Spatiotemporal Analysis of Historical Maritime Exchanges in Asia

Using HuTime

Mamoru ShibayamaCenter for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University

Project and Topic To explore a dynamism on maritime exchange network between

East and Southeast Asian countries from the 15th to 20th centuries using HuTime.

Area-based historical documents compose of 10 sources, such as the the Ryukyu diplomatic document "Rekidai Hoan: 1420-1890 [3] “, Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen (Chinese Ships) : 1637 -1833"[1], and others.

"Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen”

Chronological Table of Maritime Exchanges

China

Ryukyu

Siam

Japan

The Ryukyu diplomatic document "Rekidai Hoan“

Asian Trade and the Ryukyu Diplomatic Document "Rekidai Hoan” : 1424-1867 Documents which were exchanged between Ryukyu Kingdom

and other countries such as Siam( 暹羅 ), Annam ( 安南） , Java( ジャワ）， Palembang （旧港） , Sumatra, Jakarta, Malacca （満刺加）， Korea, and Patani （仏太泥） .

The “Rekidai Hoan” is written entirely in Chinese, composed of 242 volumes in total, including four lists, and an extra four sections.

The Ryukyu Kingdom was put under a tributary state of Ming Dynasty, that an emperor gave to Ryukyu as a sign of respect or of submission with Ryukyu’s allegiance. And any marketing on the maritime trade was prohibited in Ming Dynasty.

An analysis in this report, Focuses on volumes from No. 1 to 43, which is first

compilation covering the period from 1424 to 1672 (1037 notes).

To observe only relationship between Siam and Ryukyu (69 notes).

An example of Vol. 40, No.1 – King of Ryukyu requested Siam to do fair and free marketing without king’s bureaucratic control.

Source: Copy of Taiwan University

Category of Notes in “Rekidai Hoan” Emperor’s words ( 勅詔 ): words or

appointment issued by emperor Rescript ( 勅諭 ) : a rescript for Ryukyu issued

by Emperor or Ministry level of Ming. Note ( 咨文 ): exchanged letters between

countries at same level such as between emperor and king level or ministry levels.

Reply ( 回咨 ): reply or answer for note Certificate ( 執照 ): certificate for an envoy

with ship, crew, and interpreters issued by Ryukyu.

Notes from Ryukyu to Siam : Note( 咨文 ) in 1425Retrieval Result by Keyword ‘Siam( 暹羅 )’ and ‘Note( 咨文 ) from 1037 notes

■King of Ryukyu requested to King of Siam [Note]■To buy Sappanwood and peppers■To pay tribute for Ming Dynasty

Sappanwood: sapang – material of dyes

Ceramicand Fabric

M

S

J

R

SappanwoodAnd Pepper

[Gift]

Notes from Ryukyu to Siam : Certificate in 1510 Retrieval Result by Keyword ‘Certificate( 執照 )

■King of Ryukyu issued [Certificate]■To inform crew and nationality■ To buy Sappanwood and peppers

M

S

J

R

SappanwoodAnd Pepper

Ceramic,Sword, andFabric

*Certificates were appeared instead of Note from 1510

[Gift]

Request of Tribute for Ryukyu : Rescript in 1666

M

S

J

R

Sappanwood,Pepper, Sword, and Sulfur

Ceramic,Sword, andFabric

■ Emperor of Ming ordered to King of Ryukyu [Rescript]■ Request to pay tribute such as sword and sulfur as well as Sappanwood

Ceramic,And Fabric

Emperor of Ming requested Ryukyu to get sword and sulfur as well as sappanwood and peppers. 　 This is from retrieval result for notes by a keyword ‘sword’.

Ming Requested Ryukyu to be mediate between Ming and Japan : Rescript in 1425

M

S

J

R

Sappanwood,Pepper, Sword, and Sulfur

Ceramic,and Fabric

Ceramic,Sword, andFabric

■ Emperor of Ming to King of Ryukyu [Order]■ Request Ryukyu to be mediate between Ming and Japan

It is found that sword is appeared in a note of 1425. It is first time.

Envoy, Secretary, and Interpreter : Rescript in 1430

M

S

J

R

Sappanwood,Pepper, Sword, and Sulfur

Ceramic,Sword, andFabric

Ceramic,and Fabric

Sword andSulfur

■ Emperor of Ming to King of Ryukyu [Order]■ Request Ryukyu to buy commodities from other countries

Dignitary ‘Chan Shan – SHIBAYAMA’ was an envoy for Ryukyu to make relationship with Japan.

Story obtained from “Rekidai Hoan” using HuTime Ryukyu Kingdom was a relay point

for maritime root between 10 countries.

New findings – “Shibun was replaced by

“Certificate” from 1510. This means trading system might be changed in 1510.

Process of making relationship between Ming and Japan could be traced through a sword trade.

Mobility of ambassador can be traced as well as commodities.

Loadage and size of ship can be estimated based on the number of crew and quantity of commodities.

When each ship left at port and came back to Ryukyu can be seen and verified according to the date of notes related with monsoon.

