sld chuong than kinh
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Sinh l h
thn kinh
Chng
Bi ging
Sinh l Ngi v ng vt
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Tt c cc hot ng trong c th sinh vt phn
ln u c iu phi bi cc t bo c chuynha ca h thn kinh.Trong tt c cc sinh vt t n gin n phc
tp, h thn kinh u c bn chc nng c bn:
1. Pht hin kch thch
2. Lan truyn kch kch
3. Tng hp v phn tch cc thng tin thu c
4. p ng
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I. H THN KINH1. T chc v tin ha ca h thn kinh
T bo thn kinh (neuron - nron) l n v chc nngca h thn kinh. Chng c chuyn ha cho vic truyn cctn hiu t mt phn ny n mt phn khc ca c th
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C ba loi t bo thn kinh chnh:
+ T bo thn kinh cm gic (sensory neuron)dntruyn cc thng tin v mi trng ngoi v trong t cc thquan v trung ng thn kinh.
+ T bo thn kinh trung gian (interneuron), hay cn gil t bo thn kinh lin hp, nm trong trung ng thn kinh.
+ T bo thn kinh vn ng (motor neuron)dn truyncc xung thn kinh t trung ng thn kinh n cc c quanhiu ng
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Hli thn kinh
A. Thy tc B. Sa
Tin ha ca h thn kinh
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T chc thn kinh giun t
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Xu hng tin ha t li thn kinh n hthn kinh trung ng c th c tm tt nh
sau:
1. S pht trin ca mt chui thn kinh (nerve cord): tmt li t bo thn kinh pht trin thnh mt b tp trung
ca cc t bo thn kinh.
2. S chuyn ha ca cc chui thn kinh cho s dntruyn thng tin.
3. S pht trin v gia tng s lng ca cc t bo thnkinh trung gian.
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4. S tin ha ca no, do s gia tng trong vic tp
trung cc t bo trung gian c chc nng iu phi phn u ca ng vt.
5. V tr ca h thn kinh c tp trung cng su
trong c th th cng c bo v nhiu hn.
6. S tin ha ca cc con ng dn truyn thn kinhcm gic, trung gian v vn ng.
7. S tin ha ca cc th quan chuyn bit.
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2. Xung thn kinh v s dntruyn xung
Mt xung in xut hin trong t bonh th no? Bng cch no dng ion i quamng c bin i thnh mt tn hiu dichuyn dc theo t bo thn kinh ?
=>Khi mt t bo trngthi ngh, chng b phn cc. C
mt s chnh lch v in tchgia bn trong v bn ngoi mngt bo. S chnh lch ny gi lin th mng (cn gi l in thngh).
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in th ngh ca mng nron trng thi ngh, mt trong v ngoi mng n
ron c s phn b 3 ion Na+, K+ v Cl- khc nhau(mmol/L):
Do s phn b khc bit m mt trong mngnron c in th thp hn mt ngoi 70mV v c
gi l in th ngh (-70mV).
Trong Ngoi
Na+ 15 150K+ 150 5,5
Cl- 9 125
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S lan truyn xung
trn t bo thn kinh
Yu t c nh hng n tc lan truyn ca in th ng+ ng knh ca si trc: ng knh si trc cngln, tc lan truyn cng nhanh.
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Trong t bo thn kinh, p ng ch xy ra khi cng kch thch t n mt mc nht nh, gi l in thngng(threshold potential). Khi kch thch t n ngng,mt loi p ng khc gi l in th ng c to ra
inthng
1. Giai onngh
2. Giai onkhphn cc
3. Giai on occ (in
thng)4. Giai on ti phn cc
5. Giai ontngphn cc
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+ Lp v myelin. Cc knh ion ng m ch tp trungti cc eo Ranvier v s di chuyn ca cc ion qua mng si
trc ch xy ra cc eo ny, do in th ng c lantruyn theo kiu nhy t eo ny n eo k tip=> s lan truynnhy vt
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S lan truyn xung trn tbo thn kinh
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Synapse l ni tip xc gia 2 nron vi nhau hoc gian ron vi t bo c quan m n ron chi phi.
V mt cu trc, synapse c chia lm 2 loi :- Synapse thn kinh - thn kinh : ch ni gia 2 n ron
vi nhau- Synapse thn kinh - c quan:ch ni gia n ron vi
t bo c quanV mt c ch dn truyn, xy np cng c chia lm 2 loi:- Synapse in: dn truyn bng c ch in hc- Synapse ha: dn truyn bng c ch ho hc thng
qua cht trung gian ha hc.
