silpakorn university · 2016-07-08 · ':iltl.:.ll'\hl1j1ju

$: Silpakorn University · 2016-07-08 · ':iltl.:.ll'\Hl1J1JU$
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- ~~'lm~lJ'niJuVJu1VJ Luw~w1Yl1'lmni1fl'l mr~~uri-1 LLft::n,mri-1Vl1'l~1'WY-~ft Lrflw~w 1

- ,1~(;1 ( mores ) Luw(;]'lrhVt'W~I'l'l1i.lfu~~"l!flUi'li-lrl'W~~1ri'ry r::Vt~1'l~~'lm~ LLft:::l_Jf;lr

- ~'lfli-JL~'WrJrnri1'llfl'~mf;l uft:::ut'l'l'lVt1i-J1f;lrmr1wmmw.~w1fJrnn1Y-~mf;l'llfl'~~~'~fl1~1lX

6-:Juww1w m4,:::Luwmf;l1w.rtl"l!r1

2. tl nnn m rruVl1'lff'l fli-1~ L~tl'lrl1Jfl1'l :::~'lfl'l~ ~'1!11, LLU d~'W 1tl (;)1i-] LL!?ift::t'f-:J fli-JVtrfl"Jli-l"l!'W ' ~

LL/?1 nl1h~ nu ttl rilumn~ n1 rLUflEJW.LUft~ 1tif'lfl'JIZJJ1u~zJEJi1vl-JI1if11tii1 "

( Primitive societies )

societies)

- 1w~'lfli-Jt'llJ'u1mJmnuw~t'l'~munnn1Vt'W~,1nmuLuwtlr:::n1r~1r1ru LL!?i1w~'lfli-lvr'~L~i-l 'll 'll ._ .... q Q,l

fl:::1wff'lfiWLuu~w 1 t:JnnTvi'W~,1nmnuw~ ~h m u1u Luwl1i'w

- mriJmf;JU'Wt11'l (Longevity) iJm1i-l~i-l'rl''Wn1VItJf;JNLLft:::fl~h'liJWtJ~1rlfY nur:::~umr

· ~ti'WLLUft'l1tlt'lfl'l1i-lvl'Wt'llTtJ "

- ~'~ fli-1 t'llJ'u1mJ~ ::il ~ ~fl'l'W'll!i'ltl r::'!!1 m~ ~'lfl'l~i-11nn~1ff'1 fli-1 LLUU~'W 1

- ff'l fli-1 t'llTu1m.J9 ::il ~ Vlt'l'l'W"J!fl'lU r::"l!1n d~t'l'lfl!tlt'l f;lr LV!tl L 'tll'-11::!1U1'l~'l t'l (;) rn~1tl t'l'l n~1 \1 'll q ...

... i-JUUU!I'W 1

- ~'~fli-Jt'llJ'tJ1VtlJiJ~V~fl'lw'llfl'~tlr::"ll1m~Luw~ u1 (;11 u1u VtrflVl'lVIi-11nn~1ff'lfli-l uuu~w 1

- r4t'l'lfl1tli:Jt'l Cl1Wl1Y-lt'l'l1'W~'lfli-lvr'l L~i-1 LL!?iiJ t'lC11Wl1Y-1~1n~1 Uft::UJ mliVI1'Wff'll'li-Jt'llJ'tJ1vnJ ....... 'Iii "'

6

' ' " - rl'YllJiJ L~flm'f11YlLUVJmJt~1~UVh L~~~'ltl1UiJ~mWl1YlVl~'I;U LL(;jm~ UJiJ L~flm'f11YlLU

'\.1 '\.1 '\.1 q '\.1

- 1u~'lrllJ~lJurit~uilm~~m:t1L~1LrUU ( Preliterate Societies) ~~'lm~lJn9::;iJ~mu.n1Yl

~'I LL(;j L~tl~::;~um~~m:t1 Lrh l'ruu1u~'lrllJ~'I~U ~n1u.n1Ylil LLU'l twml~~1tN ~ ~

""" .. lJf11'l::;m~t-~~(;]~'l (Modem High Productivity Societies)

- ~~'lm~iJ~mWl1Yl~'ILU~'IrllJ~i:JrJ~t!Ur1f'lLLUU~mu (Extended Family) u~::;i:J LLU'l LWlJ

~tl'lmril~mu.n1Yl~1~'11ui'lr1lJ ~'IUUl-ln1rilr1ffiUr1f'lL~m ( Nuclear Family) LL~:::m~u(;j-:J'I1U ' """ ' ' LLUU'V!Lmnt~~m'lvnn ( Neolocal Marriage )

- L~tl~'lrllJYi'u~lJu~u r1'l1lJfu~~'ntlu1umr4'~u1mr~TWr1'l1lJ,JUf'l'I'Vl1'1 LPim~n9 ufirj'~'~ ..., •..J ~

~'~ LUUr1'l1lJ ~tl'l m r~'IYl1U rn1 ~vi' 'In ~1'l 9::: Ltl~uum.i ~'191 nMW1~~ t~'l r1 ~t~u ~ f'll-l 1 LUW11 ~::; I

' " " ( Ascribed Roles ) LL(;j~'lrllJVlYlU~lJu;u U'VlU1'VlL-riUWU9::;i:JrJ'l1lJ"ff~L'"IUWtlU~'I

- rhilulJ LLUUU9 L9nl.Jrlr1~ilulJ (Individualistic value system) (;]1l-J uuu LLt-~U~tl'l~'lrJlJ(;]::;

t)u(;]n lJn9:::vh1~~mu.n1YlLL~::;L~num1Yl~tl'~~~'~m~~~ut~u~'l

-1u~'l rllJ'nUU'Vlm rn~nt~U91 n ~'I f'llJMrt~m ruu n~'ltl~ ml-l th~'l (Disengagement) i11-ri

- 0 - "' ~mtru:::~1r1t1J~tl'l~~'~tl1~

" c - "' - 4 . 1Yl'l~tl'l~~'ltl1~l-ln~'l~~ ( Cowgill , 1972 )

7

" 0 0

1rJi'~tl t'U.niintl1ULU.flrt'!Ufl f'l~tl,a~:VJ-3nwnu.ri'itl L;]1t'lt9lft1Vl LLN-31U. n~mn.J ~1-3 1 'lltl-3flrt'!Uflf'l d.!J "'

v11 twu.h.Jtnu1~m: LLfl'lltl-3 ~-3fll-l n1rttl~uu.mJft-31u.Xt] ttuu Lf1Nflr1-3'lltl-3flrtluft f1~tlr1n!J 1u.

~-3 ft~Jlru. rlt'!U.if1-3~: LUU.Uq)l-'1 Ll-Hld ~u. ~1U.'lltl-3n1 ntl~UULLU ft-30 1rJl ~-3tl ~uu.m dlft ~t'!U.1VI'l"ll tl-3

flmuu.fttt'!Uflf'l LV'IU ttlu.1tl1u.trm~ru:"lltl-3n1ntunt'l'l LUU.flffiUflf'l L~m Vl1nfl~niin 1u.flrtluflf'li1

0 "

~tl fl'l1l-l ~l-l~u.n1n MV'I r:wh-3 tflrtlb1J1 ~1al Lrl-lfl ft1U 1tl ~ LL~-3-31U.~: uuntltl n 1tl t'l-3 r1 rtlu r1 f'l"lltl-3 VlU. II I I I ll I

ttl-3 LV'Iuft:VJ-3~~-3m~H ttft:Ub1JV11~-3fll-ltlr:mrnw-3VIrhtr-3LWl-l~u."lltl-3~-3fll-l ~u.ttlu.&.JftLWtl-3~1n

m rtJ nVltl V'l~-31~tl~tl~.h-3 LV'IV'I L~U'l ~-3Ju.~-3~tl-3lJl-11t91 rn1 rr.f V1 m ruuu 1mJ Ln V'I;U.L -rlu.m r 1~ fltJ fl ~ m r ...

rl1 L~U-3 ~Vl fttl Vl~~ LLft :r.fV11~iJr:uuUtl-3flU.ft'l1l-JU ftt'!VlrlU

W11~r "illmrrruuft:nru: ( 2531 ) ~nM'l~U~1flrtluflf'l1Vlui1trn~ru:ttlu.ftrtluflf'lt~m

l-11fi;U.~-3LU.Li1tl-3LLft:::'lJU.UVl ~~'"l1nn1rflr.fm'iU~1 flft'!Uflf'l'l!U1UUJm~vhVIW1~flffiUflf'l~~1af Ltlmfl~~ th m mu ~:::tJnVlt'!Vl~~1,Xtl~t911l-lfh~-3l-11n;u. LLft:::1u.tr~,uu.~nVIft1U.t'l':lu.1m1)~:::tltln

t.f "' I I

1tlvhnu.~h-lU.tlfi'l!t.!lJ'Vl f')l..Jl'1-li1n1 rrutJVciJt.!nfn.J Liitl-11.11 n;u W1 h.J f4fl'l'1:J L~tllJ"lltl-1 n1 fLfl1 m L ;tl 'lJ

Yi~ LLft:::fl'l1l-11nwnV'Inub1J1~~m1)VJftt'!V'I~u.~ftu.~ L m 1, 1t'l~~-lm~riiJwtluft~

William E. Ogburn 1af1~ft'l1l-lflU.L~ 1u.m:::u'lu.mntl~uu.LLUft~Vl1~~-lfll-l I

'lt:::VlU"lltl-3 LVlfl LU. lftU~tlfltl1UU.flrt'!Uflf'l ~-3~-3 LLl!~1~:::i:J LLU.'lfl'l1l-lflV'I LLUU Marxist

,. ... ~u Ogburn 'W LWU~u~1~fl'l1l-lflU.L~ 1u.t.Jftm:Vlu~m~ tnV'I;U. L0tl~~1nft'l1l-IL~rb1)Vl1-3 LVlfl

. ., ~u~iJ vi tl fl tl1UU.fl rt'!U flfl LLvitJ-3~U1U1l-IVI1Vl P1Vl1~"lltl~n1nU ~UU.LLU ft-3LU. fl tl1UU.fl rt'!U fl f'l~U.

