slphysicalandbio 2bot - telgr.ml · 2 mq;fpfis ghfglj;jtjd; kf;fpaj;jtk; 1. mq;fpfisg; gw;wp fw;gij...
TRANSCRIPT
1
1. mq;fpfspd; ghFghL
nghJ ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mq;fpfis ntt;NtW $l;lq;fshf xOq;FgLj;jy; ghFghL vdg;gLk;.
ghFghl;L Kiwfs; gpujhd 2 Kiwfs; cz;L
1. ,aw;if Kiw ghFghL 2. nraw;if Kiw ghFghL
,aw;if Kiw ghFghL nraw;if Kiw ghFghL 1. mq;fpfspd; $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtw;iw $l;lq;fshf tFj;jy; 2. ftdkhd Nehf;fpy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gy ,ay;Gfis / gpukhzq;fis / epajpfis xNu Neuj;jpy; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk;
(a) cUttpay; (b) clyikg;gpay; (c) Fopatpay; (d) %yf;$w;W capupay;
3. $u;g;Gf; fw;ifapd; gpd;du; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. 4. gad;dLj;JtJk; NkYk; GJf; $l;lq;fis ,izg;gJk; rw;W rpukk; 5. mq;fpfspd; fztuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cz;ikahd ,aw;if ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 6. fpl;ba ,zf;fk; fhl;Lk; mq;fpfs; xd;whfTk; ,zf;fk; fhl;lhjit NtwhfTk; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; tFf;fg;gLk;. 7. vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; gpujhd $l;lq;fshf mbg;gilahf ghFgLj;Jtjw;F rpwe;j Kiw eg: 1. etPd %yf;$w;W capupay; mbg;gilapy;
DNA my;yJ RNA xOq;F ad;gLj;jg;gl;L vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; %d;W Ngupuhr;rpaq;fshfTk; MW ,uhr;rpaq;fshfTk; tFj;jy;
2. jhtuq;fs; Bryophyta, Lycophyta,
Pterophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta vdg; gpupf;fg;gly;.
3. Arthropoda tpyq;Ffs; Crustacea,
Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Arachnida vdg; gpupf;fg;gly;.
Kd;dNu njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU rpy xj;j ,ay;Gfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk;. trjpg;gb njupT nra;ag;gLk; vspa xU rpy gpukhzq;fis khj;jpuk; jdpj;jdpahff; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk;.
(a) jhdpa jhtuq;fs; (b) moq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; (c) %ypifj; jhtuq;fs; (d) er;Rj; jhtuq;fs;
18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;du; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. gad;dLj;JtJk; NkYk; GJf; $l;lq;fis ,izg;gJk; ,yF mq;fpfspd; $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ,aw;if ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ mt;thW jpWj;jkhf tFf;fg;gLtjpy;iy xU mq;fpf; $l;lj;ij vspa Kiwapy; ghFgLj;Jtjw;F rpwe;j Kiw eg: 1. ,ypNda]; jhtuq;fis G+tpd; Nfruq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifapy; ghFgLj;jy;
2. tpyq;Ffis mtw;wpd; fhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ghFgLj;jy;.
(a) ,U fhYs;s (b) ehd;F fhYs;s (c) MW fhYs;s (d) vl;Lf; fhYs;s
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
2
mq;fpfis ghFgLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. mq;fpfisg; gw;wp fw;gij ,yFthf;fp mq;fpfSf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis epidtpy; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.
2. mq;fpfSf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs; gw;wp vjpu;T$Wk; Mw;wiy kpjg;gLj;Jk;. 3. mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd $u;g;Gj; njhlh;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (,aw;if Kiw ghFghL) 4. GJ mq;fpnahd;iw fz;L gpbf;Fk; NghJ mij ,yFthf milasq;fz;L nfhs;s cjTk;. 5. xU ,dj;ij milahsk; fz;L mjid tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy; jdpj;Jtkgfg; ngaupLjypy; cjTk;.
ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpfs;
ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW capupayhsu;fshy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl mq;fpfspd; ghFghl;L KiwfshFk; Muk;gj;jpy; Njhd;wpa mNef ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; nraw;ifj; njhFg;Gfshf mike;jd. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,aw;if Kiw mwpKfkhfp ,aw;if njhFjpfs; Njhd;wpd. nraw;ifj; njhFg;Gfspy; ,zf;fq;fhl;lhj mq;fpfs; gy xd;whff; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,aw;if
njhFjpfspy; mit gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Aristotle
Kjd; Kjyhf> mq;fpfis tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; ghFgLj;jpatuhtu;. ,tu; $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shky; mq;fpfisf; $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;. ,tu;; vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; ,uz;L $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;..
1. Planate 2. Animalia
,tuJ ghFghl;Lg;gpupTfs; ahTk; nraw;ifj; njhFg;GfshFk;. mit $u;g;Gj; njhlu;gbg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gltpy;iy. tpyq;Ffis mtu; NkYk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Kiw, ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw , mbg;gilapYk;> nrq;FUjp ,Uj;jy; ,y;yhik mbg;gilapYk; cg tiffshfg; gpupj;jhu;;. ,tuJ njhFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l Fiwg;ghLfs;
a) mit nraw;if $l;lq;fshf ,Uj;jy; b) $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy c) Ez;zq;fpfSf;F xU $l;lk; toq;fg;glhik
Theophrastus
mup];Nlhly; ,dJ khztu; xUtuhtu;. ,tu; jhtuq;fis NkYk; ghFgLj;jpdhu;. Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis 3 $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.
1. G+z;Lfs; 2. nrbfs; 3. kuq;fs; / tpUl;rk;
MA+l;fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis 3 $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.
1. Mz;Lf;Fupait − gaW> ney; 2. <uhz;Lj; jhtuk; − gPw;W > Nfhth 3. gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuk; − kh> njd;id
,itahTk; nraw;iff; $l;lq;fshFk;. Carolus Linnaeus (1753)
Kjd; Kjyhfg; ghFg;ghl;Lg;gpupTfspd; Ml;rp epiu xOq;F xd;iw mjhtJ ghFghl;L kl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpatuhtu;.
,tuJ ghFg;ghl;Lg;gpupTfSk; mtw;wpd; Ml;rp epiu xOq;Fk; / kl;lq;fSk;
,dk; Species
rhjp Genus
tUzk; Order
tFg;G
Class ,uhr;rpak; Kingdom
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
3
Kjd; Kjyhf mq;fpfs; ahtw;iwAk; ,uz;L ,uhr;rpaq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.
kingdom: Plantae , kingdom: Animalia
G+q;Fj; jhtuq;fis (6000 jhtuq;fis) mtw;wpd; G+Tf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis gad;gLj;jp ( Nfruk;> Nahdp vd;gd) tUzq;fshf tFj;jhu;. vd;whYk; ,tuJ njhFjpfSk; nraw;ifj; njhFjpfshFk;.
