PAST TENSES PAST TENSES one happy family…one happy family…

SIMPLE PASTSIMPLE PAST

When, when, tell me when?...When, when, tell me when?...

ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I start-I start-ed ed DidDid I start? I I start? I did not/ didn’tdid not/ didn’t start start

You startYou starteded DidDid you start? You you start? You did not/ didn’tdid not/ didn’t start start

He startHe starteded DidDid he start? He he start? He did not/didn’tdid not/didn’t start. start.

She startShe starteded. . DidDid she start? She she start? She didn’tdidn’t start start

It startIt starteded DidDid it start? It it start? It didn’tdidn’t start. start.

We startWe starteded DidDid we start? We we start? We didn’tdidn’t start start

You startYou starteded DidDid you start? You you start? You didn’tdidn’t start.start.

They startThey starteded. . DidDid they start? They they start? They didn’tdidn’t start. start.

(Of course there are also IRREGULAR VERBS you have to learn (Of course there are also IRREGULAR VERBS you have to learn by heart…)by heart…)

Completed Action in the PastCompleted Action in the Past

Use the Use the Simple PastSimple Past to express the idea that to express the idea that an action an action started and finished at started and finished at a specific timea specific time in the past. in the past. ((Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind…specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind…))

Examples:Examples: I I sawsaw a movie yesterday. a movie yesterday. I I didn't seedidn't see a play yesterday. a play yesterday. Last year, I Last year, I traveledtraveled to Japan. to Japan. Last year, I Last year, I didn't traveldidn't travel to Korea. to Korea. DidDid you you havehave dinner last night? dinner last night? She She washedwashed her car. her car. He He didn't washdidn't wash his car. his car.

A Series of Completed Actions A Series of Completed Actions

We use the We use the Simple PastSimple Past to list a to list a series of completed series of completed actions in the pastactions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, . These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. 4th, and so on. Examples:Examples:

I I finishedfinished work, work, walkedwalked to the beach, and to the beach, and foundfound a nice a nice place to swim. place to swim.

He He arrivedarrived from the airport at 8:00, from the airport at 8:00, checkedchecked into the hotel into the hotel at 9:00, and at 9:00, and metmet the others at 10:00. the others at 10:00.

DidDid you you addadd flour, flour, pourpour in the milk, and then in the milk, and then addadd the the eggs? eggs?

Duration in Past Duration in Past

The The Simple PastSimple Past can be used with a duration which can be used with a duration which starts starts and stops in the pastand stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often . A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.minutes, all day, all year, etc.

Examples:Examples: I I livedlived in Brazil in Brazil for two years.for two years. Shauna Shauna studiedstudied Japanese Japanese for five yearsfor five years. . They They satsat at the beach at the beach all dayall day. . They They did not staydid not stay at the party at the party the entire time.the entire time. We We talkedtalked on the phone on the phone for thirty minutes.for thirty minutes. A: How long A: How long diddid you you waitwait for them? for them?

B: We B: We waitedwaited for one hourfor one hour. .

Habits in the PastHabits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which a habit which stopped in the past.stopped in the past. ( (It can have the same meaning as "It can have the same meaning as "used to..“) “) To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

Examples:Examples: I I studiedstudied French when I was a child. French when I was a child. He He playedplayed the violin. the violin. He He didn't playdidn't play the piano. the piano. DidDid you you playplay a musical instrument when you were a kid? a musical instrument when you were a kid? She She workedworked at the movie theater after school. at the movie theater after school. They never They never wentwent to school, they always to school, they always skippedskipped class. class.

1. The weather ……………. (be) very warm in April. 1. The weather ……………. (be) very warm in April. 2. When …………………………… (you /phone) Mary? 2. When …………………………… (you /phone) Mary? 3. I’m sure ……………………….. (he /receive) my letter three 3. I’m sure ……………………….. (he /receive) my letter three

days ago. days ago. 4. They ………………………….. (not/ use) their car to go to the 4. They ………………………….. (not/ use) their car to go to the

mall. mall. 5. ………………………….. (it /rain) while you were in England? 5. ………………………….. (it /rain) while you were in England? 6. Where ……………………… (be) Mark? 6. Where ……………………… (be) Mark? 7. I called Kate but she ……………………… (not/be) at home.7. I called Kate but she ……………………… (not/be) at home.8. The kids …………………….. (be) in the garden all evening. 8. The kids …………………….. (be) in the garden all evening. 9. Last month we ……………….. (be) in Paris. Where 9. Last month we ……………….. (be) in Paris. Where

……………………… you? ……………………… you? 10. He ……………………….. (buy) the house in 1999. 10. He ……………………….. (buy) the house in 1999.

practice on S.Past…practice on S.Past…

Used to (do)Used to (do)1. We use 'used to' for 1. We use 'used to' for something that happened something that happened

regularly in the past but regularly in the past but no longer happenno longer happens.s. Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now he Ben used to travel a lot in his job but now he

doesn't.doesn't. I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.I used to drive to work but now I take the bus.

2. We use it for 2. We use it for something that was true but  something that was true but  no longer no longer is.is.

There There used to be a cinema used to be a cinema in the town but now there in the town but now there isn't.isn't.

She used to have really long hair She used to have really long hair but she's had it all but she's had it all cut off.cut off.

I didn't use to like him I didn't use to like him but now I do.but now I do.

