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SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한한한 <[email protected] c.kr>

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Page 1: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3

한재웅 <[email protected]>

Page 2: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 2

Overview

• TCP/IP Networking– Overview of TCP/IP– TCP/IP network model– IP Addresses– NAT– IPv6– ARP: The Address Resolution Protocol– DHCP– Addition of Machines to a Network– Debian Network Configuration

• Routing – Packet Forwarding

• Network Hardware– Ethernet : The common LAN

Page 3: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 3

TCP/IP Networking – Overview of TCP/IP

• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet protocol)– A set of network protocols designed to work smoothly

together.– TCP : 상위계층 . 메시지 파일을 좀 더 작은 패킷으로

나누어 인터넷을 통해 전송 . 수신된 패킷들을 원래의 메시지로 재조립 .

– IP : 하위계층 . 각 패킷의 주소부분을 처리 . 패킷들이 목적지에 정확하게 도달할 수 있게 함 .

Page 4: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 4

TCP/IP Network Model(1/2)

Layer FunctionApplication layer End-user application programs

Transport layer Delivery of Data to applications

Network layer Basic communication, addressing, and routing

Link layer Network hardware and device drivers

Physical layer The cable or physical medium itself

Page 5: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 5

TCP/IP Network Model(2/2) – TCP/IP Family

Application layer

Transport layer

Network layer

Link layer

Physical layer

Page 6: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 6

IP Addresses (1/2)

• IP Address

– Internet address.– Four bytes long.– Divided into a network part and a host part.

• Network part : Identifies a logical network to which the address refers.

• Host part : identifies a machine on that network.

Page 7: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 7

IP Addresses (2/2)

• Example

• When 127 is the first byte of an address..– Loopback network.– Fictitious network that has no real hardware interface and only one host.– The loopback address 127.0.0.1…

• Always refers to the current host.• Its symbolic name is “localhost”.

• Ifconfig– An interface’s IP address and other parameter are set with.

128.138.240.1

Part of the network portion

Page 8: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 8

IP addresses classes

• IP addresses were grouped into “classes” depending on the first bits of the leftmost byte.

• The class determined which bytes of the address were in the network portion and which were in the host portion.

• Historical Internet address classes

Class 1st byte Format Comments

A 1-126 N.H.H.H Very early networks, or reserved for DOD

B 128-191 N.N.H.H Large sites, usually subnetted, were hard to get

C 192-223 N.N.N.H Easy to get, often obtained in sets

D 224-239 - Multicast addresses, not permanently assigned

E 240-254 - Experimental addresses

Page 9: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 9

Subnetting and netmasks(1/2)

• Subnet– Subnetwork 를 줄인 말 .– 어떤 기관에 소속된 network 지만 따로 분리되어 있는 한 부분으로

인식될 수 있는 network 을 말한다 .– 여러 개의 subnet 으로 나누어진 어떤 조직의 network 은 internet 에

하나의 공유된 network 주소로 접속할 수 있다 .– Subnet 이 없으면 물리적으로 분산된 subnetwork 마다 하나씩

여러군데의 인터넷접속을 가지게 되고 , 그럼으로써 한정된 량의 인터넷 주소가 쓸모없이 낭비되게 된다 .

• Subnet 추가의 example

143.248.234.125

Network번호

Host번호

143.248.234.125

Network 번호

Subnet 주소

Host번호

Page 10: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 10

Subnetting and netmasks(2/2)

• Subnet mask– IP Address 의 32bit 중 첫번째 bit 에서 몇번째 bit 까지를 Netwo

rk Address 로 할 것인지를 알려주는 역할을 하는 것 .– IP Address 와 마찬가지로 32bit 로 구성 .– Each bit of the netmask that corresponds to the network portion

of an IP address is set to 1, and host bits are set to 0.– Ifconfig normally uses the inherent class of an address to figure

out which bits are part of the network.

Page 11: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 11

NAT (Network Address Translation)

• NAT– 외부 Network 에 알려진 것과 다른 IP 주소를 사용하는 내부

Network 에서 , IP 주소를 변환하는 것 . – To allow hosts that use these private addresses to talk

to the Internet, the site’s border router runs a system called NAT

– 나가거나 들어오는 각 요구들이 주소 변환과정을 반드시 거쳐야 하기 대문에 보안문제를 확실하게 하는데 도움 .

• 요구를 제한하거나 인증하고 , 또 이전의 요구와 일치시키는 기회를 제공 .

Page 12: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 12

IPv6(Internet Protocol Version 6) Addressing(1/3)

• IPv6– 최신의 IP.– 주요 컴퓨터 운영체계를 비롯한 많은 제품에서 IP 지원의 일부로서 포함 .

• IPv6 의 특성– IP 주소의 길이가 32Bit 에서 128Bit 으로 늘어남 .

• 가까운 장래에 인터넷이 폭발적으로 성장함으로써 , network address 가 금새 부족해 질것이라는 우려에 대한 대응책을 제시 .