Ernest Hackel (1986)
Kjd; Kjyhf Ez;zq;fpfSf;Fg; ghFghl;Lg;gpuptpid toq;fp 3 ,uhl;rpaj;njhFjp mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mq;fpfs; ahtw;iwAk; 3 ,uhr;rpaq;fspy; gpupj;jhu;.
kingdom: Plantae
kingdom: Animalia
kingdom: Protista
vy;yh Ez;zq;fpfSk; xU nraw;ifj; njhFg;ghf Protista ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;ld. Ml;rp epiu mbg;gilapy; mikAk; ghFghl;Lg; gpupT ,w;F Kjd; Kjypy; Taxon / Taxa vd ngau; #l;batu;. Ml;rp epiuapy; fzk; (Phylum / Phyla ) vd;w kl;lj;ij Kjypy; Nru;;j;Jf; nfhz;ltuhtu;. Ml;rp epiu mbg;gilapy; mikAk; ghFghl;L tpQ;Qhdk; Taxonomy vd ngauplg;gl;lJ.
Robert Whittaker ( 1969 ) Kjd; Kjyhf Ie;J ,uhr;rpag; ghFg;ghl;il mwpKfk; nra;jtuhtu;. Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Animalia Kingdom : Protista Kingdom : Fungi Kingdom : Monera / Prokaryotae ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,yj;jpud; EZf;ff;fhl;b fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;bUe;jjdhy; mq;fpfs; Prokaryota,
Eukaryota vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. Vw;fdNt Prokaryota f;fs; ahTk; Monera vDk; ,uhr;rpaj;jpDs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,tu; Kjd;Kjyhf G+Q;rzq;fis Protista f;fspy; ,Ue;J Ntwhf;fp jdpahd Fungi ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; itj;jhu;. ,tuJ Ie;J ,uhr;;rpa Kiwia fl;bnaOg;g %d;W gpukhzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhu;;.
a. fy xOq;F - GNuhfupNahl;lhth , ,A+fupNahl;lhth vd;w xOq;F b. fyq;fspd; xOq;fikg;G - jdpf;fy mq;fpahf gyfy mq;fpahf gyfynkdpy; tpaj;jkile;jjh> ,y;iyah vd;gJ> c. Nghriz tif - mq;fp jw;Nghrzpah gpwNghrzpah gpwNghrzp vdpy; cl;nfhs;tdth my;yJ mfj;JwpQ;Rtdth vd;gJ.
,tuJ ghFghl;Lj; njhFjp XusT $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;if Kiwapy; mike;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
Carl Woese ( fhy; T+Nr – 1977 ) $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mq;fpfis ,aw;if Kiwapy; jpUj;jkhf ghFgLj;j Kad;Ws;shu;. kpf etPd ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpahd
,dk; Species
rhjp Genus
tUzk; Order
tFg;G
Class ,uhr;rpak; Kingdom
fzk; phylum
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
4
3 Ngupuhr;rpa> 6 ,uhr;rpa njhFjpia ( 3 Domain , 6 Kingdom system ) mwpKfk; nra;jtu;. Domain vDk; Taxon I Kjypy; mwpKfk; nra;jtu;. mq;fpfspd; Njhw;wk;> $u;g;Gf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; cjtpAld; etPd %yf;$w;W capupay; vz;zf;fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; 3 Ngupuhr;;rpaq;fshfTk; 6 ,uhr;rpaq;fshfTk; tFf;fpd;whu;. ,tuJ gpukhzq;fshtd.
a. Kf;fpa guk;giu myFfspd; DNA %y xOq;F b. ,iokzpfspd; DNA c. ,iwNghNrhk; RNA ,d; %y xOq;F d. nghJthd Gujq;fspy; mkpNdhtkpy xOq;F e. fyf;$Wfspd; %yf;$w;W fl;likg;G Domains Kingdoms 1. Archaea - 1. Archaebacteria
2. Bacteria - 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya - 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia
,q;F Protista xU nraw;iff; $l;lkhFk;. Vnddpy; mjpy; Protozoa f;ffSk; my;fhf;fSk; xd;;whfTs;sd.
ituRf;fs; ve;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. Vnddpy; mtw;wpy; fytikg;G ,y;iy. ituRf;fSk; xU nraw;iff; $l;lkhFk;.
Animalia Fungi Protista Plantae
Eukarya
Archaebacteria
Archaea
Bacteria
Bacteria
Mjpahd fyk;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
5
ghFghl;L Ml;rpepiu Ngupuhr;rpak; njhlf;fk; ,dk; tiuahd ghFghl;Lg; gpupTfspd; rpf;fw;jd;ikf;Fupa juq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. Caroleus Linneaus vd;gtuhy; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpepiuf;Fupa xj;j ,ay;Gs;s mq;fpfis xd;whf Nru;j;j ntt;NtW ghFghl;Lg;gpupTfs; taxon / taxa vd;W Kjypy; ngaupg;gl;Lj Ernest Hackle vd;gtuhy; MFk;. jw;nghOJ cs;s epiyapy; Taxon fspd; kl;lq;fs; vl;L MFk;. vl;L kl;lq;fSf;Fk; xU juKk; xU ngaUk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;fpiag; nghUj;J ngau;fs; NtWgLk;. eg: fzk; : Chordata
vl;L kl;lq;fSf;Fk;; cupa juq;fSk; mtw;wpd; Ml;rp epiw tupirAk;
xU mq;fp ,dj;ijg; ghFgLj;Jk; NghJ xt;nthU kl;lj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU ngau; nfhz;L tpgupf;fg;gLk;.
eg:- kdpjdpd; ghFghL juk; / Rank ngau; Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primata Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens
xt;nthU kl;lj;ijAk; trjpf;fhf mt;tg;NghJ cg gpupTfshf tFj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
eg:- Sub – Class – cg tFg;G Super – Class – Nky; tFg;G Sub – Phylum – cg fzk; Sub – Species – Ngjk; / cg ,dk;
Ngupuhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J ,dj;ij Nehf;fp nry;Yk; NghJ xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; cs;s mq;fpfspd; nghJ ,ay;G / xw;Wikfs; mjpfupf;Fk; mNjNtis mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwAfpd;wJ.