Asking/answering questions using 'use to’ Asking/answering questions using 'use to’

We use 'did' when we ask about past habits.We use 'did' when we ask about past habits.

''Did you use to Did you use to watch Mickey Mouse?’watch Mickey Mouse?’

'Did you use to like school?’'Did you use to like school?’

““Did you used to wear a schol uniform?’Did you used to wear a schol uniform?’

’’YES, I used toYES, I used to wear a horrible uniform!’ wear a horrible uniform!’

’’NO, I NO, I didn'tdidn't use to use to wear a uniform’, wear a uniform’,

‘ ‘NO, I NO, I never never used to used to wear a uniform’wear a uniform’

‘ ‘NO, I never wore NO, I never wore a uniform’a uniform’’’NONO, I used not to wear , I used not to wear a uniforma uniform’(too formal, ’(too formal,

rarely used any more)rarely used any more)

'would'would' instead of ' instead of 'used to’'used to’ 'We use 'We use 'would''would' when we want to when we want to stressstress how often a how often a

past habit happenened. :past habit happenened. : 'I used to go swimming twice a week.'→ ' I would go 'I used to go swimming twice a week.'→ ' I would go

swimming twice a week.' swimming twice a week.' Note: DO NOT use WOULD without a time expressionNote: DO NOT use WOULD without a time expression

'I used to play the piano.'→''I used to play the piano.'→'I would play I would play piano.’(WRONGpiano.’(WRONG))

'I used to play the piano. 'I used to play the piano. I would practise every day.’ I would practise every day.’ (RIGHT)(RIGHT)

PRESENT PERFECTPRESENT PERFECT

I don’t care when…I don’t care when…

ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I have startI have started ed Have I start Have I starteded? I haven't start ed? I haven't start ed

You have startYou have starteded Have you start Have you starteded? You haven't started? You haven't started

He has startHe has starteded HasHas he starthe starteded? He ? He hasn’thasn’t staredstared

She has startShe has starteded. . Has Has she started? She she started? She hasn’t hasn’t started started

It has startIt has starteded Has Has it started? It it started? It hasn’thasn’t started started

We have startWe have starteded Have we started? We haven't started Have we started? We haven't started

You have startYou have starteded Have you started? You haven't Have you started? You haven't startedstarted

They have startThey have starteded. Have they started? They haven't. Have they started? They haven't started started

(Of course there are also IRREGULAR VERBS you have to learn (Of course there are also IRREGULAR VERBS you have to learn by heartby heart…)…)

Unspecified Time Before NowUnspecified Time Before Now

We use the We use the Present PerfectPresent Perfect to say that an action happened to say that an action happened at at an an unspecified timeunspecified time before now before now. The exact time is . The exact time is not important. not important.

You You CANNOTCANNOT use the Present Perfect use the Present Perfect with specific time with specific time expressionsexpressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. that day, one day, etc.

We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. before, so far, already, yet, etc.

ever, never, once, many times, ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. already, yet, etc.

I don’t remember when exactly…but…I don’t remember when exactly…but… ……I I have seenhave seen that movie twenty times that movie twenty times!! ……I think I I think I have methave met him once before. him once before. ……There There have beenhave been many earthquakes in many earthquakes in

California. California. ……People People have traveledhave traveled to the Moon. to the Moon. ……People People have not traveledhave not traveled to Mars. to Mars. ……HaveHave you you readread the book yet? the book yet? ……Nobody Nobody hashas ever ever climbedclimbed that mountain. that mountain. A: A: HasHas there ever there ever beenbeen a war in the United a war in the United

States?States?B: Yes, there B: Yes, there has beenhas been a war in the United a war in the United States. States.

ExperienceExperience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, It is like saying, "I have the experience of...""I have the experience of..." You can You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.specific event.

Examples:Examples: I I have beenhave been to France. to France.

This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.

I I have beenhave been to France three times. to France three times.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

I I havehave never never beenbeen to France. to France.This sentence means that you have not had the experience of This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.going to France.

I think I I think I have seenhave seen that movie before. that movie before. He He hashas never never traveledtraveled by train. by train. Joan Joan has studiedhas studied two foreign languages. two foreign languages. A: A: HaveHave you ever you ever metmet him? him?

B: No, I B: No, I havehave not not metmet him. him.

Change Over TimeChange Over Time

We often use the We often use the Present PerfectPresent Perfect to talk about to talk about change that has happened over a period of change that has happened over a period of time.time.

Examples:Examples: You You have grownhave grown since the last time I saw you. since the last time I saw you. The government The government has becomehas become more interested in more interested in

arts education. arts education. Japanese Japanese has becomehas become one of the most popular one of the most popular

courses at the university since the Asian studies courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. program was established.

My English My English hashas really really improvedimproved since I moved to since I moved to Australia. Australia.

An Uncompleted Action You Are An Uncompleted Action You Are ExpectingExpecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. still waiting for the action to happen.

Examples:Examples: James James has not finishedhas not finished his homework his homework yet. yet. Susan Susan hasn't masteredhasn't mastered Japanese Japanese (…yet)(…yet), but , but

she can communicate. she can communicate. Bill Bill hashas still still not arrivednot arrived.. The rain The rain hasn't stoppedhasn't stopped.. (…yet)(…yet)

Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)Continuous Verbs)

We use the Present Perfect to show that something We use the Present Perfect to show that something started started in the past and has continued up until nowin the past and has continued up until now. .