S lan truyn xungng qua synapse
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S lan truyn xungng qua synapse
synapese
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A.Synapse ca mt t bo thn kinh vn ng
B. Cc thnh phn ca synapse
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C ch dn truyn qua synapse
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Cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh dntruyn qua synapse
-Chm synapse :Tc dn truyn trong si trc (50-100m/s) : c
ch in hcTc dn truyn qua synapse (khong 5-10 m/s)
: c ch ha hc
- Mi synapse : l hin tngkkhi n ron b kch thch
lin tc nhng s dn truyn qua synapse s b ngngli => cht trung gian ha hc c gii phng htkhng tng hp li kp
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Mt cung phn x gm c 5 b phn:1.B phn nhn cm.2.ng truyn v.3.Thn kinh trung ng.4. ng truyn ra.5.C quan p ng.
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Cc con ng thn kinh dinh dng: cung phn x
Hnh 8. Mt cung phn xn gin
1. 12 cp dy thn kinh s no
2. 31 cp dy thn kinh ty sng
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c im ca cung phn x
1. Mi cung phn x ch c mt t bo thn kinh cm gicmang thng tin v cm gic t cc th quan v ty sng.
2. Thn ca t bo thn kinh cm gic lun lun nm pha
ngoi ty sng, trong cc hch r lng.
3. Si trc ca t bo thn kinh cm gic lun lun i voty sng trong khi si trc ca t bo thn kinh vn ng lun
lun i ra khi ty sng.
4. Ch c mt t bo thn kinh vn ng mang thng tin tty sng n c quan hiu ng.
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H thn kinh t ng
Tc ng ca h giao cm v giao cm trn cc c quan ch
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NO B
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NO B
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HAI BN CU NOBn cu no tri Bn cu no phi
+ Kim sot naphicth.+ Chuyn trch cc cng vici
hinnglcv ngn tnhk
nng ni, k nng c, t duy
v lplun.
+ Xem xt thng tin theo chui,
mi lc mtmng thng tin.
+ Kim sot na tri cth.+ Ch huy cc nng lc chuyn
bit trong cc lnhvc phi ngn
ng nh hiu bit v khng
gian, nhnbit c cc hnh
dng v hnh v, m nhc, v
dintcm xc.
+ X l thng tin mt cch ton
din, coi thng tin nh mt
tngth.
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TIU NO ngay bn trn hnhtu v pha sau cuno, nng khong150g v c chc nng
quan trng: kimsot v iu chnh,phi hp vn ng,gm c vn ng tu (pht m) v khng
tu .
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CU TO LI
Cu to li tridi t hnh tuxuyn sut ti cuno.
C nhim v nhthc v pht ngton b c thnhng cng phn
ng lm du kchthch t mi trngbn ngoi trong khita ng.
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H LIMBIC+ Cc cu trc ca hlimbic ng kim sot mts chc nng khc nhaulin quan n s sinh tnnh n, gy hn v s sinhsn. N cng iu chnhcm xc, nhng c gngmnh m ca vic duy trni ging v ham mun tnhdc.
+ Bn phn quan trng nhtca h limbic l hch hnhnhn, i hi m, vng iv vng di i
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35Hch hnh nhn (amygdala) nm tm no, l ni x l cm xc no b
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I HI Mihi m l bx lthng tin cbn. N kthp cc thng tin mivi cc thng tin lutrong b no, ng thi
lu tr mt vi kiu kc. i hi m hotng nh b phn linlcgiac th v phncn licab no, nh
hng ti s pht trinv gii tnh.
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VNG I
Nm ngay chnh giatu trung ng, c vai trnh mt i tip sngnhm tip nhn cc tnhiu lin quan n ccthng tin v cm gic.
i no cng tip hpcc thng tin t cc phn
h cao hn ny, ri snglc chng gi chngtip ln tiu no v hnhtu.
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Thu trn (frontal lobe)nm vng trung tmphn trc ca v no, lpchng trnh cho mi hot
ng ca no. Thu nh (parietal lobe)
nm vng pha sau ccthu trn, iu khin chcnng vn ng v cm
gic. Thu thi dng
(temporal lobe) c tmthy vng trung tmphn di ca no b,
iu khin chc nng thnhgic. Thu chm (occipital lobe)
nm vng pha sau ccthu thi dng, iu khinchc nng th gic.
C ba vng chnh:
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C ba vng chnh:
+ Vng vn ng (motor area) nm thu trn.Vng v no ny chu nhiu trch nhim trong vnng ch ca cc b phn c bit trong c th.Mi phn trong vng vn ng tng ng vi mt vtr c bit trn c th.
+ Vng cm gic (sensory area) gm ba khu vc:mt khu vc ch yu tng ng vi xc gic, mtvi th gic, v khu vc th ba lin quan n thnhgic.
+ Vng iu phi(association area) thng cxem l c a ca cc tin trnh tr tu cp cao hnnh t duy, ngn ng, k c, v vn ngn.