,dk; Species
rhjp Genus
tUzk; Order
tFg;G
Class ,uhr;rpak; Kingdom
fzk; phylum
Nhupuhr;rpak; Domain
mjpfupf;Fk; jpir
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
nghJ ,ay;Gfs;
mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;if
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
6
,dk; / Species 1. ,ilapdq;fye;J 2. tskhd vr;rq;fis jUtJk; 3. mNef nghJ ,ay;GfSilaJk; 4. rpwpa NtWghLfSilaJk; mq;fpfis cs;slf;fpa 5. ,aw;iff;Fupa Taxon 6. ,J ghFghl;Lg;gpupTfspd; mbg;gil myfhFk;. eg:- 1. cyfpYs;s vy;yh kdpju;fSk; _ Homo sapiens
2. vy;yh Mrpa ahidfSk; ( Asian Elephant ) _ Elephas maximus
rhjp / Genus
fpl;ba ,zf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;w mq;fp ,dq;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ gytw;wpd; xU njhFg;G. ,J XusT nraw;ifahdJ
eg:- Njhil , vOkpr;ir , GspNjhil Nghd;w ,dq;fs; ahTk; xd;whf Citrus vDk; rhjpapy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;. mq;fpfspd; ngauPL mq;fp ,dq;fis tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy; ngaupLtjhFk; Kjd; Kjyhf mq;fp ,dq;fis ngaupl vj;jdpj;jtu; Aristotle Mthu;. ,tu; gynrhw; ngauPl;L Kiw xd;iw mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. 18 k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; ,k;Kiw epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; ,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cyfk; G+uhTk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ,Unrhw;ngauPl;L Kiw
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mq;fp ,dq;fisg; ngaupLtjd; mtrpak; 1. xU ,dj;jpd; nghJg; ngau; ehl;bw;Nfw;gTk; nkhopfSf;Nfw;gTk; gy;NtW gLfpd;wJ. 2. tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd ngau; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kuG / gpufldk; xd;whFk;. 3. vdNt ,dq;fis ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,yFthd milahsq;fhz cjTk;. ,Unrhw; ngauPL mq;fp ,dk; xd;iw mjw;Fupa rhjpg; ngaupdhYk;> ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jp ( specific epithet ) g; ngaupdhYk; ,U nrhw;fs; nfhz;L ngauply; Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfQ; nra;jtu; - Carolus Linnaeus ( 1707 – 1778 ) Mthu;. rhjpg;ngau; xU ngau;r;nrhy;yhFk; ( noun ) ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngau; nganur;rkhFk; ( adjective).
eg:- 1. Homo sapiens vd;Dk; ngaupy; Homo – kdpjidf; Fwpf;Fk; sapiens – Gj;jpf;$u;ik vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. 2. Dipterocarpus zelanicus vd;Dk; ngaupy;
Dipterocarpus – ,uz;L rpwFs;s gok; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; zelanicus – ,yq;ifapd; cz;zhl;Lf;FupaJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.
3. Dipterocarpus grandiflora vd;Dk; ngaupy; Dipterocarpus – ,uz;L rpwFs;s gok; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;
grandiflora – ngupa G+ cila vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; fpl;ba ,zf;fKs;s gy ,dq;fSf;F nghJthd xU rhjpg;ngau; fhzg;gLk;.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
7
eg:- Phaseolus aureus – NghQ;rp / Beans Phaseolus mungo – ghrpg;gaW / Green gram ,U nrhw;ngauPl;bd; rl;lq;fs; / epajpfs; / tpjp Kiwfs; jhtuk;> tpyq;F , gw;wPupah , gq;fR ,
ituR vd;gtw;Wf;F rw;W NtWgLk;.
,Unrhw; ngauPl;bd; ru;tNjruPjpahd rl;lq;fs; jhtuk;> tpyq;F , gq;fR vd;gtw;wpw;fhd nghJthd tpjpKiwfshtd
1. xU ,dj;Jf;Fupa ngau; Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;Jf;F khj;jpuk; jdpj;Jtkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
mjhtJ ,uz;L ,dq;fSf;F xNu ngau; ,Uf;f KbahJ ( xU ,dj;Jf;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngau;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;)
2. xU ,dk; mjd; rhjpg;ngaiuf; nfhz;Lk; ,dj;jpw;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngaiuf; nfhz;Lk; ,U
nrhw;fspy; vOjNtz;Lk;. ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J mt;tpdj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdg;ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
3. nrhw;fs; ,uz;Lk; cNuhkd; / Mq;fpy tuptbtj;jhy; vOjg;gl;l ,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhw;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;;.
4. mr;Rg;gjpT nra;ag;gLk; NghJ rupthd vOj;Jf;fshfTk; ( Italics ) ifahy; vOjg;gLk; NghJ fPo;Nfhblg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5 rhjpg;ngaupd; Muk;g vOj;J khj;jpuk; ngupa ( Capital ) vOj;jhfTk;> ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngau; ahTk; rpwpa vOj;jpYk; ( simple ) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 6. ,dj;ij fz;Lgpbj;J Fwpg;gpl;l ngaiu ,l;l tpQ;Qhdpapd; ngaNuh ngaupd; RUf;fk;
my;yJ Kjy; vOj;Njh ,Wjpapy; ngupa vOj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrhy;iy ,yj;jPd; gLj;jf;$lhJ. rupthf mr;Rg;gjpT nra;ag;gLtJkpy;iy. eg: Cocos nucifera L. ( Linn. / Linnaeus )
7. Njitg;gl;lhy; cg ,dk; / Ngjk; / tu;f;fj;ijf; Fwpf;f %d;whtJ nrhy; xd;W Nru;f;fg;glyhk;. eg: Panthera pardus kotiya ( ,yq;ifr; rpWj;ij)
xU ,dj;jpd; rhjpg;ngaiu khj;juk; RUf;fkhf vOjyhk; Mdhy;> ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngaiu jdpNa vOjKbahJ.
eg:- Citrus sp. , Dipterocarpus sp.
ituRf;fy; / Viruses
ituRf;fspd; fl;likg;Gk; gy;tifikAk ; mq;fpfSf;Fk; capuw;w rlg;nghUs;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU ,izg;ghf mikAk; fykw;w mq;fpfs; Prokaryota my;yJ Eukaryota mikg;G ,y;iy. mjPj Jzpf;iffshFk;. mjhtJ ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bf;Fupait. mtw;wpd; gUkd; 20 nm – 300 nm tPr;rpy; mikAk;. ruhrupg;gUkd; 100 nm MFk;. vy;yh ituRf;fSk; epA+f;spf;fkpy mfzp (core) xd;iwAk; mij #o mikAk; Gujj;jhyhd fg;rpl; (Capsid) vd;Dk; #Oiw ( coat ) xd;iwAKilaJ. fg;rpl; MdJ Fwpj;j vz;zpf;ifAs;s Guj %yf;$Wfshd capsomere vd;Dk; myFfshy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
8
gpwg;Gupikg; gjhu;j;jkhf epA+f;spf;fkpyk; DNA I my;yJ RNA I khj;jpuk; cilaJ. epA+f;spf;fkpyq;fspd; guk;gy; ituR tiff;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.
(a) jhtu ituRf;fs; – mNefkhdit RNA cilad. xU rpytw;wpy; DNA cz;L. ,it jhtuq;fspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;.
eg: RNA ituR – Gifapiy rpj;jputbt ituR ( TMV) (b) tpyq;F ituRf;fs; – DNA my;yJ RNA cilad. ,it tpyq;Ffspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;. eg: DNA ituR – Herpes simplex , Adeno Virus RNA ituR – HIV, Influenza Virus , Rabies Virus (c) gw;wPupah ituRf;fs; / gw;wPupah tpOq;fpfs; – DNA my;yJ RNA cilad. ,it gw;wPupahf;fspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;. eg: DNA ituR – T- 4
mNef ituRf;fspy; fg;rpl; ftrj;jpDs; xd;W my;yJ gy tif nehjpaq;fs; cz;L. mNefkhf nghypkNuR nehjpak; fhzg;gLk;.