"For"For five minutes," five minutes," "for"for two weeks," and " two weeks," and "since since Tuesday"Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.Present Perfect.

Examples:Examples: I I have hadhave had a cold for two weeks. a cold for two weeks. She She has beenhas been in England for six months. in England for six months. Mary Mary has lovedhas loved chocolate since she was a little girl. chocolate since she was a little girl.

Time Expressions with Present PerfectTime Expressions with Present PerfectWhen we use the When we use the Present PerfectPresent Perfect it means that something it means that something

has happened at some point in our lives before now. has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important. important.

Sometimes, we want to Sometimes, we want to limit the timelimit the time we are looking in for we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.up to now, etc.

Examples:Examples: HaveHave you you beenbeen to Mexico to Mexico in the last yearin the last year? ? I I have seenhave seen that movie six times that movie six times in the last monthin the last month.. They They have hadhave had three tests three tests in the last weekin the last week. . She graduated from university less than three years ago. She graduated from university less than three years ago.

She She has workedhas worked for three different companies for three different companies so farso far.. My car My car has brokenhas broken down three times down three times this weekthis week. .

Simple Past vs. Present Perfect – exercisesSimple Past vs. Present Perfect – exercises

1. 1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" B: I don't know. I B: I don't know. I ……………………..……………………..(see, never) that movie. (see, never) that movie.

2. 2. Sam Sam ……………………….……………………….(arrive) in San Diego a week ago.(arrive) in San Diego a week ago.

3. 3. My best friend and I My best friend and I ………………………………………………(know) each other for (know) each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. over fifteen years. We still get together once a week.

4. 4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He Stinson is a fantastic writer. He …………………………………………(write) ten (write) ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. as famous as Hemingway.

5.5.I I ……………..……………..(have, not) this much fun since I (have, not) this much fun since I …………………………..…………………………..(be) a kid. (be) a kid.

6. 6. Things Things ………………………………………………(change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. (change) a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first When we first ……………………..……………………..(start) working here three (start) working here three years ago, the company years ago, the company ……………………..……………………..(have, only) six (have, only) six employees. Since then, we employees. Since then, we ………………………………………………(expand) to (expand) to include more than 2000 full-time workers. include more than 2000 full-time workers.

7.7.I I ………………………..………………………..(tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but (tell) him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he he ……………………………………………………(wander) off into the forest and (wander) off into the forest and ………………………………………………………………(be) bitten by a snake. (be) bitten by a snake.

8. 8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you Listen Donna, I don't care if you ……………………..……………………..(miss) the bus this (miss) the bus this morning. You (morning. You (………………………………………………be) late to work too many times. You are be) late to work too many times. You are fired! fired!

9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he 9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he ……………………………………………………(see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami. Miami.

10. How sad! George 10. How sad! George ……………………..……………………..(dream) of going to California before (dream) of going to California before he died, but he didn't make it. He he died, but he didn't make it. He ……………………………….……………………………….(see, never) the (see, never) the ocean.ocean.

11. In the last hundred years, traveling11. In the last hundred years, traveling……………………….………………………. (become) much (become) much easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it easier and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it …………………………….…………………………….(take) two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The (take) two or three months to cross North America by covered wagon. The triptrip……………………………………………… (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things ………………………..………………………..(change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty (change) a great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours. years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.

12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you…………………………………………………… (change) since (change) since the last time I the last time I ……………………………………………………(see) you. You (grow) at least a foot! (see) you. You (grow) at least a foot!

Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology 1.…………………………. (change) 1980's, technology 1.…………………………. (change) a great a great deal. The first computers deal. The first computers 2. ……………………..2. ……………………..(be) simple (be) simple machines designed for basic tasks. Theymachines designed for basic tasks. They 3. 3. ………………………….…………………………. (have, not) much memory and they (have, not) much memory and they 4. 4. ………………………………………………(be, not) very powerful. Early computers (be, not) very powerful. Early computers were often quite expensive and customers oftenwere often quite expensive and customers often 5. 5. ……………………..…………………….. (pay) thousands of dollars for machines (pay) thousands of dollars for machines which actuallywhich actually 6. ………………….. 6. ………………….. (do) very little. Most (do) very little. Most computers computers 7. ……………………….7. ……………………….(be) separate, individual (be) separate, individual machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for machines used mostly as expensive typewriters or for playing games. playing games.

Times Times 8. …………………….8. …………………….(change).(change). ComputersComputers 9.………………..…. 9.………………..….(become) powerful machines with very practical applications. (become) powerful machines with very practical applications. ProgrammersProgrammers 10. 10. …………………..…………………..(create) a large selection of (create) a large selection of useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but today's games but today's games 11.…………………… 11.……………………(become) faster, more (become) faster, more exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users exciting interactive adventures. Many computer users

12. …………………..12. …………………..(get, also) on the Internet and (get, also) on the Internet and 13. 13. ……………………..……………………..(begin) communicating with other computer (begin) communicating with other computer users around the world. We users around the world. We 14. ……………………. 14. …………………….(start) to (start) to create international communities online. In short, the simple, create international communities online. In short, the simple, individual machines of the pastindividual machines of the past 15. ………………………. 15. ……………………….(evolve) (evolve) into an international World Wide Web of knowledge. into an international World Wide Web of knowledge.