– IP 헤더 포맷의 단순화• IP 패킷의 처리를 신속하게 할 수 있도록 고정크기의 단순한 헤더구조 정의

– IP 헤더 및 옵션의 확장성• 확장헤더를 통해 네트워크 기능에 대한 확장 및 옵션기능의 확장이 용이한

구조로 정의– Flow Labeling

• Flow label 개념을 도입 , 특정 트래픽은 별도의 특별한 처리 ( 실시간 통신 등 ) 를 할 수 있도록 함 .

– 인증 및 보안기능 • 인증 , 데이터 보호 , 데이터 보안을 IP 프로토콜 체계에 반영 , IPv6

확장헤더를 통해 적용 가능 .

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 13

IPv6(Internet Protocol Version 6) Addressing(2/3)

Bits Acronym translation

1-3 FP Format prefix; the type of address, e.g., unicast

4-16 TLA ID Top-level aggregation ID, like backbone ISP

17-24 RES Reserved for future use

25-48 NLA ID Next-level aggregation ID, e.g., regional ISPs and site ID

49-64 SLA ID Site-level aggregation ID, like local subnet

65-128 INTERFACE ID Interface identifier (MAC address plus padding)

ISP prefix Subnet Host identifier

45 bits 16 bits 64 bits

Address type 3 bits

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 14

IPv6(Internet Protocol Version 6) Addressing(3/3)

• A strong/weak point of IPv6– The brand and model of interface card are encoded in the first ha

lf of the MAC address, so hackers with code for a particular architecture will be helped along.

– The IPv6 folks have responded by pointing out that sites are not actually required to use MAC addresses; they’re free to use whatever they want for the host address.

– Assigning IPv6 addresses should be easier than assigning IPv4 address.

– The hosts can configure themselves.– The format prefix identifies the type of IPv6 address : unicast, mu

lticast, or anycast.

Page 15: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 15

ARP (The Address Resolution Protocol)

• ARP– IP Network 상에서 IP Address 를 physical network address 로

대응시키기 위해 사용되는 protocol.– IP Host A 가 IP Host B 에게 IP Packet 을 전송하고자 할때 IP Ho

st B 의 Physical Network Address 를 모르는 경우 , ARP Protocol을 사용하여 목적지 IP Address B 와 Broadcasting Physical Network address FFFFFFFFFFFF 를 가지는 ARP Packet 을 Network상에 전송 . IP Host B 는 자신의 IP Address 가 목적지에 있는 ARP Packet 를 수신하면 자신의 Physical Network Address 를 A에게 응답 .

– ARP uses broadcast packets, which cannot cross networks, it can only be used to find the hardware addresses of machines connected directly to the sending host’s local network.

Page 16: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 16

DHCP (the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) (1/2)

• DHCP

– Network 관리자들이 조직 내의 Network 상에서 IP Address 를 중앙에서 관리하고 할당해줄 수 있도록 해주는 프로토콜 .

– Network 관리자가 중앙에서 IP 주소를 관리하고 할당하며 , 컴퓨터가 Network 의 다른 장소에 접속되었을 대 자동으로 새로운 IP Address 를 보내줄 수 있게 해준다 .

– 일정한 시간동안만 그 컴퓨터에 유효하도록 하는 “임대 (lease)”개념을 사용 .

– 사용 가능한 IP 주소의 개수보다 더 많은 컴퓨터가 있는 경우에 IP 주소의 임대시간을 짧게 함으로써 Network 를 동적으로 재구성할 수 있음 .

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 17

DHCP (the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) (2/2)

• DHCP’s leasable parameters

– IP addresses and netmasks– Gateways (default routes)– DNS name servers– Syslog hosts– WINS servers, X font servers, proxy servers, NTP severs– TFTP servers (for loading a boot image)

Page 18: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 18

Addition of Machines to a Network (1/6)

• The basic steps.

– Assign an IP address and hostname– Set up the new host to configure its network interfaces

at boot time– Set up a default route and perhaps fancier routing– Point to a DNS name server, to allow access to the rest

of the Internet

Page 19: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 19

Addition of Machines to a Network (2/6)

• /etc/hosts

– The oldest and simplest way to map names to IP addresses.

– Contains only local mappings, most modern systems use it only for mapping that are need at boot time

– Important during the boot process because DNS is not yet available

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 20

Addition of Machines to a Network (3/6)

• Ifconfig : configure network interfaces.

– Enables or disables a network interface.– Set its IP address and subnet mask.– Set various other options and parameters.– Displays the current settings for interface without changing them.

Ifconfig interface address options … up

Ifconfig en0 128.138.240.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 up

Page 21: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 21

Addition of Machines to a Network (4/6)

• Route : configure static routes.

– Defines static routes.– 한 컴퓨터로부터 다른 컴퓨터를 어떤 방법으로 찾아가는가를 적절하게

설명하기 위한 구조– Destination 와 gateway 의 한 쌍의 주소로 정의 .– Performed in IP layer– Each route command adds or removes one route

Route [-f] op [type] destination gateway [hop-count]

Add to add a route and delete to remove one

Page 22: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 22

Addition of Machines to a Network (5/6)

• Default routes

– To set a default route, simply add the following line to your startup files:

– 대부분은 Startup file 에 직접 IP Address 를 넣는 것보다 , configuration file 에서 gateway IP Address 를 얻어온다 .

