sistem pernafasan praktikum iv 2003
TRANSCRIPT
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PRAKTIKUM IV (Part One)SISTEM PERNAFASAN
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TUJUAN1. Mahasiswa dapat menggunakan mikroskop untuk
mengamati preparat awetan.2. Mengenal dan memahami jaringan organ yg
berhubungan dengan pernafasan serta karakteristiknya.
ALAT1. Mikroskop2. Preparat awetan sel-sel organ pernafasan
BAHAN1. Paru-paru2. Trakea
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Fungsi Sistem Respirasi
• Pertukaran gas• Mengatur pH darah.• Tempat /rumah reseptor-reseptor penciuman• Menyaring udara• Menghasilkan suara (vocal sound)• Mengekskresikan air dan panas dalam jumlah
kecil.
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ANATOMI SISTEM PERNAFASANU
pper
Res
pira
tory
Tra
ctLow
er Respiratory Tract• Hidung• Faring• Laring• Trakea• Bronkus• Paru-paru
ORGAN
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RESPIRASI
Tiga Step Dasar Respirasi1. Ventilasi pulmonari (bernafas) inhalasi dan
ekshalasi udara dan melibatkan pertukaran udara antara atmosfer dan alveoli paru-paru.
2. Respirasi eksternal pertukaran gas antara alveoli dan darah di dalam kapiler paru-paru melewati membran respiratori.
3. Respirasi internal pertukaran gas antar darah di dalam kapiler sistemik dan sel jaringan.
Proses pertukaran gas dalam tubuh
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Oto
t Res
pira
si d
an A
ksin
ya
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Pres
sure
Cha
nges
in P
ulm
onar
y Ve
ntila
tion
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Sum
mar
y In
hala
tion
and
Exha
latio
n
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Exch
ange
of O
xyge
n an
d Ca
rbon
Dio
xide
Kecepatan Pertukaran Gas (Pulmonary & Systemic) dipengaruhi oleh :
•Perbedaan tekanan parsial antar gas
•Luas permukaan area pertukaran gas
•Jarak difusi
•Berat molekul tingkat kelarutan gas
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Tran
spor
t of O
xyge
n an
d Ca
rbon
Dio
xide
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Area Pengatur RespirasiMedullary Rhytmicity Area• Letak : medula oblongata• Fungsi : mengontrol ritme dasar respirasi• Tersusun atas dua area yi : area inspiratori dan area ekspiratoriPneumotaxic Area • Letak : pons bagian atas• Fungsi : membantu koordinasi transisi antara inhalasi dan ekshalasi• Mekanisme kerja : mengirimkan impuls inhibitori ke area inspiratori
mematikan area inspirastori dan memperpendek durasi inhalasiApneustic Area • Letak : pons bagian bawah• Fungsi : membantu koordinasi transisi antara inhalasi dan ekshalasi• Mekanisme kerja : mengirimkan impuls stimulatori ke area
inspiratori aktivasi area inspiratori dan memperpanjang inhalasi
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Kemoreseptor Regulator
a. Kemoreseptor Sentral (sistem saraf pusat) • Letak : medulla oblongata• Fungsi : monitor kimiawi cairan serebrospinal b. Kemoreseptor Perifer (sistem saraf perifer) • Letak : aortic bodies (di dalam dinding arkus
aorta) dan carotid bodies (di dalam dinding arteri karotid)
• Fungsi : monitor kimiawi darah
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Volume & Kapasitas RespirasiVolume Respirasi• Volume Tidal (VT): volume udara yang masuk atau keluar
paru selama satu kali bernafas. Nilai rata-rata pada keadaan istirahat = 500ml
• Volume Cadangan Inspirasi (Inspiratory Reserve Volume/ VCI) : volume tambahan yang dapat secara maksimal dihirup melebihi volume tidal istirahat. Nilai rata-ratanya = 3000ml.
• Volume Cadangan Ekspirasi (Expiratory Reserve Volume/ VCE) : volume tambahan udara yang dapat secara aktif dikeluarkan oleh kontraksi maksimum melebihi udara yang dikeluarkan secara pasif pada akhir VT normal. Nilai rata-ratanya = 1000ml.
• Volume Residual : volume minimum udara yang tersisa di paru bahkan setelah ekspirasi maksimum. Nilai rata-ratanya = 1200ml. Volume ini tidak dapat diukur langsung dengan spirometer karena udara ini tidak keluar masuk.
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Volume & Kapasitas RespirasiKapasitas Respirasi• Kapasitas Inspirasi (KI) : volume udara yang dapat
dihirup pada akhir ekspirasi normal tenang (KI = VCI + VT). Nilai rata-ratanya = 3500ml.
• Kapasitas Residual Fungsional (KRF) : volume udara di paru pada akhir ekspirasi pasir normal (KRF = VCE + VR). Nilai rata-ratanya = 2200ml.
• Kapasitas Vital (KV) : volume maksimal udara yang dapat dikeluarkan selama satu kali bernafas setelah inspirasi maksimum (KV = VCI + VT + VCE). Nilai rata-ratanya = 4500ml.
• Kapasitas Paru Total (KPT) : volume udara maksimum yang dapat ditampung oleh paru (KPT = KV + VR). Nilai rata-ratanya = 5700ml.
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Spirometer (Respirometer) : alat untuk mengukur jumlah udara yg dihirup dan dihembuskan. Alat ini terdiri dari sebuah tong berisi udara yg terapung pd sebuah wadah yg berisi air. Sewaktu seseorang menghirup dan menghembuskan udara keluar-masuk tong melalui sebuah selang penghubung, tong akan naik dan turun yg kmdian dicatat sbg suatu spirogram. Pencatatan tsb dikalibrasi ke besarnya perubahan volume.
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Peak Flow Meter
• Peak flow meter adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur volume udara yang dihembuskan.
• Alat ini sebaiknya digunakan setiap hari untuk memonitor asma anda.
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Cara Menggunakan Peak Flow Meter
1. Geser marker hingga skala bagian bawah.2. Berdiri tegak dg kepala menghadap ke depan, dan
mengambil nafas dalam-dalam. 3. Pasanglah bagian depan alat (mouthpiece) ke dalam mulut
(di antara gigi atas dan bawah). Jangan sampai lidah anda berada di dalam lubang alat atau jangan sampai lidah menghalangi pengeluaran udara dr dalam mulut.
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4. Tiuplah udara sekeras dan secepat mungkin ke dalam alat. Tujuan dr langkah ini adalah agar udara yg ditiupkan dapat menggerakkan marker sejauh mungkin.
5. Ulangi langkah 1 – 3 bebrapa kali. Jangan mencatat hasil jika anda batuk atau melakukan kesalahan.
6. Catatlah tiga hasil tertinggi .
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Peak Flow Chart
To find your peak flow, move right along the bottom axis until you get to the point corresponding to your age, and then vertically up until you hit the red curve that corresponds to your height, and then where these intersect, go horizontally left and read the peak flow value of the vertical axis.
Mis : Usia 58 th, TB 154cm peak flow = 430 L/menit
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HISTOLOGI
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Epitel Respirasi
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Dinding Bronkus
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Bronkus Besar
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Bronkiolus
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Cabang-Cabang Bronkiolus
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Alve
olus
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Trakea
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Trakea Potongan Memanjang
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