PAST CONTINUOUS PAST CONTINUOUS

I was sleeping, and sleeping and I was sleeping, and sleeping and sleeping…..sleeping…..

ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I I was was fish fishinging Was I fish Was I fishinging ? I ? I was not/ wasn’t was not/ wasn’t fishfishing ing

You You were were fishfishinging Were you fish Were you fishinging? You ? You weren’t weren’t fishfishinging

He He was was fishfishinging Was he fish Was he fishinging? He ? He was not/wasn’t fishingwas not/wasn’t fishing

She She was was fishfishinging Was she fish Was she fishinging? She wasn’t fish? She wasn’t fishinging

It It was was fishfishinging Was it fish Was it fishinging? It wasn’t fish? It wasn’t fishinging

We We were were fishfishinging Were we fish Were we fishing?ing? We weren’t fish We weren’t fishinging

You You were were fishfishinging Were you fish Were you fishinging? You weren’t fish? You weren’t fishinging

They They were were fishfishinging Were they fish Were they fishinging? They weren’t fish? They weren’t fishinging

1. 1. Interrupted Action in the Past Interrupted Action in the Past Use the Use the Past ContinuousPast Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past to indicate that a longer action in the past

was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.interruption in time.

Examples:Examples: I I was watchingwas watching TV when she called. TV when she called. When the phone rang, she When the phone rang, she was writingwas writing a letter. a letter. While we While we were havingwere having the picnic, it started to rain. the picnic, it started to rain. What What werewere you you doingdoing when the earthquake started? when the earthquake started? I I was listeningwas listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. You You were not listeningwere not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven to me when I told you to turn the oven

off. off. While John While John was sleepingwas sleeping last night, someone stole his car. last night, someone stole his car. Sammy Sammy was waitingwas waiting for us when we got off the plane. for us when we got off the plane. While I While I was writingwas writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. the email, the computer suddenly went off. A: What A: What werewere you you doingdoing when you broke your leg? when you broke your leg?

B: I B: I was snowboardingwas snowboarding. .

2. 2. Specific Time as an InterruptionSpecific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described In USE 1, described beforebefore, the Past Continuous is , the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

Examples:Examples: Last night at 6 PMLast night at 6 PM, I , I was eatingwas eating dinner. dinner. At midnightAt midnight, we , we werewere still still drivingdriving through the through the

desert. desert. Yesterday at this timeYesterday at this time, I , I was sittingwas sitting at my desk at my desk

at work.at work.

3. 3. Parallel Actions Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions both actions were happening at the same time. were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.The actions are parallel.

Examples:Examples: I I was studyingwas studying while he while he was makingwas making dinner. dinner. While Ellen While Ellen was readingwas reading, Tim , Tim was watchingwas watching television. television. WereWere you you listeninglistening while he while he was talkingwas talking? ? I I wasn't payingwasn't paying attention while I attention while I was writingwas writing the letter, the letter,

so I made several mistakes. so I made several mistakes. What What werewere you you doingdoing while you while you were waitingwere waiting? ? Thomas Thomas wasn't workingwasn't working, and I , and I wasn't workingwasn't working either. either. They They were eatingwere eating dinner, dinner, discussingdiscussing their plans, and their plans, and

havinghaving a good time. a good time.

4. 4. AtmosphereAtmosphere

In English, we often use In English, we often use a series of parallel actions a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphereto describe the atmosphere at a particular time in at a particular time in the past.the past.

Example:Example:

When I walked into the office, several people When I walked into the office, several people werewerebusily busily typingtyping, some , some were talkingwere talking on the phones, on the phones, the boss the boss was yellingwas yelling directions, and customers directions, and customerswere waitingwere waiting to be helped. One customer to be helped. One customer waswasyellingyelling at a secretary and at a secretary and wavingwaving his hands. his hands.Others Others were complainingwere complaining to each other about the to each other about thebad service. bad service.

5. 5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "always" or "constantly" "constantly" expresses the idea that something expresses the idea that something irritating or shockingirritating or shocking often happened in the past. The often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with " but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing.""constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

Examples:Examples: She She was always comingwas always coming to class late. to class late. He He was constantly talkingwas constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. . He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they I didn't like them because they were always were always

complainingcomplaining. .

While vs. When While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. not complete sentences.

Some clauses begin with the word Some clauses begin with the word "when""when" such as "when she such as "when she called" or "when it bit me.“called" or "when it bit me.“

Other clauses begin with Other clauses begin with "while""while" such as "while she was such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." sleeping" and "while he was surfing."

When you talk about things in the past, When you talk about things in the past, "when""when" is is mostly mostly followed by followed by Simple Past,, whereas whereas "while""while" is usually followed is usually followed by by Past Continuous.Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." that time."

Examples:Examples: I was studying I was studying when she calledwhen she called. . While I was studyingWhile I was studying, she called. , she called. She was watching T.V. She was watching T.V. when the phone rangwhen the phone rang While she was watching T.V.,While she was watching T.V., the phone rang. the phone rang.

SIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUSSIMPLE PAST VS. PAST CONTINUOUS1. 1. A: What A: What ………………….………………….(you, do) when the accident occurred? (you, do) when the accident occurred?

B: I B: I …………………….…………………….(try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out. (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out.

