smart phone & next generation mobile computing1 2. the next wave of computing 2.1 the networks...

Smart Phone & Next Generation Mobile Computing

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2. The Next Wave of Computing

2.1 The Networks and Evolution of Cellular Networks and Cell Phones

2.1.1 The History of Cellular Systems

First-Generation (1G) System

IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone System), 1960s

AMPS, 800-MHz 에서 832 채널 이상 FDMA 이용

TACS (Total Access Communication System)

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephony)

Cell phone roaming among different first generation systems was not possible, and a lack of standardization substantially impeded development of these systems.


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Second-Generation (2G) Systems The 2G cellular systems are digital rather than analog.

Two major types of 2G communication networks are global system for mobile (GSM) communication and code-division multiple access (CDMA).

The multiple-access method in GSM systems is time-division multiple access (TDMA).

The CDMA standard was developed and promoted primarily by Qualcomm, based on the IS-95 standard.

The major difference between GSM and CDMA lies in the spectrum-spreading technique in the radio layer of the wireless network.

GSM uses FDM to divide the spectrum into channels, and then uses TDM to further divide channels into time slots.

In CDMA, the entire spectrum could possibly be used by an individual node.

It is not until the second-generation cellular systems that world-wide roaming of mobile services became a reality, it although was only possible within the same type of systems.


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On the road toward the third-generation, high-rate, digital, cellular networks, some interim systems were developed to fulfill the need for mobile data service without deploying an entity new system and to fully leverage the legacy systems. These so-called 2.5 G systems, such as GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA 2000 1x.

The application offered by 2.5G systems include wireless access protocol (WAP)-based wireless Internet, text messaging, voice and picture e-mail services, and instant messaging, among others.

Third- and Fourth-Generation Systems

International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000), ITU, 1999.

IMT-2000 defined the general data rate requirements for 3G services, including:

• 2 Mbps in fixed or in-building environments

• 384 kbps in pedestrian or urban environments

• 144 kbps in wide area mobile environments

It officially recognized five industry standards as 3G services: WCDMA, cdma2000, TD-SCDMA, UWC-136, and DECT+.


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The next generation of cellular networks (4G) are expected to provide a bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps. Unlike 3G networks, the 4G systems are completely packet switched.

The Theme of Technological Advances in the Wireless Industry The shift between the generations took place in three important

areas: voice signal sampling, transmission or switching, and payload in the system, all closely intertwined at each shift.

VoicePoint-to-Point

Thin Data Rich DataPayload

CircuitSwitching

Packet Switching

CircuitSwiching Combined

PacketSwitchingTransmissi

on

AnalogDigital Analog

CombinedFull DigitalSignal

1G 2G 3G 4G


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2.1.2 The Evolution of Cell Phones

Evolution of Cell Phones

Category Analog Digital Smart Phone

Size “Brick” “Palm”, “clamshell”, or “candy bar”

“palm”, “clamshell”, or “candy bar”

WeightDisplay

1 to 2 lbN/A

6 to 8 ozMonochrome or color,Small, 172*120 pixels

Color, 320*240 pixels

Processor For very basic communication tasks For preliminary tasks

For some advanced tasks such as

multimedia playback

Memory Only to store phone numbers Several megabytes 64 MB or more, plus

flash memory

Noncellularinterfaces N/A Syn with computers Blutooth, WiFi, GPS, etc.

Battery Short talk time and standby time

Longer talk time and standby time

Longer talk time and standby time

Price Several thousand dollars

A wide range, from free to several hundred dollars

Several hundred dollars or less


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2.2 The Evolution of PDAs

2.2.2 The History of PDAs


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A Summary of key PDA technologies. Handwritting Recognition

Communication Interface

• With easy-to-use synchronization and point-to-point infrared beaming, the capabilities of PDAs have been greatly expanded. The host computer acts as a proxy for the PDA for information access over a network.