Route add default gateway-IP-address

Page 23: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 23

Addition of Machines to a Network (6/6)

• Configuring DNS

– /etc/resolv.conf• Lists the DNS domains that should be searched to resolve na

mes that are incomplete and the IP addresses of the name servers to contact for name lookups.

• List the “closest” stable name server first because the server in the first position will be contacted first.

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 24

Network Configuration for Debian

• /etc/network/interfaces is where the configuration

of your network is stored.

• ….-_-;;;

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 25

Routing (1/2)

• Router

– 동일한 전송 프로토콜을 사용하는 분리된 network 를 연결하는 장치로 network 계층간을 서로 연결 .

– 브리지가 가지는 기능에 추가하여 경로 배정표에 따라 다른 network또는 자신의 network 내의 node 를 결정 .

– 가장 효율적인 경로를 선택하여 패킷전송– 흐름을 제어 . – Network 내부에서 여러 subnetwork 을 구성 , 다양한

network 관리기능 수행

Page 26: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 26

Routing (2/2)

• Packet Forwarding – Example Network

Host A145.17

145.24Router

R1

199.165.145

network

146.1

199.165.146network

146.4

Host B

RouterR2

146.3

To the internet

216.12.111.80

Page 27: SPARCS Wheel Seminar #3 한재웅. 10/3/2005SPARCS Wheel Seminar2 Overview TCP/IP Networking –Overview of TCP/IP –TCP/IP network model –IP Addresses –NAT –IPv6

10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 27

Ethernet (1/6)

• 2 개 이상의 station 들이 공통된 cabling system 을 공유 할 수 있도록 하는 CSMS/CD 방식에 기초한 IEEE 802.3 series standard

• 가장 광범위하게 설치된 근거리통신망 기술• IEEE 802.3 에 표준으로 정의 .• 이더넷은 원래 제록스에 의해 개발되었으며 , 제록스와 DED

그리고 인텔 등에 의해 발전 . • 이더넷 랜은 일반적으로 동축케이블 또는 특별한 등급이 매겨진 비차폐 연선 (UTP) 을 사용

• CSMA/CD– Ethernet 의 전송 프로토콜 .

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 28

Ethernet (2/6)• The evolution of Ethernet

Year Speed Commom name IEEE# Dist Media

1973 3Mb/s Xerox Ethernet - ? Coax

1980 10Mb/s Ethernet 1 - 500m RG-11 coax

1982 10Mb/s DIX Ethernet(Ethernet II) 802.3 500m RG-11 coax

1985 10Mb/s 10Base5(“Thicknet”) 802.3 500m RG-11 coax

1985 10Mb/s 10Base2(“Thinnet”) 802.3 180m RG-58 coax

1989 10Mb/s 10BaseT 802.3 100m Category 3 UTP copper

1993 10Mb/s 10BaseF 802.3 2km25km

MM FiberSM Fiber

1994 10Mb/s 100BaseTX(“100 meg”) 802.3u 100m Category 5 UTP copper

1994 100Mb/s 1000BaseFX 802.3u 2km20km

MM FiberSM Fiber

1998 100Mb/s 1000BaseSX 802.3z 260m550m

62.5- ㎛ MM Fiber50- ㎛ MM fiber

1998 1Gb/s 1000BaseLX 802.3z 440m550m3km

62.5- ㎛ MM Fiber50- ㎛ MM fiber

SM fiber

1998 1Gb/s 1000BaseCX 802.3z 25m Twinax

1999 1Gb/s 1000BaseT(“Gigabit”) 802.3ab 100m Cat 5E and 6 UTP copper

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 29

Ethernet (3/6)

• How ethernet works

– Carrier Sense • You can tell whether anyone is talking

– Multiple access• Everyone can talks

– Collision Detection• You know when you interrupt someone else

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 30

Ethernet (4/6)

• Ethernet topology– Branching bus with no loops

• Only one way for a packet to travel between any two hosts on the same network.

– Provides a mechanism to exchange three types of packets on a segment

• Unicast : addressed to only one host• Multicast : addressed to a group of hosts• Broadcast : delivered to all hosts on a segment

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 31

Ethernet (5/6)

• UTP– Unshielded twisted pair.– The preferred cable medium for Ethernet.– Based on star topology.– Has several adventages over other media

• Inexpensive. Readily available copper wire• Easier to install and debug than coax or fiber.• Uses RJ-45 connectors, which are cheap, reliable, and easy to instal

l• Each machine is independent

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10/3/2005 SPARCS Wheel Seminar 32

Ethernet (6/6)

• Connecting and expanding Ethernets– Logically connected at several points in the seven-layer ISO

network model• Layer 1 : the physical layer.• Layer 2 : the data link layer.• Layer 3 : the network layer.

– Hubs• Active devices that connect physical segments in UTP

Ethernet networks.– Switches

• Connect Ethernets at the data link layer of the ISO model.– Routers

• They are dedicated computers-in-a-box that contain two or more network interfaces and direct traffic at layer 3 (the network layer) of the ISO protocol stack