2. After I 2. After I ……………………..……………………..(find) the wallet full of money, (find) the wallet full of money, II………………………..……………………….. (go, immediately) to the police and (turn) it in. (go, immediately) to the police and (turn) it in.

3. The doctor 3. The doctor ………………………………………………(say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to work (say) that Tom (be) too sick to go to work and that he and that he …………………….…………………….(need) to stay at home for a couple of days. (need) to stay at home for a couple of days.

4. Sebastian 4. Sebastian …………………………………………………………(arrive) at Susan's house a little before (arrive) at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but she 9:00 PM, but she ……………………..……………………..(be, not) there. She (be, not) there. She …………………….…………………….(study, at the library) for her final examination in French. (study, at the library) for her final examination in French.

5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, 5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she she ……………………..……………………..(watch, also) television. That's all she ever does! (watch, also) television. That's all she ever does!

6. A: I6. A: I…………………….……………………. (call) you last night after dinner, but you (call) you last night after dinner, but you ……………………..……………………..(be, not) there. Where were you? (be, not) there. Where were you? B: IB: I………………………………………………………… (work) out at the fitness center. (work) out at the fitness center.

7. When I 7. When I …………………………………………………………(walk) into the busy office, the secretary (walk) into the busy office, the secretary (talk) on the phone with a customer, several clerks (talk) on the phone with a customer, several clerks ……………………….……………………….(work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers …………………………..…………………………..(discuss, quietly) methods to improve customer service. (discuss, quietly) methods to improve customer service.

8. I 8. I ……………………….……………………….(watch) a mystery movie on TV when the (watch) a mystery movie on TV when the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the electricity went out. Now I am never going to find out how the moviemovie ends. ends.

9. Sharon 9. Sharon ……………..………………..…(be) in the room when John told me what (be) in the room when John told me what happened, but she didn't hear anything because she happened, but she didn't hear anything because she ……………………………………(listen, not) . (listen, not) .

10. It's strange that you 10. It's strange that you …………..…………………..………(call) because I (call) because I ………………….………………….(think, just) about you. (think, just) about you.

11. The Titanic 11. The Titanic ……..………………..…………(cross) the Atlantic when it (cross) the Atlantic when it …………………….…………………….(strike) an iceberg. (strike) an iceberg.

12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants 12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants ……………………………………(bargain, busily) and (bargain, busily) and …………………….…………………….(try) to sell (try) to sell their goods to naive tourists who their goods to naive tourists who …………………..……………………..…(hunt) for (hunt) for souvenirs. Some young boys souvenirs. Some young boys ………………………..………………………..(lead) their (lead) their donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men of men ……………………....……………………....(argue) over the price of a leather belt. (argue) over the price of a leather belt. I I ………………………………………………(walk) over to a man who (walk) over to a man who ……………………………………………………(sell) fruit and (buy) a banana. (sell) fruit and (buy) a banana.

Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela ……………………(call) ……………………(call) . She said she . She said she ………………………….………………………….(call) (call) me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she asked her if she ……………………..……………………..(wait) for class, but she (wait) for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she lecturing while she ………………………………………………(talk) to me. I couldn't (talk) to me. I couldn't believe shebelieve she…………………….……………………. (make) a phone call during the (make) a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on. lecture. I asked what was going on.

She said her biology professor was so boring that several She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students of the students ……………………………………………………(sleep, actually) in class. (sleep, actually) in class. Some of the students Some of the students ……………………..……………………..(talk) about their (talk) about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her plans for the weekend and the student next to her ………………………..………………………..(draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela (draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela ………………………..………………………..(tell) me she was not satisfied with the (tell) me she was not satisfied with the class, I class, I ……………….……………….(mention) that my biology professor was (mention) that my biology professor was quite good and quite good and ………………………..………………………..(suggest) that she switch (suggest) that she switch to my class. to my class.

While we were talking, I While we were talking, I …………….…………….(hear) her professor yell, (hear) her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I went dead. I ………………..………………..(hang) up the phone and went to (hang) up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I the kitchen to make dinner. As I ……………………………………(cut) (cut) vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It ……………………………..……………………………..(be) Angela, but this time she wasn't (be) Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.sitting in class.

Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous

I ‘ve been working all day…I ‘ve been working all day…

ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I have beenI have been fish fishinging Have I been fish Have I been fishinging ? I haven’t been fish ? I haven’t been fishing ing

You have been fishYou have been fishinging Have you been fish Have you been fishinging? You haven’t been ? You haven’t been fishfishinging

He has beenHe has been fish fishinging Has he been fish Has he been fishinging? He hasn’t been ? He hasn’t been fishingfishing

SheShe has been fishhas been fishinging Has she been fish Has she been fishinging? She hasn’t been fish? She hasn’t been fishinging

It has been fishIt has been fishinging Has it been fish Has it been fishinging? It hasn’t been fish? It hasn’t been fishinging

WeWe have beenhave been fishfishinging Have we been fish Have we been fishing?ing? We haven’t been fish We haven’t been fishinging

YouYou have beenhave been fishfishinging Have you been fish Have you been fishinging? You haven’t been fish? You haven’t been fishinging

They have been fishThey have been fishinging Have they been fish Have they been fishinging? They haven’t been fish? They haven’t been fishinging

Duration from the Past Until NowDuration from the Past Until Now

We use the We use the Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Perfect Continuous to show that to show that something started in the past and has continued up until something started in the past and has continued up until now. now. Attention: Attention: It is still happeningIt is still happening ."For five minutes," ."For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous.

