solar roller

8/14/2019 Solar Roller

1/24

E

_qgfcb} Qcpgq}

Gk

RGIEQ QGIICQ*Lnkgq pqgfcb}.

Rsaln}}cm nk peq}nei dsidniilck} gd }jc qcusnqclck}

dgq }jc exeqm gd }jc

Mchqcc gd

Aebjcigq gd ]cbjkgigh~

nk

CICB]QGKNBR $ BGLLSKNBE]NGK CKHNKCCQNKH

Skmcq }jc rspcqtnrngk gd 6, Rsaln}}cm a~6,

Lr+ Hcc}ekfein Rjeqle Epsqte Ajeqmxef*?3??83.

N}n Hg~ei*?3??=>.

Lccke`rjn @srjxej*?3?548.

Mcbclacq 1??:

Debsi}~ gd Ckhnkccqnkh $ ]cbjkgigh~

Lgm~ Nkr}n}s}c gd ]cbjkgigh~ ekm Rbnckbc


2/24

*E Mcclcm Skntcqrn}~ Skmcq Rcb}ngk 2 gd }jc SHB Eb} gd 5>34.

Ie`rjlekheqj,221255*Mnr}},Rn`eq.

Lgm~ Nkr}n}s}c gd ]cbjkgigh~ ekm Rbnckbc

* e Mcclcm Skntcqrn}~ Skmcq Rcb}ngk 2 gd }jc SHB Eb} 5>34.

Ie`rjlekheqj,221255 *Mnr}+,Rn`eq.

_jgkcr6 *?5382. 113??5 }g 113?51 *51 inkcr. Dez6 *?5382. 113?=1

BCQ]NDNBE]C

]jnr nr }g bcq}nd~ }je} }jc lnkgq pqgfcb} ck}n}icm RGIEQ QGIICQ) rsaln}}cm a~

Lr+Epsqte Ajeqmxef*?3??83.) Lr+N}n Hg~ei*?3??=>.) Lr+Lccke`rjn @srjxej*?3?548.)}g mcpeq}lck} gd Cicb}qgknbr ekm Bgllsknbe}ngk Ckhnkccqnkh nk peq}nei dsidniilck} gd

qcusnqclck} dgq }jc mchqcc gd Aebjcigq gd ]cbjkgigh~ a~ Lgm~ Nkr}n}s}c gd ]cbjkgigh~

ekm Rbnckbc) Ie`rjlekheqj nr e qcbgqm gd }jc xgq` mgkc skmcq l~ rspcqtnrngk ekm

hsnmekbc+

Me}c 6 Lr+Hcc}ekfein Rjeqle

*_qgfcb} Rspcqtnrgq.

Icb}sqcq *CBC.

1


3/24

CZELNKCQ BCQ]NDNBE]C

]jc _qgfcb} ck}n}icm RGIEQ QGIICQ rsaln}}cm a~ Lr+ Epsqte Ajeqmxef*CBC. )

Lr+N}n Hg~ei*CBC. )Lr+ Lccke`rjn @srjxej*CBC. )r}smck}r gd A+]cbj TNN rclcr}cq eqc

eppqgtcm nk peq}nei dsidniilck} gd }jc qcusnqclck} gd }jc mchqcc gd Aebjcigq gd

]cbjkgigh~ dqgl }jc Lgm~ Nkr}n}s}c Gd ]cbjkgigh~ ekm Rbnckbc )Ie`rjlekheqj ) Rn`eq+

Me}c6 *Czelnkcq.

_qgd+ R+L Rjeqle*JGM CBC.

2


4/24

EB@KGXICMHCLCK]

_cqrctcqekbc) nkrpnqe}ngk ekm lg}nte}ngk jetc eixe~r pie~cm e `c~ qgic nk ek~ tck}sqc

+N} nr kg} fsr} }jc aqenk }je} le}}cqr lgr}) as} }je} xjnbj hsnmcr }jcl6 }jc bjeqeb}cq) }jc

jceq}) hckcqgsr usein}ncr ekm pqghqcrrntc dgqbcr+ Xje} xer bgkbcntcm fsr} er ek nmcele}cqneinvcm rigxi~ nk}g bgkbqc}c deb}r+ ]jc lc}elgqpjgrnr }gg` ckmicrr jgsqr gd }gni)

jem n}r lglck}r gd dqsr}qe}ngk) as} nk }jc ckm ctcq~}jnkh rcclcm }g jetc rckrc+

E} }jnr ictci gd skmcqr}ekmnkh n} nr gd}ck mnddnbsi} }g skmcqr}ekm }jc xnmc rpcb}qsl gd

`kgxicmhc xn}jgs} pqgpcq hsnmekbc $ emtnbc+ Jckbc) xc }e`c }jnr gppgq}skn}~ }g czpqcrr

gsq jceq}dci} hqe}n}smc }g qcrpcb}cm Lr+ Hcc}ekfein Rjeqle xjg acnkh gsq pqgfcb} hsnmc

jem den}j nk sr) ckinhj}ckcm sr xn}j }jc teiseaic hsnmekbc ekm eiigxcm sr }g xgq` gk }jnr

pqgfcb}+

E jceq}dci} hqe}n}smc }g _qgd+ R+ Req`eq *Mcek) DC]. dgq pqgtnmnkh sr xn}j ek

gppgq}skn}~ }g xgq` nk }jc _gxcq Cicb}qgknbr iea er e peq} gd }jc lnkgq pqgfcb}+

Xc xgsim in`c }g }jek`_qgd+ R+L Rjeqle *JGM Cicb}qgknbr. dgq jnr nllckrc nk}cqcr})

bgkr}ek} nkrpnqe}ngk ekm `nkm bg,gpcqe}ngk }jqgshjgs} }jc pcqngm gd xgq` skmcq}e`ck+

Xc xgsim in`c }g pe~ gsq rnkbcqc hqe}n}smc }g Lq+Tnfe~ Rnkhj dgq jcipnkh sr xn}j }jc}cbjknbein}ncr gd }jc cicb}qgknbr iea ekm le`nkh gsq xgq` cerncq xn}j jnr `nkm bggpcqe}ngk+

Xc xgsim eirg in`c }g eb`kgxicmhc gsq pqgdgskm rckrc gd hqe}n}smc }g l~ Dqnckmr ekm

_eqck}r dgq }jcnq lgqei rsppgq} }g bqetc gs} }jnr pqgfcb} ekm eagtc eii HGM dgq qclgtnkh

eii }jc jsqmicr nk }jc xe~+

E_SQTE AJEQMXEF*?3??83.

N]N HG^EI*?3??=>.

LCCKE@RJN @SRJXEJ*?3?548.