B no
II H TH CM
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Phn loi cc c quan cm gic
II. H TH CM
Phn loi theo v tr cu to
- Cc th quan bn trong l cc t bo th cm nm ticc c quan, bn trong c th tip nhn kch thch ca ni
mi, nh c quan nhn cm p lc trong h tun hon (xoangng mch cnh, xoang ng mch c) trong bng quang
- Cc th quan ngoi hay, cn gi l gic quan: th gic,khu gic, xc gic, v gic, thnh gic.
- Cc t th quan hay th quan bn th. Cc th quan
ny nm phn u gn, c bm xng, cc khp.
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Theo bn cht kch thch:
- Cc th quan ho hc nh khu gic, v gic gichung l chemoreceptor.
- Cc th quan l hc nh th quan c hc, nhit, mthanh, nh sng.
- Cc t th quan.
Theo cch thc thu nhn kch thch
- Cc th quan trc tip nh v gic, xc gic
- Cc th quan gin tip nh th gic, thnh gic
Cc th quan da v ni quan
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Cc th quan da v ni quan
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Cu to v chc nng chung ca da
- Tiu th Meisner thu nhn kch thch ma st
- Tiu th Pacinian thu nhn p lc
- Tiu th Krause thu nhn kch thch nhit lnh
- Tiu th Ruffni thu nhn nhit nng
- Cc mt thn kinh thu nhn cc kch thch au.
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Cc dng xc gic
- Cm gic th s ma st, chng phn b trn dav mt s nim mc ming, hc mi mt caonht mi, ngn tay.
- Cm gic th s p lc phn b lp su cada, gn, dy chng, phc mc, mc treo rut bntrong c th.
- Cm gic tinh vi l loi cm gic nng c thc, nh n m phn bit kch thch tinh t nh lnbit ch ni, hng chuyn ng trn da
C d i
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Cc dng xc gic Cm gic nhit
Cm gic au
Cm gic ni tng
+ Cm gic c hc+ Cm gic nhit
+ Cm gic ho hc+ Cm gic au ni tng
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A. Cc vng nhn cm vgic trn li
B. Cu trc ca mt chi v gic
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C quan cm gic khu gic
C quan cm gic khu gic phn b khoang mitrn, gm nhng t bo khu gic nm lp thng b camng nhy.
Cc si trc ca cc t bo tp trung thnh i dy thnkinh no s I (dy khu gic: nucleus olfactorius) xuyn qual sng m v hnh khu ri no khu di i no. ng
vt bc cao c quan khu gic pht trin khng u: Chim,linh trng km pht trin, nhng mo, ch chut phttrin rt tt.
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52Hnh 13. S lt ct ngang mt ngi
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H thng quang hc ca mtS khc x nh sng
nh sng trc khi n vng mc c khc xqua ba mi trng, l gic mc v thu dch, thutinh th, thu tinh dch tp trung vo im vng,
lm nh ca vt thu nh v c chiu ngc li.Tr s khc x c o bng n v dioptrie (D).Mt dioptrie l tr s khc x ca mt thu knh c
tiu c 100cm.V d mt ngi tiu c l 15mm nn c tr s khc
x l 59D khi nhn xa v 70,5D khi nhn gn.
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Cc qu trnh quang hoQuang ho l cc phn ng bin i sc t cm
quang rodopsin t bo gy v isodopsin t bonn.
S tng hp rodopsin cn c vitamin A, v xy
ra trong ti. Rodopsin l do sc t retinen (c hnhthnh t vitamin A) kt hp vi protein opsin.Mi ln chiu sng ch c mt t rodopsin b
phn hu ch khng phi tt c. Isodopsin t bonn cng gn ging rodopsin, ch khc l opsin cann khc ca gy.
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T chc ca vng mc
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a. Cu trc ca tai ngi
Tai ngi c chia lm ba phn: tai ngoi, tai gia v taitrong. Tai ngoi gm c vnh tai v ng tai. Phn cui phatrong ca ng tai l mng nh
Sau mng nh l mt bung ca tai gia. Khng kh trongbung ny thng c cng p sut vi kh bn ngoi. Tai giac ni vi hu qua ng Eustach.
3 xng l xng e, xng ba v xng bn p nmtrong bung tai gia t mng nh n mng ca ca s bu dc.Nhng xng ny khuch i sng m
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c tai (cochlea), chnh l c quan thnh gic. Bn trong c
tai c 3 ng nh: ng tin nh t u t ca s bu dc; ngmng nh bt u t ca s trn v ng c tai nm gia hai ngtrn. C ba ng u cha y cht dch
C quan nhn cm ca c tai gi l c quan Corti bao gm
mt lp biu m, trn c cc t bo th quan c bit (trnu ca chng c cc b lng cm gic).
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Thnh gic
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g