Examples:Examples: They They have been talkinghave been talking for the last hour. (…and they for the last hour. (…and they

continue talking…)continue talking…) She She has been workinghas been working at that company for three years. at that company for three years.

(..she hasn’t left the company…) (..she hasn’t left the company…) What What havehave you you been doingbeen doing for the last 30 minutes? (…I for the last 30 minutes? (…I

see you doing it, right now…) see you doing it, right now…) James James has been teachinghas been teaching at the university since June. at the university since June. We We have been waiting have been waiting here for over two hours! here for over two hours! Why Why hashas Nancy Nancy not been takingnot been taking her medicine for the last her medicine for the last

three days? three days?

Recently, LatelyRecently, Lately

You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeksduration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the ." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "the words "lately" or "recently"lately" or "recently" to emphasize this to emphasize this meaning.meaning.

Examples:Examples: Recently,Recently, I I have been feelinghave been feeling really tired. really tired. She She has been watchinghas been watching too much television lately. too much television lately. HaveHave you you been exercisingbeen exercising lately lately? ? Mary Mary has been feelinghas been feeling a little depressed. a little depressed. Lisa Lisa has not been practicinghas not been practicing her English. her English. What What havehave you you been doingbeen doing? ?

ATTENTION, PLEASE…ATTENTION, PLEASE…

IMPORTANTIMPORTANT"Have you been feeling alright?""Have you been feeling alright?" ((itit suggestsuggestss that that

the person looks sick or unhealthythe person looks sick or unhealthy…)…)

""Have you been smoking?"Have you been smoking?" ((suggestsuggestss that you that you smell the smoke on the personsmell the smoke on the person…)…)

“ “Has it been raining?” (you can see the grass is Has it been raining?” (you can see the grass is wet…)wet…)

Using this tense in a question suggests Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, you can see, smell, hear or feel the smell, hear or feel the results of the actionresults of the action.. It is It is possible to insult someone by using this tense possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly. incorrectly.

PRESENT PERFECT VS. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT VS. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS 1.1.Judy: How long Judy: How long ………………..………………..(be) in Canada?(be) in Canada?

Claude: I Claude: I ……………………….……………………….(study) here for more than three (study) here for more than three years.years.

2. I 2. I ………………………..………………………..(have) the same car for more than ten (have) the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.

3. I 3. I …………………………..…………………………..(love) chocolate since I was a child. You (love) chocolate since I was a child. You might even call me a "chocoholic."might even call me a "chocoholic."

4. Matt and Sarah 4. Matt and Sarah …………………….…………………….(have) some difficulties in their (have) some difficulties in their relationship lately, so they relationship lately, so they ………………………………………………(go) to a marriage (go) to a marriage counselor. I hope they work everything out.counselor. I hope they work everything out.

5. John 5. John ……………………..……………………..(work) for the government since he (work) for the government since he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he graduated from Harvard University. Until recently, he ………………………..………………………..(enjoy) his work, but now he is talking about (enjoy) his work, but now he is talking about retiring.retiring.

6. Lately, I 6. Lately, I ……..……………………..………………(think) about changing my career (think) about changing my career because Ibecause I…………………………………………………… (become) dissatisfied with the (become) dissatisfied with the conditions at my company.conditions at my company.

7. I 7. I ……………………..……………………..(see) Judy for more than five years and (see) Judy for more than five years and during that time I have during that time I have ……………………………….……………………………….(see) many (see) many changes in her personality. changes in her personality.

Present Continuous / Present Perfect ContinuousPresent Continuous / Present Perfect Continuous1. 1. It It …………………………………………(rain) all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want (rain) all week. I hope it stops by Saturday because I want

to go to the beach. to go to the beach.

2. Sid: Where is Gary? 2. Sid: Where is Gary? Sarah: He Sarah: He ………………………………………………(study, at the library) for his German test on (study, at the library) for his German test on Wednesday. In fact, he Wednesday. In fact, he …………………………………………………………(review) for the test every (review) for the test every day for the last week. day for the last week.

3. You look really great! 3. You look really great! …………………………….…………………………….(You, exercise) at the fitness (You, exercise) at the fitness center ? center ?

4. Frank, where have you been? We 4. Frank, where have you been? We ……………………………..……………………………..(wait) for you (wait) for you since 1 PM. since 1 PM.

5. Tim: What is that sound? 5. Tim: What is that sound? Nancy: A car alarm Nancy: A car alarm …………………….…………………….(ring) somewhere down the street. It (ring) somewhere down the street. It …………………….…………………….(drive) me crazy - I wish it would stop! It (drive) me crazy - I wish it would stop! It …………………………….…………………………….(ring) for more than twenty minutes. (ring) for more than twenty minutes.

6. Joseph's English 6. Joseph's English …………………..…………………..(improve, really) , isn't it? (improve, really) , isn't it? HeHe………………………….…………………………. (watch) American television programs and (watch) American television programs and ……………………..……………………..(study) his grammar every day since he first arrived in (study) his grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent. San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.