1. RNA – nghypkNuR – DNA I RNA Mf khw;wpnaOjg; gad;gLj;Jk;. 2. DNA – nghypkNuR – DNA jw;gfu;g;gpy; gad;gLj;Jk;
rpy RNA ituRf;fspy; khj;jpuk; Reverse Transcriptase nehjpak; fhzg;gLk;. ,it Retro virus vdg;gLk;. eg: HIV ( Reverse Transcriptase nehjpak; RNA I DNA Mf khw;wpnaOJk;.) rpy ituRf;fs; khj;jpuk; kpf ntspGwkhf gy;ngh];Nghypg;gpl;L ciw (Envelope) xd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. eg: Retro virus ( HIV )
rpy ituR ciwfs; fpisf;Nfhg;Guj;jhy; Md MzpAUf;fisf; ( spike ) nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ituRf;fspy; gy tpjkhd ,ypg;gpl;L tiffSz;L
(a) ngh];Nghypg;gpl;L (b) fpisf;Nfhypg;gpl;L (c) nfhOg;gkpyk;
fg;rpl; ciwapd; rkr;rPu; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L cUt tbtq;fs; cz;L. 1. Icosahedral 2. Helical – RUspAUthd
fg;rpl; #Oiw
epA+f;fpspf;fkpy mfzp
gy;ngh];nghypg;gpl;L ciw
MzpAU
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
9
Icosahedral tbtk; ,UgJ Kfq;fSila gd;Kfp tbtk;. gspq;FUthdJ. ciwAilajhfNth my;yJ ciwaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
Helical – RUsp tbtk;
RUspAUthd my;yJ cUis tbitf; fhl;Lk; ciwAilajhfNth my;yJ ciwaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.
Complex Virus / rpf;fyhd ituR
Icosahedral kw;Wk; Helical Mfpa ,U fl;likg;GfisAk; xd;whff; nfhz;l ituRf;fs; Icosahedral jiy xd;iwAk; Helical thy; xd;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf Kl;fs; cila mbj;jl;L xd;iwAk; , Guj thy; ehu;fisAk; cilad. ,it ciwaplg;gltpy;iy eg: gw;wPupak; tpOq;fp / Bacteriophage – T- 4
Helical
Icosahedral
With Envelope
Viruses
Helical
Without Envelope Without Envelope With Envelope
eg:- 1. HIV
2. Herpes simplex
eg:- Adeno Virus
( jbkd; ituR ) 2. Herpes
simplex
eg:- 1. Influenza virus
2. Rabies Virus
2. Herpes simplex
eg:- TMV
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
10
Gifapiy rpj;jputbt itu]; / TMV
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
11
kdpj epu;gPld Fiwghl;L ituR / HIV
Reverse transcriptase nehjpak;
RNA ,ul;il ,io
Capsid
MzpAU
,ypg;gpl;L ciw
Rabies Virus
Herpes simplex Virus
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
12
Retro Virus
1. rpy RNA ituRf;fs; MFk;.
2. ,itahTk; ciwaplg;gl;lit
3. ngUk;ghyhdit tpyq;F ituRf;fshFk;
4. ,tw;wpd; mfzpapy; / cs;sfj;jpy; Revers Transcriptase vDk; jdp rpwg;ghd nehjpak;
fhzg;gLk;.
5. ,tw;wpy; RNA ,iofs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLk;
6. tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpDs; ,it jdJ rpwg;ghd nehjpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp RNA
apypUe;J DNA Ij; njhFf;Fk;.
7. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; DNA %yf;$W tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpd; DNA %yf;$w;Wld;
,izf;fg;gl;L rpwpJ fhyk; cwq;F epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.
8. gpd;du; rLjpahf capu;g;ghf;fg;gl;L ituRf;Fj; Njitahd m-RNA %yf;$iw cUthf;Fk;.
eg:- 1. HIV 2. Hepatitis B
DNA ituRf;fs; jdf;Fj; Njitahd DNA %yf;$Wfis tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpDs; Neubahfj; jw;gfu;g;gpd; %yk; njhFj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.
Retro Virus my;yhj Vida RNA ituRfs; tpUe;J toq;fp fyj;jpd; DNA apd; cjtpapdhy; jdf;Fj; Njitahd RNA %yf;$Wfisj; njhFj;Jfnfhs;Sk; - ,tw;wpd; RNA ia epug;Gfpd;w %y xOq;fpdhyhd DNA ,iog; gFjp xd;W mjd; tpUe;J toq;fpapd; epw%u;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.
ituRf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; ituRf;fspd; Nghriz
1. gpioj;J tho;tjw;F ve;jnthU NghrizAk; mtrpakpy;iy. vdNt tpUe;J toq;fpf;
fyj;Jf;F ntspNa xU capuw;w Jzpf;if Nghd;W cwq;F epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.
2. Mdhy; mDNrgk; nra;Ak; tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpDs; jdJ tho;f;if tl;lj;ij
epiwthf;Ftjw;F tpUe;J toq;fpapypUe;J NghriziaAk; rf;jpiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.
3. ,f; fl;lj;jpy; ,it gpwNghrzp xd;whfTk; fyj;jf fl;Lg;gl;l xl;Lz;zp xd;whfTk;
nraw;gLk;.
4. capu; fyj;jpd; Gujj;njhFg;Gj;njhFjpfisAk; ( ,iwNghNrhk; ) rf;jp gpwg;gpf;Fk;
njhFjpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp jdJ Gujq;fisAk; epA+f;fpspf;fkpyq;fisAk; njhFj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.
ituRf;fspd; thoplKk; njhw;WjYk;
1. capu;f; Nfhsj;jpy; vy;yh thoplq;fspYk; gue;J fhzg;gLk;
2. ePu;> kz;> tsp Nghd;w capuw;w Clfq;fspy; thOk; NghJ ,dg;ngUf;fkilahJ.
3. jhtuk;, tpyq;F, Ez;zq;fp / gw;wPupah vd;gtw;iw njhw;Wtjd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;.
4. ,it G+r;rpfs; %yk; , ePu; %yk; my;yJ cly; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fs; %yk;
njhw;Wfpd;wd.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
13
eg: Gifapiy rpj;jputbt ituR − cly; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fs; %yk;
tpyq;F tpru; ituR / Rabies Virus − cly; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fs; %yk;.
nlq;F ituR − G+r;rpfs; %yk;
NghypNah ituR − ePu; %yk; Ma;T $lj;jpy; ituRf;fis tsu;j;jy;
1. kdpjdpd; Ma;TfSf;fhf Ntz;b Ma;T $lj;jpy; nraw;ifahf ituRf;fs; tsu;f;fg;gLk;.
2. ,it fl;Lg;gl;l xl;Lz;zp vd;wgbahy; capUs;s tsu;g;G+lfq;fspy; mjhtJ rpwg;ghd
,ioa tsu;g;G+lfq;fspy; khj;jpuNk ngUf;fkilAk;.
