẨN ĐOÁN BỆNH LÝ HỆ MẬT
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November 1, 2014 38
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTUÙI MAÄT
� Tuùi maät coù hình quaû leâ,kích thöôùc to ra luùc ñoùi vaø co nhoû sau böõa aên,do vaäy ta chæ khaûo saùt toát tuùi maät khi beänh nhaân ñoùi.
� Ñieàu caàn löu yù laø ta khoâng ñöôïc noùi tuùi maät caêng to moät caùch chung chung,vì bình thöôøng kích thöôùc tuùi maät cho pheùp < 5 x 10 cm.Vaùch TM daøy < 3mm.
� Khi nhòn ñoùi maø kích thöôùc tuùi maät < 3 x 4,5cm thì phaûi nghó ñeán tình traïng co thaét tröôøng dieãn cuûa Vieâm tuùi maät maïn tính.
Matthias Hofer et al. Ultrasound Teaching Manual.Thieme.1999.
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GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTUÙI MAÄT
� TM ñöôïc chia laøm 3 phaàn: Ñaùy thaân vaø coå TM.Ñaùy TM laø nôi phình nhaát sau ñoù thon nhoû daàn ñeán thaân vaø coå TM.Maát ñi söï thon nhoû naøy laø daáu hieäu giaõn TM.
� ÔÛ coå TM coù moät neáp gaáp taïo thaønh tuùi Hartmann,khi soûi bò keït vaøo ñaây deã laøm bít taéc TM.
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTUÙI MAÄT
�TM naèm ôû giöôøng TM,ngay raõnh lieân thuøy chính (main lobar fissure) ôû maët döôùi gan (maët caét soá III),chia gan ra laøm thuøy gan (P) vaø(T).
�Ta coøn duøng maët caét lieân söôøn (P) ñeå khaûo saùt TM.
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November 1, 2014 41
MAËT CAÉT SOÁ III
Rumack CM. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 2nd ed. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 42
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMÑÖÔØNG MAÄT
� Ñöôøng maät trong gan: Bình thöôøng ta khoù khoâng thaáy ñöôïc ñöôøng maät trong gan,maëc duø chuùng ñi song song vôùi TMC.Thoâng thöôøng ta thaáy ñöôïc oáng gan (P) vaø (T) ôû maët caét soá II coù kích thöôùc töø 1-2mm, nhoû hôn nhieàu so vôùi TMC.
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November 1, 2014 43
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMÑÖÔØNG MAÄT
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November 1, 2014 44
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMCAÙCH ÑO KÍCH THÖÔÙC OÁNG MAÄT CHUÛ
� Ñöôøng maät ngoaøi gan: Bình thöôøng OMC coù kích thöôùc töø 4-8mm (taêng daàn theo tuoåi-ñoái vôùi ngöôøi treân 60 tuoåi,coù theå chaáp nhaän ≤12mm).Ta duøng ñöôøng caét vai (P)-roán ñeå khaûo saùt OMC.
� OMC seõ taêng khaåu kính sau caét boû tuùi maät.
Matthias Hofer et al. Ultrasound Teaching Manual.Thieme.1999.
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MỘT VÀI BỆNH LÝ HỆ MẬT TRÊN SIÊU ÂM
DÃN ĐƯỜNG MẬT
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11/1/2014 46
KHÍ TRONG ĐƯỜNG MẬT (PNEUMOBILIA) VÀ TÚI MẬT
C.M.Rumack et al. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rdEdition. 2005
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SỎI TÚI MẬT + CẶN BÙN TÚI MẬT
C.M.Rumack et al. Diagnostic Ultrasound. 3rdEdition. 2005
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11/1/2014 50
Nhiều sỏi nhỏ lấp đầy TM
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11/1/2014 51Frank J. Rybicki, MD, PhD.The WES Sign. (Radiology. 2000;214:881-882.)
Sỏi to lấp đầy TM
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November 1, 2014 52
SIEÂU AÂM CHẨN ĐOÁN BỆNH LÝ THẬN
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November 1, 2014 53
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
�Thaän laø cô quan naèm sau phuùc maïc. Truïc doïc cuûa hai thaän gaàn nhö song song vôùi bôø trong cuûa cô thaên (psoas muscle).Thaän (P) naèm thaáp hôn so vôùi thaän (T).
�Thaän coù hình quaû ñaäu vôùi kích thöôùc < 12x6x4cm.
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November 1, 2014 54
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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November 1, 2014 55
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMCAÙCH ÑO KÍCH THÖÔÙC THAÄN
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November 1, 2014 56
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMCAÙCH ÑO KÍCH THÖÔÙC THAÄN
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November 1, 2014 57
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
�Vuøng nhu moâ thaän (parenchyma) coù beà roäng # 2cm.
�Löu yù raèng vuøng nhu moâ thaän bao goàm voû thaän (cortex),thaùp Malpighi (medulla) vaø cột Bertin (renal column).