• As a consequence, wireless technologies such as wireless cellular access, wireless LAN access, and Bluetooth, started to become a necessary communication interface on PDAs.

• To date the most frequently included wireless interfaces on a PDA are Bluetooth and wireless LAN.

• The fundamental difference between PDAs and cell phones is that a PDA is a pure computing device and a cell phone is primary a communication device.

2.3 PDAs Versus Cell Phones Both PDAs and cell phones are undergoing drastic changes in terms of

offered functionality.


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A multifunction mobile device that can do both and more is a natural direction; consequently, the boundaries between these types of mobile devices continues to blur and may eventually melt away.

PDA Versus Cell PhoneCategory PDAs Cell Phone (Voice Only)

Major use Personal information management Mobile and telephony and messaging

Size Larger, postcard Smaller, palm size

Weight 6 to 9 oz 6 to 8 oz

Display Monochrome or color, large 240*320 or higher

Monochrome or color, small, 172*120

Processor ARM, StrongARM, DragonBall, several hundred MHz

Proprietary processors of several hundred MHz

Memory 64 Mb or more 4- to 8-Mb SRAM with an 8- or 16-Mb NOR Flash

Interfaces USB, serial, IrDA, Bluetooth, Wireless LAN Bluetooth

Battery Very long working time A few hours of talk time

Price Ranging from less than $100 to several hundred dollars

Comparatively inexpensive or even free


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2.4 The Convergence of Mobile Devices

2.4.1 The Convergence of PDAs and Cell Phones A smart phone is a converged mobile device that supplies a rich set of d

atacentric computing and communication applications and services in addition to seamlessly integrate PDAs and cell phones into a single set of hardware components.

The first generation of smart phones is simply a multifunction cell phone with PIM support.

The second generation of smart phones is likely to support many other wireless data networks such as wireless LAN, ultra-wideband, and wireless sensing, thereby allowing extensive data access and cooperation between the smart phone and various wireless networks.

An entirely new set of applications and services will be available for the next generation of smart phones.


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The design philosophy is that rather than cramming multiple separated functions into a single device, a smart phone should leverage the surrounding wireless environment as much as possible to provide a new dimension of application for convenient information access, personal and group communication, and human-machine and human-environment interactions.

2.4.2 The Convergence of Cell Phones and Mobile Entertainment Devices

While communication among cell phones is primary comprised of voice and text messaging, mobile entertainment users will be supplied with a variety of data communication methods, ranging from infrastructure-based music download, to peer-to-peer multiplayer gaming, to multicast multimedia streaming, etc.

2.4.3 Smart Phone: The Universal Mobile Terminal A smart phone will incorporate some functions of mobile

entertainment devices and other consumer electronic wireless devices.


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A smart phone will be a universal mobile terminal in the future mobile computing realm.

It is not only a communication device, but also a computing device, powered by the next generation of wireless networks ranging from wireless PAN to worldwide cellular networks.

A smart phone may be used as a wireless control device to allow unified monitoring, positioning, and control over consumer electronic devices.

Challenging issues

Battery life

Display technology

Wireless interference

2.5 Smart Phone Applications and Services

2.5.1 First-Generation Smart Phone Applications


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Mobile telephony: phone call, voice mail services.

Short message service (SMS)

Enhanced message service (EMS): multimedia message service (MMS)

Cell phone positioning

Navigation system with traffic information and geographic information system (GIS)

Instant messaging: AOL instant messaging, MSN messaging

E-mail, calendar, organizer, and notepad

Address book

Wireless Internet browsing

Data synchronization with a computer or another mobile device

Information push service

Audio/video/television streaming service


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2.5.2 Second-Generation Smart Phone Applications Voice over IP (VoIP) or voice over wireless IP (VoWIP)

Mobile commerce

Mobile enterprise

Mobile gaming

Mobile music

Remote access

Remote monitoring

Mobile wallet and mobile ticketing

Mobile social networking

Mobile ID/key


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