Oleksandr Husev

SMART GRID AS A FUTURE GRID OF A POWER

DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

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Lecturer:

Oleksandr Husev, PhD

2Email: oleksandr.husev@gmail.comSkype name: husev_oleksandr

Associate professor of Chernihiv National University of Technology.

Senior researcher of Tallinn University of Technology, Power electronics group!

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Outline:

• 1. Introduction;• 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized)

grid; • 3. Renewable energy systems;• 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);• 5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State

Transformer;• 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering

approach;• 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it

possible in Ukraine?

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Outline:

• 1. Introduction;2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized)

grid; 3. Renewable energy systems;4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State

Transformer;6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it

possible in Ukraine?4

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Talliann Old Town

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Tallinn University of Technology (TUT or TTU.ee)

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• Public university• Second biggest university in Estonia• Only technical university in Estonia• Located in the capital

of Estonia – Tallinn• Fully accredited programs• Modern facilities and computer labs,

free wifi• Campus university with newly

renovated dormitories

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TUT in numbers

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• Date of establishment: 1918 • 8 faculties • 35 departments and 112 chairs • 13 research centers• 21 labs • 10 affiliated institutions, including 4

regional colleges • 3 languages: Estonian, Russian and

English • 13 500 students, about 800 foreign

students• 2000 employees

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TUT: Faculty of Power Engineering. Power electronics group!

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DC Power Source

AC Side (Low, Medium, High

Voltage)

Power Electronics

Devices

PMSG

Renewable Energy Sources

DC Side (1.2V – 800kV)

AC Power Source

Traditional Energy Sources

Object of Research

Control and conversion of electric power!

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Power electronics group: outcomes! Isolated DC-DC converter.

40-80 V input, 400V output. 5 kW. 92%.

Novel 5 kW, 3-phase solar inverter (96-98.5%), 300-1000V input

Prototypes of microinverter 320W, 10-60V input

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Power electronics group: small-scale Microgrid !Main components:

3 kW wind turbine 1 kW PV panels 1 kW H2 buffer 48 V 165 F ultracap 48 V 220 Ah battery 50 kW fast DC charging station

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Smart grid?A smart grid is an electrical

grid which includes a variety of operational and energy measures including smart meters, smart appliances, renewable energy resources, and energy efficiency resources. Electronic power conditioning and control of the production and distribution of electricity are important aspects of the smart grid

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Outline:

1. Introduction;• 2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems;4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in

Ukraine?13

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Traditional Grid:

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Electric station

Step up transformer

Step down transformer

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• Power consumption is increasing. The grid is limited.

• No opportunity to integrate the renewable energy.

• Old low frequency transformer!

Traditional Grid:

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Distributed Grid:

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Outline:

1. Introduction;2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; • 3. Renewable energy systems;4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in

Ukraine?17

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Photovoltaics: general principle

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• One cell 0.3 W - 1.2 V;• Solar irradiation 1300

W/m2• Efficiency up to 40%.

Normally 18 – 20 % (180 W/m2)

• Solar panel cost 0.5-10 $/W. Normally 0.8 $/W.

• Solar energy cost is about 0.3 - 0.8 $/kWh.

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Photovoltaics: island system

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Solar panel

Inverter

Storage element

Consumers

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Photovoltaics: grid-connected system

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Solar panel

Storage element

Grid

Consumers Invertor

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Photovoltaics: solar plants

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Based on cetral inverters 0.5 MW;

Based on string inverters 5-10 kW;Total power 6 – 600 MW.

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Solar PV Global Capacity, 2004–2014

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Top 10 Countries, 2014

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Ukraine 0.35 GW (0.56 GW in 2013)

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Wind turbines: general principle

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Small power turbine – up to 5 KW.Medium power – 5 KW up to 100 KW.High power more than 100 KW.Wind energy cost: 0.1 – 0.4 $/KW.

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Wind Power Global Capacity, 2004–2014

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Top 10 Countries, 2014

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Ukraine 0.42 GW

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The largest wind turbine: Enercon E-126

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rotor diameter of 126 m; total height of 198 m;High power 7.6 MW.

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Fuel cells:

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• Maximum power of the one cell 200 KW.• Typical cell: output voltage 30V-80V, efficiency about 80%.• Hard to get H2!

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Other renewable energy

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Wave energy

Deformation energy

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Renewable energy trends:

30Renewable Power Capacities in World, Top Seven

Countries, 2014.

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Renewable energy trends:

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Total electric power production (2014) is about 23500,000 GW. It means renewable energy takes

about 3%!

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Frede Blaabjerg Report in 2013

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Outline:

1. Introduction;2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems;• 4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in

Ukraine?33

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V2G as part of the Smart grid

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Vehicle to grid (V2G)

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Tesla model 3:

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Price $35,000;lithium ion batteries – 340 km;8 years warranty for battery; 100 km/h – 6 s.

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Charge station?

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30 kWh in 15 min can be charged by dc-link 400V voltage and 300A current!

• Or by ac 230V grid and 16A in 8 hours

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Charge station?

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There is 167 quick chargers in Estonia. 102 quick chargers are in towns and 65 by roads.

DC quick charger with nominal capacity 50 kW meeting the CHAdeMO standard

AC charging socket Type 2, nominal capacity 22 kW

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Outline:

1. Introduction;2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems;4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);• 5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in

Ukraine?38

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Lets back to history: “Current war”!

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Dc system

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1878 Thomas Edison proposed a system that could bring electric lighting directly into a customer's

business or home.

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Problems of DC system:

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Long way transmission system is not effective solution because of high conduction losses.

RVPRP 22

LOSS )(I

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AC system:

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In 1887 Nicola Tesla files his first patents for a two-phase AC system with four electric power lines,

which consists of a generator, a transmission system and a multi-phase motor.

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AC system:

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• In 1889 Michael Dolivo-Dobrowolsky (Russian, naturalized Swiss), chief electrician at the AEG company in Berlin, builds on the basic ideas of Tesla and Ferraris and improves them considerably. He designs the three-phase cage induction motor, which is still widely used today. In the beginning of 1889, his first motor is running properly.

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AC system as a winner!

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• During this period (1880s), DC was more widely popular, but it was becoming evident that AC was more efficient for long-distance power transmission due to the ability to easily change voltages using a transformer.

• In defense of DC, Thomas Edison carried out a campaign against the use of AC power, claiming the danger of AC, publicly killing animals, and lobbying against the use of AC in state legislatures.

• AC ending up winning “the current war”!

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Typical AC transmission line:

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Very simple and reliable way to step up or step down voltage and reduce the conduction losses!

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Problems of AC system:

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• Difficult to facilitate power transmission between different countries that use AC at differing voltages and frequencies ;• More dangerous for people;• Difficult to control power flow (active, reactive and

non-active power).

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Low frequency transformer as a key component of AC system:

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220 V AC10 kV AC

Alternative?

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Solid state transformer.Back to history!

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Solid state transformer.Back to history!

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Solid state transformer: modular solution

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Base cell 1

UIN

IIN

Ph

ase

A

UO

UT=U

IN/(

M·N

)

IOUTHF transformer

Base cell 2

Base cell nth

UBE,IN=

UIN/n

Phase module Rectifier DC/DC converter Inverter

N:1

Seri

es c

onne

ctio

n

Para

llel c

onne

ctio

n

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Solid state transformer: novel results

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The MEGAlink: 1 MVA, 10 kV/400V Solid-State Transformer (Zurich, ETH, prof. W Kolar)

Conventional 2 MVA solution

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What about complexity? Traditional solution is a very robust solution

and can be realized even in Zimbabwe

Solid state transformer: novel results

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Solid state transformer: definition

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• Reduce size of magnetics;

• Full controllability;

• Low voltage dc-link;

• Complex and expensive solution.

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Next step? HVDC system!

54Semiconductor devices!

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system

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HVDC based on SST!

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HVDC system: examples

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First commercial application of HVDC between Swedish mainland and the

island of Gotland in 1954 (Underwater link of 90 km and 20 MW).

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HVDC system: examples

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HVDC system: examples

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Low voltage DC transmission system and DC microgrid

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Microgrid – is a limited

power grid that is

disconnected from central

power source!

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Combination of the DC and AC grid

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No revenge of T. Edison but future synergy of AC and DC systems!

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Outline:

1. Introduction;2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems;4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;• 6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in

Ukraine?

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Internet?

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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

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Energy Internet?

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The Energy Internet is the global system of interconnected networks that is used for electrical energy conversion and transmission including data centers that perform control and analysis of power flow.

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Energy Internet?

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Problems:

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1. High penetration level of Renewable energy – unbalance grid!

2. Complex power electronics systems.

3. Legislation does not corresponds new trends!

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Storage elements:

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Storage system helps balance the grid!

Very expensive way of the power quality improvement!

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Smart metering:

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1. A smart meter is an electronic device that records consumption of electric energy in intervals of an hour or less and communicates that information at least daily back to the utility for monitoring and billing.

2. Producer + Consumer = Prosumer.3. Flexible tariff policy!

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Smart metering:

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Payment example in Estonia:

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Outline:

1. Introduction;2. Traditional vs Distributed (Decentralized) grid; 3. Renewable energy systems;4. Vehicle to Grid (V2G);5. Dc-microgrid. HVDC and Solid State Transformer;6. Energy Internet! Smart metering approach;• 7. Conclusions: smart grid concept. Is it possible in

Ukraine?70

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Smart grid concept:

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• Integration of renewable energy to the grid; • Decentralization of power sources;• Solid state transformer implementation; • The combination of the DC and AC link;• Full controllability and interoperability. Increased reliability;• Vehicle to grid;• Flexible tariff policy (Smart Metering).

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Smart grid concept:

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ReliabilityW/Price

Power density

FunctionalityRenewable energy

Conventional solution

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Smart grid: future research!

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• Semiconductors and storage elements technologies;

• Renewable energy penetration level;

• Power electronics optimal solutions;

• Power flow control algorithms;

• Legislation problem.

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Power electronics “muscle” is a problem!

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Discussion. Is it possible in Ukraine?