3. mNdf tpyq;F ituRf;fs; milf;fhf;fg;gLk; Nfhop Kl;ilapd; tpUj;jpahFk;
FQ;R Kisaj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
4. jhtu ituRf;fs; jhtu ,ioa tsu;g;Gfspy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.
ituRf;fspd; tho;f;if tl;lk; / ,dg;ngUf;fk;. gw;wPupak; tpOq;fp xd;wpd; gFg;G tl;lk; ( Lytic cycle of Bacteriophage ) gpujhd gbfs;
1. Gwj;JwpQ;ry;
2. CLnry;Yjy;
3. njhFg;G
4. Nrfupj;jYk; xOq;F gLj;jYk;
5. gFg;G Gwj;JwpQ;ry; / Adsorption
T – 4 ituRj; Jzpf;if tpUe;J toq;fpahd gw;wPupah gjpaf;fyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk;
thq;fpAld; ,izfpd;wJ.
,t;thW ituRj; Jzpf;iffs; gw;wPupah fyj;jpdhy; Gwj;JwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wJ. CLnry;Yjy; / Penetrating
ituRj; Jzpf;ifapd; thy; ehu;fs; RUq;Ftjdhy; mit tpUe;J toq;fpf;fyj;jpdhy;
gw;wg;gl;L fyk; Jisaplg;gLk;.
,t;thW Njhd;Wk; thapy;fshy; ituR DNA / Genome kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nehjpaq;fs; tpUe;J
toq;fpf; fyj;Jf;Fs; nrYj;jg;gLk;.
njhFg;G / Synthesis
itu]; ,dJ DNA jw;gfu;g;gile;J Vuhskhd xj;j gpujpfs; Njhd;Wk;.
,q;F mjw;fhf tpUe;J toq;fpapd; %yg;nghUl;fisAk; mDNrg rf;jpiaAk; ( ATP ) jdJ
DNA Polymerase nehjpaj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jk;.
NkYk; itu]; ,w;Fj; Njitahd Guj %yf;$Wfs; njhFf;fg;gLk;.
,jpy; tpUe;Jtoq;fpapd; fy cgfuzq;fs; ( Ribosomes ) %yg;nghUs; ( Amino Acids ) kw;Wk;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
14
ATP gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
jdJ RNA Polymerase nehjpaq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;.
gFg;G nehjpak; xd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;J tpUe;J toq;fp DNA I epA+fpspNahiul;Lfshf
ePu;g;gFg;gilar;nra;J mopf;Fk;.
Nrfupj;jYk; xOq;F gLj;jYk; / Assembly & Packaging DNA %yf;$iwAk; Polymerase nehjpaq;fisAk; #o Gujj;jpdhy; Capsid cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW DNA Gujj;jhy; #og;gl;L itu]; Jzpf;iffs; Njhd;Wk;.
gFg;G / Lysis gw;wPupah fyk; itu]; Jzpf;iffshy; epuk;gptpLk;. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; gw;wPupah fyk; rpijtile;J mit ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. RahjPdkhd itu]; GJ gw;wPupah fyj;jpidj; jhf;Fk;.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
15
itu]; mq;fpfSf;Fk; capuw;w rlg;nghUs;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU ,izg;ghf mikAk; 1. itu]; fhz;gpf;Fk; capuw;w ,ay;Gfs; 1. fykpy; mikg;GilaJ 2. iturpidg; gspq;fhf;fyhk; 3. gpioj;jpUf;f Nghriz Njitapy;iy 4. gpioj;Jtho ePu;> ATP Njitapy;iy 5. RahjPd mDNrgk; ,y;iy 6. tsu;r;rp tpaj;jk; ,y;iy . 7. cWj;Jzu;r;rp mw;wit
8. RahjPdkhf mirahJ 9. tajhjYf;Fs;shfhJ 10. kuzk;, MAl;fhyk; ,y;iy. 2. itu]; fhz;gpf;Fk; capUf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs;
1. Gujj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk;
2. epA+f;spf; mkpyj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
3. ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
4. ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;
5. tpfhuq;fs; Vw;gLk;
6. khwy;fs; Vw;gl;L $u;g;G epfOk; 3. itu]; fhz;gpf;Fk; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;
jdJ fl;likg;gpy; RNA my;yJ DNA If; nfhz;bUj;jy;
ituRf;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ed;ikfs;
1. DNA kPsr;Nru;jy; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwapy; guk;giu myFf; fhtpahf ituRfspd; rPNdhk;
gad;gLk;.
2. G+r;rp gPilfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F capupay; gPil ehrpdpfshf itu]; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
eg:- njd;idapy; fUtz;L fl;Lg;ghL
3. tpfhuj;jpd; %yk; G+f;fspd; ftu;r;rpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak;
eg:- Tulip G+ cw;gj;jp jPikfs;
1. kdpjdpy; gy;NtW njhw;W Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.
eg:- AIDS, Dengue, Chikun Gunya, Hepatitis
2. kdpjdpy; Gw;WNehia Vw;gLj;Jk;.
3. gapu;fspYk; tpyq;FfspYk; njhw;W Nehia Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tptrhaj;jpYk; tpyq;F
Ntshd;ikapYk; el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;
eg:- TMV, CMV, gg;ghrp rpj;jpu tbt Neha;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
16
Kjd; Kjypy; itui] fz;Lgpbj;;jtu; − Iwanosky
Kjd; Kjypy; fz;Lgpbffg;gl;l itu]; − TMV
itui] Kjypy; gspq;fhf;fpatu; − Stanely
gw;wPupak; tpOq;fp itui] fz;Lgpbj;jtu; − Twort & Herelle
Domain: Archaea Domain : Bacteria Domain : Eukarya
1. Prokaryota mq;fpfs; Prokaryota mq;fpfs; Eukaryota mq;fpfs;
2. fyr;Rtu; Gujk;> gy;NtW
gyrf;fiul;Lfshy; MdJ
Peptidoglycan fyr;Rtu; gy;NtWgl;l gyrf;fiul;Lfs; cilaJ.
3. fynkd;rt;T fpisj;j
rq;fpypAila ,ypg;gpl;L ,dhy; MdJ.
fpisfyw;w ,ypg;gpl;L cilaJ fpisfyw;w ,ypg;gpl;L cilaJ
5. Streptomycin , Chloramphenicol
Nghd;w rhjhuz Ez;Zapu;
nfhy;ypfSf;F czu;r;rp mw;wit (vjpu;g;Gs;sit )
czu;r;rpAs;sit (vjpu;g;gw;wit mtw;wpdhy; mopf;fg;gLk;.)
nghJthd Ez;Zapu; nfhy;ypfSf;F czu;r;rpaw;wit.
( vjpu;g;Gs;sit )
6. Gujj;njhFg;G Methionine ,dhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
Formyl Methionine ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.