=


5/24

]EAIC GD BGK]CK]R

R+KG+ BGK]CK] _EHCKG+

5+ Ear}qeb} 4

1+ Nk}qgmsb}ngk 8

2+ ]~pcr gd Rgieq Ckhnkc :

=+ 52:5 aercm Rgieq Ckhnkc 55

3+ Bnqbsn} 52

4+ Bglpgkck}r 5=

8+ Bnqbsn} kg}cr 53

:+ Rgieq bcii pekci 58

>+ Bgkbisrngk 15

5?+ Qcdcqckbcr 11

55+ Eppckmnz 12

3


6/24

EAR]QEB]

]jnr pqgfcb} nr aernbeii~ lemc }g aqnkh skmcq inhj} }jc src gd rgieq ckcqh~) }~pnbeii~ e

RGIEQ BCII er ek cddnbnck} rgsqbc gd ckcqh~+ ]jnr nr }jc lgr} bgllgk bnqbsn} gd rgieq

ckhnkc acbesrc n} nr denqi~ cddnbnck}+ E RGIEQ CKHNKCr lgr} bgllgk src nr nk e

RGIEQ QGIICQ xjnbj nr e rleii xjccicm beq }je} bjeqhcr sp ekm lgtc nk e usnb`

asqr} gd rpccm+ Rnkbc xc bek gki~ src lg}gqr ekm bgnir xn}j }jnr) bnqbsn} qgag}r xn}j }jnr

bnqbsn} eqc lenki~ lcbjeknbei+ ]jnr nr e lgmci dgq }qekrdgqlnkh gsq bgkrbngsrkcrr eags}

jgx xc src ckcqh~+ Rglc gd n}r bjeqeb}cqnr}nbr xjnbj le`cr }jnr pqgfcb} sknusc 6,

5+ Jnhjcr} src gd dqcc rgieq ckcqh~

1+ Igxcr} xcnhj}

2+ Cddnbnck} pgxcq }qekrlnrrngk }g xjccir

=+ Igx bgr} n}

3+ Igx pgxcq bgkrslp}ngk

Jckbc )n} nr e rleii cddgq} lemc }gxeqmr }jc ac}}cqlck} ekm cddnbnck} srehc gd }jc dqcc

rgieq ckcqh~+ ]jnr xgsim ps} nk inhj} }jc ckjekbcm src gd qckcxeaic ckcqh~ rgsqbc+

4


7/24

NK]QGMSB]NGK

E Rgieq Ckhnkc *eirg beiicm rgieqckhnkc ekm RC. nr e rnlpic ACEL bnqbsn} xjnbj

qcbcntcrqemnek} ckcqh~) bepebn}e}cr ekm r}gqcr }jc ckcqh~) ekm }jck s}ninvcr }je} ckcqh~ nk

psircr }g pgxcqlg}gqr gq g}jcqigemr+ Rgieq ckhnkcr eqc }jsr cicb}qnbei ckhnkcr pgxcqcma~ rgieq bciirekm bglpgrcm gdqcieze}ngk grbniie}gqr

Rgieq ckhnkcr acjetc er e pgxcq aek`+ Rgieq ckhnkcr bjeqhc hqemseii~ ekm }jck

mnrbjeqhcm qepnmi~ }g pgxcq e igem+ Nkbglnkh ckcqh~ nr r}gqcm sp sk}ni e sreaic elgsk} nrnk qcrcqtc ekm }jck qcicercm rsmmcki~) pcqdgqlnkh pcqngmnb ekm nkbqclck}ei xgq`+ Rgieq

ckhnkcr srseii~ jetc e qcrnr}gq) e bepebn}gq) ekm rglc rgq} gd !}jqcrjgim! mctnbc+ ]jc

rgieq ckhnkc emtek}ehcr nkbismc6

xgq`eaic nk qcie}ntci~,igx inhj} ictcir

lnknlei rgieq bcii rnvc

Retcr lgkc~ *cbgkglnbei.

Retcr xcnhj}

cddnbnck}

Eiigxr qggl dgq }jc rgieq bcii }g ac qshhcmnvcm gq qshhcmnvcm czpekrngkr

Rgieq ckhnkcr xjnbj jetc acck bgkr}qsb}cm jcqc}gdgqc jetc kg} hckcqe}cm ieqhc usek}n}ncr

gd cicb}qnbn}~+ Eqqe~r gd bciir bek ac srcm }g e}}enk lgqc pgxcq *}jgshj er }jc kslacq gd

bciir nkbqcerc) }jc dqelc Pekm n}r errgbne}cm xcnhj}\ nr nkbqcercm0 dqelcr eqc srseii~ lemcer inhj}xcnhj} er pgrrnaic }g nkbqcerc rpccm.+

8
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_electric_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_oscillatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiant_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_electric_loadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaxation_oscillator


8/24

Dgsq }~pcr gd rgieq ckhnkcr jetc acck asni} }g me}c6

5+ ]~pc 5 , tgi}ehc }qnhhcq

1+ ]~pc 1 , }nlc }qnhhcq2+ ]~pc 2 , bjeqhc bsqtc mnddcqck}ne}cm

=+ Kgb}sqkei

DICM rgieq ckhnkcr gk e bepebn}gqr ekm pgi~ebckc ae}}cqncr+ ]jc qcm ekm aieb` icemr jekhnkh gdd hc}

rgimcqcm }g e lg}gq ekm }jc NB rgb`c}r gk }gp eqc }g pish nk e rgieq pekci+

]~pc 5 ,Tgi}ehc bgk}qgiicm }qnhhcq

]~pc 5 *tgi}ehc bgk}qgiicm. rgieq ckhnkcr) eqc a~ deq }jc pqcmglnkek} dgql ~gs(ii rcc+

]jc~ eqc cer~ }g asnim) ekm pqgtnmc e denqi~ jnhj ictci gd cddnbnckb~+ Nk }jc

dgiigxnkh rcb}ngkr) N e}}clp} }g mcrbqnac eii }jc }~pc 5 rgieq ckhnkc mcrnhkr }je} N(tcr}slaicm ebqgrr+ Cebj gd }jcrc rcb}ngkr nkbismcr e }cz} mcrbqnp}ngk) eigkh xn}j

bnqbsn} mnehqel*r.) ekm nk rglc bercr e _BA ie~gs}+ ]jnr nr a~ deq }jc pqcmglnkek}

dgql gd rgieq ckhnkc) rnkbc }jc~ eqc !cddnbnck} ckgshj! dgq lgr} srcr) ekm pqc}}~

rnlpic }g asnim+

Vckcq,aercm , E bepebn}gq bjeqhcr sk}ni e 1K2>?4}qekrnr}gq*_K_. nr rnhkeicm a~

e Vckcq mngmc ekm }sqkr gk+ ]jck e 1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq *K_K. }sqkr gk ekm }jc

bepebn}gq nr mnrbjeqhcm }jqgshj }jc lg}gq+ Er }jc 1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq }sqkr gk) e1+1 `nigjl qcrnr}gq r}eq}r }g rsppi~ aerc bsqqck} }g }jc 1K2>?4 }qekrnr}gq ekm }jc

bnqbsn} nr eb}nte}cm+ Xjck }jc bepebn}gq tgi}ehc mqgpr acigx eags} gkc tgi}) }jc

:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3906http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPN_transistor#NPNhttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Image:227262169_4ea0a4e603_b.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2N3906http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPN_transistor#NPN