.. • 1'"11 nfl1LVI"J~U.1 tlth~hri~ mnu1U~'l"lltl-3r:::uwP~m~n~Vlftt'!V'I'"lU.mmWJu.1~VlflTI .. mrrl-l

' fim:::VJUvitln1 rLU~UU.LLU ft~ 1u.ru LLUU'l!ti-3fl rt'!U fl fl ft'l1l-J trl-J~U.fiVl1~ Lflrtl ru1mu.ru LLUU " - 'IJ

_ ffiUflf'l'llmu1aftitlu.Lttlft~ Ju.~tlr:uuflrtlur~f'l t~m 1rJl ttlu.~M:Ltun'"l1nVIw'luVl1-3 tr~rtlb1J1~

.. -- "''"~'1uu.tlnnn~1i1"llu'lu.n1rmfh0LnV'I;u.1u.VIft1U 1 t'l'lU."lltl-1 Lfin mnLuntltln 1u~-lmtluflf'l

·v. .- '"11ntt~-3'11U."lltl'lri LL~-3-31u. 1alvh 1~tnV'Ifl'l1l-l~M:::~1ntflrtln'1~ t~n:~11rJi'i1fl'l1l-lt.Jn~u. " ·~ "

8

L ~W~1U~r.ftJ~iJ fl'lWvl11~ Lnvm1 ntl ~t!WLLU fN ~tl

1. r~'l1i.JL~r11J'Vl1-lLYH"1 twtflu lrnLLrimr1ifLr~it:~_,~wLLNLL'VlWLLN-l1wr~wufl~~(?]tf v111~r~wiJ

L 'l fl1~1-lVit:~~"t~ ltl\.11-l1Uvl1Wt:~ nu1w wt:~n"t1 ndr~uun1t'ri'ltJ L Vlftt:~~-3 nwLLfl ~nw L "liw tl r~ L Virum r

fl-l LL"iln lrn Ltl~tJwltl Luwmr4'1-l-l1WLL'Vlw v111~uw'lrl'l1i.lf1V~ L~mnun1mV1 LL'VlWl.J11JfJru ~_, Lllwr~'l1i.l

L ~ tl"il tl-lrlW l W"IIWlJ'Vl flVI fl 'l1 i.J thf'1 fY fl-3

2. ~rmJw~-..lrli.l L"liw ~muwr~rt:~ur~f'l 'Wm~(?]t:~U~Wt:~-lrl'l1i.Jr1lt:~-m1r"ilt:~'I1.Jr1r1fllWr1rt:~ur~f'l

lrn v!11~~i.l1;nn 1wr~ffiuflflrJ1~_,"li'ltJ LV1ftt:~(?]WL t:~-l trm~ru~r~'l1i.l~i.l~w1fLLuu L~i.JU1-..lt:~th'l~ Ltl~tJw "

LLtl fl-lltl L "liw ~1W1~"1l~'l~t:~1wLLUU~-l L~i.l fl Vlfl-l ~ mWil1Vi"ilt:~-ll'Jt:~ LL~iLtlwL'VitJ-lf'IWU r'li.l'Vl1-lr.t(?] 1 ~"ilt:~'l "

" fln V1rt:~~i.l1;nn 1wr~ffiuflfl LYhl!w 'lJ

r~V1~1-lrlW'I1WrllJ~n1UWrlrt:~urlf'll~~tl tl1i.lt:i-lLWrn1Wrl'l1i.lfu~V~"J!t:IU ~-lfi~1rru1~1nmri.lt:~UL~W

11X LLri fl r~ufl f'l LLfl~m rfun1 r~~i.l1=Dn 1wfl ffiUflfl Vi1J~1r1W-l1W 1w LN-l1Wi.l~U L~W 11Xr~ r~u fl fJ Ufl~ 0 "

fun1 r~~i.l1;nn 1wr~rt:~u r1 fl ~ LVii.l~w 11m~ L~tJ'lnwn fl V~mrLUWil1 r~uri r~ffiur~ flwt:~tJ fl-l t:~ti1'1lrn

vn i.l L;jt:~ t:~t:~ ni.l1vl1'11Wwt:~ nu1w ~'lv1111Xm ri'li.ln~ nrri.lnu r1 rt:~u r1 f'l ~-lVi"t1 rrw1"t1 n m t'ri'lm1w " 0 •

m1Yi"11t:~'lr1 rt:~u r1 f'lWt:~tlfl-..l~'ltl i.J1 n ltln~1WW LW~1W"ilt:~-ln1 rn-lVi1~1 ~tl r1 rt:~Url fJ =li-lfi"t1rru1~1n

m t'ri'ltJ L\.1ftt:~~1nr~rt:~ur~f'l ViU~1\.1i-..l~1nv11-..l1w1w LN-l1WLL~'l ~~"11t:~rl'l1i.l"li'ltJ L\.1ftt:~~1nvJ~ LLl--lut:~tJ 0 • "

fl-3 LLvl~~~wltlc;iVJ~W1"t 1wLffi-lfl'lWc;i'l Ufl~n1N1W~'lW(?]WLtl-l Lfii.l~W LLfl~"il~fl1Wm~n"t1nl.Jflrlfl 4 I q ...J~.- 4:to .:1 ..:J .l' ~W L"J!W ~1i.J 1lrffi1 ViW~'I 11J1PI Mr~LVi~W~l1n"11W

~r 'l-3Pl(?]1 ~Lt'lwt:~'I1W~4'tJdt:~-ln"tnrri.l1wr~f'lLrt:~w"11t:~-lcj~-lmtJl'VltJ ViU~1mrc;iV~~w1~ " " .

• ~U'l rllJ dt:~-3 ~1 fi'1 n 11Wflffi1Jfl r<JJw tlr~i.l1n..lrl i-3V10-3"1Jtl-lcj'~'lt:J1~11'VltJ LUWcj'c;iVJ ~W 1~ 1wd-~'l ~-lnth'l •t:f ., \.1 ~ "

~n"t1nd ~~-lm~u-..liJU'VlU1'Vl1wmntlw~mnM11wn~mrvi1-l1 1wr~rt:~uflfl~nrn'ltJ ufl~1wfl'lw "

- ~ n"tmri.l 1wr~fl mw"il~'l~t'l'lt:11t!LWU~~uwuw ~~Lwwlt11wrn1W"ilt:J-ln1rn1rl'l1i.J~~mVIU1W Ufln '\1 '\1 411 411 \.1 -.

1VV 021b l7~0

9

' Lfit~~nl!t1 LfiN~r1'1Vl"!'l~'lfll-J LL~:::fl~t!Ufl f'l mr~1 LW'Wm~

LL~:::umPirt~rrl-ln-n ~1n~~'lm~41'W'l'W 1 ,ooo fi'W 1u-.:J1'W";jt<fmit~'l .. ~~-.1m~" "llt~'l i1P11 11t~ wu

~1

' ... ' 3. flrt!Uflf'l Ufl:::~n 1 iJUVlU1Vl~1f'1flJVlUltl'I~Ufl L~U'I~Li1m-Jt! LuJ L<if1~rJU~'Itl1~

' 4. ffiufl::: go "1lt~'l~~'~tl1~t~1fll'ut~~nuflrt~uflf'l 1..J~rnfl1'W LLfl:::flJ1~vh~t~'~ t(11uiJuVJu1Vl

LU'W ~ llin l!t111 t!'l fl rt~ u fl f'l

5. t!~-.:Jm~~~u-nl-11um~1~t~~inuflmtfl1'W 'li'lm~U-.1(11 L~n ~'~ LUUV1fl1ULV1fl'W ~., ~ \j ., .,

.oj" 7. l-Jrt!Ufl::: 40

' ... Vl~~'ltl1~tJ'IUltl'lvl1'11UV11 nu 1~ L~U'I~'l L tl'l

LPim~n~ ...,

8. iJi1ryvt1Lit~-l~11111Yi i1'1n1UVlt"' LVlrl-1 1~fuurmm1-l~1U~1tnrrw~11Ut!Ul-11n ~~'~ m~tohu1vtqfWV1r1U~1 iJurmm1-l~1umnLYIVltJLLfl:::~1fi1rrw~11 'W1~"1lt~fuurmr~1n~mu

YIU1U1fll-11m!n tohulvtn.hJ-l'li'lmvt~tlVJULt!'l ~ '

"M ffi L t1 n-nu t'hu 1vtqj11t! f'l'l1l-1"1i'lu LV1~t!~1nflrt~ufl f'lvtrt! ~nvtfl1U

10. n~nrrl-IV11-l~-lfll-J"1J1(11 L~t!UNf1'lflr1'lL~mnu iJmrL<if1~-lf'll-JUt!Ul-11n n~nrrl-l~'l'W '

.~qj~-.:J";jVl~ L~'WLflU vl1-l1U n~nrrl-!Vl1'1~'1fll-J~'lULV1qjL~U'lift!-lV11'1PI1~U1 hJrJ(11YIUU:::L~t!U~'I

;-rl~HUU~'l'Wl-11n ' i,l .,t,.o4 I <1:111 .dil .dil cf I

11. ~~'ltl1~U-ll~n'l1VIULt!'ll-Jf'l'l1l-J~11 LV1l-Jt!Uf'l'Wtl'W 1 V1rtll-11nn'n

12. ~111YIV11'1~VI1~ UJrit~UiJfl'l1l-Jt)1LV1~l-J1nl!n PI1~U1iJ~'lU'li'lUt~ti1-ll-11n~vl1LlX9VJ1~

i ufl:::,.]-.:Jvtrf-lmriJmVJ~~1u-n1~vtu1 '

t.unwr -ntu'lrrru Ufl:::flru:::( 2532)

- _ r:::-n1 nrt!~-lmu1utlr:::LVlPI1Vlu .. wu~1 " " ' ' ...

t.~flmil4'u;-lrJ(11111'l:::LPimln~11t!'l~~'~tl1~~'lur1-nwl'l1'1 1 tl-li1~1 ~~'lm~1Vlu1ui1~'1uuiJ

10

~~tJft::: 60 11~-.:J~fl'lmtJ ilnt~1~f'l'ln~1 3,000 U1YiuJ~L~~w 'lJ \J q qJ

LVltJununt~1~ L'U~tJui~lX'l1!~'ltlr:::"l!1mvT'ltlr:::LYIPI ~'l~tl1wr:::~utlr:::J.nru 1, 700 u1Yiui~ L~~w 1w "

~.Pl . 2530)

L~mnu (~~'~~~tlmi'1tJ UYIU1YI uft:::fln1~11~'~ ~fl'l~1tJ 'l.l lllJ'-1 q

- ~rnW1l1~1l~'l~~'~m~1wmnuwlX'l~i.hflr~uflf'l LLft:::LUWL~11l~'lU1WftVlft'l1tlli1~~1~

L~~~1n;w ~'l~11X L~W~1fltnW1l1~ LLft:::fl'l1~~1rlf1JftV1ft'l Lri~~1~1l~'l~~'lm~ L~~~1n;wl'1111X ~fl'lmtJftV11JYIU1YIYI1'l LP!m~n~ft'l ~'lLVhntJftV1~1W1~ 1tlLV1tJmtl1tJ 'l.l 1.1 q d3

LflW~ H-if1-.:J!'lw Yl~1rru1i'l~nuuw'lfoiVJmntl~tJwutlft'luJ1-.:J1"[ij.jwnn~ ~'lLflW'tl LVltJ Cowgill ~wLtlw

LLW'lfoi Vl~ Lt'lW~ L~ mnU1l1tJ:::~ fl'lmtJ vh~n ft1'l n r::: LLfl tr-.:J fl~~iJ n1 rLU~tJWLLU ft'l1tl ~ fl'l1~vlWt'llJtJ I '\J lllJ q '\1

t.l t.l I I I I

t)"[ij.jwnrr~ vl'lUL'Vi~!11r'l~ fl~U~1 "l!~"l!WVl~Vhm rPim~niJfl'l1~fl'tlV1flft~'l nuif'tl~ftVlmlWLt'lW'tl Lm q " "

" " " Wtl nr.nnumr~m~1rlf'IU l-J-.:J Lt'lWtliftl Lfi99r'ILWUVIU1VI"lltl'l~ t'l'ltl1ULW"l!WUV1Vh~nfi1'lm':::-

.. 'lJ 'lJ 'Ill

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if1-.:J~W ~1i1rl'l1~ L~U'liftl'lrlUrl'l1~ d1w"''r'l~1nUtlU LfiU'lLVI

t.f "" I I t,

n1r~m:nr1f-.:Ju*vh:::~m~nii-.:Jmntl~uwutlfi-.:J"lltl-.:Jt'lmuwr1rtlur1fl 1wffm~ru:::vi1-.:J 1 vi-.:J

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u-.:Jl-1-.:J~m:nn-.:J LLW'l tu~~w"'':::LnVI~w1w'flw1r1(;1 tV~ul-l-.:Jr1'l1~flw191t!VImntl~uwLLtlfi-.:J ~wLiltJ-.:J~191n • •

" ' Lif1 ~fl1 rl'fl (;] t'l1V.fl rr~~1n~w~t1 m ntl~uwutlfl-.:Jtl1~~ LUWUN'l1W 1w LN'l1W'fl (;lfl1t.mrr~"lltl-l fl~1:nn

1w"Jl~"llwu1w1X'l"ll1 ~1ufi1X'l'-"tJ1 t11L11t1Pir~"'1t~fi 4''11.-1i"'tlr1~wiJr 1w"li'l'l ~.Pl. 254o

flfl1~vY'l1tl"lltl'l"J1~"llw~~ nH1 ~tl tl r:::"ll1 mri'lw 1my1wl-.:J r1~ LUW"ll1'l fi1'l~'lw ~'ltl~U~~1

91nLi1tl'l~'lW tJr:::LVIPifi1'l~'lLLviLW"li'l'lf"lln1fi~ 5 1l1ULW"J1~'l!~LLUntltlnLUW 2 '-"~~tl '-"~~ 5 LLfi:::'-"~ ~ 6 r-i1W'lwtlr:::"ll1m'LW\-1~U1WvT'l'-"~VI 91nmr~11'l9LWU ~.Pl. 2539 ~tl 1,266 rlW ( 344 r1flLrt1W)

Luwtlr:::"ll1m~~'lm~r.i1w'lw 208 r1w ~0LUW"ll1U 92 r1w LLfi:::l.-1ry-.:J 116 r1w tl1~~"lltl'lr1Wri'lWL'-"tli LW"J1~"llwLuwm~~VI1'l mHmmr~ ( Vi1w1 ) uvlii LLW'l L~"lltl-.:JmrLtl~uwutlfl-.:Jm~~~n1rLUWUN'l1W

LWfl1rl'fl(;l t'l1'-"mr~ vT-.:J~iin1u1w4'-.:J'-"tJ"' Ltl'l Ufi::: 1wulL 'lruf-.:JwfV~1n~ L~U'l~tl wr1ru1un LLfl:::'tl.:::L:n'l

LVIn~1nt'w vl'l9:::Li1w'lJi'~1YIWruL'-"l-J~ii"li'l'ltl1U1:::'-"~1'l 18-40 U lJn9:::tlr:::ntJUtl1~~fl1ULWLN'l1W • • ~(;l fl1'-"m'1~vl'l~W

L0tJ-.:J91n4'-.:JwfV~ur1~Wl.Jr 1Ji'fut.Jflnr:::V1um~wtuu1umr nr:::91U~(;lfl1'-"nrr~'fltln~ri'lw

1liifl1rl ~'l uvJ· ~.PI 2534 ~'lf'l'-"tJVIUr1~Wl.JrLtl'ltl~LWL"lJ(;l 3 "lltl'ln11ri'l Lt'lr~n11fi'lVJWLLfi:::tJ~LlJvh'l 'flfl91nnN LV1~~'-"1Wr11 1'l~vT'lPIWUtl(;lfl1'-"m'1~"111Uci'-.:JVI:::Lfi(;l:::tJWtltln~1nWn ~'ltXW~'liiLN'l1W . " . -;(;lfl 11.-1m'r~vT'l"llW1VIL1.-1qj Ufi:::"llW1"'Utl~Ln"'t'Wfl1ULWf-.:Jwf"'LUW41W'l~1nLWU ~.Pl. 2540 tXw iJ

r 'l1W~(;lfl1'-"mr~r.i1w'lw 532 LN-.:J1w ~-.:Jnr:::91ul'l'ltJ~1wulL'lrwL"ll(;ltl1L1ltJmJwVJfl.Jr t11L1ltJPir-

" ' ... 1 t~fi t11 L!ltl Li1tl'l LLfi:::tl1L1ltltlr:::fw(;]YI1~ ~'lUL1.-1(;1ULwr:::u:::L'lfi1 4-5 uVIt:J1~1 ~'l~U~1rl'l1~ •

12

lt I I I

LLl-i'IW lL'VlWVl~:::L~'tln~mj-1"Jll-l"llW~W 1LWUrL'JruLn~L?lU'l ~'ll~fuil'VlfiY.a~~1fln1f'ilU1U~IYl~Tl.-m:i':i'l-J

L'riWL~U'Jnwd n Ld'tl'll-J1~1nm1l-J~WLflt.ILWn1:i"'lll-J"JJW LW'l1W:::'D'tl'l~'l LflU LUW~l-J1:nn~ii-.1LW"JJl-J"JJW q q cf,..9 \J q

" " '11w~4'uflf'lw1mfimnnuif'tl~fl 'l(?lumrtrwnHru~l-J1:nn 1w"Jll-l"llw 91w'Jw 2o% 'D'tl-.lflr'tlu

flf'J~il~l-l1:nm.Jr:::n'tlum~'V'I1wh'l'l1W't!IY1~1~mrl-l ~'lilm.h.h:::l-l1ru 50% Inu1w"lll-l"JJW ~'tl1alvh q " q

' ' ..- i.- ~ ..,...,. ""'.I ..,. L 'i' .,.i.- ..,...,.

fl1:i'Ln1J'D'tl~fl~1flfl:i''tl1Jfl:i''J 'Vll-J~l-J1"JJflu:i':::fl'tl1J'tl1'll'Vi WLN'l1W~IY1~1~fl:i':i'l-J LLfl:::l-J~~'l'tl1~'Vll-J'tl1~

~'I LLf?i 60 ui'w1tJ 'tl1~t.JmJi'Jl-JflWl1ULWfl:i''t!Uflf'J91W'JW 17 fl:i''t!Uflf'J vY'ldL~'t!Lmafif'tll-lfl~Ln~ " "

~'l'tl1~LWfl:i''t!Uflf'l LLfl:::~l-l1iin~vl1'11WLWLN'l1W~IY1~1~m:i'l-J W'tlfl~1ndu'l1mfimr tf'1Lnl'Jfl1:i'ru

m.l1'lilfl'lWhl-J1l1t.J LW"Jll-l'llW~ ~ nH1 L(?!Ufl1 n if11um ~U'tl~LW"Jll-.l"llWLYh~ L 'l fl1 LLfl::: 'l 'tl m ~~::: L t'tl

lt lt I tl

r:::u:::L'lfl1vl'l~l-J(?l 'i:Vtuur:::l-l1tu'D'tl'l Lf1Nn1il4'uw ilr:::u:::L'lfl1tlr:::l-J1ru s L~'tlw~'tl Lrwff'ILLI?i

" ' 1. ~WfltJ14i'~l-Jfl LU'tl'l~Wlflt.I'Jfl1J~1l1Vi'Vl1'll'lfll-J

" tr nlj-OJ:::'V11'11lil PI1~1Ylfn'tl'l"JJl-J"JJW ~fl1W~~'l"lll-J"JJW r'll-Jn'l ~1l1'J mrruLL 'l Vl fl'tll-J~'tl1~fi't!LlX Lfl (?! fl1 r

" q q

LU ~t.IWLLUfl'IU'VlU1'Vl fl'l1l-J tfl-J~Wfi'D'tl'l ~ ~'l'tl1~'l?i'tl ~tl1UWfl:i''tlU fl f'lLLfl:::l'i'tll'l fll-J 1l1t.l 1~ n r::: u~ " " 'i

m ntl~uwutl tNfl1l1fl'tl IYl t11~mrl-J ~1 n L 'tin t11 rt1'1'1il'l LLfl :::t.J fl'l1wiJ4'u~ L~u'lif'tl'l " . ' o • I a .c::t~ " .:t

2. fl1~W(?l'D'tl1J L 'DIYl Llfl :::u r:::L(?IW'Vl1Yl'tl'lfl1 :i'PiflH1

3. ~1 Lwwmnnuif'tll-Jfl L(?lt.Jn1nif1..hl-ll'l m1Ylmrru'tlri1'lilfl'lwi'll-l1l1u1w"lll-l"llw LLfl :::~1n ~ • q q

QJ QJ

l;'l'fJl'I.J'l.!fl~ij'I.Jfl'fJ

~ lJ'Yifl 1

13

r1 r~ur1 fr.Juu Luu~ muu~ i1 fl'l1l-l ~1 r1 '1! nul-111~Luu~~h_,~_, vT-10L 0 ~_,~ 1 n LUUfl muwL m

r1r~ur1fr.J 1uflru:::nrrl-lmrf'l-lL~1wL~:::tlr:::fl1U-11Ufll;irLL'I..i-l"ll1&i ( n.fl.fl) 1alltrl~~1 ... r1r~ur1fr.J

~~nftl-!Uflf'l~~i1Plr.J1l-le.Jn~unu'V11-lmrl-ln1 u~:::~(;] 1~ 1umrr'h LWUM(;]rr.Jl-!nu rr.Jl-lvf-lmr~-1~-lnu . . .. 'V11-l tf-lfll-1 LL~::: Lf'l m.,n~ i1 fl'".l1l-J tfl-J~ufinU'V11-l n!JVIl-11tl LL~ :::'V11-l fl1tl L~M (;] LL~ :::U1-l fl r~Ufl fr.Jm~n . ~ .'"l " " .I <>~ • ~m~ru:::LuU"Il~tlnL'".lUU1-lur::::mr~1n'Vln~1'".ll-.11 .. .

" " tlr::::n~u1tl~r.Jtlfll-.11~n~1-l L~f'llK-1 LL~ 2 flU~u1tl

... " . fln1UUfl~Uflfr.JLUUflmuuiu~u uu!K-lU~Vll-l11~l-l1~~hl-lnU~~LUUVI~ LUU~'".ln LUU

tf-lfll-1 tXu~~fln1UUflr~Uflfr.JLUUfln1UULLrn~LnVI~U 1utlr::::~f'11fl(;]{t)')WJU1n1rl-1Ulffi"ll1&i ~-1 . . fl ftl-l"llU~tlr::::n~ULUUfll-11~n"IJ~-lfl~Uflfr.JJu i1trm~ru::::LUUflftl-JUfiWliJ ~-1LL~~::::flui1flr.J1l-ltfl-J~Ufi

q q cl3 ~

nul_Jflfl~~u~tl1-1 uwuLL~u L~ur.J tu-l~-lnULL~::::nutlr::::VJ~fl1u1mLl-l-l~l-l ( 1w~rcl" Lfl1~ LLnr.J , 2518 )

Vli.h~VIftn"Il~-lfl~Uflfr.J u~n LVIU~ Ltli011nmr 11Xrh LWUfll-11~fl LLft'".l n~~mrvl1VIU1~1umr

'l1-lr1nfi1u1'!Xmiflmuu~u 1 L"riu flmuu'V11-lf'11flU1 u~::::flmuuLf'lmfin~ Luu~u Ju~~i1u'V1U1'Vl ~ ~

Un1rLUU~tl1VIUVI fim~ru:::L'tl~1:::LlXnufll-.11~nLUflr~Uflfr.J flr1-lfl'".l1l-Jr~n11Xi1flr.J1l-lfn fl'".l1l-J

.. n~unu1ur::::VI~1-l LflffiqJ1&i n1VIUV~LUflU~ L;r11~ L'rou!n-ln!J Lnrusrf n&im LL~:::r:::Luuu·n~-lmr

s~ hl-lnu1utf-lfll-l 1tXmrtln~url-l1tX[ti-l~'VlfiVIu1~"Il~-l(;]UL~-lu~::::~u 1'!X(ruu!flr.J1l-ltfl-!~ufinu

· ::::VI~ 1-1L~f'1 LL~:::n1ti'Vl~~l-lrV!n'V11-l'fWJUfirrl-l "IJUUfirrl-!LW~.ll-Jtlr::::L~ru mruun~f'11flU1 mri1rh

:!.ll-l ~Lm.n:::fll-.1 flr.J1l-lffinfu~V~"ll~u.fi'r.J~ (;]~~V~~u~url-ln1u'Vl~V~flr.J1l-.l~H' 1umrtlr:::n~u~1~~ " "

fll-.1 1~n LUflr~uflfl ( w~m 1.J'ldi1 ' 2530 u~ ::::t~~rcl" Lfl1~ LLrl'".l ' 2518 ) xtl LLUU"Il~-lmr~~ir.Jl-.1 - ... _ ~_, ~l-.11~n1uflr~uflfl l!ntlr::::n~u1tl~r.Ju rifl1i1-1wrm dju~ufi1U L~~vl1VIU1~1'1Xn1LWV~

" ~ " . "

::::Lfttl-l t'l fll-.11~n 1mJ vhuuu(;]nL~::::fiV~1 u~mV1il~~1nw ~l-11~ntnu1uflr~uflfr.Ju-lm~tl r:::n~u " q

. ~~~~m";'f'1lJ.,~\Itl~"", · . .,\v:n"

14

1u~'"m fUJ1=Bn1w-ri'J-l1'u~w 1 ~n L'liw tun=Bn~LUW~-3 ih u1 m ~ft~(;)~'W~ ~h ~1 u1u LUW

«m~ru:;'l!~-lr~r~ur~f'J'll'W1(;) 1vm.J ~ilfl~1:nn,ft1U'li'J-lm~pJ1m~u~~htniw

mrr'J~n~~'ll~-lfl~1=Bn 1wr~ r~ur~f'l UJ L~U-l LLt;i Luwml'lu~iJt!Btr~~wlfnwV11-ltf-lr~~ uft:;

... «m~ru:;r~r~ur~f'lnumrnut1J1~h!w fl1~1nl LLU-l~~n~1~,WV11-l uvi-lmnuwqn~ 1v11w 2

' ... ... .. "1 C'tocM ..:=-. ~ tr'tl "' .c:i ...,. .o:::lo. 4

1. A'l1~ Lu'WqJ1[;1Vl Ln(;)'ll'W~1n~-lrl r:;n~UV11-3(;)1'W"l!'):; ( Biological Factor) r~~ Ln(;)'ll'W

~1nn1r~ufl1UL6~(;) ,-r~mnhuVJ~(;)Vl1-l~Wnmr~ t1wLUW~ft~1~1nmr~fl~~wlf~1~nrr~"l!1~ ' . ... ... "il~-3~~~ qJ1~LLUUWLr1WUL(;)U~N;w1tl~~ ~~ mJ ~ ~1 ~1 U1U Vl'J(;) LLft:;Lr1m~WUL(;)U~N

ft-3~1~~ tJn ,ft1W L,ftw U1-lVJLrun~1 "t1J1~i'l~fl1ULftU~" ry1~uuulbrn'l!mu!K'J1WV11-l~-l

' LL~Wl1Yi LLfl (;1-3 fl'm~ru:;mruut1J1~i'l~fl1U Lftu~ ( 'l1-ll'i'l~1~ uw'l~-l)

15

2. fl'J1l-.ILth..Ary1~~LnVI;W,..1n~..:Jrlth:::n~uV11..:J~..:Jfll-.l (Social Factor) t1J1~LLuud~..:Jfll-.l

rh~..,wV~1~ LV~~'Wr.i1 Luw~'"l:::l'i'~..:JiJfl'J1l-.l~l-.l~wfiV11..:J~1~ Lft~VII'i~nwLfltd11Jf ~'lw1~'1]lTn'"l::: 1~l-.11

LLI'i L~l-.lflr~uflf'l lVJmuwflr~uflf'l"1lm~~..:JlJniJ"1lw1V~L~'1] 1wflr~uflf'J~0..:J 1 iJ~..:Jfl1iJ nrrn1 l.JI'Ir ~th 1'11~1~ LLfl:::ry1~~W~..:J~W 1 "1J~..:Jfl1iJnrr~1 ~lTmi~wtlr:::rruu"1J~..:JLr1~~l-.IL~

"111~iJnrrn11~~fl1~flWLWfln'J L~mnw nrrm Lmhdr'll-.lnw~u1wu1WL~~'lnw ~1~m,..iJu1w~u ~ ~

1wu1L'JruL~mnw ~1iJ Luwif'l~W1flrfluflf'l 1~'1] 11Xfl'l1l-.l~tln1r:::L~~'~~~nVJnflw r'll-.1~-.:Jflw~w 1

~mPi'~~~LWflr~Uflf'J

LW VU'L 2478

!JfJ..:JrlW ~1iJiJ£qVJfiLLfl:::~1W1'"1l-.11nn~1flW~W 1 n1NV!Vlm~WLLfl:::L~WVl~..:JLWflf~Uflf'JLuwd~..:J

fl~~ 1iJ nrr~1iJ~w1~ Lfi~..:J4'U~1~LoD~~~ L~W~~1iJ~1l-.11L~ 4'VI~1m~1rmrnWLLfl:::Lfli~..:J LoDI'i1..:J 1 .,

• "~ruflr~Uflf'J Vl1'11WU1W~r~fl'JUf'll-.I~LLfl..:J1WLWU1W Ufl:::L~~'l~l.JI'If

1wii'"I'1uw trm!tru:::YJr~uflf'llV1~1w-nwl.lVl~'"lw1~'1]~..:JYl..:JL~n~wL~l-.l ~1iJiJYJ'"l1l-.ILuw'IX'JVIW1

~ Luw4\l1YlffiUflf'll-.11nn~1~1iJ1wLij~'~ ~1ilLtlwt4'~"'viflnuflW111~wfln LLfl:::lTn'Wuw~~l-.l"li'l~ "' "'

trm!tru:::flr~uflf'llVl~LwL;J~..:Jri~~ 1 Ltl~~w1tl LV'Im'tlvn:::1wflr~uflf'l"1l~..:JflWiwnfl1..:J~r~ .,T'~ ~1iJ LLfl:::nrrm Luwt4'~1r1~1~ trn1!tru:::~fl1i4 Luwt4'\Jn Ltl~~wLtlw~..:J~~'~&h~ LUWL~~wnw

"' "'

16

!OJ 0 !OJ

Wt~l-llK'liiWl1W 111LI'VI~'ln1ffll-lrflnun~wi'ilfl1LitJ1t~'VI~'l ( Matrilocal Post Marital Residence )

tiw~'il m nL(;]'l'l1W(;]1l-ltln~lTn"i:; Ltl-l~'mm rm~t~'ilunuvi'ilmJ'll'il'ltJ1t~'VIru-:J 'VIr'ilm"i ~t~nrh Luw ~ -

r:;t~:;VlV!fl'il'l'll'il'ln1rLL(;]'l'l1W ( Trial Marriage ) ~'l'ilU1'1WtlLifhuwr:;t~:;LLrn l 'll'il'ln1dLL(;]'l'l1W

r:;t~:; L 'l fl1'll'il'l n 1 rm~u'ilunwJ1 t~'VIru'l i:Jm1l-J LL(;] n(;]1'~ nw 'ilU1'll-l 1 n LL(;] ml-ltl n ~ r:;t~:; L 'l fl1 vi' 'In ~1'l ~ -

0 !OJ

~'I ~nl=tru:;m dLL(;]'l'l1WL ':dwu lJ n L~W l~'ilU1'liVI L "iW Lwr:;uu f"lf'ilUf"l fl'll 'il'l111f"l (;] :;iW'il'iln L ~LI'l L'VIU'il

vi''l L':dw~ Lflnt~rtmPIPI ~n~1'ln'l~nl=tru:;f"lr'iluf"lf'lvi''ln~1'l H~1 0 0 0 urwi1t~l-l~fl1wu(;] L~l-l L~1th'l

~'il'ILtl'ilunwnu L~1fl1'l ~'lwL~1fl1')"i:;Ltl'ilunwnu L~1t.h'llTn bJri'ilt~i:l Lvn1:;f.iV1~1 Luw~t.hti'umt~ ~ ~

0 !OJ

LLri L~1fl1'l vi''l11Tg(;]V)~1 " L'il1flnL'l!Lil-l1L~LI'lvimuJ tl1w~if1'll-l1L~ L~11~ L~LI n1 Lmflnfl:;'l.tll..l1 ~ ~

!OJ !OJ !OJ

L~t~'l~ L~LI'IU1 tl1wLm~vhl-l1L~Lr'ilw"ll1w " ( LflnmtmPIPI 0 2514) w'iln"i1ni1 ~nl=tru:;f"lr'iluf"lf'l

1wn~l..l"ll1'lLVlLI-W'lW 1worit:~'l~111f"lnfl1'1LLft:;n1f"l(;]:;,Yw'il'iln U'lfOI'li:l~nl=tru:;~rJ~1Lif"l~'lnw ti'w~'il i:l 0 0

nrrl-l Luul..ltlr:;Lwril LnmnumnL(;]'l'l1W~nfl1'l'il~'ilu1-:J'VIW'l~'il 1wr:;t~:;LLrn l "II'il'lmnL(;]'~'~1W

( tlr:;l-J1CU 1-3 n ) fl1i:J'lJ'il'lflnfl1'l~'ilflnL"11LI "i:;~'il'll-J1'il~inuf"lf'ilUf"lf'l'll'il'lfi'il LL~'ll'il'l11ffLI1'll'il'l(;]W " ~ '01

1,1 I I I

1wr:;'VI~1'li1~m,m~:;~'il'l "~~"iw"'iltl'il" 1wLr'il'lmrvh.nw(;]1'~l 'ilth'IL~l-IV11wl1w:;V1Luw .. L"IILI

LVI~" '1VItlr:;fl-:JI"f~11"1t1J L~'ilVlV~fl'ilUfll-lfrt1111W"11'il'l~nL'llLil-11nn~1'ilU1'l~W (flilVl fllTf"lrmr , 2525)

0 0 !OJ

LL fl :;,Y w.!Wnffl-l'll'il'l u(;]ft:;i-:Jf"ll-1 ~'ILW~nl=tru:;'lf'il'll'l f"ll-l"llWUVllVlLIWW

... "" "' I

n1 ffll-l ffl rlU n ~l-J Lii'il fl1LIVl1'1 tJ1t~'VIti)'l -n'lu~ fl :;Yf'ilW LM L ~Wn'l f0l'l1l-J Ln mif'il'lll-l~Wlfnu fl111WVl1'1

LPimln"'' tiW~'ilLWn1rvl1W1tXW ~'il'ln1fLLN'l1W~LUWfll-l1~n111LILWf"lf'ilUrlflLUWr.hw'lWl-11n LW

" m r~ ~ (;]'il1'Vf1 r 1tX L~LI'IW'il(;]'ilm n~t~'l VI fll-11~n LWf"lffiU r1 fl rtl uuun1 nL(;]'l'l1W9-:JlJn~'il'li1 mru(;]-:J

~ ~

'11wuuuu1 L'llt~ Lif1 L~'iltlr:; Lt~"lluVl1'1 LPim~n, 1wmn~l-l LLN'l1WLLrif"lt'ilurJfltiwL'il'l .., ~ nl=tru:; LLUU LL~wm dLft'il n~'il~'VI~'lm rul'i'l'l1WtXw n'l LL~~ 1 ~')U, L'V!qj"i:;~1 L Uw 1tl1w~nl=tru:;

" . . 'il'l mrlK'liiW.11WrlU Lrlt'ilt1J1~Vl1'ltJ1~'VItij'l ul'i~nHru:;xtJ LLUU~'ln~1') m~ LUW~nHru:;Yi LUW

n!J Lnru"tfu-:Jf"YUV11LIIK'l tiW~'il U1'lrlf'ilUflf'l'il1"'1i:J ~nHru:; UUU U~Wn1dLft'iln~'il~'il1~LI111LI'VI~'ln1f