Methionine ,y; Gujj;njhFg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;
7. RNA Polymerase gy tiffSz;L
xUtif kl;Lk; cz;L gytifAz;L
8. nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; ,y;iy
nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; ,y;iy
nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; cz;L
9. kpfTk; fLikahd ( Extreme)
rhjfkw;w #ow; nwhFjpfspy; kl;Lk; thOk;
1. vupkiyf; Fopfs;
2. nte;ePu;&w;Wfs;
3. cg;Gr; Nrw;Wepyk;
gy; NtWgl;l #ow;nwhFjpfspy; thOk;
gy; NtWgl;l #ow;nwhFjpfspy; thOk;
eg:-1. Thermococcus
2. Methanococcus
4. Methanobacterium
5. Halobacterium
eg: 1. gr;ir – S – Bacteria
2. Cjh – S – Bacteria
3. Cyanobacteria ( ePyg;gr;ir )
eg: 1. GNuhb];Lfs;
(GNuhl;lNrhth, my;fh)
2. gq;fRf;fs;
3. jhtuq;fs;
4. tpyq;Ffs;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
17
,uhr;rpak; ,ay;Gfs;
Archaebacteria Prokaryota xOq;fikg;Gila jdpf;fy> jw;Nghrzp or mfj;JwpQ;Rk; gpwNghrzp
Bacteria Prokaryota jdpf;fyk; or gyfy tpaj;jkilahj jw;Nghrzp or mfj;JwpQ;Rk; gpwNghrzp
Protista Eukaryota Tf;Fupa jdpf;fy or gy fy tpaj;jkilahj gpwNghrzp or cl;nfhs;Sk; gpwNghrzp
Fungi Eukaryota Tf;Fupa jdpf;fy or gy fy tpaj;jkilahj mfj;JwpQ;Rk; gpwNghrzp
Plantae Eukaryota Tf;Fupa gyfy ngUk;ghYk; tpaj;jkile;j ngUk;ghYk; jw;Nghrzp
Animalia Eukaryota gy fy tpaj;jkile;j cl;nfhs;Sk; gpwNghrzp
Archaebacteria 1. Thermococcus 2. Methanococcus and Methanobacterium
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
18
4. Halobacterium
gw;wPupahf;fs; / Bacteria
1. GNuhfupNahw;wh mq;fpfs;
2. xspj; jw;Nghrdz , ,urhadj; jw;Nghrdz my;yJ gpwNghrdzf;Fupa mq;fpfs;
3. ,af;fkw;w ( rTf;FKisaw;w ) my;yJ ,af;fKs;s ( rTf;FKisAs;s ) mq;fpfs;
4. jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; jdpj;J my;yJ rKjhakhf thOk;.
5. ,U$w;Wg; gpsT %yk; fyk; fyg;gpupT milAk;.
6. fynkd;rt;T ghap rpj;jputbt mikg;GilaJ.
7. fyr;Rtu; ngg;ilNlhfpisf;fd; cilaJ
8. fy,iwNghNrhk; GujKk; RNA nghypkNuRTk; ,A+fupNahw;whtpypype;J NtWgLk;.
9. rpy iejurd; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; cilad. eg: Rhizobium, Clostridium , Azotobator
10. rpy xd;wpathopfshFk;. eg: Rhizobium – mtiuj;jhtuk; Eg: Coccus , Bacillus
gw;wPupahf;fspd; cUttpay; tbtq;fSk; mtw;wpd; xOq;fikg;Gk;
gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs; gpujhd 3 mbg;gil tbtq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; 1. Coccus – NfhsTUthd 2. Bacillus – NfhYUthd 3. Spirillum – RUspAUthd
RUspAUthdit ( spirillum ) NkYk; %d;W tifg;gLk;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
19
a) Vibrio – Comma tbtk; b) Spirilla
c) Spirochaete
Coccus, Bacillus vd;gd rKjhakhf fyq;fs; gy;NtW tbtpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk; Coccus ,d; rKjha tbtq;fs;
1. Diplococci – xU fyk; xU jsj;jpy; xU Kiw khj;jpuk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; ,uz;L fyq;fs;. 2. Tetracocci / Tetrad – xU fyk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U jsq;fspy;; xt;nthU Kiw khj;jpuk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; xU jsj;jpy; mikAk; ehd;F
fyq;fs;. 3. Streptococci – xU fyk; xNu jsj;jpy; gy Kiwfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; tupirapy; mike;j fyq;fs;.
4. Sarcinae – xU fyk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U jsq;fspy;; ,t;tpU Kiwfs; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; rJuj;jpy; mike;j vl;Lf; fyq;fs;
5. Staphylococci – fyq;fs; gy jsq;fspy; xOq;fpd;wp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
gpuptjdh Njhd;Wk; gy fyj;jpzpT
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
20
Bacillus ,d; rKjha tbtq;fs;
1. Diplobacilli – xU fyk; xU jsj;jpy; xU Kiw khj;jpuk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; ,uz;L fyq;fs;. 2. Streptobacilli – xU fyk; xNu jsj;jpy; gy Kiwfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; tupirapy; mike;j fyq;fs;.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
21
gw;wPupah mftpj;jpfs;
1. rhjfkw;w #oy; epge;jidfis jg;gp capu;tho;tjw;fhf> rpy gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs; cUthf;Fk; cwq;Fepiy myFfs;. 2. ,it ,dg;ngUf;f myFfs; my;y Vnddpy; ,jdhy; mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;gjpy;iy 3. cau; ntg;gk;> fLq;Fspu;> mjPj pH ngWkhdq;fs; mftpj;jpAUthf;fisj; J}z;Lk; 4. mftpj;jpfs; fyr;RtupDs; KjYU RUq;fp KjYUit #o xU ftrj;ij cUthf;Ftjhy;
Njhd;Wk;. eg:- 1. Clostridium sp 2. Bacillus sp 5. mNdf Nehahf;fpfs; tpj;jpAUthf;Ftjpy;iy. vdNt ePiu nfhjpf;fitf;Fk; NghJ mit mopAk;.
tpj;jpr;Rtu;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
22 Plasmid
gw;wPupah ,dg;ngUf;fk;.
1. ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw 2. ,ypq;fKiw
,ypq;fkpy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
mNdf gw;wPupahf;fspy; ,U $w;Wg; gpsT Kiw khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk;. xU rpytw;wpy; NtW rpy Kiwfs; fhzg;gLk;. eg: mUk;Gjy;
,U $w;Wg;gpsT / gpsg;G
1. gjpaf;fyk; vspa fyg;gpuptpdhy; gpuptile;j jha;f;fyj;ijnahj;j Gjpa ,U kfl;fyq;fis cUthf;Fk; epfo;r;rp 2. rhjfkhd #oypy; kl;Lk; ,it ,t;thW ngUf;fyilAk;. 3. mNdfkhdit xt;nthU 20 epkplj;Jf;Fk; ,t;thW 2, 4, 8, 16 …….. vd;w klf;if Kiwapy; ngUfp xU ehspy; kpy;ypad; fyq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.
,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;
1. ,izjy; %yk; epfOk;. 2. xU rpy gw;wPupahf;fspy; khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk;. eg:- Escherichia coli 2. ,tw;wpy; +, − vd Ngjq;fs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLk;. 3. + gjpaf;fyk; g;sh];kpl;Lf;fis cila NghJk; − gjpaf;fyk; mtw;iwf; nfhz;buhJ. 4. + gjpaf;fyk; − gjpaf;fyk; neUq;fptUk;NghJ mtw;wpd; gpyp ( Pili ) %yk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J nfhs;fpd;wd. 4. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; KjYUg; ghyj;jpd; Clhf Plasmind DNA ,dJ gpujpnahd;W .