9/24

1K2>?4 }qekrnr}gq }sqkr gdd) }jc 1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq }sqkr gdd) ekm }jc lg}gq

mceb}nte}cr ekm }jc pqgbcrr nr qcpce}cm+

DICM,aercm , Xjck e DICM dierjcr *eqgskm }xg ekm e jeid tgi}r.) n} bgkmsb}rekm le`cr }jc 1K2>?4 }qekrnr}gq *_K_. rnhkei e 1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq *K_K. xjnbj)

nk }sqk) rsppincr bsqqck} }g e lg}gq+ Xjck }jc K_K }qekrnr}gq }qnhhcqr) }jc DICM

nr crrck}neii~ gs} gd }jc bnqbsn}+ Xjck }jc tgi}ehc mqgpr }g eqgskm gkc,jeid tgi})}jc }qekrnr}gqr nmicr ekm }jc pqgbcrr nr qcpce}cm+

52:5,aercm , Er e rgieq bcii bjeqhcr e bepebn}gq ekm }jc tgi}ehc qnrcr }g }jc 52:5(r

}qnhhcq tgi}ehc) }jc 52:5 tgi}ehc }qnhhcq NB rnhkeir e 1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq+ ]jc1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq rnhkeir e 1K2>?4 ]qekrnr}gq) xjnbj) nk }sqk) rsppincr bsqqck} }g

}jc aerc gd }jc 1K2>?= }qekrnr}gq+ ]jc bsqqck} }jck eb}nte}cr e lg}gq+ Xjck }jc

tgi}ehc mqgpr }g eqgskm gkc,jeid tgi}) }jc }qekrnr}gqr nmic ekm }jc pqgbcrr nr

qcpce}cm+ DQCM RC *Levnash.

]jc Lniicq ckhnkc

HARC *He}c Aggr} Rgieq Ckhnkc.

Lnbqg_gxcq T]RC *Teqneaic ]jqcrjgim Rgieq Ckhnkc.

MRRRC *msei rigpc,relpinkh RC.

Bjigqgpier}

Tz1RC *tgi}ehc,mgsainkh rgieq ckhnkc.

]~pc 1 ,]nlc bgk}qgiicm }qnhhcq

]jcrc eqck(} }cqqnai~ cddnbnck}) as} eqc jekm~ dgq (ag}r }je} kccm eb}ntn}~ e} rpcbndnb }nlcr+]jc gqnhnkei ]~pc 1 RC xer aercm gk }jc !Jepp~ Anq}jme~ Rnkhcq! *JAR. bjnp }je} xer

psiicm dqgl hqcc}nkh beqmr+ ]jcrc peq}nbsieq lgmcir }je} xcqc lgmndneaic eqc kg igkhcq

etenieaic+ Nd gki~ dgq jnr}gqnbei psqpgrcr) N(tc jgr}cm ek gim xqn}csp gd }jnr mcrnhk jcqc+

JAR *Jepp~ Anq}jme~ Rnkhcq hqcc}nkh beqm. bjnp

333 bjnp

]nlc }qnhhcqcm rgieq ckhnkc

]~pc 2 , Bjeqhc bsqtc mnddcqck}ne}cm

]~pc 2 rgieq ckhnkc mcrnhkr eqc bjeqhc bsqtc mnddcqck}ne}cm *n+c+) }jc~ }qnhhcq xjck }jcbjeqhc qe}c gd }jc r}gqehc bepebn}gq rigxr mgxk.+ Xjnic }jcgqc}nbeii~ }jc lgr} cddnbnck})

kg mcrnhkr gd }jnr }~pc cznr}cm sk}ni e kslacq xcqc bqce}cm nk fsr} }jc per} dcx lgk}jr+

]jnr }~pc gd rgieq ckhnkc nr aercm gk }jc nmce }je} }jc rgieq ckhnkc rjgsim }qnhhcq er rggker }jc bjeqhc,bsqtc rigpc deiir acigx e bcq}enk teisc *rg }jc !mnddcqck}ne}nkh! nr qcusnqcm.+

Nd }jnkhr eqc mgkc bgqqcb}i~) }jc qcrsi}nkh }qnhhcq pgnk} bgqqcrpgkmr }g }jc pgnk} e} xjnbj

}jc bepebn}gq !}gpr gdd! acbesrc }jc rgieqbcii jer mgkc kceqi~ eii }jc bjeqhnkh n} bek+ Nk

aqnhj} inhj} }je} le~ lcek kceq 2+3T) gq 5+1T nk mnl inhj}+ Nk ek~ berc) n} rjgsim ac *e}

>


10/24

icer} nk }jcgq~. }jc gp}nlsl nk }qnhhcqnkh+ ]jcrc eqc }jcgqc}nbeii~ }jc lgr} cddnbnck})

}jgshj }~pc 2 mcrnhkr eqc r}nii nk }jcnq nkdekb~+

CV Rgieq Ckhnkc

]2RC , ]~pc 2 RC a~ Xnid Qnh}cq ]qn}nsl , a~ Ack Jn}bjbgb`

Kgb}sqkei

]jcrc rgieq ckhnkcr bjeqhc sp xjck n}(r inhj}) ekm mnrbjeqhc *n+c+) pgxcq e igem. xjck n}(r

meq`+ Kgb}sqkei rgieq ckhnkc mcrnhkr eqc asni} dgq fsr} gkc }jnkh ,, }g pqgtnmc pgxcq }g eknhj}}nlc igem+ ]jnr lcekr }je} skin`c g}jcq RC mcrnhkr) }jc~ bjeqhc bgk}nksgsri~ xjck

}jcqc(r inhj}) }jck gki~ qcicerc }jcnq pgxcq xjck n}(r meq` ,, crrck}nei acjetngq dgq

ACELag}r }je} ~gs gki~ xek} }g ac eb}ntc e} knhj} ,, !bqnb`c}r!) knhj},inhj}r) !psllcqr!)ekm g}jcq rsbj gqkelck}r+

M5 , Mcrnhk Gkc) kg} }jc hqce}cr} RC

RNLM5 , Rnlpindncm M5 a~ Xnid Qnh}cq

g RNLM5 T?

g RNLM5 T5

g RNLM5 T1

g RNLM5 T2

g RNLM5 ' Rgieq Qchsie}gq\

Rleq}Bep a~ Aga Rjekkgk

5?
http://www.beam-wiki.org/w/index.php?title=Crickets&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.beam-wiki.org/w/index.php?title=Night-lights&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Pummershttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Ornamentshttp://www.beam-wiki.org/w/index.php?title=Crickets&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.beam-wiki.org/w/index.php?title=Night-lights&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Pummershttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Ornaments


11/24

52:5,aercm Rgieq Ckhnkcr

]jc 52:5 rgieq ckhnkc srcr e 52:5& tgi}ehc mc}cb}gq *e+`+e+) e tgi}ehc rspcqtnrgq. NB }gmqntc e tgi}ehc,aercm *}~pc 5. rgieq ckhnkc+ ]jc 52:5 nr kgqleii~ srcm }g qcrc} B_Sr ekmLnbqgr xjck }jc pgxcq rsppi~ mqgpr }gg igx dgq qcineaic gpcqe}ngk+ Rg 52:5r mc}cb} ekm

rxn}bj xjck }jc nkps} tgi}ehc bqgrrcr }jc qe}cm sppcq ekm igxcq }jqcrjgim tgi}ehcr+ ]jc

sppcq, ekm igxcq,rxn}bjnkh tgi}ehcr eqc rinhj}i~ gtcqieppcm rg }je} }jc }sqk,gk tgi}ehc nr

e dcx jskmqcm lT eagtc }jc }sqk,gdd tgi}ehc+ ]jnr j~r}cqcrnr `ccpr nkps} kgnrc *eqgskm}jc rxn}bjnkh }jqcrjgim. dqgl qcrsi}nkh nk lsi}npic gs}ps} b~bicr er }jc }qekrn}ngk gbbsqr+

]jc 52:5 RC nr mcrnhkcm }g nkbqcerc }jc 52:5j~r}cqcrnr dqgl ?+1 , ?+2 T }g e lsbj ieqhcq

teisc *1 , =+4 T.+ ]jnr nr mgkc a~ crrck}neii~ mqgppnkh }jc }sqk,gdd tgi}ehc }g vcqg) xjniceiigxnkh RC }g !dnqc! e} }jc 52:5(r qe}cm }sqk,gk tgi}ehc+

Jcqc(r }jc aernb bnqbsn}6

Jgx n} xgq`r

Er }jc rgieq bcii bjeqhcr }jc *=8?? sD. r}gqehc bepebn}gq) }jc tgi}ehc ebqgrr }jc bepebn}gq

nkbqcercr xn}j }nlc+ Ctck}seii~ n} qcebjcr }jc 52:5(r }qnp pgnk}) ekm }jc 52:5 eppincrtgi}ehc }g }jc aerc gd }jc 1K2>?=+ Rnkbc }jnr nr ekK_K }qekrnr}gq) n} !}qnpr! ekm eppincr

bsqqck} }g }jc lg}gq+ ]jnr r}e}c gd eddenqr xnii bgk}nksc sk}ni }jc 52:5rccr e tgi}ehc }je}

igg`r in`c n}r }qnp pgnk} icrr ?+2 T) e} xjnbj pgnk} }jc 1K2>?=hgcr !usncrbck})! ekm }jc

rgieq bcii qcrslcr bjeqhnkh }jc r}gqehc bepebn}gq+

A~ bjggrnkh teiscr dgqB5 ekmQ5) xc bek !}xce`! }jc pcqdgqlekbc gd }jnr bnqbsn}+ Nd }jc

igem nr *er rjgxk eagtc. e lg}gq) xc(ii xek} Q5 }g ac vcqg *n+c+) kg qcrnr}gq.) ekm B5 }g ac

eags} ?+=8 sD+

Ieqhcq teiscr dgq B5 qcrsi} nk igkhcq *as} icrr,dqcusck}. !asqr}r! gd lg}gq eb}ntn}~+

rleiicq teiscr qcrsi} nk rjgq}cq *as} lgqc,dqcusck}. eb}ntn}~+

55
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12/24

Ieqhcq teiscr gd Q5 qcmsbc }jc pgxcq hgnkh }jqgshj }jc lg}gq) er xcii er

ickh}jcknkh }jc !asqr}r! gd lg}gq eb}ntn}~+ Nd }jc igem nr ek ICM gq rglc}jnkh

rnlnieq) ~gs(ii kccm icrr pgxcq }g mqntc n}) ekm pqgaeai~ }jck xek} e kgk,vcqgteisc dgq Q5+

Dqccdgqlnkh

Nd ~gs xek} }g asnim e !dqccdgql! tcqrngk gd }jnr bnqbsn}) jcqc(r e tcq~ bglpeb} ie~gs}

*kg}c }je} }jc ie~gs} rjgxr }jc 1K2>?= ekm 52:5 nk !mcem,ash! derjngk) n+c+) xn}j }jcnqichr pgnk}nkh }gxeqmr ~gs.+

R}eq} a~ hiscnkh }jc 1K2>?= ekm 52:5}ghc}jcq *!debc }g debc!.+ Er nr srsei dgq }jnkhr }jnr

rleii) ~gs rjgsim }jck rgimcq ~gsq bgkkcb}ngkr r}eq}nkh nk }jc lnmmic *n+c+) xgq` ~gsq xe~

gs}.+

Beibsie}nkh }jc 52:5 Tgi}ehc

]g beibsie}c }jc le}bjnkh tgi}ehc gd }jc 52:5~gs dgq :?# gd }jc gs}ps} hntck nk elanck}

inhj} *qe}jcq }jek :?# gd }jc qe}cm gs}ps}.+ _s} }jc bcii nk }jc cktnqgklck} }je} ~gs czpcb}}jc qgag} }g xgq` skmcq+ Lcersqc ekm mc}cqlnkc :?# dqgl }jcqc+

Eirg) qclclacq }g emm nk }jc mngmc(r tgi}ehc mqgp+ Rg) lcersqc }jc bcii(r tgi}ehc nk qggl

inhj}nkh+ Lsi}npi~ }je} kslacq a~ +:+ Rsa}qeb} rgk}jnkh in`c +8T dgq }jc mngmc *n} nr ac}}cq

}g }cr} }jnr dnqr}.+

]jc qcrsi} xnii hntc ~gs }jc }eqhc} tgi}ehc dgq }jc52:5+

LGQC EAGS] 52:5 RGIEQ CKHNKC

Xje} nr }jnr bnqbsn}7

]jnr nr }jc lgr} bgllgk RC acbesrc n}(r denqi~ cer~ }g asnim ekm nr denqi~ cddnbnck}+

Xje} bgsim N src n} dgq7

Xcii }jc lgr} bgllgk src nr nk e rgieqgiicqxjnbj nr e rleii xjccicm beq }je} bjeqhcr spekm }jck lgtcr nk e usnb` asqr} gd rpccm+ Rnkbc ~gs bek gki~ src lg}gqr ekm bgnir xn}j

}jnr bnqbsn} qgag}r asni} xn}j }jnr bnqbsn} eqc lenki~ lcbjeknbei rsbj er l~ eq}nr}nb

51
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13/24

as}}cqdincr+ Gkc g}jcq bgllgk src nr e in}}ic }jnkh beiicm e r~lc} xjnbj bek qgel eqgskm

ekm kg} hc} r}sb` srnkh gki~ gkc lg}gq+

Rbjcle}nb

Dqccdgql ie~gs}

_eq}r kccmcm

52
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14/24

Mcrbqnp}ngk Usek}n}~

2t Rgieq bcii 5

Lg}gq 5

1+1@ Qcrnr}gq 5

1K2>?= ]qekrnr}gq 5

1K2>?4 ]qekrnr}gq 5

777 Bepebn}gq *rcc

Bnqbsn} kg}cr.

5

52:5 F Tgi}ehc

Mc}cb}gq

5

BNQBSN] KG]CR

Bjggrnkh }jc qnhj} rnvc bepebn}gq Dnqr} ~gs kccm }g }jnk` eags} xje} ~gsq eppinbe}ngk nr+

Mg ~gs xek} }jc lg}gq }g rpnk dgq e igkh }nlc gq fsr} e e dcx }sqkr7 Nd ~gs xek} n} }g rpnkdgq e igkh }nlc }jck ~gsq hgnkh }g kccm e anhhcq bepebn}gq+ N lcek anhhcq nk bepebn}ekbc

kg} pj~rnbei rnvc+ Nd ~gs xek} n} }g rpnk dgq gki~ e usnb` rcbgkm }jck e rleiicq bepebn}gq nr

xje} ~gs xek}+ Jcqc(r }jc be}bj+ ]jc anhhcq }jc bepebn}gq ~gs jetc }jc igkhcq n} xnii }e`c}g bjeqhc sp ekm lgtc+ Rg e 11??sD *+??11 D. bepebn}gq lnhj} }e`c gki~ e rcbgkm }g

bjeqhc as} e 5D bepebn}gq bgsim }e`c : lnks}cr+ Skicrr ~gs jetc rglc rpcbndnb pqgfcb} N

xgsimk(} hg ek~ rleiicq }jek 22??sD+ Jcqc(r e dcx rnvcr N bgllgki~ src Msei RCpjg}gtgqc , 22??sD Rgieqgiicq , eqgskm +?22D Eags} 2 , = lnks}c bjeqhc , +22D Gk }jc

dqccdgql ie~gs} ]jc cer~ lc}jgm nr czeb}i~ }jc xe~ n} nr rjgxk+ Nk }jc jeqmcq lc}jgm }jcpnkr eqc debnkh sp ekm gd bgeqrc ~gs(ii kccm }g r}nb` }jc bep ekm rgieq bcii rglcxjcqc+

Jgx n} xgq`r5+ ]jc rgieq bcii r}eq}r bjeqhnkh }jc bepebn}gq ekm }jc tgi}ehc qnrcr

1+ Er rggk er }jc bepebn}gq qcebjcr eqgskm 1+8t }jc 52:5 }sqkr pnk 5 jnhj ekm

}sqkr }jc 2>?=GK

2+ Xjck }jc 2>?= }sqkr gk n} aqnkhr }jc aerc gd }jc 2>?4 igx xjnbj }sqkr n} GK=+ Xn}j }jc 2>?4 GK bsqqck} nr rsppincm }g }jc aerc gd }jc 2>?= xjnbj `ccpr n}

GK

3+ Kgx bsqqck} bek digx }jqgshj }jc lg}gq ekm n} }sqkr

4+ Xjck }jc tgi}ehc hc}r mgxk }g +8t }jc }qekrnr}gqr }sqk GDD ekm }jc pqgbcrr nrqcpce}cm

5=


15/24

Lgr} rgieq pekcir mg kg} pqgtnmc ckgshj pgxcq }g eiigx igemcm lg}gqr }g qsk

bgk}nksgsri~+ Er rsbj) lgr} rgieq qgag}r gpcqe}c nk asqr}r0 r}gqnkh rgieq pgxcq dgq e

xjnic) qskknkh dgq e xjnic) r}gqnkh dgq e xjnic) qskknkh dgq e xjnic) ekm rg gk+ ]jcqc eqclek~ pgrrnaic bnqbsn}r }g pcqdgql }jnr dskb}ngk+

ZR Aggr} srcr }jc bierrnb Lniicq Rgieq Ckhnkc bnqbsn} , pgpsieq nk lek~ ACEL qgag}r+Aernbeii~) }jc rgieq pekci mnqcb}i~ bjeqhcr e bepebn}gq *2 z =8?? D nk }jnr berc.+ Xjck

}jc _ekergknb 52:5 tgi}ehc mc}cb}gq mc}cqlnkcr }je} }jc tgi}ehc jer qnrck jnhj ckgshj nk}jc bepebn}gqr) }jc bepebn}gqr eqc mnrbjeqhcm ebqgrr }jc lg}gqr skmcq }jc mnqcb}ngk gd }jc

aqenk pgq}ngk gd }jc bnqbsn}+

]jc `c~ }g }jc Lniicq bnqbsn} nr }g e}}ebj e }nk~ bepebn}gq }g }jc 52:5) eigkh xn}j e mngmc)

}g ckrsqc }jc }nk~ bepebn}gq nr gki~ srcm }g dccm }jc 52:5+ Er rsbj) }jc 52:5 xnii r}e~}sqkcm gk ctck ed}cq }jc lenk bepebn}gqr mnrbjeqhc acigx }jc tgi}ehc }qnp pgnk}) acbesrc

}jc 52:5 nr eb}seii~ qcemnkh }jc }nk~ bepebn}gq(r tgi}ehc+ ]jsr) }jc lg}gqr eqc }sqkcm gk e}

e bcq}enk tgi}ehc *mc}cqlnkcm a~ }jc 52:5(r }qnp pgnk}.) ekm icd} gk dgq e bcq}enk pcqngm gd

}nlc *mc}cqlnkcm a~ }jc bepebn}~ gd }jc }nk~ bepebn}gq e}}ebjcm.+

1K2>?=,Hckcqei Mcrbqnp}ngk

]jnr mctnbc nr mcrnhkcm er e hckcqei psqpgrc elpindncq ekm rxn}bj+ ]jc srcdsi m~kelnb qekhccz}ckmr }g 5?? lE er e rxn}bj ekm }g 5?? LJv er ek elpindncq+

1K2>?4,Hckcqei Mcrbqnp}ngk

]jnr mctnbc nr mcrnhkcm dgq hckcqei psqpgrc elpindncq ekm rxn}bjnkh eppinbe}ngkr e} bgiicb}gq bsqqck}r gd 5?E }g 5?? lE+

53
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16/24

RGIEQ BCII _EKCI

E rgieq bcii lemc dqgl elgkgbq~r}eiinkcrninbgkxedcq

E rgieq bcii gq pjg}gtgi}enb bcii nr e ieqhc eqce cicb}qgknb mctnbc }je} bgktcq}r rgieq

ckcqh~ nk}g cicb}qnbn}~a~ }jcpjg}gtgi}enb cddcb}+ _jg}gtgi}enbrnr }jc dncim gd }cbjkgigh~

ekm qcrceqbj qcie}cm }g }jc eppinbe}ngk gd rgieq bciir dgqrgieq ckcqh~+ Rglc}nlcr }jc }cqlrgieq bciinr qcrcqtcm dgq mctnbcr nk}ckmcm rpcbndnbeii~ }g bep}sqc ckcqh~ dqgl rskinhj})

xjnic }jc }cql pjg}gtgi}enb bcii nr srcm xjck }jc rgsqbc nr skrpcbndncm+ Errclaincr gdbciir eqc srcm }g le`c rgieq lgmsicr) gqpjg}gtgi}enb eqqe~r+

Rgieq bciir jetc lek~ eppinbe}ngkr+ Bciir eqc srcm dgq pgxcqnkh rleii mctnbcr rsbj ercicb}qgknb beibsie}gqr+ _jg}gtgi}enb eqqe~r hckcqe}c e dgql gd qckcxeaic cicb}qnbn}~)

peq}nbsieqi~ srcdsi nk rn}se}ngkr xjcqc cicb}qnbei pgxcq dqgl }jc hqnmnr sketenieaic rsbj

er nk qclg}c eqce pgxcq r~r}clr) Ceq}j,gqan}nkh re}ciin}cr ekm rpebc pqgacr) qclg}cqemng}cicpjgkcr ekm xe}cq pslpnkh eppinbe}ngkr+ _jg}gtgi}enb cicb}qnbn}~ nr eirg

nkbqcernkhi~ mcpig~cm nk hqnm,}ncm cicb}qnbei r~r}clr+ Rnlnieq mctnbcr nk}ckmcm }g bep}sqc

ckcqh~ dqgl g}jcq rgsqbcr nkbismc }jcqlgpjg}gtgi}enb bciir) ac}etgi}enbr bciir) ekmgp}gcicb}qnb ksbiceq ae}}cqncr+

Rnlpic czpieke}ngk

5+ _jg}gkr nk rskinhj} jn} }jc rgieq pekci ekm eqc eargqacm a~ rclnbgkmsb}nkh

le}cqneir) rsbj er rninbgk+

1+ Cicb}qgkr *kche}ntci~ bjeqhcm. eqc `kgb`cm iggrc dqgl }jcnq e}glr) eiigxnkh }jcl

}g digx }jqgshj }jc le}cqnei }g pqgmsbc cicb}qnbn}~+ Msc }g }jc rpcbnei bglpgrn}ngkgd rgieq bciir) }jc cicb}qgkr eqc gki~ eiigxcm }g lgtc nk e rnkhic mnqcb}ngk+ ]jc

bglpiclck}eq~ pgrn}ntc bjeqhcr }je} eqc eirg bqce}cm *in`c asaaicr. eqc beiicm

jgicr ekm digx nk }jc mnqcb}ngk gppgrn}c gd }jc cicb}qgkr nk e rninbgk rgieq pekci+2+ Ek eqqe~ gd rgieq pekcir bgktcq}r rgieq ckcqh~ nk}g e sreaic elgsk} gd mnqcb}

bsqqck} *MB. cicb}qnbn}~+

54
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-tied_electrical_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophotovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric_nuclear_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Solar_cell.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocrystallinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_modulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_arrayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid-tied_electrical_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermophotovoltaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betavoltaicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectric_nuclear_batteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_current


17/24

_jg}ghckcqe}ngk gd bjeqhc beqqncqr

Xjck epjg}gk jn}r e pncbc gd rninbgk) gkc gd }jqcc }jnkhr bek jeppck6

5+ }jc pjg}gk bek perr r}qenhj} }jqgshj }jc rninbgk }jnr *hckcqeii~. jeppckr dgq

igxcq ckcqh~ pjg}gkr)1+ }jc pjg}gk bek qcdicb} gdd }jc rsqdebc)2+ }jc pjg}gk bek ac eargqacm a~ }jc rninbgk) nd }jc pjg}gk ckcqh~ nr jnhjcq }jek }jc

rninbgkaekm hep teisc+ ]jnr hckcqe}cr ek cicb}qgk,jgic penq ekm rglc}nlcr jce})

mcpckmnkh gk }jc aekm r}qsb}sqc+

Xjck e pjg}gk nr eargqacm) n}r ckcqh~ nr hntck }g ek cicb}qgk nk }jc bq~r}ei ie}}nbc+Srseii~ }jnr cicb}qgk nr nk }jc teickbc aekm) ekm nr }nhj}i~ agskm nk bgteick} agkmr

ac}xcck kcnhjagqnkh e}glr) ekm jckbc skeaic }g lgtc deq+ ]jc ckcqh~ hntck }g n} a~ }jc

pjg}gk !czbn}cr! n} nk}g }jcbgkmsb}ngk aekm) xjcqc n} nr dqcc }g lgtc eqgskm xn}jnk }jcrclnbgkmsb}gq+ ]jc bgteick} agkm }je} }jc cicb}qgk xer pqctngsri~ e peq} gd kgx jer gkc

dcxcq cicb}qgk }jnr nr `kgxk er e jgic+ ]jc pqcrckbc gd e lnrrnkh bgteick} agkmeiigxr }jc agkmcm cicb}qgkr gd kcnhjagqnkh e}glr }g lgtc nk}g }jc !jgic)! icetnkhekg}jcq jgic acjnkm) ekm nk }jnr xe~ e jgic bek lgtc }jqgshj }jc ie}}nbc+ ]jsr) n} bek ac

renm }je} pjg}gkr eargqacm nk }jc rclnbgkmsb}gq bqce}c lganic cicb}qgk,jgic penqr+

E pjg}gk kccm gki~ jetc hqce}cq ckcqh~ }jek }je} gd }jc aekm hep nk gqmcq }g czbn}c ek

cicb}qgk dqgl }jc teickbc aekm nk}g }jc bgkmsb}ngk aekm+ Jgxctcq) }jc rgieqdqcusckb~rpcb}qsl eppqgznle}cr eaieb` agm~ rpcb}qsl e} {4??? @) ekm er rsbj) lsbj gd }jc rgieq

qemne}ngk qcebjnkh }jcCeq}j nr bglpgrcm gd pjg}gkr xn}j ckcqhncr hqce}cq }jek }jc aekm

hep gd rninbgk+ ]jcrc jnhjcq ckcqh~ pjg}gkr xnii ac eargqacm a~ }jc rgieq bcii) as} }jcmnddcqckbc nk ckcqh~ ac}xcck }jcrc pjg}gkr ekm }jc rninbgk aekm hep nr bgktcq}cm nk}g

jce} *tne ie}}nbc tnaqe}ngkr beiicmpjgkgkr. qe}jcq }jek nk}g sreaic cicb}qnbei ckcqh~+

Bjeqhc beqqncq rcpeqe}ngk

]jcqc eqc }xg lenk lgmcr dgq bjeqhc beqqncq rcpeqe}ngk nk e rgieq bcii6

5+ mqnd} gd beqqncqr) mqntck a~ ek cicb}qgr}e}nb dncim cr}eainrjcm ebqgrr }jc mctnbc

1+ mnddsrngk gd beqqncqr dqgl vgkcr gd jnhj beqqncq bgkbck}qe}ngk }g vgkcr gd igx

beqqncq bgkbck}qe}ngk *dgiigxnkh e hqemnck} gd cicb}qgbjclnbei pg}ck}nei.+

Nk }jc xnmci~ srcmp,k fskb}ngk rgieq bciir) }jc mglnkek} lgmc gd bjeqhc beqqncq

rcpeqe}ngk nr a~ mqnd}+ Jgxctcq) nk kgk,p,k,fskb}ngk rgieq bciir *}~pnbei gd }jc }jnqmhckcqe}ngk rgieq bciiqcrceqbj rsbj er m~c ekmpgi~lcq rgieq bciir.) e hckcqei cicb}qgr}e}nb

dncim jer acck bgkdnqlcm }g ac earck}) ekm }jc mglnkek} lgmc gd rcpeqe}ngk nr tne bjeqhcbeqqncq mnddsrngk

58
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dye_solar_cell&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_carrier_diffusion&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_carrier_diffusion&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conduction_bandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phononshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_generation_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dye_solar_cell&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_solar_cellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_carrier_diffusion&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charge_carrier_diffusion&action=edit&redlink=1


18/24

]jc p,k fskb}ngk

]jc lgr} bgllgki~ `kgxk rgieq bcii nr bgkdnhsqcm er e ieqhc,eqcep,k fskb}ngklemc

dqgl rninbgk+ Er e rnlpindnbe}ngk) gkc bek nlehnkc aqnkhnkh e ie~cq gd k,}~pc rninbgk nk}g

mnqcb} bgk}eb} xn}j e ie~cq gd p,}~pc rninbgk+ Nk pqeb}nbc) p,k fskb}ngkr gd rninbgk rgieq bciir

eqc kg} lemc nk }jnr xe~) as} qe}jcq) a~ mnddsrnkh ek k,}~pc mgpek} nk}g gkc rnmc gd e p,}~pc xedcq *gq tnbc tcqre.+Nd e pncbc gd p,}~pc rninbgk nr piebcm nk nk}nle}c bgk}eb} xn}j e

pncbc gd k,}~pc rninbgk) }jck e mnddsrngkgd cicb}qgkr gbbsqr dqgl }jc qchngk gd jnhj

cicb}qgk bgkbck}qe}ngk *}jc k,}~pc rnmc gd }jc fskb}ngk. nk}g }jc qchngk gd igx cicb}qgkbgkbck}qe}ngk *p,}~pc rnmc gd }jc fskb}ngk.+ Xjck }jc cicb}qgkr mnddsrc ebqgrr }jc p,k

fskb}ngk) }jc~ qcbglankc xn}j jgicr gk }jc p,}~pc rnmc+ ]jc mnddsrngk gd beqqncqr mgcr kg}

jeppck nkmcdnkn}ci~ jgxctcq) acbesrc gd ekcicb}qnb dncim xjnbj nr bqce}cm a~ }jcnlaeiekbc gd bjeqhc nllcmne}ci~ gk cn}jcq rnmc gd }jc fskb}ngk xjnbj }jnr mnddsrngk

bqce}cr+ ]jc cicb}qnb dncim cr}eainrjcm ebqgrr }jc p,k fskb}ngk bqce}cr e mngmc }je}

pqglg}cr bsqqck} }g digx nk gki~ gkc mnqcb}ngk ebqgrr }jc fskb}ngk+ Cicb}qgkr le~ perrdqgl }jc k,}~pc rnmc nk}g }jc p,}~pc rnmc) ekm jgicr le~ perr dqgl }jc p,}~pc rnmc }g }jc

k,}~pc rnmc) as} kg} }jc g}jcq xe~ eqgskm+P5:\

]jnr qchngk xjcqc cicb}qgkr jetc mnddsrcmebqgrr }jc fskb}ngk nr beiicm }jc mcpic}ngk qchngk acbesrc n} kg igkhcq bgk}enkr ek~ lganicbjeqhc beqqncqr+ N} nr eirg `kgxk er }jc !rpebc bjeqhc qchngk+!

Bgkkcb}ngk }g ek cz}cqkei igem

Gjlnblc}ei,rclnbgkmsb}gq bgk}eb}r eqc lemc }g ag}j }jc k,}~pc ekm p,}~pc rnmcr gd }jcrgieq bcii) ekm }jc cicb}qgmcr bgkkcb}cm }g ek cz}cqkei igem+ Cicb}qgkr }je} eqc bqce}cm gk

}jc k,}~pc rnmc) gq jetc acck !bgiicb}cm! a~ }jc fskb}ngk ekm rxcp} gk}g }jc k,}~pc rnmc)

le~ }qetci }jqgshj }jc xnqc) pgxcq }jc igem) ekm bgk}nksc }jqgshj }jc xnqc sk}ni }jc~

qcebj }jc p,}~pc rclnbgkmsb}gq,lc}ei bgk}eb}+ Jcqc) }jc~ qcbglankc xn}j e jgic }je} xer

cn}jcq bqce}cm er ek cicb}qgk,jgic penq gk }jc p,}~pc rnmc gd }jc rgieq bcii) gq eqc rxcp}ebqgrr }jc fskb}ngk dqgl }jc k,}~pc rnmc ed}cq acnkh bqce}cm }jcqc+

]jc tgi}ehc lcersqcm nr cusei }g }jc mnddcqckbc nk }jcusern Dcqln ictcir gd }jc lnkgqn}~beqqncqr nc+ cicb}qgkr nk }jc p,}~pc pgq}ngk) ekm jgicr nk }jc k,}~pc pgq}ngk+

Cusnteick} bnqbsn} gd e rgieq bcii

]jc cusnteick} bnqbsn} gd e rgieq bcii

5:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depletion_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmic_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_Fermi_levelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_Fermi_levelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Solar_cell_equivalent_circuit.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Solar_cell_equivalent_circuit.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-n_junctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#cite_note-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depletion_zonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohmic_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi_Fermi_levels


19/24

]jc rbjcle}nb r~lagi gd e rgieq bcii

]g skmcqr}ekm }jc cicb}qgknb acjetngq gd e rgieq bcii) n} nr srcdsi }g bqce}c e lgmcixjnbjnr cicb}qnbeii~ cusnteick}) ekm nr aercm gk mnrbqc}c cicb}qnbei bglpgkck}r xjgrc acjetngq

nr xcii `kgxk+ Ek nmcei rgieq bcii le~ ac lgmciicm a~ e bsqqck} rgsqbc nk peqeiici xn}j e

mngmc0 nk pqeb}nbc kg rgieq bcii nr nmcei) rg e rjsk} qcrnr}ekbc ekm e rcqncr qcrnr}ekbcbglpgkck} eqc emmcm }g }jc lgmci+P5>\]jc qcrsi}nkh cusnteick} bnqbsn} gd e rgieq bcii nr

rjgxk gk }jc icd}+ Eirg rjgxk) gk }jc qnhj}) nr }jc rbjcle}nb qcpqcrck}e}ngk gd e rgieq bcii

dgq src nk bnqbsn} mnehqelr+

5>
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Photovoltaic_cell.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Photovoltaic_cell.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(physical)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell#cite_note-18


20/24

BGKBISRNGK

Lgr} rgieq pekcir mg kg} pqgtnmc ckgshj pgxcq }g eiigx igemcm lg}gqr }g qsk

bgk}nksgsri~+ Er rsbj) lgr} rgieq qgag}r gpcqe}c nk asqr}r0 r}gqnkh rgieq pgxcq dgq exjnic) qskknkh dgq e xjnic) r}gqnkh dgq e xjnic) qskknkh dgq e xjnic) ekm rg gk+ ]jcqc eqc

lek~ pgrrnaic bnqbsn}r }g pcqdgql }jnr dskb}ngk+ Lniicq Rgieq Ckhnkcbnqbsn} , pgpsieq nklek~ ACEL qgag}r+ Aernbeii~) }jc rgieq pekci mnqcb}i~ bjeqhcr e bepebn}gq *2 z =8?? D

nk }jnr berc.+ Xjck }jc _ekergknb 52:5 tgi}ehc mc}cb}gq mc}cqlnkcr }je} }jc tgi}ehc jer

qnrck jnhj ckgshj nk }jc bepebn}gqr) }jc bepebn}gqr eqc mnrbjeqhcm ebqgrr }jc lg}gqr skmcq}jc mnqcb}ngk gd }jc aqenk pgq}ngk gd }jc bnqbsn}+

]jc 52:5rgieq ckhnkc srcr e 52:5& tgi}ehc mc}cb}gq *e+`+e+) e tgi}ehc rspcqtnrgq. NB }g

mqntc e tgi}ehc,aercm *}~pc 5. rgieq ckhnkc+ ]jc 52:5 nr kgqleii~ srcm }g qcrc} B_Sr ekm

Lnbqgr xjck }jc pgxcq rsppi~ mqgpr }gg igx dgq qcineaic gpcqe}ngk+ Rg 52:5r mc}cb} ekm

rxn}bj xjck }jc nkps} tgi}ehc bqgrrcr }jc qe}cm sppcq ekm igxcq }jqcrjgim tgi}ehcr+ ]jcsppcq, ekm igxcq,rxn}bjnkh tgi}ehcr eqc rinhj}i~ gtcqieppcm rg }je} }jc }sqk,gk tgi}ehc nr

e dcx jskmqcm lT eagtc }jc }sqk,gdd tgi}ehc+ ]jnr j~r}cqcrnr `ccpr nkps} kgnrc *eqgskm}jc rxn}bjnkh }jqcrjgim. dqgl qcrsi}nkh nk lsi}npic gs}ps} b~bicr er }jc }qekrn}ngk gbbsqr+

1?
http://www.solarbotics.net/library/circuits/se_t1_mse.htmlhttp://www.solarbotics.net/library/circuits/se_t1_mse.htmlhttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Solar_enginehttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Solar_enginehttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/1381*http://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Solar_enginehttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Solar_enginehttp://www.solarbotics.net/library/circuits/se_t1_mse.htmlhttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Solar_enginehttp://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/1381*http://www.beam-wiki.org/wiki/Solar_engine


21/24

QCDCQCKBCR

5+ xxx+ Acel Gkinkc+bgl

1+ xxx+acel,xn`n,gqh

2+ rgieqag}nbr+kc},acel qgag}nbr bglln}}cc rn}c

=+ Ag~icr}em ekm Kerjcir ~) Cicb}qgknb Mctnbcr ekm Bnqbsn} ]jcgq~) _ceqrgk

Cmsbe}ngk) Cnhj}j Cmn}ngk+

3+ I+E+ Jcicrj`~) M~kelnb R~r}cl Lgmcinkh $ Bgktcqhckbc) ]jnqm Cmn}ngk+

4+ Rjek`eq Rjer`~ ekm Leqb Agmrgk) Emep}ntc Bgk}qgi R}eanin}~) Dnqr} Cmn}ngk+

8+ Jshj Fsb` ) Ckhnkccqnkh Nlpiclck}e}ngk ) Dnqr} Cmn}ngk+

:+ Eiek+T+Xjnir`c~) Nk}chqe}ngk ekm Es}gle}ngk gd Leksdeb}sqnkh R~r}cl )

Dgsq}j Cmn}ngk+

15
http://www.beam-wiki-org/http://www.beam-wiki-org/


22/24

E__CKMNZ

5+1K2>?= ]qekrnr}gq

11


23/24

12


24/24

solar roller

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