7. Dan: You look a little tired. 7. Dan: You look a little tired. ………………………………….………………………………….(You, get) enough (You, get) enough sleep lately? sleep lately? Michelle: Yes, I Michelle: Yes, I …………………………….…………………………….(sleep) relatively well. I just look tired (sleep) relatively well. I just look tired because I because I …………………………………………………………(feel) a little sick for the last week. (feel) a little sick for the last week. Dan: I hope you feel better soon. Dan: I hope you feel better soon. Michelle: Thanks. I Michelle: Thanks. I …………………………………………………………………………(take, currently) some (take, currently) some medicine, so I should feel better in a couple of days. medicine, so I should feel better in a couple of days.

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I had just been looking…I had just been looking…

ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I had beenI had been fish fishinging Had I been fish Had I been fishinging ? I hadn’t been fish ? I hadn’t been fishing ing

You had been fishYou had been fishinging Had you been fish Had you been fishinging? You hadn’t been ? You hadn’t been fishfishinging

He had beenHe had been fish fishinging Had he been fish Had he been fishinging? He hadn’t been ? He hadn’t been fishingfishing

SheShe had been fishhad been fishinging Had she been fish Had she been fishinging? She hadn’t been fish? She hadn’t been fishinging

It had been fishIt had been fishinging Had it been fish Had it been fishinging? It hadn’t been fish? It hadn’t been fishinging

WeWe had beenhad been fishfishinging Had we been fish Had we been fishing?ing? We hadn’t been fish We hadn’t been fishinging

YouYou had beenhad been fishfishinging Had you been fish Had you been fishinging? You hadn’t been fish? You hadn’t been fishinging

They had been fishThey had been fishinging Had they been fish Had they been fishinging? They hadn’t been fish? They hadn’t been fishinging

Duration Before Something in the PastDuration Before Something in the Past

We use the We use the Past Perfect ContinuousPast Perfect Continuous to show that something started to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks“five minutes" and "for two weeks“

Notice that this is related to the Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; ; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past.something else in the past.

Examples:Examples: They They had been talkinghad been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. for over an hour before Tony arrived. She She had been workinghad been working at that company for three years when it at that company for three years when it

went out of business. went out of business. How long How long hadhad you you been waitingbeen waiting to get on the bus? to get on the bus? Mike wanted to sit down because he Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standinghad been standing all day all day

at work. at work. James James had been teachinghad been teaching at the university for more than a year at the university for more than a year

before he left for Asia. before he left for Asia. A: How long A: How long hadhad you you been studyingbeen studying Turkish before you moved Turkish before you moved

to Ankara?to Ankara?B: I B: I had not been studyinghad not been studying Turkish very long. Turkish very long.

Cause of Something in the PastCause of Something in the Past

Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show action in the past is a good way to show cause cause and effect.and effect.

Examples:Examples: Jason Jason was tiredwas tired because he because he had been jogginghad been jogging. . Sam Sam gained weightgained weight because he because he had been had been

overeatingovereating. . Betty Betty failed the final testfailed the final test because she because she had not had not

been attendingbeen attending class. class.

Past PerfectPast Perfect

I had been there before I had been there before you did… you did…

ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΚΑΤΑΦΑΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΕΡΩΤΗΣΗ ΑΡΝΗΣΗΑΡΝΗΣΗ

I had startI had started ed Had I start Had I starteded? I hadn't start ed? I hadn't start ed

You had startYou had starteded Had you start Had you starteded? You hadn't started? You hadn't started

He had startHe had starteded HadHad he starthe starteded? He ? He hadn’thadn’t staredstared

She had startShe had starteded. . Had Had she started? She she started? She hadn’t hadn’t started started

It ha startIt ha starteded Had Had it started? It it started? It hadn’thadn’t started started

We had startWe had starteded Had we started? We hadn't started Had we started? We hadn't started

You had startYou had starteded Had you started? You hadn't Had you started? You hadn't startedstarted

They had startThey had starteded. Had they started? They hadn't. Had they started? They hadn't started started

Completed Action Before Something in the Completed Action Before Something in the PastPast

The The Past PerfectPast Perfect expresses the idea that expresses the idea that something occurred something occurred before another action in the pastbefore another action in the past. It can also show that . It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:Examples: I I hadhad never never seenseen such a beautiful beach before I such a beautiful beach before I wentwent to Kauai. to Kauai. I I did not havedid not have any money because I any money because I had losthad lost my wallet. my wallet. Tony Tony knewknew Istanbul so well because he Istanbul so well because he had visitedhad visited the city the city

several times. several times. HadHad Susan ever Susan ever studiedstudied Thai before Thai before she movedshe moved to Thailand? to Thailand? She only She only understoodunderstood the movie because she the movie because she had readhad read the book. the book. Kristine Kristine hadhad never never beenbeen to an opera before last night. to an opera before last night. We We were not ablewere not able to get a hotel room because we to get a hotel room because we had not had not

bookedbooked in advance. in advance. A: A: HadHad you ever you ever visitedvisited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? the U.S. before your trip in 2006?

B: Yes, I B: Yes, I had beenhad been to the U.S. once before. to the U.S. once before.

Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)Continuous Verbs)

We use the Past Perfect to show that something We use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.action in the past.

