spacious skies & tilted axes … the benefits of an east/west orientation
TRANSCRIPT
“Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes …”
The Benefits of an
East/West Orientation
Spacious Skies & Tilted AxesFrom Guns, Germs and Steel, p 177
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Diffusion of:– Plants and Animals:– Agricultural techniques– Other Technologies
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Examine Three Regions:– Eurasia (Diffusion from Fertile Crescent)– Africa– The Americas
– First, Eurasia …
Spacious Skies & Tilted AxesSpacious Skies & Tilted Axes
From Guns, Germs and Steel, p 177
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Reasons for Rapid Diffusion in Eurasia:– Similar growing conditions– Little preemptive domestication– East/West Axis Predominant in Eurasia
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Why was East/West Axis Important:– Locations distributed East to West share the
same latitude, generally leading to other similarities:
• Same day length• Seasonal variations• Rainfall & temperatures• Similar diseases• Types of vegetation
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Plants Programmed to Latitudinal FactorsDay length | Seed germinationSeasons | Seedling growthClimate | Flowering & baring fruit
• Same for Animals• Bottom Line: East/West Axis Allowed
Easier Diffusion in Eurasia
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Africa and Americas had Limited Diffusion due to North-South Orientation– Except for a few animals, the FC package did not
arrive in S. Africa until Europeans arrived in 1652
– Except for Mexican corn, little diffusion occurred between: US – Mexico – Andes
– Note: Evidence of little preemptive diffusion in Africa and Americas
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Caveat:– Latitude is not the only factor– Local topography and ecology play a role
• North America• FC -> India• FC -> China• FC -> Africa
Spacious Skies & Tilted Axes
• Extension:– The principle of East/West diffusion applies to
agriculture and much more• Wheel (ox carts)• Writing (royal propaganda, food inventories
& bureaucratic record keeping)
– While not directly related to ag diffusion, technological transfers followed the spread of food production.
ULTIMATE FACTORS
PROXIMATE FACTORS
east-west axis
ease of species spreading
food surplus, food storage
large, dense, sedentary, stratified societies
ease of species spreading
many domesticated plant and animal species
many suitable wild species
technology
horses guns, steel,
swords
ocean-going ships
political organization,
writing
epidemicdisease
From Guns, Germs and Steel, p 87
Assigned Readings
Course Reader G G S
For Wednesday: Library Tour-------------------------------------------------------------------------------For Friday: MID-TERM EXAM-------------------------------------------------------------------------------For Next Monday: Course (at least to p. 78) Reader G G SMedievil Section pp60-93By Walburger