+ gjpaf;fyj;jpypUe;J − gjpaf;fyj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;. 6. gpd;du; fyq;fs; gpupe;J nrd;W ,U$w;Wg;gpstpdhy; ngUf;fyilAk;. 7. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; fyq;fs; ngw;whupypUe;J NtWgLk;. 8. ,q;F xLf;fw;gpupT , fUf;fl;ly; , Gzupfs; vd;gd ,y;iy.
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
23
Cyanobacteria / ePyg;gr;irfs;;
1. ahTk; GNuhfupNahw;wh mq;fpfs; 2. ahTk; xspj;jw;Nghrizf;Fupa mq;fpfs;. ePyg;gr;ir epwKilait. xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; (a) FNshnuhgpy; - a (b) igf;Nfhradpd; ( ePy epwk; ) 3. mNefkhdit jdpf;fy mikg;Gilad. rpy gyfytikg;Gilad. jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; jdpj;J
my;yJ rKjhakhf thOk;. gyfy mq;fpfs; rspaj;jhy; #og;gl;l ePz;l ,ioAUthd mikg;G tiu xOq;fikg;gpy; ghupa NtW ghLfis cilad.
4. ,af;fkw;w ( gprpu; / rTf;FKisaw;w ) mq;fpfs;. Mdhy; ,ioAUthd mq;fpfs; tOf;Fk; mirT xd;iwf; fhzgpf;fpd;wd. xspAs;s NghJ xspj;jpirf;F efUk;. eg: Lyngbya
5. rpy iejurd; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; cila gy;ypdrpiwg;igfs; cilad.. eg: Anabaena / Nostoc
6. rpy xd;wpathopfshFk;. eg: Protozoa cld; , Fungi cld; ( Lichen tbtpy; ) , cau;jhtuq;fs; cld;
7. rpy mirtpypfs; ( Akinete ) vDk; cau; ntg;gepiy ,tul;rp vd;gtw;iw vjpu;f;Fk; jbj;j RtUs;s Xa;T tpj;jp fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. eg: Anabaena / Nostoc
8. ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,ypq;fkpy; Kiwapy; khj;jpuk; epfOk;. jdpf;fy cUg;gpdu;fs; vspa fyg;gpupT Kiwapy; ,U$w;Wg; gpsT %yKk; ,,ioAUthdit Jz;lhjy; %yKk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; milAk;.
9. kz;, ed;ePu;, fly;, vd;gtw;wpy; gue;J thOk;. rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; ntg;gehbfs; MFk;. ,it fLikahd nte;ePu; Cw;Wf;fspy; thOk;. nraw;if #oy;fshd kyry$lq;fspd; rhe;J G+rg;gl;l Rtu;fs;, rPnke;Jj; jiufs; Nghd;w <uypg;ghd Nkw;gug;GfspYk; thOk;.
10. kz;zpYk; rPnke;Jj; jiufspYk; fhzg;gLk; tOf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s ePyg;gr;irg; gbTfshff; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.
gjpaf; fl;likg;G 1. jdpf;fytikg;Gilait eg:- 1. Mycrocystis
rspa Clfj;jpy; rKjhakhf thOk; khRgl;l ePupy; ed;F tsUk;;. fly; , ed;dPu;; , jiu thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;
eg:- 2. Spirulina
jdpj;jdpahf thOk;. khRglhj J}a ePupy; thOk;. ed;dPu;; thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kdpjdpd; jdpf;fyg; Guj czT ( SCP )
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
24
2. gyfytikg;Gila ,ioAUthdit eg:- 1. Anabaena / Nastoc
rspa Clfj;jpy; rKjhakhf thOk; khRglhj J}a ePupy; thOk; fly; , ed;dPu;; , jiu thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. N2 epiyehl;Lk; gy;ypdrpiwg;igfs; cilaJ. rhjfkw;w #oy;fspy; mirtpypfis ( akenete ) cw;gj;jp nra;J Xa;tilAk;.
gjpaf;fyk; - xspj;njhFg;G %yk; czit njhFf;Fk; gy;ypdrpiwg;ig - tspkz;ly N2 I epiyehl;Lk;. mjw;fhd Nitrogenase nehjpaj;jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mirtpyp - jfhj fhyjj;jpy; cwq;F epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; Xa;T tpj;jpfs;. jbj;j Rtu; xd;iwAk; mjpfsT Nrkpg;GzitAk; cilad. eg:- 2 . Lyngbya / Oscillatoria
jdpj; jdpahf thOk;. khRgl;l ePupy; ed;F tsUk; fly; , ed;dPu;; , jiu thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.
gy;ypdrpiwg;ig
mirtpyp
gjpaf;fyk;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
25
,dg;ngUf;fk;
Kiwfs;
cjhuzk;
,U $w;Wg; gpsT
1. Microcystis 2. Spirulina
Jz;lhf;fs;
1. Anabaena 2. Oscillatona 3. Lyngbya
Homogonium %yk; Xupd tpj;jp / rq;fpypg;gpwg;Gfs;
%yk; Oscillatoria / Lyngbya
raNdhgw;wPupahf;fypd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
1. rKj;jpu , ed;dPu; #ow;nwhFjpfspy; jhtug;gpshj;jd;fspd; Kf;fpa $whf mike;J xspr;rf;jpia
epiyehl;b kdpjDf;F gadhf cs;s fly; kPd;fspd; czthf mikAk;.
2. rpy ,dq;fs; kdpjDf;F Guj Kjyhd Neubahfg; gad;gLk; ( SCP ) eg: Spirulina
3. kz;zpy; N2 I epiyehl;b tptrha kz;iz tskhf;Fk; eg: Anabaena / Nostoc
4. rpwpa Njf;fq;fspy; Ntfkhfg; ngUfp ew;Nghrizahf;fs; vDk; khRgl;l epiyia Vw;gLj;jp
nghUshjhu el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. eg: Microcystis / Oscillatoria
5. ew;Nghrizahf;fis mwptjw;Ff; fhl;bahfg; gad;gLk;. eg: Microcystis
Bacteria Cyanobacteria
ahTk; jdpf;fy mikg;Gilit jdpf;fyk; my;yJ ePz;l ,ioAUthd gyfy mikg;G
Lyngbya - Homogonium
Oscillatoria - Homogonium
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
26
mNdfkhdit rKjhaq;fshf thOk; rpy rKjhaq;fshf thOk;
,af;fkw;w my;yJ ,af;fKs;s mq;fpfs; ,af;fKs;sit xd;W my;yJ gy rTf;FKisfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;
ve;jnthU fl;lj;jpYk; rTf;FKis / gprpu; Njhd;whJ. Mdhy; ,ioAUthdit tpN~l tOf;Fk; mirT ( gliding movement ) xd;iw fhl;Lk;
vy;yh gpujhd Nghriz KiwfisAk; fhl;Lk; ahTk; xspj;jw;Nghrzpfs;
xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs; cs;sNghJ gr;ir my;yJ Cjh epw tpN~l gw;wPPupah FNshnuhgpy; xd;W MFk;.