~'1'11W LLUU'ilunutJ1t~"ll1LI 'VIr'il1w~n1!tru:;ut~n'ilu~flr:; (Neolocal Post Marital Residence) ~'~ ~ ~

:: '1tli..! vY-:J0i:lun~"ll1mrnfl1t~vhw LMf"l'l1l-IL~W~1t..h "'!:;Luwc.J~l-11"'11n mrr'hLilV~'lf'il-:Jr:;uu

rHjn"'' uuu L~W(;]f1 ~'l'll11tl~n1ri1~Vlfin'ilf"lt'il'l~~w~':lwl.Jf"lf"l~ mri:lmrl-l~Vli1wVlfwu~wl'i1'1 l

-~ U"'l L"''nl.Jf"lf"l~ vh L~UVlU1Vl'VIW1~ LL~:;fl1LILm~n~W'lf'il'ln~l-lt1J1~flV!f01')1l-J~1rlf1Jfl'llU Lri'ili:lmr

-;-- W1Vl1'1~1WmrA'1LLft:;~[;]fl1'VInffl-l vhLMLflC'I'il1~WL'VI~ l ~bJ~1LUW~'il'l ~'IW1LLf'l'l1W"11'il'l

17

' " f!l-11:nn 1wr1 f'l Lrf!W r1'l1l-1~1luwvh:;!?i'f!-.:JL'i',:nJ'1wl'rflwllUUr1~flur1f'l'lltnmirimJ 1 fWl~-.:J1tJ Wf!nr.nn

tXw 1wtr-.:JrJ~~lJ'u1vuJ l!n~:;Lwwdfl'ln1~'1~1(;1Wl fl'l u~:;rJ'l1~ LUWL'i''l'llfl'IL'i''ll fl'l Y1111X~~1:nn 1w

" ' tr-.:J r1~1..h:; 111VlWLthn r1'l1~il ~ ~:; ll~ :;!?i'f!'l m ~iJ r1 ~flU r1 f'l'llfl'l [ff'll fl'l Yl (;JWL fl'l~1~1 ~n L'l rJ1 ~w 1 ~ 111i'flth'l

iJ~~:; 1wmwi~:;'li1ULLN'l1Wvf~fl~~(;l~~ ~1~1r!l~~:;~f!~WA'1~rf!Urmwi(;lWLfl'l ~~~~~ LL~:;l.J!11~

II' I t.l I

~~ ~~ 1wtr-.:J r1~1..h:; 111VlW ilu~VI~:; L~fln Iff 'I iiw ~1WU1WLrflW LlUU LLUnfl~il M:; 1wrJ~f!u r1 f1'liW1 f!l Lft n

~(run~1 rJ~flurJf'l~t..!'lun~1'~ ( tl~:;~VJ1f ~'l1~~ry1&1 • 2539 )

1'~J<fm'llfl'lrl~flurJf'l-nwuVJ1Vlu Ltlw1tl1wtrnl!l'ru:;"llf!'l~1'WJw1mrn~wL~uwnw1tJ ~:;t-d1'1 '

rl~f!Url~f!Urlf'll~U'l (Nuclear Family) Ll~:;rJ~f!Urlf'l"lltnt.l (Extended Family) LL~:;UJ~1~1~n

n1~Wf!l~:;u:;L'l~111Xi'f!l L~W~-.:J1tl111i'~1 iJinl!l'ru:;LUWrJ~flurJf'l LLUULf!l ~:;u:;L'l~1W1WLvh Lf!l

( ~~tut9!. 2512 ) ~'1~1ntrnl!l'ru:;rJ~f!Ur1f'l LLUU'l'l~~~1'WJw1mrll lffin~1 LUw~:;uurJ~flurJf'l~1n

j1W (Stem Family System ) ~iJ'l-.:J~mWJW1n1~ ( Developmental Cycle ) m~m~L'l~1 Jw~fl

"llW1f!lLL~:;f!-.:Jrltl~:;nf!u"llfl'lrl~flur1f'l~:;LLtlntl~uw1tlm~m~L'l~1LL~:;t'lmwmmr ~1flm~n~1'l1!1i' " " ~1 ~:;~~1'liW111flWI'i1'1 1 "llfl'l'l'l~~n1mWJW1n1rWW rlffiUrlf'l~1n'l1WLLI'i~:;rJffiUrlf'l ~:;iJruLLUU

~ ~

~ LUW~'lrl~f!urJf'l L~U'l u~:;flrflur"lf'l"llt.l1t.l tlnn!J 11X LMWI'i1-.:Jr:;u:; L'l~1nW'tlfln 1tl n~1'l~fl ~111~ I "" I 1-' I

"ll'tl'l rl'l1~ LUWfl ~f!Ufl f1~:; Lf~ !?lw;w Lf!lt.l n1 ~t'l~ ~t'l"llfl'l'D1t.lvtru'l ri~il'l iWl'lflW"ll'tl'l'l'l~ mr?JJW1n1 m ~ "

..... "' " I

Lnf!l;~1w'li'l'IL'l~1W m~~:;lffin111i'~1 iW(;lflW"llfl'ln1r"lltntJL'i''l (Expansion Phase) ;'ILUW~~~1 " " " I " I "

·•nnm~nfln1 Lilf!l;W"llfl'l~n 1 "llfl'l~~~~~ 1wiw(;lflWW~n 1 V1 Lnf!l;wu-.:JrJ-.:J!?i'~-:JVi'l~1mnftu-.:J~~1n " " " l'l t1mJfl~ ,f!l~wqf!l"llfl'liw111flW"llfl'lmnmulff'l~:; Lnf!l;Wfl~nu ~f!lr1'l1~~1~1~n 1wmn~rqJ~wf[

II I " I \f t.f

'll !l'l~~'l~ LUWll~~t.l 1 iWP!flWVl t'lfl'l"ll'tl'l'l'l~~m m WJW1 n1 ~ fl1~ Ln f!l;WL ~~fl~~1rlUiW111flWLL rn LWLL~

!1-.:J~:;u:;L 'l~1 L~n:; Luwi'w(;lflW~~n 1 ~'~ L~u t111;wii-.:JrJ'u~~:;vl1m~~~~t'l 111i'vl1m~t'l~~~ LL~:;VJuflu " " " ~l'l t.l~flfln 1tll'l-.:Jfl~f!Uflf'l"llfl'l111WL 'tl'l;w1vtl-l ~w~:;Lrun 1!11~1 LUWiW111flW"llfl'ln1~m:;~1UL'l'l ( Phase

' " ~wn'tl ~~1 Luw~f!l L"r~!?i'w"llfl'liwV1f!Wt'lfJIVl1t.l"ll!l'l'l'l'U • •

" ' .... .di - "" .q cv.IW1n1~ flfl"llW111'tlW"llfl'ln1rL'li1LLVlWVl (Phase of Replacement)

~ urim~~ ( ~WJ ~~:;tl~:;L~r'l . . 2536 ) . ~

~=0

0

= ase of Dispersion or Fission

- f'tfJ 1m.J LLUU'li~1~'Vl1'l L~t1~1ml1~vt~'l

-- -~1V'I1vtru;w "nnmnL~,N1W'lltl'lt~n~1'J ~ ..,

Nuclear Family

.... 'i::: t1::: 'VI'Ml-:1

Expansion Phase r~rt~w"1f'J1vn.hLUU'lltn~'Vl1'lL~tl

Phase of Replacement

1'!]4'nnilw1tlmh'l~~l.JHU~tl r~rt~ur~f'J

'lltl-..lf'ln~1'JfDIWLLm LUW~M~mh..:J L~~~ "'

18

19

ft n~ru:;:hl-J'il~'llLUU lltJUn1 ruu t1J1~1ul'l fll-l LvmJu lUU LULUft n~ru:;'iJ~--if11 ruu ty1 ~rr'l 2 tl1u ( Bilateral Descent System ) lluJt'l'lul't...,qjlTni'JrJ'l1l-l1nft-nc;n1ury1~Vl1'ltl1mL2Jl-J1nn~1Y'l~

rr'lnlrt~'l"'11 n rl 'l1l-J ln ft-BVI ~'I LUUtJ ftl-J1"'11n LLUU LLtJU m rL ft~ n ~'l~~um Pi'u~ ft'ln1 flLuJ'l'l1Ui'lWllJ ., "' l.f I t.l t.f

n~l-l l~~~1UVl1'ltl1u~qj'l v1'lWU ~n 1 Yin~rhLilVI~U~'ll~lJL(;]~Ul-J11l1U1ULL'lVI'l'l'il~'llflr~ty1~Vl1'l

tl1ul-J1rVI1 mruury1~rr'~~~'ltl1u'il~'~1VluJu n'llllJ~1n1m..,ft''l"''::i'J Yu.u. u1l-J~fJft ~r::tJl~ n~~nfttl1Uif1'lV'i~if1'l L~U'lJu mruunn~rr'l~~'ltl1UflU'lrl'l~1 Lilu~uui~ LU LLft::UflflftlJn 1~fl'l1l-J

~ .... 'lJ q

~ 0

~1f"1tyrl1Jty1~vl'l~~'ltl1U ~~tl1Uif1'lV'i~ LLft::tl1uif1'l LL2J~U1'l LVh LVltll-JrlU :fi'!"''::L1~ULv'i'"''1nmr 1~ 1.t t.l I II

rl'l1l-l"li'lU mft~ l~~ LYl~VIi'Jui~ty1~vl'l~~'ltl1u ...

LLui1uft'n~ru::r1'l1l-l1nft-BV~t!u m"''i1rl'l1l-l1nft-n~n1u

lflr~(\!1~ tl1u ll2Jl-J1 nn~1tl1uV'i~~'l~ ~vi1'l rlU ft'n~ru::'il~'lrl'l1l-lll-l·~uir::v1uuflr1ft!l1U1un~l-l • •

ry1~ "'1::~1Lwu1tl'i:V~un~ Lm~1v1'um1 'i:~ LLluLnru'fl~1r1cy ~'lm"''n~1'lLv'l~1~~iJm1 'i:~w~un~1 Vi'~

"''::~~'l1~rl'l1l-l Lr11mfn L:a~Yl'l LLft::tl!)tmul~~~i'Jm1 'i:~~'ln~1v'i''lt~rl'l1l-l~!l1V'lU~uw~l-l lu'ilru::~~ ~i'Jm1 'i: ~l-l1 n n~1nYi'l~"''::~~'~1~ r1'l1l-l fn LLft ::r'h n u::u1 i'~~~uLLri ~~i'Jm1 'i:~w~un~1 v'i''lu r1'l1l-l

... ...

Ll-J(;](;]1 n1ulun~l-l Lr1r~n~1~"'~:;i'JrJ'l1l-li'll-li1~"li'lm~~~ Ln~nftnu1un"''nrrl-lui1'l 1 vl'lVl1'lLPim~n,.. " • tf ... 0.9

Yifinrrl-Jrl'l1l-JL;~ (;]ft~VI"''Un"''nrrl-lVl1'll'lr1l-lv'i'1u~u 1 ( 'Vji'J.I ~r::tlr::L~r3 , 2536 ) u~n"'11nd ft' n~ru::mruury1~'i!~'lrl r~u r1 f'lLVlu u'!i'Jft' n~ru::"!l~'lm rt!ucy1~~ Luut-~ ft l-l1"'11n m r~l-l r~ vtr~~

(rnn~1 C1J1~~l-lVJu u~mvtw~ 1tl"'11nry1~hl-l~1u'i:ft~(;] LLft::1uLLU'lVl1'ltl!ju'1i u~m~u.~ 1tl"'11n

m ruucy1~"'11nUVI1l-l1fVI1 LLft::~w~'lhl-lUVI1l-l1fVI1 LLft'l m~u"'' L "'!nl..Jr1rlft"''::1~rl'l1l-l~1r1ry Uft:; ... ...

1nft-BV!~WVl~Ul-JrllJ(\j1~flU1VILUUYiLPIMWU ~u~unum1l-lV'l~ L"'''il~'llff'lu"'' L "''nUrlrlft L~'l ., . L~qJ"''::Yi"''1fn.!1"'11nrl'l1l-J'i!~UV'l~rlULUUn1rt'l'lUlff'l

~n Pi'u~'lnULLft::nu ( Mizuno , 1978 )

ft'n~ru:;mruury1~'il~'ILVJu ~i'Jmruury1~LLuu~~'IVl1'1Ju tlr1n!]1~L~u1~utrm:tru::

tt'l mr~1v1ut!uf1J1~ ~'llTn"''::i'Jmruury1~rr'~tl1uV'l~ uft::tl1u u2J Lvtw~;u1tl"'11n(;]uL~'~ 3 ~1v1'u ...

ft::t!uft'l"''1n(;]uL~'I 3 ~1v1'u L"liunu 'i:V~u"''::L~u1~"'11nLLtJU!l1V'luJ~ 1tl0~~

20

I (;]Wltl-.3 I 1--------; Wtl-.3

l'lttftW

LL&JWl1~ llt'liMpj LLUUn1NUt1J1~t'lti..Jtl1U(Bilateral Descent System )

rnu1wr~rt~ur~f'l'liWUV1LV1UJJ'numlt~..J1~uc;J1LUW1~qJ (Patriarchal Family) ii'w~t~Uc;J11Tn

:: ~ -UV1U1VJLuw~w1r~rt~ur~f'l 1wn9mrl-!l?i1-.J 1 wt~n mwt~1th1nmnuw~i111wmn.lr:::nt~um~~

• - ~ ffiUflf'l ~..Jftn1:J'ru:::~1W19n1rLUW1"'qJ1wr~rt~uflf'l 9:::L,:;WL~tlti1-.Jic;JL9W1wmru~iJmnLI?i..J

_:. ~1thwtl1u"'tij~ " L'llu1mJ " ~ Lihl-11tl~f'll-lrlUvitiLLl-l'llti-.ltl1um1J..J rfltl-lUDllii(;]Wml-!Wl1l-lf11c;J

- 1l t~..J mt~ur~ f'l Lc;Jumrri'lu L "'ftt~1wn9mnm1-.JLP!mj'fi.,'llt~..Jr~rt~ur~f'l wt~n91ndtr..Jrfft~..JtlBllii

~ ... ~1 i-.3 "'1-rmw1~~1~ful-!t~U"'l-!1U91nvit~ LLl-l'llt~..J.nrrmt~ti 1-.JL~l-l~ llft:::f'll-lumi ~-Jfl1W19 1wmr "

• ~c;J~w1~ LLft:::mrL9lc;J~W19 1wn9mrl-111i1-.J 1 'llti..Jflrt~ur~f'l JJnrfft~..Jc.hwmni1w"llt~u91nuc;J1'llti..J

21

dhl.J1ilUVlU1VldLLVl'\.6 1un rru~ LUUL'1Jtl~ LLI'i-.1-.11UtlUftn~1'lrl'ULftn ~-.llTn~~~tl-.1 LUU~~tlUr'll.J'l!1tl "' "' "'

1"11 L~mnul"Jtlm mJmu L~t:!Vl LLft L~tl-.1Vllt..\tl1l.J LLri Ll'clh LLUULLr.:.JWn1rLLU-.ll.JrVln LVltlt:!Vll.Jrl&i LL~'l lJniJ "' "' . rl'l1l.J LVh b'Vltll.JtlW r~vd1'l ftn'l!1tlLLft ~ftn~1'l tlnL ~WLLI'i ftn~1'lriWLftn ~r'flU(;]rfPIWLVlriW~0'l~t:IU

~ ~ ~ q ~

L~tJ'IVll"JtJ mJ1wml.J LLri Ll'clh lTn~::l.~ful.JrVlnU1WLLft ::~~w Ylrt:~l.J~'IVlm~wt'l :: t'll.J'1lt:~'lyJtJ mJ ~«'~ "'

~WVlrLJltr'l! , 2511 )

~ ' ~

Christensen . 1964 ) 1.~ uti-.liW(;]tJWrl'l1l.JYltJ1ml.J1wmrP1nM1 Lrtl-.lrlrt:~ur~flw

~'lr1'll'i1'l l '1lt:~'lrlrtJur~f'l1w«nl=tru~'1ltl'l f'1'l1l.J L~tl qn1~(;] n1rrtJtJnftl'l

tlrnqnl'i1'l l :

2. r:::u :::'1ltl'lVl1fJw (Social Darwinism rl.f'l . 1850-1900)

~nt'l1rY11-lfl'l!1mn~mnuVlCJ1=tD~nfi1'ln-1 mruDxtJVl1-ltr-lrll.JLWL~tl-lmrul'i-l'l1W

_ 'fl'l rlrtJur~fl LVltJm~u LLW'l~Vl~nfi1'lVl1'1tlr::.mf'l1~(;]fuft:::~muw

( t'lLVlYl •

' ' .q 1.1 .q r - ... 9 q.q

3. r:::u~Lrl.J(;]W'1Jt:l'l'lVltJ1PI1~(;]r ( Emerging science rl .f'l . 1900-1950 ) ~Vl Luwr::tJ~Vll.J

1rn fi 1'ln'lr~rt"Jur~f'l LLft:::tr'lr~l.J~ Luwl.t11wt"J ~(;] LVltJm~uift12Jft L~mnu uuu~uul'l1'~ l '!lt"J'Ir~ffiu

( Systematic theory building Yl .f'l . 1950 "iW

- ,uw ) 4'VlLUWr~u~~iJmrf1nM1~WYI~1t1U1'1ft~L~tJVl~n~-1LWLL~~l.Jl'i1-1 l ~'ILUW.JftYhL~LnVl ~r~~l!n LWYlruJl1Yl'1ltl'l'l1Wfl4'tJ Lit"l'lrl rtJUPifl LnVlnftlUf'1'l1l.Jf.i~ 1wmr~nM1 dt"l'IYlffiUYifl •

... r~Vl ~wP1nl=t1LLW'l~Vll'i1-ll ~w1Ltl~mrflh-1VlCJ1=tD (;]fttJVl~wmml'cl.Jw1~Vlfl'lfil'l1'll L~tJmr

CJ1=tDL~mnutlnn!Jmrn1Vl1'll'lrt:~uP~fl

~1vrfurt'l1~~L'l L~w~~1rl'1J'1l~,nrnVl~MD~l.Jn Lun 1ud-~'1'1l~-Jfl!~Urt f'l tl :i'1 n!)~~1uuh:n'1l~'lrl ffiUrl f".nJUny.j ~~ ::tl r:;~ 'l fl1~ {9)~ 1tl~

1. UJiJiu(;I~ULL'lLUtlr::<WiPI1~(;1fL~'Il'lrt~'11~'1~'4BU ~-:JUJtl:nn!)n1rLLvi'I'I1U

22

2. rtr~urtf'lLUULfmLULftn (microcosm) '11~-:Jl'lrt~ LLVl~T'ILLt\''lrt~~urtf'lLUUl'lrtlJ~Lftn~

~L'l ~'1~1~1rtlrt'IV1W1~L'lun~~~'D1~ 3. L~~1~mrtJn~~~c;\1LUU!9i~1tl1~ ~::f?i'~-:JiJmrufutiN~::uurt~~Urtf'lL~Lcif~LL-ii'l •

. ... . rl'WJu1';jftmrU~'InUvi1'1 l L~~ 1~uw1~~1 rtrtJurtf'lih::~~~u LU~'Ivi~ lt!l~ L-rlu mrn1~'W1~i1

n1rLLvi'I'I1UflULU~:VI~1'1t'l1Ulfl~(;l vrtrnmr~1Un1~iJ1_J(;I~L~tJnf?i'~'lm~n!)VI~1U

4' L'lm m1'11' WJWn~~~ 1u~'lrl'l1~t1~~1~1 LLfl ::rt'l1~'i L'l LLU'I ~ I I ~

5. rl~tlUrtf'lVlnUlA'I mi1u~::VI~1'1t.r'lL~U'lt.r'lvi~'1ltJ'In1rLti~U'WLLtlfl'l LLUUVlrl~~Urtf'lflr1'1~U . .. '11nrt'l1~l~rl'UftV11'1t'l1ULft~L'l ( consanguinity orientation ) iff'ltJti1'1 tjn'D1tJ~::!?i'~-:Jm::vhm~

rt'l1~tl:n~tlU1'1l~'lritJLLl..iLt'l~~ ~1~LLUU'1l~'lrt~tlUrtf'l~UL'lrl'l1~l~~ulf~:VI~1'1t'l1iJflrrti1LUUVIftn .. ( conjugal orientation)

'lun1 ~Ltl~uuutl fl'l~'lmh'l tjn'D1U~ uvi'I'I1ULLt\''l,: 'WuL'lntJ rt'l1~tl :n~nu1'11~'lri~ mJ Luu

~ 1 r!ry vitJltl vr1n~ :m ~:vhm~rt'l1~tl:n ~nu1'11 ~'In ~~u1 Luuvrtrn .,

mrunrtffi'llL'lUUL'l1LUULi-tqjuu . t,l q I -

LLfl::VIU1Yl(;l1'1 l '1l~'lrl~~Url~'l

. . ... ~~~'1JL~ultl1~urit'lmuu~u l ~1n~u

fl~1~~1LU~:VI~1'1~:u::LLm'1l~'ln1~~nM1Li~'lrtffiUrtf'l

1850-1950 ) 1~\nL11LLU'lY11'1~1rl'lJY11'1n1~A'urttl1 2 tJti1'1~U~~ n1~~nM1~L~U'lciftJ'IflUY1~1=tD PI ~~urtf'l 1~ uritJth'l um 4'L11 LUULLU'JY11'1mr~nM1 LLUU Llfrnu Lvtuu LLfl::L~'Itl~::<WiPI1fl(;lf'11~'1

. . 'l .dl "" UL~tl'IYl

23

" " ' r<UJvJ'l~4'~1vl'1lXfl'l1~~w1~~1n~w~'tlmr1ifnf:i~!K'.l'tl£h'lV1d~wlK'l ~ .

mr~ m:t1 LLfl~t·hwlVlf'l'lwvtcl'l'll'tl'lVl~l:ta ttlwdtJ'lmn~~~~tt~l~ LL~mr~nl:t1nl~fufl'l1~ L;'tln'tl

l~~1n~'l~W ~'.l~iJmmVJ~tJuiftJfl~~~~1W~1'l 1 LL~mr~r.f~~m~v'hf'l'lw1vtqjif-:JUJ1~fl'l~1n-:Jmr . ..., ~r1'lVl~H51mJ 1

1w~'tlWUt'l1~~~'lr~ 20

nut'l~1iin'll'tl'lflr'tlUrlf'l ~~ LV1~~1W~LUt.!rlr'tluflf'ln~ vtr'tl LUWnf:i~n~ LLt'l~~ L~U'liftJ'lflUr~uu ..., . I I I I ""'

Lritfl'ti1~Vl1'ltf'lfl~ V1tlr~ntJU~'l~t1J1~Yh~tJ'l LfiflW~'l LfitJWU1W Lvtf:i1U~'lWLL~lJt:-!t'l~tl"DWV1 " LLfl~fJW11~'ll'tl'l~~~nrr~flrt~Uflf'lLLt'l~fl'l1~tf~~wtf vl'lif'lrJiftJtf'lLn~~1n~r.f~~n~1 tlr1n!Jmrni

"" I I I

r1 rt~u., f'l~ ::~wtJ~tJ£i1'l~1riry ~'tl Lvtl1J m rnin 1~wtJ n vtrtJV1bJ1'1i Lrtl'l'lltl'l flrt~Ufl f'l~1 n n~1V1tlr1 n!J-

n1rnlfn~w'tln~::~w'tl~nu d'tl'l'll'tl'lflrt~uflf'l iftJ LVi~~1'lii~'lv'h 1\X LnVJmr~n1!n L~'l~V1m~1~ ~~w d'tl'luuu ( pattern ) 'lltl'lfl'l1~tf~~wtfr::vt~1'l nw1w~'tl'lf'l'lw~'tl r::uur1rt1Uflf'l LLt'l~r~uu~bJ1'1i

flffiUflf'l~1n~w LLt'l::"nnmr~n1!n 1wtrnl:tru::ii fl1V1~1~::vh 1lX~4'~1~~1~'liftJ~fl~tJnUftJ'l L~~'l ' "

~N {;]tJfl'l1~ Lif11r.t LrtJ'l'lltl'lflrt~Uflf'l~1n:nw 1wtJW1fl~

. fl'lfluflr·ul'unl'lnJautunJ~.:.~

n1~ flU1fll~~mm~ L i'l fVJ~WJW1~ ~ ~ 1-vtmr~tJU1'l~tl L cltJ'l LVJ~~m~1~t'luu ~~w 1\Xun " " fl'lYJWvh'lU r:: LVI~ L if1~11K'l LN'l1W~ ~ ~1-vtn rr~ hl-J nut!n t'l'l'VJ'W"D1'l1Vl~UW LUWmrt:-~ in "'w 1lXn1 rl

LnH~mrr~t'lVJUVIU1Vlt'l'l LLfl::LnV1mmWJW1'tl~~1vtnrr~1uL'li~UjtN'tlU1'lvtw1uww LVJ~L~vn::1w • " '

1L'ln..r~wV1nNLVl~~vt1WflrLLfl::m~rw'flfl • ' " .

fl'l1~UJtl'lmrLLN'l1W 1wn1 fltl ~'~ ~1-vtn rr~'llm~ IK'l L ~~ ~'l~W'tlU1'l ~fl LiltJ'l 1wr::~:: . ~

:'Uf11f"l Ut'l::"DWUV1~1n~w Lnl:t~rm "111'.1 H "111'.1'1..!1 ~~ Ltl~~WLLUt'l-:Jmrtlr~n'tlum~~'lltl'l~W

-~.nur::n'tlum~~1mJ LVJ~Lihltl~1'l1w1wtN'l1Wtl~~1vtnrr~~1n~w Lclt1'l~1nn~l~~n~1 ' .

:Jl t'l 1~LUW«lifLLN'l1WltJ1w~~Vl " .

24

'll~WJll-l"llWLiJ~~ ~~vi11~ilflmuwvt1~~~rlm~?h~ 1 bJ~19~Luw'h~L'ruw 1'wnm~1lJ ~~rlnnn~

lM1:tJfl9 '1~'1 L if1lJ1iJUVJU1VlLWn1~r;hvtU1~ LlV1Wfln1UWrW~Uf"1f'l ~~~~t:.J~m~vh L~fln1UWf"1~~U

f""lf'l LL~~UV1U1Vl'll~~~fl~mu l'i'~~nm~Ltl~uwmJ~~I?I1lJLtl~<Ju nri1<J~~ 1w:i'~uu~~ L~lJ f""l:i'~uf""lf'l 'lJ 'lJ '

"lll-l"llwLiJ~~ 1~n1:i'flw~~f"1'l1l-ll'i'~~m:i'Vl1~ LP!mtln9 LLrifllJ1=Bn LV'Iun~ f"1'l1lJ fl1lJ1 :i'rl'll~~uf""l f""l~ LUW . ~ . vt~n LW~~f""llJ LiJ~~vtr~~~f"1lJ~I?Ifl1Mm'~lJ f"1ffiUf"1fl'llU.1V1LmlJ UJ£'l1lJ1:i'rlflW~~I?I~Uf"1'l1lJ!'i'~~n1:i' . ~

fl muwLPh~ 1l-l1l'l1vtW1~LLV1Wf"1:i'~Uf"1f'l L'riw flmuwP!1flW1U~~m:i'~m~1 Luwl'i'w ~~UV1U1Vll?i1~ 1

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