�Tyû leä nhu moâ / xoang thaän (sinus):– <30 tuoåi: ≥1,6/1– >60 tuoåi: ≥1,1/1
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Phân tích các thành phần thậnSự phân biệt tủy vỏ
Vỏ thận
Tủy thận Xoang thận
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November 1, 2014 59
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
Weissleder.Diagnostic Imaging Expert.1998.
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November 1, 2014 60
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
– Truï BERTIN phì ñaïi: Coù caáu truùc gioáng voû thaän,khoâng laøm bieán daïng ñöôøng vieàn ngoaøi thaän.Thöôøng thaáy ôû vò trí tieáp noái 1/3 treân vaø 1/3 giöõa cuûa thaän.
BÖÔÙU THAÄN
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November 1, 2014 61
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
TRUÏ BERTIN PHÌ ÑAÏI (normal variant)
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November 1, 2014 62
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMTHAÄN
BÔØ NGOAØI THAÄN TAÏO MUÙI (normal variant)
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November 1, 2014 63
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMBAØNG QUANG
�Baøng quang laø 1 taïng roãng chöùa nöôùc tieåu coù theå tích thay ñoåi tuøy theo luùc maéc tieåu hay sau khi ñi tieåu.
�Bình thöôøng:–Nam, V < 550ml.–Nöõ, V < 750ml.
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November 1, 2014 64
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMBAØNG QUANG
�Vaùch BQ cuõng thay ñoåi beà daøy tuøy theo löôïng nöôùc tieåu,ta caàn chuù yù ñieàu naøy khi thaêm khaùm:–Luùc maéc tieåu < 4mm.–Sau khi ñi tieåu < 8mm.
Matthias Hofer et al. Ultrasound Teaching Manual.Thieme.1999.
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November 1, 2014 65
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMCAÙCH ÑO THEÅ TÍCH NÖÔÙC TIEÅU TOÀN LÖU
�Theå tích BQ ñöôïc tính theo coâng thöùc:V = ½ L(cm)xW(cm)xH(cm)
�Bình thöôøng khoâng hoaëc coù raát ít nöôùc tieåu toàn löu.
�Theå tích nöôùc tieåu toàn löu coù yù nghóa beänh lyù khi > 60ml.
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November 1, 2014 66
GIAÛI PHAÃU SIEÂU AÂMCAÙCH ÑO THEÅ TÍCH TIEÀN LIEÄT TUYEÁN
Frank Netter. Interactive Atlas of Clinical Anatomy. 1998.
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MỘT VÀI BỆNH LÝ HỆ NiỆUTRÊN SIÊU ÂM
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Các nang kích thước thay đổi : thận đa nang
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Viêm đài bể thận khu trú
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ÁP-XE THẬN
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Thành tăng sinh mạch máu
Nang nhiễm trùng
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� Chọc dò dưới siêu âm một sang thương giảm âm. � Kim đặt tại vị trí đầu mũi tên, dẫn lưu ra dịch đục� BK+
LAO THẬN
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Sỏi niệu là một vấn đề của sức khỏe cộng đồng
-Sỏi niệu: 5% -10% dân số toàn cầu-Vị trí: đoạn nối bể thận- niệu quản:
90%-Các yếu tố thuận lợi: khí hậu (mất nước ), dinh dưỡng,do dùng thuốc : triamtérène, silicates, indinavir (điều trị SIDA)
-Tái phát : 40-70%
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Thành phần hóa học của sỏi niệu -oxalate de Calcium chiếm đa số (>75%) -phosphate de Calcium -acide urique (8%) -cystine, xanthine(1%)
Tính chất vật lý của sỏi niệu-Sỏi cản quang chiếm 91%:
oxalate, phosphate, struvite-Sỏi thấu quang chiếm 9%:
acide urique, cystine, xanthine
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Kỹ thuật Chẩn đoán hình ảnhtrong Sỏi niệu
�Chụp bụng không sửa soạn (ASP)�Echographie (Echo)�Urographie intra-veineuse (UIV)�CT scanner �Cộng hưởng từ (IRM)
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Các sỏi thận điển hình với bóng lưng
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THẬN PHẢI TRƯỚNG NƯỚC ĐỘ I
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Sỏi niệu quản nội thành phải
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Thận kích thước bình thường
Tăng âm tủy thận hai bên
Néphrocalcinose- Vôi hóa ống thận
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�Các tính chất của khối u :– Hình dạng khối u tròn như trái banh
(« balle »)– Giới hạn khối u rõ.
�Các hậu quả trên thận :– Biến dạng bờ thận– Mất dạng « hạt đậu »– Ví dụ là khối u carcinome tế bào sáng
K THẬN
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U nguyên bào thận(Nephroblastoma)
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1 November 2014 85
CÁM ƠN SỰ CHÚ Ý THEO DÕICỦA TOÀN THỂ QUÝ VỊ