FNshNuhgpy; − a kw;Wk; Phycobilin tif epwg;nghUs;fshd Phycocyanin ( ePyk; ) cz;L
xspj;njhFjp − I kl;Lk; cz;L vdNt ePiug; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. vdNt H2S I gad;gLj;jp S I tpLtpf;Fk; ( tl;ltLf;fhdJ xspg;nghRnghupNyw;wk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.)
PS− I, PS − II ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk; H2O I gad;gLj;jp O2 I ntspNaw;Wk; ( tl;ltLf;fw;w , tl;ltLf;fhd xspg;nghRnghupNyw;wk; ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.)
,ypq;fKiw ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,ypq;fkpy; Kiwfspy; kl;Lk;
Nrkpg;GzT Glycogen , PHB , Voliutin vz;nza; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;
Nrkpg;GzT Glycogen
Mesosome ,Pili ,Plasmids Nghd;w rpwg;ghd fl;likg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;
mt;thwhd fl;likg;Gfs; ,y;iy
vy;yh thoplq;fspYk; cz;L xspAk; ePUk;; cs;s ,lq;fspy; thOk;
Rw;whlypy; / #oypy; cw;gj;jpahf;fpahfTk;
gpupifahf;fpahfTk; fhzg;gLk;
cw;gj;jpahsu;fshf khj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ (rKj;jpu jhtu Plankton fspy; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;)
Kingdom: Protista rpwg;gpay;Gfs;
1. ahTk; Eukaryota mq;fpfs; 2. jdpf;fy my;yJ gyfy ,ioaq;fshf tpaj;jkilahj cly; xd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; 3. rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; rKjhaq;fis cUthf;Fk;. 4. xspj;jw;Nghrzpfs; my;yJ cl;nfhs;Sk; (tpyq;FKiwg;) gpwNghrzpfs; 5. fyr;Rtu; ciladthf my;yJ mw;wdthf ,Uf;fyhk;. fyr;Rtu; cs;s NghJ gpujhdkhf nrYNyhR ,dhy; MdJ. mq;fpfSf;Nfw;g fyr;Rtu; Nru;itfs; gy;NtWgLk;. 6. gy;NtW Nrkpg;GzT tiffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; 7. mq;fpfs; ,af;fKs;sit my;yJ ,af;fk; mw;wit. ,aq;Fk; mq;fpfs; Nghypg;ghjk;, gprpu;, rTf;FKis %yk; ,lk;ngauyhk;. 8. ,ypq;fKiwapYk; > ,ypq;fkpy; KiwapYk; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;.
Gnuhb];lhf;fspd; ghFghL
ehd;F gpukhzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; MW fzq;fshf / gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk; gpukhzq;fshtd,
1. fyr;Rtu; ( gjhu;j;jk; ) 2. ,lg;ngau;r;rp ( Gd;dq;fk; ) 3. xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs; / Nghriz Kiw 4. Nrkpg;GzT tif
cWg;gpdu;;fspd; thoplk; / thoplq;fs;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
27
fzq;fs; / gpupT
Ciliophora fly;> ed;dPu;> jiu (kz;zPu;) , rpy xl;Lz;zpahf
Rhizopoda fly; , ed;dPu;> jiu (kz;zPu;) , rpy xl;Lz;zpahf
Chrysophyta / nghw;fgpy my;fh fly;> ed;dPu;> jiu
Phaeophyta / fgpy my;fh fly;> khj;jpuk;
Rhodophyta / rptg;gy;fh fly;> khj;jpuk;
Chlorophyta / gr;ir my;fh fly;> ed;dPu;> jiu
fzk;
Ciliophora
fzk; Rhizopoda
fzk; Chrysophyta
fzk; Phaeophyta
fzk; Rhodophyta
fzk; Chlorophyta
jdpf;fyk; jdpf;fyk; jdpf;fyk; gy fyk; gy fyk; jdpf;fyk; my;yJ gy fyk;
gpwNghriz gpwNghriz xspj;jw; Nghriz
xspj;jw; Nghriz
xspj;jw; Nghriz
xspj;jw; Nghriz
-
-
xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
FNshugpy; a, c ful;bd; gpA+f;Nfhrhe;jpd;
xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
FNshugpy; a, c ful;bd; gpA+f;Nfhrhe;jpd
xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
FNshugpy; a, d igf;Nfhradpd; igf;Nfhvupj;upd; ful;bd;
xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;
FNshugpy; a, b ful;bd; rhe;Njhgpy;
Kingdom: Protista
Super- Phylum : Protozoa Super- Phylum : Algae
Phylum : Ciliophora Phylum : Rhizopoda
Phylum : Chrysophyta
Phylum : Phaeophyta
Phylum : Rhodophyta
Phylum : Chlorophyta
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
28
mq;fpapd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fl;likg;G gprpu;
mq;fpapd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fl;likg;G Nghypg;ghjk;
mq;fp ,lg;ngau;r;rp milahJ
mq;fp ,lg;ngau;r;rp milahJ
mq;fp ,lg;ngau;r;rp milahJ
rpytw;wpy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fl;likg;G rTf;FKis
-
-
,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; khj;jpuk;
xU rTf;FKis cilaJ.
,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; khj;jpuk;
,U rTf;FKis cilaJ.
,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; gjpaf;fyk; rTf;FKis / gprpu; mw;wJ.
,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; gjpaf;fyk;
,uz;Lk; ,U
rTf;FKis
cilaJ.
czT xJf;fk;
fpupNrhykpdhupd;
czT xJf;fk;
ykpdhupd;
kdpw;Nwhy;
czT xJf;fk;
GNshupbad; khg;nghUs;
czT xJf;fk;
khg;nghUs;
fyr;Rtu; ,y;iy
fyr;Rtu; ,y;iy
nrYNyhR , ngfbd;, gpujhdkhf rpypf;fh nfhz;l fyr;Rtu;
nrYNyhR ,
my;[pdpf;fkpyk;
nrYNyhR ,
Vfhu;
nrYNyhR ,
ngf;bd;;
cjhuzk;:
Paramecium
cjhuzk;:
Amoeba
cjhuzk;:
Diotoms / jaw;wk;
cjhuzk;:
Sargassum
cjhuzk;:
Gelidium
cjhuzk;:
Chlamydomonas
Paramecium
khfU Ez;fU
RUq;fj;jf;f Gd;ntw;wplk; czTg; Gd;ntw;wplk;
gprpu;
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
29
Amoeba
czTg; Gd;ntw;wplk;
RUq;fj;jf;f Gd;ntw;wplk;
fU
Nghypg;ghjk;
flw;ghiwfspy; gw;Wk; cWg;gpdhy; ehl;lg;gl;L thOk; ,uhr;rjg; gpuptpypfshFk; (Giant kelps )
Sargassum
fly; , ed;ePu; jhtu g;she;jd;fspd; gpujhd $whd cyfpd; Kf;fpa Kjy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fshFk ;
Diotoms
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
30
rTf;FKis
fl;Gs;sp
fpz;z tbt gr;iraTUtk;
tpj;JUkzp ( xJf;f CzT )
fU
Chlamydomonas
Gel
idi
gw;Wk; cWg;G
Gelidium
gpuptpyp
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot
31
http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot