social hkkjr e vsyhfotu lekpkj psuyksa dh izhkko'khyrk ¼p...

[Gupta *, Vol.5 (Iss.7): July, 2017] ISSN- 2350-0530(O), ISSN- 2394-3629(P)

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210

Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research - GRANTHAALAYAH [79]

Social

Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh izHkko'khyrk ¼p;fur pSuyksa dk

rqyukRed v/;;u½

*1

सारााश - Hkkjr esa vkt Hkh lekpkj pSuyksa dh turk eas fo'oluh;rk cuh gqbZ gSA bl 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls

lekpkj pSuyksa ds izLrqfrdj.k ds vankt dk irk pyrk gSA lekpkj pSuyksa ds chp py jgh ?keklku

izfrLi/kkZ esa lcls vkxs dkSulk lekpkj pSuy gS] dk Hkh irk fd;k x;k gSA ;g 'kks/k Vsyhfotu ehfM;k

ls lacaf/kr igyqvksa dh vKkurk ds fuokj.k esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA vkt Vsyhfotu gh lapkj

dk lcls izHkkoh ek/;e gSA Vsyhfotu ehfM;k yksxksa dks U;k; fnykus esa] fofHkUu vuNq, igyqvksa ls inkZ

gVkus esa lgk;d fl) gks ldrk gSA ogha bl 'kks/k dh dqN lhek,a Hkh jgh gSa tSls& bl 'kks/k esa dsoy

t;iqj 'kgj dks gh v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSA ftlls dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk cuh jgsA bl 'kks/k esa dsoy

pkj fgUnh ds lekpkj pSuyksa dks v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSA blesa t;iqj 'kgj dh fuokZpd

ukekoyh esa ls ernkrkvksa dks gh fy;k x;k gS rFkk v/;;u ds fy, dsoy 1000 jsLiksaMsaV~l dks gh fy;k

x;k gSA bl 'kks/k esa vkadMs ,d= djus dk eq[; lk/ku iz'ukoyh gh gSA ogha vuqlwph ,d ,slh rF;

ladyu dh izfof/k gS ftlesa voyksdu] lk{kkRdkj rFkk iz'ukoyh rhuksa fo'ks"krkvksa dk leUo; gSA

lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls nks rjg ls vkadMksa dk ladyu fd;k gSa ftuesa ,d Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyksa ls

tqM+s yksxksa dk ,oa nwljk ehfM;k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa lsA

Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh fo'oluh;rk] tu izfr"Bk ,oa izHkko ds v/;;u esa t;iqj 'kgj esa losZ{k.k

ds ek/;e ls jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] 'kS{kf.kd ,oa lkaLd`frd izHkko dk vkadyu fd;k x;k gSA

Vsyhfotu n'kZdksa ds ilanhnk lekpkj pSuy ds ckjs esa irk yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd n'kZd

fdl rjg dk lekpkj pSuy ilan djrk gS rFkk ml ij mUgsa dkSuls dk;ZØe ilan vkrs gSaA

ehfM;kdfeZ;kas ls lk{kkRdkj esa Vhoh lekpkjksa dh n`f"V ls lekpkj pSuy dh loZJs"Brk ds ckjs esa irk

yxkus ds lkFk lekpkj izLrqfrdj.k es lekpkj pSuy ds n`f"Vdks.k ij izdk'k Mkyk x;k gSA pSuyksa ij

izlkfjr lekpkj dh fo'oluh;rk ;k izpkj dks izeq[krk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh tqVkus ds lkFk pSuyksa ij

izlkfjr ykbo [kcjksa ds ckjs esa v/;;u izLrqr gSA lekpkjksa esa czsfdax U;wt] U;wt ¶y'k ds izpyu ds

lkFk fodklkRed lekpkjksa dh mis{kk D;ksa] ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izLrqr gSA lekpkjksa dh u, lanHkZ esa

izLrqfr ,oa mudh fo'oluh;rk rFkk t;iqj 'kgj esa lekpkj pSuyksa dh Vhvkjih ,oa izlkfjr eqn~nks ij

v/;;u dk blesa lekdyu fd;k x;k gSA

Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa ij lekpkjksa dh oLrq fLFkfr ,oa turk ij izHkko'khyrk dk vkadyu djus es a

esjk ;g 'kks/k fuf'pr :i ls ennxkj lkfcr gksxkA

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DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


मख य श‍ – ehfM;k] fo”oluh;rk] Vh-oh- lekpkj pSuy] izHkko”khyrk] lk{kkRdkj] n”kZd] lekpkj]

izlkj.k] lekt] jktuSfrd] vkfFkZd

Cite This Article: Mk- ;ksxs'k dqekj xqIrk. (2017). “Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh izHkko'khyrk

¼p;fur pSuyksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u½. International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah, 5(7),

79-91. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.827210.

1. izLrkouk

orZeku esa Vhoh ehfM;k esa ,sls lekpkj mRiknksa dk dkQh tksj gS tks yksxksa dk /;ku vkd`"V djus esa

lcls vf/kd l{ke gSa vkSj bu fnuksa fofHkUu Vhoh U;wt pSuyksa esa fHkUu fo"k;d lekpkjksa vkSj vU;

dk;ZØeksa dh ck<+ lh vk xbZ gSA Vhoh ehfM;k ds {ks= esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu gq, gSaA Vhoh ehfM;k us

vkt fo'o dks >d>ksj dk j[k fn;k gSA

ns'k esa Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyksa dh fLFkfr cM+h gh fofp= gS vkSj ;s tcjnLr izfrLi)kZ ds nkSj ls xqtj

jgs gSaA fuR; u, pSuy [kqyrs tk jgs gSa vkSj euekus <ax ls [kcjsa izlkfjr dj jgs gSaA budh rkRdkfyd

izkFkfedrk vf/kd ls vf/kd n'kZdksa dks cka/ks j[kus dh gSA vFkkZr~ lkjk [ksy Vhvkjih ¼Vsyhfotu jsfVax

iksbaV½ dk gSA n'kZdksa dks cka/ks j[kus ds fy, bl nkSj esa ;s lekpkjksa esa euksjatu ds rRoksa dks feydkj

izlkfjr djus dh j.kuhfr ij py jgs gSaA mUgsa bl ckr ls dksbZ eryc ugha gS fd lekt ij bu

[kcjksa dk D;k izHkko iM+sxkA mUgsa rks viuh Vhvkjih ls eryc gSA vius izkbZe Vkbe esa Vhvkjih dks

en~nsutj j[kdj gh dk;ZØe izlkfjr fd, tkrs gSaA ;g cM+h foMEcuk gS fd Vhoh lekpkj pSuyksa dks

tks okLrfod [kcjsa izlkfjr dh tkuh pkfg, muls os dgha HkVdrs ls utj vk jgs gSaA lekpkjksa esa tks

czsfdax U;wt] U;wt ¶y'k rFkk vijk/k lekpkjksa dks cM+s lts&laojs <ax ls n'kZdksa ds lkeus izLrqr fd;k

tk jgk gS] tks gj fdlh dks vihy djrs ls utj vk jgs gSaA Hkys gh budh varZoLrq fcYdqy ?kfV;k

fdLe dh gh D;ksa u gksA cl] elkyk yxkdj [kcj dks Likblh cuk fn;k tkrk gSA bl dkj.k bl

rjg ds lekpkj mRikn yksxksa dks f'kf{kr djus vkSj muesa le> iSnk djus ds ctk; mudk euksjatu gh

vf/kd djrs gSaA

;g “kks/k i= Vsfyfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh fo”oluh;rk ,oa izHkko”khyrk dk laf{kIr fooj.k izLrqr

djrk gSA

2. lkfgR; dk iqujkoyksdu (Review of Literature)

bl fo"k; ls lacaf/kr 'kks/k dk;Z ek[ku yky prqosZnh jk"Vªh; i=dkfjrk fo'ofo|ky; Hkksiky ls MkW0

nsoozr flag us ^^Comparative Study of Indian News Channel** ij 2005 esa fd;k gSA bUgksaus dqNsd

pSuyksa dh varZoLrq dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA iwuk fo'ofo|ky; esa Xyksfj;k dksaMydj dSedj us ^^Study of

Marathi TV Channel with reference to the Interrelation between viewership & Programming

Content** ij fd;k gS] tks fd ejkBh pSuyksa ds dk;ZØeksa ,oa muds n'kZdksa rd lhfer gSA

Ratnesh Dwivedi. "Changing Mutual Perception of Television News Viewers and Program

Makers in India- A Case Study of CNN-IBN and Its Unique Initiative of Citizen

Journalism" Pragyan:A Journal of Mass Communication Vol. 8 Iss. 2 (2010). A Study of

Viewership Preference Patterns of News Channels with Special Reference to Zee News by

Sachin Sinha.



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


iqLrdksa esa ofrZdk uank dh Vsyhfotu ,oa vijk/k i=dkfjrk esa Vsyhfotu ij vijk/k dk;ZØeksa dh

dojst ls ysdj izlkj.k ,oa vU; rduhdh ckfjdh;ksa dks o.kZu gSA izks0 jes'k tSu dh bysDVªkWfud

ehfM;k esa Vsyhfotu ys[ku ,oa Vhoh rduhd ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nh xbZ gSA MkW0 latho Hkkukor dh

bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k esa Vsyhfotu rduhd ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA MkW0 nsoozr dh Hkkjrh; bysDVªkWfud

ehfM;k esa fo'o ,oa Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu ds bfrgkl dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA dksVk [kqyk fo'ofo|ky;

dh n';&J`O; ek/;e dh cqdysV esa Vhoh ds bfrgkl ds lkFk Vhoh rduhdh dks lesVus dh dksf'k'k dh

xbZ gS ,oa tulapkj 'kks/k izfof/k dh cqdysV esa lapkj 'kks/k ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA MkW0 eukst n;ky

ds ehfM;k 'kks/k iqLrd esa tulapkj 'kks/k dk o.kZu fd;k x;k gSA

nSfud lekpkj i=ksa esa nSfud HkkLdj] jktLFkku if=dk] nSfud fgUnqLrku] jk"Vªh; lgkjk ,oa lgkjk

le; lkIrkfgd dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA fjlpZ tuZYl esa lapkj ek/;e] fonqj ds lkFk gal dk

Vsyhfotu fo'ks"kkad dk Hkh bl 'kks/k esa v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

blds lkFk gh fofHkUu lekpkj pSuyksa dh csclkbZV tSls& vktrd MkWV dkWe] ,uMhVhoh bafM;k MkWV

dkWe] LVkj U;wt MkWV dkWe] lgkjk le; MkWV dkWe] MhMh bafM;k MkWV thvksoh MkWV bu] chchlh MkWV

dkWe] lh,u,u MkWV dkWe vkfn fofHkUu lekpkj pSuyksa dh csclkbZV dk Hkh voyksdu fd;k x;k gSA

3. 'kks/k ds mn~ns'; (Objects of Research)

^^Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh izHkko'khyrk ¼p;fur pSuyksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u½** fo"k;d

'kks/k dk;Z ds fuEu mn~ns'; jgs&

1- bl 'kks/k dk;Z ls Hkkjr esa izlkfjr gks jgs lekpkj pSuyksa dh fo'oluh;rk ekywe gksrh gS fd

vkt Hkh lekpkj pSuyksa dh turk esa fo'oluh;rk cjdjkj cuh gqbZ gSA

2- bl 'kks/k ls lekpkj pSuyksa ds chp py jgh ?keklku izfrLi)kZ esa lcls vkxs dkSulk lekpkj

pSuy gS] dk irk yxrk gSA

3- bl 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls Vhoh lekpkj pSuyksa ds izHkko dk ewY;kadu fd;k tk ldrk gS fd

fdl&fdl pSuy dk fdruk&fdruk izHkko iM+rk gSA

4- bl 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls Vhoh ds fofHkUu lekpkj pSuyksa dh varZoLrq dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gS

fd muesa fdruk izfr'kr lekpkj gS vkSj fdruk izfr'kr foKkiuA

4. 'kks/k dk egRo (Importance of Research)

;g 'kks/k gesa Vhoh lekpkj pSuyksa ds fofHkUu igyqvksa vkSj vk;keksa vkfn dk Kku iznku djrk gSA bl

Kku dk mi;ksx turk dh fodkl ;kstukvksa dks cukus vkSj vkxs c<+kus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl

'kks/k dh lgk;rk ls Vhoh ehfM;k ds fodkl dh ;kstuk,a vPNh cukbZ tk ldrh gSa vkSj y{;ksa dks

ljyrk ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g 'kks/k Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy] dY;k.kdkjh] /keZfujis{k rFkk

lekurkoknh ns'k ds fy, fo'ks"k egRo j[krk gSA blds }kjk ns'k esa blds izHkkoksa tSls& vkfFkZd]

jktuhfr] lkeftd] 'kSf{kd] lkaLd`frd vkfn dh tkudkjh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn izHkko cqjk gS rks

mls nwj djus dh ;kstuk,a cukdj rhoz xfr ls fodkl lq/kkj vkfn ds dk;ZØe cuk, tk ldrs gSaA bl

'kks/k dk egRo fuEu rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij izdV fd;k tk ldrk gS%&



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


1- ;g 'kks/k Vhoh ehfM;k ls lacaf/kr igyqvksa dh vKkurk ds fuokj.k esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk

gSA D;ksafd orZeku ;qx esa gh Vhoh gh lapkj dk lcls izHkkoh ek/;e gSA

2- bl 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls Vhoh ehfM;k ls lacaf/kr vusd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku fd;k x;k gSA

3- ;g 'kks/k dY;k.kdkjh dk;Z djus esa lgk;d gks ldrk gSA D;ksafd Vhoh ehfM;k yksxksa rd

lwpukvksa dks igqapkrk gSA yksxksa dks U;k; fnykus esa] fofHkUu vuNq, igyqvksa ls inkZ gVkus esa

lgk;d fl) gks ldrk gSA

4- bl 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk okLrfodrk ls Kku iznku

djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA

5. 'kks/k v/;;u dk {ks= (Area of Research)

'kks/k ds fy, geus ;gka ij ns'k ds jktLFkku izkar dh jkt/kkuh t;iqj 'kgj dks v/;;u {ks= ds :i esa

fy;k gSA t;iqj 'kgj esa fofHkUu rjg ds yksx fuokl djrs gSaA t;iqj 'kgj esa dqy 91 okMZ gSaA geus

bl v/;;u gsrq uxj fuxe ls lu~ 2015 dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ls tula[;k ¼oksVj½ ds vkadM+s fy, gSaA

lHkh 91 okMksZa esa dqy yxHkx 17 yk[k oksVj ¼1684541½ 919441L=h;ka ,oa 765100iq:"k gSaA izR;sd okMZ

esa oksVjksa dh la[;k vleku gSA

6. 'kks/k izfof/k (Research Methodology)

?kVuk vkSj leL;kvksa ds laca/k es uohu Kku izkIr djus ds fy, fd, x, vUos"k.k dk;Z dks 'kks/k izfØ;k

dgrs gSaA ;gka bl 'kks/k dh izfof/k fooj.kkRed ;k o.kkZRed ¼Descriptive Research Method½ gSA bl

'kks/k izfof/k dk mn~ns'; fo"k; ;k leL;k ds laca/k esa ;FkkFkZ ;k okLrfod rF;ksa dks ,df=r dj mudk

Øec)] rkfdZd rFkk O;ofLFkr fooj.k izLrqr djuk gSA bl 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu i{kksa ds laca/k esa

tkudkjh] okLrfod rF; ;k lwpuk,s ,df=r dh rFkk mUgsa turk ds lEeq[k izLrqr fd;k A bl 'kks/k

esa rF; okLrfod ,oa fo'oluh; gSa] ftlls bldk o.kkZRed fooj.k oSKkfud gSA

vr% bl 'kks/k eas ?kVukvksa dk ;FkkFkZ :i izLrqr djus ij cy fn;k gSA fooj.kkRed 'kks/k laca/kh izeq[k

fo'ks"krkvksa esa fdlh fo"k; ds fofHkUu i{kksa ij izdk'k Mkyuk] iwoZ v/;;u jfgr gksus ij fo"k; dh

mi;qDrrk j[kuk rFkk 'kks/k ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa oSKkfud fof/k dks viuk;k gSA

6.1. vkadM+k laxzg.k ds lzksr (Sources of Data Collection)

vuqla/kku ds fy, fofo/k lzksrksa ls vkadM+s ,df=r djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftuesa f}fr;d lzksr

¼xkS.k½ ,oa izkFkfed lzksr 'kkfey gksrs gSaA

izkFkfed lzksr (Primary Sources)

izkFkfed lzksrksa ls gekjk rkRi;Z lacaf/kr yksxksa ls vkadM+k laxzg.k djuk gSaA ;kuh fd izR;kfFkZ;ksa

(Respondents) ls O;fDrxr :i ls laidZ djuk] muds ?kj tkdj ;k dk;kZy; igqapdj lwpuk,a

,df=r djuk gSA f}fr;d lzksrksa ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ij vPNss ls dk;Z djds vafre :ijs[kk rS;kj djds

lh/kh ,oa lk{kkr~ lwpuk {ks= ls Hkh yh tkrh gSA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


f}rh;d lzksr (Secondary Sources)

tc lwpuk miyC/k lkfgR; ls izkIr dh tkrh gS rks mls f}rh;d lzksr ls vkadM+k laxzg.k dgrs gSaA

f}rh;d lzksrksa esa ljdkjh@xSj ljdkjh vfHkys[k ¼orZeku ,oa izkphu½ izkarh; ,oa ftyk xtsfV;j]

tux.kuk nLrkost] Mk;fj;ka] fdrkcsa] lekpkj i=&if=dk;sa] dk;ZØe izfrfyfi;ka] Nk;kfp= vkfn

'kkfey gSaA f}rh;d lzksrksa ls izkIr vkadM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls cgqr vf/kd fooj.k izkIr gqvk gSA Vhoh

pSuyksa ls ,oa lwpuk izlkj.k ea=ky; dh okf"kZd fjiksVZ dks Hkh n`f"Vxr j[kk x;k gSA baVjusV ls Hkh

vko';d lkexzh tqVkbZ x;h gSA lwpuk fofue; dsUnz tSls& la;qDr jk"Vª ,stsafl;ka] iqLrdky; rFkk dqN

ekud izdk'ku ,oa 'kks/k if=dkvksa eas Nis ys[k Hkh f}rh;d vkadM+ksa ds mi;ksxh lzksr gSA

fo'ks"kKksa ,oa vU; yksxksa ls ijke'kZ ,oa ppkZ ls Hkh ewY;oku f}rh;d vkadM+s miyC/k gq, gSaA f}rh;d

lzksrksa ls izkIr vkadM+s le; ,oa /ku cpkrs gSa vkSj xyfr;ka jksdus esa enn djrs gSaA ;g dk;Z{ks= ls

izkFkfed vkadM+k laxzg.k ds fy, [kkdk rS;kj djus esa Hkh ekxZn'kZu djrk gSA igys ds vuqla/kku ls ;g

vuqeku yxkus esa enn gksrh gS fd vkadM+k laxzg.k ds nkSjku vkSj D;k leL;k lkeus vk ldrh gSA

lkFk gh ;g Hkh irk pyrk gS fd fdrus u, vkadM+ksa dh vko';drk gSA

6.2. vkadM+k laxzg.k fof/k (Method of Data Collection)

oSKkfud <ax ls vkadM+k laxzg.k dh vusd fof/k;ka gSA mn~ns';ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy;s fofHkUu fof/k;ka iz;ksx

esa yk;h tkrh gSA fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk pquko miyC/k lk/kuksa ,oa mi;ksfxrk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

6.3. losZ{k.k fof/k (Survey Method)

losZ{k.k vuqla/kku dk mn~ns'; vke yksxksa ls mi;qDr loky iwNdj mudh eukso`fRr;ksa] fo'oklksa vkSj

O;ogkjksa ds fo"k; esa lwpuk izkIr djuk gksrk gSA vkerkSj ij yksxksa dh lhfer la[;k ftls izfrn'kZ

¼lSEiy½ dgrs gS] blls iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls vkadM+s ,df=r fd;s tkrs gSA ,d izfrn'kZ tula[;k dk

lhfer fgLlk gksrk gSA ftlds ek/;e ls cM+h tula[;k dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk

gSA ;g dk;Z Mkd ls iz'ukoyh Hkstdj ;k O;fDrxr lk{kkRdkj ds tfj;s] yksxksa ls futh rkSj ls ;k

lewgksa esa laiUUk fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds vykok ikfjokfjd izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k] iSuy losZ{k.k] Mkd

losZ{k.k ;k VsyhQksu losZ{k.k dqN nwljs izdkj ds loZs{k.k gS tks lalk/kuksa dh miyC/krk vkSj v/;;u ds

Lo:i dks ns[krs gq, fd;s tkrs gSA bu lHkh losZ{k.k fof/k;ksa dh viuh lkeF;Z ,oa lhek,a gSaA

Vsyhfotu ds lekpkj pSuyksa ds lHkh n'kZdksa ij izHkko'khyrk dk vkadyu U;wt pSuyksa dks ns[ks tkus ds

ckjs esa lwpuk,a ,d= djds muds izfrn’kkasZ dk v/;;u losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkrk gSA

6.4. izfrn'kZ ladyu (Sampling)

t;iqj 'kgj esa losZ{k.k i)fr ds fy, t;iqj uxj fuxe ls lu 2015 dh fuokZpd ukekoyh ls

tula[;k dk MsVk fy;k x;k gSA ftlesa dqy 91 okMZ gSa rFkk izR;sd okMZ esa tula[;k ¼oksVj½ dh la[;k

vleku gSA gekjk lSEiy lkbt 1000 gSA dqy 17 yk[k tula[;k ¼oksVj½ esa ls 1000 dk p;u djuk

gS] tks izR;sd okMZ dks fjfiztsUV djsA izR;sd okMZ ls mldh oksVj la[;k ds fglkc ls lSEiy ys ysrs gSA

ftlls mfpr vuqikr ds MsVk dk p;u fd;k tk ldsA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


okMZ ls MkVk ds p;u ds fy;s ge js.Me Vscqy fof/k ls MsVk dk p;u djrs gSa vkSj Ms+Vk mfpr vuqikr

ls dqN vf/kd fy;k tkrk gSa] ftlls ckn esa dksbZ ijs'kkuh u gks vkSj izR;sd okMZ ds lSEiy dk irk

(Address) ns[kdj fQj mlls iz'ukoyh dks Hkjok;k tkrk gSA bl rjg lwpuk ,d= dj yh tkrh gSA

6.5. iz'ukoyh (Questionnaire)

losZ{k.k 'kks/k esa vkadM+s ,d= djus dk eq[; lk/ku iz'ukoyh gS iz'ukoyh esa os lHkh rF; fey jgs gSa]

tks Vsyhfotu U;wt pSuyksa dh izHkko'khyrk ls lacaf/kr vkadM+s rS;kj djus ds fy;s t:jh gSaaA blds

lkFk gh iz'u Hkh cgqr vf/kd ugha gSa] D;kasfd blds mRrj nssus okyk Fkd ldrk gSA tks vko';d gS vkSj

tks fey ldrk gSa bu nksuksa ds chp ,d mfpr larqyu cuk, j[kk gSA gekjs ;gka dbZ Hkk"kk;sa cksyh tkrh

gSA blfy;s iz'uksa dk mfpr vuqokn djds j[kk x;k gS vkSj ;g t:jh Hkh gSA eq>s losZ{k.k {ks= dh

i;kZIr tkudkjh gSA blfy, iz'ukoyh rS;kj djus esa vf/kd ijs'kkuh;ksa dk lkeuk ugha djuk iM+kA ;fn

iz'ukoyh lgh rjhds ls rS;kj u dh tk, rks ,d vPNs [kkls laxfBr losZ{k.k dks u"V dj ldrh gSA

6.6. lk{kkRdkj (Interview)

losZ{k.k 'kks/k dh lQyrk eq[;r% bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrh gS fd {ks=dk;Z fdruh [kwch ls fd;k x;k gSA

n'kZd ,oa Jksrkvksa dk vkadyu] v/;;u esa {ks=dk;Z izk;% vYidkfyd iz'udrkZ djrs gSaA bu

iz'udrkZvksa dk mfpr p;u vkSj izf'k{k.k gksuk pkfg,A blds vykok {ks=dk;Z ds nkSjku mfpr fujh{k.k

fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk lk{kkRdkjksa dh xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus ds fy;s dqN lk{kkRdkjksa dh nqckjk tkap

Hkh gksuh pkfg,A {ks= lk{kkRdkj dh lQyrk cgqr gn rd iz'udrkZ ij fuHkZj djrh gSA iz'udrkZ dks

mRrj nsus okys ds lkFk mfpr laca/k LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A mudk O;fDrRo] vkpj.k] vkokt] ekufld

izHkko'khyrk vkSj 'kkjhfjd Hkk"kk Hkh lk{kkRdkj dh lQyrk vkSj lgh lwpuk ,d= djus esa ;ksxnku

djrh gSA

lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls ge nks rjg ls vkadMksa dk ladyu djrs gSa] ftlessa ,d Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyksa

ls tqM+s yksxksa dk ,oa nwljk ehfM;k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj djrs gSaA

Vhoh ehfM;kdfeZ;ksa dk lk{kkRdkj ysuk ;gka blfy, izklafxd gS D;ksafd ;s yksx Vhoh dh van:uh fLFkfr

dks c;ka dj ldsa] Vhoh ehfM;k ds lp dks lkeus yk lds vkSj bl {ks= esa vius vuqHkoksa dks crk ldsaA

ftlls vkxs vkus okyh ih<+h buds vuqHkoksa ls ykHkkfUor gks ldsA

orZeku le; esa Vsyhfotu ds lekpkj pSuyksa ds }kjk fdl rjg dh fo"k;&oLrq izlkfjr dh tk jgh gS

rFkk lekt] jktuhfr] vFkZO;oLFkk] f'k{kk] laLd`fr ij bldk D;k izHkko iM+ jgk gS rFkk mUgsa fdl rjg

dh fo"k;&oLrq izlkfjr dh tkuh pkfg,A muds vuqlkj gekjs n'kZd dh D;k ekax gS vkSj os n'kZd dh

ekax dks fdl gn rd iwjk dj ikrs gSa] ns[kuk ;g gS fd os tks Hkh izlkfjr dj jgs gSa og vius vki esa

vU; pSuyksa ds izlkj.k dh rqyuk esa dSls loZJs"B gSA lekpkj izlkj.k ds le; fdu ckrksa dks os /;ku

esa j[krs gSa rFkk lekpkj esa fdl pht dh izzeq[krk jgrh gS tSls& fo'oluh;rk ;k izpkjA

vkt tks pyu py jgk gS tSls czsfdax U;wt] U;wt ¶y'k vkfn dk D;k os ikyu dj jgs gSa\ ogha lR;

dh fLFkfr dks turk ds lkeus fdl rjg ls os j[k jgs gSa rFkk lekt] cktkj vkSj Vhoh ehfM;k dh

fLFkfr ij izfrfØ;k ,oa rhu lh ¼fØdssV] lSDl] Økbe½ ij pSuyksa ds :[k dh fLFkfr dk irk djuk gSA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


lekt esa Vhoh pSuyksa dh [kcjksaa dh fo'oluh;rk ds lkFk izHkko'khyrk c<+kus ds fy, os D;k mik; dj

jgs gSaA bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj pSuy ls tqM+s yksxksa dk lk{kkRdkj fy;k x;k gSA

ehfM;k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj ysuk ;gka blfy, izklafxd gS] D;ksafd ehfM;k ds ckjs esa os fdruk

tkurs gSa vkSj orZeku esa ehfM;k esa D;k gks jgk gS rFkk os ehfM;k ds fo|kFkhZ gksus ds ukrss fdl pSuy

dks ilan djrs gSa D;ksafd ;s gh vkus okys dy ds i=dkj gksaxsA blfy, budks lgh fn'kk nsuk t:jh

gSA Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyksa esa fdl pSuy dh [kcj lgh] vPNh ,oa i=dkfjrk dh nf"V ls lVhd

izlkfjr gksrh gS vkSj mldh D;k fo'ks"krk gSA

orZeku esa Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyksa ij izlkfjr jktuhfrd] lkekftd] 'kSf{kd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd [kcjksa

ds ckjs esa ns'k ds Hkkoh i=dkjksa ds fopkj D;k gSa rFkk os bu [kcjksa ls fdrus vkSj fdl rjg ls izHkkfor

gksrs gSa rFkk muds i=dkjh; nf"Vdks.k ls tulkekU; ij mu [kcjksa dk dSlk izHkko iM+rk gSA dkSulk

pSuy ,slk gS] tks vkidh gj rjg ls rqf"V dh iwfrZ djrk gS vkSj fo'oluh;rk ds lkFk [kcj izlkfjr

djrk gS ;k fQj ftudh [kcjsa lR;rk dh dlkSVh ij [kjk mrjrh gSaA fLFkfr ;g gS fd fdl rjg dk

Vhoh lekpkj pSuy gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlesa D;k&D;k gksus pkfg, tks i=dkfjrk ds ekinaMksa dks iwjk djs

,oa ml ij mudh bPNkuqlkj lHkh fo"k;&oLrq izlkfjr dh tk,A bu Hkkoh i=dkjksa dh lksp ns'k o

lekt ds izfr dSlh gS\ bu lc ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj budk lk{kkRdkj djuk t:jh gks tkrk gSA

7. voyksdu (Observation)

fdlh rF; ;k ?kVuk dh okLrfodrk dk Kku rc gh laHko gks ldrk gS tc mls vius lkeus ?kfVr

gksrk ns[kk tk,A

voyksdu dk vFkZ ns[kuk ;k fujh{k.k djuk gksrk gSA vaxzsth 'kCndks"k ds vuqlkj] dkj.k ;k ifjfLFkfr

laca/k dks tkuus ds fy, ?kVukvksa dks Bhd vius mlh :i esa ns[kuk vkSj mudks fy[kuk voyksdu

dgykrk gSA blds ek/;e ls Vhoh ds lekpkj pSuyks dh izHkko'khyrk dk voyksdu fd;k x;k gSA

voyksdu dh bl 'kks/k esa izHkkoh Hkwfedk gS] D;ksafd 'kks/kkFkhZ }kjk izR;{k :i ls tks ns[kk x;k gS vkSj tks

?kfVr gqvk gS] bl okLrfodrk dks voyksdu ds ek/;e ls j[kk x;k gSA blfy, voyksdu dh egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk gSA

8. fo'ys"k.k (Analysis)

oxhZdj.k ds i'pkr~ vkadMksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA ;gka fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ge lkaf[;dh;

fooj.kkRed fo'ys"k.k fof/k (Statical Descriptive Analysis Method) dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA blds ek/;e

ls fo'ys"k.k dj fu"d"kZ ij igqaprs gSaA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


D;k vki Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSa \

728

272

vki Vsyhfotu ij lcls vf/kd D;k ns[krs gS \

lekpkj@ifjppkZ 178 ukVd@/kkjkokfgd 291

198 48 vU; dk;Zdze 13

D;k vki Vsyhfotu ij lekpkj ns[krs o lqurs gS \

422

306

vki Vsyhfotu ij lekpkj dc ns[krs gaS \

38

22

113

81

168

178, 24.45%

291, 39.97%

198, 27.20%

48, 6.59% 13, 1.79%

1234

728, 72.80%

272, 27.20%

1 2

38, 9.00% 22, 5.21%

113, 26.78%

81, 19.19%

168, 39.81%

422, 57.97%

306, 42.03%

1

2



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


Vsyhfotu ij lepkj ds fy, lcls vf/kd dkSulk pSuy ns[krs gSa \

MhMh U;wt 118 vktrd 132 LVkj U;wt 29 ,uMhVhoh

bafM+;k 82 vU; 61

lkekftd ifjorZu ;k lekt lq/kkj esa lekpkj pSuyksa dh Hkwfedk vkidh n`f"V esa fdruh gS \

cgqr vf/kd 28 vf/kd 218 78 37

61

lkekftd ekeyksa ij izHkko'kkyh [kcjsa lcls vf/kd dkSulk lekpkj pSuy izlkfjr djrk gS \

MhMh U;wt 179 vktrd 101 LVkj U;wt 29 ,uMhVhoh

bafM+;k 88 vU; 25

lekpkjksa dh fo'oluh;rk dh n`f"V ls lcls vPNk Vhoh pSuy&

MhMh U;wt 268

vktrd 61 LVkj U;wt 29 ,uMhVhoh

bafM+;k 42

vU; 22

268, 63.51%

61, 14.45%

29, 6.87%

42, 9.95%

22, 5.21% 1

2

3

4

5

118, 27.96%

132, 31.28%

29, 6.87%

82, 19.43%

61, 14.45% 1

2

3

4

5

28, 6.64%

218, 51.66% 78, 18.48%

37, 8.77%

61, 14.45% 1

2

3

4

5

179, 42.42%

101, 23.93%

29, 6.87%

88, 20.85%

25, 5.92% 1

2

3

4

5



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


Vhoh n'kZdksa ds ilanhnk lekpkj pSuy&

ilanhnk Vhoh lekpkj pSuy ds ckjs esa T;knkrj n'kZdkas dk dguk gS fd bl ij izlkfjr gksus okyh

[kcjsa rktk gksa] lgh gksa rFkk lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus okyh gksa ,oa ftl ij [kcjksa dks

ckj&ckj ugha fn[kk;k tkrk gksA [kcjksa esa fo'oluh;rk gksus ds lkFk&lkFk ubZ&ubZ tkudkjh nsus okyk

gksA lekpkjksa esa vkijkf/kd ekeyksa dks c<+kok nsus okyk uk gksA lekpkj pSuy ij izlkfjr [kcjsa NksVh

,oa lVhd gksuh pkfg,] cM+h ,oa ÅckÅ ughaA bl lekpkj pSuy ij vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd]

'kSf{kd] oSKkfud] lkaLd`frd ,oa euksjatu iw.kZ [kcjksa ds lkFk lekt lq/kkj ds dk;ZØe o jkstxkj ls

laacaf/kr lekpkjksa dks vf/kd egRo nsuk pkfg,] ftlls lHkh fo"k;ksa dh [kqydj vfHkO;fDr gks ldsA

dqN dk dguk gS fd lekpkj pSuyksa ij izlkfjr lekpkjksa dh Hkk"kk ljy] lqcks/k vkSj fu"i{krk fy, gq,

gks rFkk jktuhfrd i{k dh vlfy;r dks mtkxj djus okyh gksaA lekpkjksa esa Øec)rk ds lkFk

lekpkj lkj rFkk Hkfo";Qy Hkh gksA pSuy ij izlkfjr [kcjsa lekt dks xqejkg djus okyh u gksa rFkk

vketu dh Hkkoukvksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mlh ds vuqlkj dk;ZØe izlkfjr djus okyh gksaA

dqN dk ekuuk gS fd lekpkj pSuy jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj dks mtkxj dj lds rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy,

ubZ&ubZ tkudkjh iznku djsa] ftl ij lekpkjksa dk izlkj.k izHkkoh rjhds ls gksA lkekftd ifjn'; ij

izdk'k Mkyus ds lkFk vijk/k txr dh lPph ,oa lkQ&lqFkjh [kcj izLrqr djs] ftlds lekpkjksa dk

lekt ij dksbZ nq"izHkko u gksA lekpkj ikjn'khZ gksa fdlh Hkh [kcj dks t:jr ls T;knk egRo u nsus

okyk gks] vko';d [kcjksa dks vuns[kk u djus okyk rFkk fcdkÅ izd`fr dk u gksA ns'k o lekt ds

fgr esa [kcj izlkfjr djus okyk gksA lekpkj pSuy ij izlkfjr lekpkjksa esa lPpkbZ] okLrfodrk vkSj

rF;ksa ij Hkh iwjk tksj fn;k tkos rFkk lHkh [kcjksa dks egRoiw.kZ le>k tkos] fdlh ,d [kcj ij tksj u

fn;k tkosA lekpkj pSuy ij turk dks dkuwuh :i ls tkxzr djus ds fy, fo'ks"k dk;ZØe izlkfjr

fd, tkus pkfg, rFkk pSuy ij ldkjkRed :i ls ykbZo izlkj.k gksuk pkfg,A v'yhyrk ls lacaf/kr

[kcjsa ugha gksuh pkfg,A [kcjksa dk izLrqrhdj.k Hkh u, vankt esa gksuk pkfg,A bl ij le;≤ ij

bfrgkl ls lacaf/kr o egku O;fDr;ksa ds O;fDrRo dh tkudkjh o mudh lQyrk ds lQj ds ckjs esa

lekpkj izlkfjr gksaA czsfdax U;wt ,oa O;kolkf;d [kcjksa dk izlkj.k Hkh gksuk pkfg,A lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh

laca/kh dk;ZØe Hkh izlkfjr gksus pkfg,A lekpkj pSuy ij cPpksa ds fy, xf.kr] foKku] tknw] laxhr ds

dk;ZØe vf/kdrj izlkfjr fd, tkus pkfg,A Vhvkjih c<+kus dh vkM+ esa ihr i=dkfjrk o lulu[kst+

[kcjksa dks c<+kok u nsuk pkfg,A lekt dks ubZ jkg fn[kkus okyk] ekuo /keZ dh f'k{kk nsus okyk] izse

LoHkko c<+kus okyk] ek= 'kfDr dh mikluk iw.kZ _f"k&eqfu dh f'k{kk ij pyus okyk pSuy gSA vijk/k

txr dh [kcjksa dks izHkko'khyrk ds ctk; vijk/k dks [kRe djus laca/kh [kcjsa izlkfjr dh tk;sa ftlls

vke tu esa veu pSu dk okrkoj.k iSnk gks ldsA

9. fu"d"kZ (Conclusion)

Hkkjr esa Vsyhfotu ds lekpkj pSuyksa dh izHkko'khyrk ds vkadyu ds fy, losZ{k.k i)fr] pSuy ls tqM+s

yksxksa ds lk{kkRdkj ,oa ehfM;k ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lk{kkRdkj dk lesfdr :i ls v/;;u djus ds ckn

;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd&

t;iqj 'kgj esa dqy Vsyhfotu n'kZdksa esa ls yxHkx 58 Qhlnh n'kZd lekpkj ns[krs o lqurs

gSaA ckdh 42 Qhlnh n'kZd Vsyhfotu ij izlkfjr vU; dk;ZØe ns[krs o lqurs gSaA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


Vsyhfotu ij lekpkjksa dks ns[kus o lquus ds le; ds ckjs esa yxHkx 40 Qhlnh n'kZdksa dk

ekuuk gS fd tc n'kZdksa ds ikl oDr gksrk gS rc os Vsyhfotu ns[krs gSa rFkk nksigj 12 cts

ls 5 cts rd lcls de yxHkx 5 Qhlnh n'kZd la[;k jgrh gSA

Vsyhfotu ij lekpkjksa ds fy, lokZf/kd la[;k n'kZd la[;k ^vktrd* dh gSA ;g losZ{k.k ls

izkIr yxHkx 31 Qhlnh vkadMs crkrs gSa rFkk ifjppkZ ,oa voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij Hkh ;gh dgk

tk ldrk gSA tcfd dsoy 7 Qhlnh n'kZd la[;k LVkj U;wt dh gSA

Vsyhfotu ij izlkfjr lekpkjksa esa n`';ksa ¼Visuals½ ds vk/kkj ij lcls vPNk lekpkj pSuy

^vktrd* gSSA ifjppkZ ,oa voyksdu ds vk/kkj ij Hkh ;gh fudydj vkrk gSA blds i'pkr~

^,uMhVhoh bafM;k*] ^LVkj U;wt* ,oa ^MhMh U;wt* gSA

^vktrd* dh [kcjsa n'kZd ij xgjk ,oa lokZf/kd izHkko NksM+rh gSaA ;g 41 Qhlnh n'kZdksa dk

ekuuk gSA

lkekftd ifjorZu esa Vsyhfotu lekpkj pSuyksa dh Hkwfedk lokZf/kd gSA ;g yxHkx 52 Qhlnh

n'kZdkas dk ekuuk gSA orZeku esa lekt esa laoknghurk dh fLFkfr vk xbZ gS vkSj O;fDr vius

nk;js eas fleV x;k gSA lekt ds lnL;ksa dh ekufldrk ij Hkh bldk izHkko iMk gSA tcfd

dsoy 7 Qhlnh n'kZd lkekftd ifjorZu esa lekpkj pSuyksa dh Hkwfedk cgqr de ekurs gSaA

lkekftd ekeyksa ij izHkko'kkyh [kcjksa esa lcls cM+h Hkwfedk MhMh U;wt dh jghA ;g lokZf/kd

42 Qhlnh n'kZdksa dk ekuuk gSA lkekftd [kcjksa ds izlkj.k esa Hkh MhMh U;wt gh lcls vxz.kh

lekpkj pSuy gSA lkekftd [kcjksa ij vf/kd /;ku nsus ds lkFk vPNs rjhds ls izlkfjr Hkh

djrk gSA

lcls vf/kd fo'oluh; lekpkj nsus okyk Vsyhfotu pSuy ^MhMh U;wt* gSA ;g yxHkx 64

Qhlnh n'kZdksa dk er gSA

vr% bu lHkh vkadMksa ls fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fd] lekpkjksa dh varZoLrq] izLrqfrdj.k] lkekftd

[kcjksa ds vk/kkj ij ^vktrd* lekpkj pSuy lcls vxz.kh gS rFkk bldh [kcjsa Hkh izHkko'kkyh gSa tks

tuekul ij xgjk izHkko NksM+rh gSaA ogha lkekftd] lkaLd`frd [kcjsa ^MhMh U;wt* ij lokZf/kd izlkfjr

gksrh gSaA tcfd fo'oluh;rk dh tgka ckr vkrh gS mlesa MhMh U;wt* gh lcls vkxs gS D;ksafd ,d rks

;g ljdkjh lekpkj pSuy gS vkSj ;g lkoZtfud izlkjd (Public Broadcaster) ds :i esa dk;Z djrk

gSA blesa [kcjsa Hkys gh nsj ls izlkfjr gksa ysfdu [kcjas fo'oluh;rk fy, gq, gksrh gSaA ogha dqN n'kZdkas

ds ikl nwjn'kZu ¼MhMh U;wt½ ds vykok vU; pSuy ugha gksus ds dkj.k os dsoy ^MhMh U;wt* dks ns[krs

gSaA blfy, Hkh bldh n'kZd la[;k vf/kd gSA

ilanhnk lekpkj pSuy dh fo'ks"krk,a ^vktrd* esa lcls vf/kd ikbZ xbZa blfy, Hkh ;g losZJs"B pSuy

gSA

10. 'kks/k dh lhek,a (Limitation of Research)

bl 'kks/k dh dqN lhek,a gSa] tks fuEu gSa&

1- 'kks/k esa dsoy t;iqj 'kgj dks gh v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gS] ftlls 'kks/k dk;Z dh xq.koÙkk cuh

jgs ,oa fuf'fpr le; vof/k esa dk;Z iwjk gks ldsA

2- 'kks/k esa dsoy pkj fgUnh ds lekpkj pSuyksa dks v/;;u ds fy, pquk x;k gSA

3- bl v/;;u esa t;iqj 'kgj dh 2015 dh fuokZpd ukekoyh esa ls ernkrkvksa dks gh fy;k x;k gSA

4- bl v/;;u ds fy, 1000 jsLiksaMsaV~l dks fy;k x;k gSA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


blds vykok bl 'kks/k v/;;u dh dqN vU; lhek,a Hkh jgh gksaxh] ftuls 'kks/kkFkhZ izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k

:i ls izHkkfor gqvk gksxkA

1. Indian Broadcasting, Luthra, H.R. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting, Govt. of India.

2. Through Magic Window: Television and change in India, Ninan, Sevanti, Penguin Books, Delhi.

3. Television in Kheda : A Social Evaluation of SITE, Aggrawal B.C., Malik M.R., Concept

Publication, New Delhi.

4. Many Voices One World : Communication and Society-today and tomorrow, McBride, Sean ,

UNESCO, Paris.

5. Satellite Invasion, Bhatt, S.C., Gyan Publication, Delhi.

6. An Indian Personality for Television, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Publication

Division, New Delhi.

7. bysDVªkWfud ehfM;k ys[ku % tSu ¼MkW0½ jes'k] eaxynhi izdk'ku] t;iqj A

8- bysDVªkWfud ek/;e jsfM;ks ,oa nwjn'kZu % ikBd] ¼MkW½ jkeeksgu] ;wfuoflZVh ifCyds'ku] ubZ

fnYyh 1998A

9- Vsyhfotu dh nqfu;k % f>axju] izHkq] Hkkjr cqd lsUVj] y[kuÅ] 1998 A

10- nwjn'kZu % Lok;Ùkrk vkSj LorU=rk % ipkSjh] lq/kh'k] lfpu izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1990 A

11- nwjn'kZu dh Hkwfedk % ipkSjh] lq/kh'k] lfpu izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 1991 A

12- Vsyhfotu ys[ku % otkgr] vlxj o jatu izHkkr] jk/kk d".k izdk'ku izk0 fy0] ubZ fnYyh]

2001 A

13- Vsyhfotu lekpkj % 'kdhy glu 'kelh] m-iz- fgUnh lkfgR;] Qk:[kkckn] 2000 A

14- tuek/;e izkS|ksfxdh vkSj fopkj/kkjk jsfM;ks] Vsyhfotu % prqosZnh] txnh'oj] vukfedk ifCy'klZ

fMLVªhC;wVlZ] ubZ fnYyh] 2000 A

15- tulapkj ds lkekftd lanHkZ % ikj[k] tohjeYy A

16- ehfM;k 'kks/k % n;ky ¼MkW0½ eukst] gfj;k.kk A

17- mRrj vk/kqfud ehfM;k foe'kZ % ipkSjh] lq/kh'k] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006 A

18- nwjn'kZu % fodkl ls cktkj rd] ipkSjh] lq/kh'k] izdk'ku foHkkx] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky;]

Hkkjr ljdkj] 1994 A

19- Vsyhfotu leh{kk % fl)kar vkSj O;ogkj] ipkSjh] lq/kh'k] ok.kh izdk'ku] ubZ fnYyh] 2006 A

20- Vsyhfotu vkSj vijk/k i=dkfjrk % uank] ofrZdk] Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh] 2005 A

21- ehfM;k ds fofo/k vk;ke % xqIrk] ;ksxs'k dqekj] vkfo"dkj izdk'ku] t;iqj 2006 A

i=&if=dk,a

1- nSfud HkkLdj ds fofHkUu vad rFkk jljaxA

2- jktLFkku if=dk ds fofHkUu vad rFkk jfookjh; ifjf’k"VA

3- fgUnqLrku ds fofHkUu jfookjh; i`"BA

4- lgkjk le; lkIrkfgdhA

5- jk"Vªh; lgkjk ds jfookjh; i`"BA

6- jkstxkj lekpkjA

7- egkuxj VkbEl t;iqjA

8- euksjek b;j cqdA



DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.827210


'kks/k tuZy ,oa if=dk,¡

1- lapkj ek/;e ,oa lapkjd] Hkkjrh; tulapkj laLFkku] ubZ fnYyhA

2- fonqj ¼fgUnh ,oa vaxzsth½ izsl baLVhV~;wV vkWQ bafM;k] ubZ fnYyhA

3- lapkj Jh] i=dkfjrk ,oa tulapkj foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;] y[kuÅA

4- gal dk Vsyhfotu fo'ks"kkad] tuojh 2007 A

5- ehfM;k foe'kZ] MkW0 Jhdkar flag] jk;iqj] NÙkhlx<+A

6- dscy DosLV] dscy vkWijsVlZ QSMjs'ku vkWQ bafM;k] ubZ fnYyhA

7. Journal of Communication of studies, MCRPSVV. Bhopal.

8. Media Asia, AMIC Publication.

fjiksVZ ,oa izfrosnu

1- lsaVj QkWj ehfM;k LVMht] fnYyhA

2- lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=ky; dh okf"kZd fjiksVZA

lk{kkRdkj

1- euh"k 'kekZ] C;wjks phQ] LVkj U;wt] t;iqjA

2- 'kjr dqekj] C;wjks phQ] vktrd] t;iqjA

3- izrki jko] C;wjks phQ] bZ-Vhoh U;wt] t;iqjA

4- g"kkZ flag ,oa jktu egku] ,uMhVhoh] t;iqjA

5- izHkq pkoyk] vktrd] ubZ fnYyhA

6- /kesZ'k Hkkjrh] MhMh U;wt] t;iqjA

Web Sites

1. www.bbc.co.uk

2. www.cnn.com

3. www.startv.com

4. www.zeetv.com

5. www.aajtak.com

6. www.ndtv.com

7. www.ddindia.gov.in

8. www.webduniya.com

9. www.indiantelevision.com

10. www.india-today.com

11. www.ndtvtravels.com/aboutus.asp

12. www.indiantelevision.com

13. www.tvguide.com

14. www.tvnet.com

15. www.cable-quest.com

16. www.exchange4media.com

*Corresponding author.

E-mail address: [email protected]


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