Ming

Siam

Japan

Ryukyu

Sappanwood,Pepper, Sword, Sulfur, and Fan

Ceramic,Sword, andFabric

Sappanwoodand Pepper

Sword, Sulfur, and Fan

Ceramic,and Fabric

Sappanwoodand Pepper

Trading Network

Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen (Chinese) Ships: 1637 -1833 The trade record, which was kept in the office of Dutch merchant (1609-

1860) in Hirado and Nagasaki in Japan in the Edo period, was surveyed and compiled by Prof. Yoko Nagazumi in 1987.

The number of arrived ships and commodity items are 1613 and 3151 respectively. And the number of left ships and items are 884 and 530 respectively. The total number of items is more than 40,000 goods.

GuangzhouZhangzhou

AnhaiQuanzhou

Fuzhou

Rui'anNingbo

DinghaiZhaPuShanghai

Xiamen

Tonkin

JiaozhiSiam

Cambodia

Patani

Example of CompilationShip Name and Date

Commodity Items and Quantity

The Number of Arrived/Left Ships at Nagasaki using HuTime The number of ships per year is shown as

below.

Summary of Arriving/Leaving Tosen Ships : 1637-1833 In 1633, Japanese trade was closed on national

isolation policy, it called Sakoku, by Edo shogunate. The number of arriving ships is as follows;

Arrived - Imported Left - Exported ZhaPu ship : 309 (19.2%) ZhaPu ship : 78(8.8%) Anhai ship : 191(11.8%) Nanjing ship: 60(6.8%) Nanjing ship: 90(5.6%) No.4 ship: 54(6.1%) Fuzhou ship: 67(4.2%) No.2 ship : 54(6.1%) Ninbo ship: 52(3.2%) No.5 ship : 53(6.0%) Total:1613 ships 884 ships

In this report, The number of Siam ships;

Arrived : 32(2.2%) times, 263 Items Left: 6(0.6%)times 35 Items

To observe item Sappanwood

Arriving/Departing of Siam Ships at Nagasaki1653 - 1766

Imported Sappanwood All ships for importing goods

All ships for importing sappanwood

Imported quantity of sappanwood

Imported Sappanwood from 1646 to 1663

The period was enlarged from 1646 to 1663

The Number of Ships with the Sappanwood for arriving at Nagasaki

# 安海船# 東埔寨船

# 暹羅船# 六番船

# 二番船# 一番船

# 七番船# 九番船

# 無番船# 台湾船

# 咬吧船#南京船

# 漳州船# 厦門船

# 広東船# 沙埕船

# 十二番船# 温州船

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90蘇木 Sappanwood

蘇木 Sappanwood

# 安海船 　 Anhai 82# 乍浦船 ZhaPu 47# 東埔寨船　 Cambodia 38# 広南船 Guangnan 35# 暹羅船 Siam 32# 三番船 No.3 30# 六番船 No.6 29# 五番船 No.5 26# 二番船 No.2 24# 四番船 No.4 24# 一番船 No.1 12# 八番船 No.8 22# 七番船 No.7 22# 船 1 隻 Unknown 20# 九番船 No.9 19# 十番船 No.10 17# 無番船 Unknown 16# 東京船 Tonkin 11# 台湾船 Taiwan 10

Quantity of Sappanwood by kind of Tosen

# 暹羅船# 三番船

# 六番船# 五番船

# 七番船

# 南京･安海･福州船# 広東船

# 台湾船# 十三番船

# 国姓爺船# 交趾船

#漂着船# 番外船

# 沙埕船# 船定海船

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

蘇木　船別輸入量 Imported quantity of Sappanwood

蘇木　船別輸入量 Imported quantity of Sappanwood

Siam ShipArrived : 35(2.2%) times

Imported Sappanwood of “Made in Siam”

Most of Siam’s Sappanwood were transported via Chinese ports.

A Result obtained from Imported/Exported Commodity Record of Tosen using HuTime

Large number of arriving/leaving ships were ZhaPu ships.

Imported Amount of sappanwood was around 12,600 tons for 200 years.

Siam ships were taken important roll for importing Sappanwood in national isolation policy of Edo period.

It can be seen that sappanwood of “Made in Siam” was separated from ordinary sappanwood.

Most of Siam’s sappanwood were transported via Chinese ports. It can be considered that Chinese merchants also concerned very much with sappanwood trade between Siam and Nagasaki.

Conclusion New findings

“Shibun (letter) was replaced by “Ship Certificate” from 1510. This means trading system might be changed in 1510.

Process of making relationship between Ming and Japan could be traced through a sword trade.

Large number of arriving/leaving ships were ZhaPu ships. Most of Siam’s Sappanwood were transported via Chinese ports.

Using HuTime Every records can be visualized on chronological display. Numerical analysis can be done on the timeline. Several new findings with quantity of goods were obtained from an

analysis. An output of HuTime can be used onto other software such as Excel,

Word, SPSS, and so on. Future subjects

To use HuMap as well as HiTime. To analyze another documents with above simultaneously.

Thank you very much for your attention