Examples:Examples: We We had hadhad had that car for ten years before it that car for ten years before it broke broke

downdown. . By the time Alex By the time Alex finishedfinished his studies, he his studies, he had had

beenbeen in London for over eight years. in London for over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because They felt bad about selling the house because

they they had ownedhad owned it for more than forty years. it for more than forty years.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past PerfectPerfect

Unlike with the Unlike with the Present Perfect, , it is possible it is possible to use specific time words or phrasesto use specific time words or phrases with with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.it is usually not necessary.

Example:Example: She She had visitedhad visited her Japanese relatives her Japanese relatives

once in 1993 before she moved in with once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. them in 1996.

HOWEVEHOWEVER…R…

Here Past Perfect is referring to a Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience lack of experience rather than an action at a specific timerather than an action at a specific time. . For this For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:Examples: She never She never sawsaw a bear before she moved to a bear before she moved to

Alaska. Alaska. ((Not CorrectNot Correct - - is not referring to an action at a is not referring to an action at a specific time)specific time)

She She hadhad never never seenseen a bear before she moved to a bear before she moved to Alaska. Alaska. CorrectCorrect

Simple Past / Present Perfect / Past PerfectSimple Past / Present Perfect / Past Perfect

1. When I 1. When I ………………….………………….(arrive) home last night, I discovered (arrive) home last night, I discovered that Janethat Jane……………………………………………… (prepare) a beautiful candlelight (prepare) a beautiful candlelight dinner. dinner.

2. Since I began acting, I 2. Since I began acting, I ………………….………………….(perform) in two (perform) in two plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I plays, a television commercial and a TV drama. However, I ……………………………..……………………………..(speak, never even) publicly before I (speak, never even) publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985. came to Hollywood in 1985.

3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting 3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting ………………………..………………………..(begin, already) without me. My boss (begin, already) without me. My boss ……………………………………………..……………………………………………..(be) furious with me and (be) furious with me and I (be) fired.I (be) fired.

4. When I 4. When I ………………..………………..(turn) the radio on yesterday, I (turn) the radio on yesterday, I …………………….…………………….(hear) a song that was popular when I was (hear) a song that was popular when I was in high school. I in high school. I ……………………..……………………..(hear, not) the song in (hear, not) the song in years, and it years, and it ……………………………………………………(bring) back some great (bring) back some great memories. memories.

5. 5. Last week, I Last week, I ………………………..………………………..(run) into an ex-girlfriend of (run) into an ex-girlfriend of mine. Wemine. We………………………………..……………………………….. (see, not) each other in (see, not) each other in years, and both of us years, and both of us ……………………..……………………..(change) a great (change) a great deal. I deal. I …………………….…………………….(enjoy) talking to her so much that I (enjoy) talking to her so much that I ………………………………………………(ask) her out on a date. We are getting (ask) her out on a date. We are getting together tonight for dinner. together tonight for dinner.

6. 6. When Jack When Jack ……………………..……………………..(enter) the room, I (enter) the room, I ……………………….……………………….(recognize, not) him because he (recognize, not) him because he ……………………..……………………..(lose) so much weight and (lose) so much weight and …………………………..…………………………..(grow) a beard. He looked totally (grow) a beard. He looked totally different! different!

7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the 7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their jungles of the Yucatan; however, their cultureculture…………………………..………………………….. (disappear, virtually) by the (disappear, virtually) by the time Europeans first time Europeans first …………………………………………………………………………(arrive) in (arrive) in the New World. the New World.

8. I (visit) so many beautiful places since I (come) to Utah. 8. I (visit) so many beautiful places since I (come) to Utah. Before moving here, I (hear, never) of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Before moving here, I (hear, never) of Bryce Canyon, Zion, Arches, or Canyonlands. Arches, or Canyonlands.

Cumulative Verb Tense ReviewCumulative Verb Tense Review

1. 1. You look really great! You look really great! ……………………………………………………(you, (you, work) out at the fitness center recently? work) out at the fitness center recently?

2. A: What 2. A: What ……………………………………………………(you, do) when the (you, do) when the accident occurred? accident occurred? B: I B: I ………………………………………………(try) to change a light bulb (try) to change a light bulb that had burnt out. that had burnt out.

3. I 3. I ……………………….……………………….(have) the same car for more (have) the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one. than ten years. I'm thinking about buying a new one.

4. If it 4. If it ………………………………(snow) this weekend, we (snow) this weekend, we ……………….……………….(go) skiing near Lake Tahoe. (go) skiing near Lake Tahoe.

5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries? 5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries? B: They B: They …………………………………………………………(call) librarians. (call) librarians.

6. 6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I ……………………….……………………….(study) for nine months and I (study) for nine months and I …………………………..…………………………..(be) in England for exactly one year. (be) in England for exactly one year.

7. Sam 7. Sam …………………………………………(arrive) in San Diego a week ago. (arrive) in San Diego a week ago.

8. Samantha 8. Samantha ………………..………………..(live) in Berlin for more than two (live) in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she years. In fact, she …………………………..…………………………..(live) there when (live) there when the Berlin wall came down. the Berlin wall came down.

9. If Vera 9. If Vera …………………………………………(keep) drinking, she (keep) drinking, she ……………………………………………………(lose, eventually) her job. (lose, eventually) her job.

10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the 10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture ………………………..………………………..(disappear, virtually) by the time (disappear, virtually) by the time Europeans first Europeans first …………………………………………………..…………………………………………………..(arrive) in the New World. (arrive) in the New World.