speak cherokee

ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ!Speak Cherokee!

Volume I

Michael W S Joyner

Dedication

To Ray Cochran - without his inspiration in working to keep theCherokee culture and language alive, even amidst his pain, this workwould probably not have come about.

Notice

Language and culture which are not shared and taught openly andfreely will die. If our language and culture die, as a people, so dowe.

—ᎹᎦᎵ

Copyright 2010 - All Rights Reserved

ISBN: 978-0-557-68640-7

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. To view a copy of this li-cense, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/or send a letter to Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300,San Francisco, California, 94105, USA.

In Summary:1

You are free:

• to Share — to copy, distribute and transmit the work.

• to Remix — to adapt the work.

Under the following conditions:

• Attribution — You must attribute the work in the manner speci-fied by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggeststhat they endorse you or your use of the work).

• Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work,you may distribute the resulting work only under the same orsimilar license to this one.

1The summary is not the license. It is simply a handy reference for understandingthe license and as such, has no legal value.

iii

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/

With the understanding that:

• Waiver — Any of the above conditions can be waived if you getpermission from the copyright holder.

• Other Rights — In no way are any of the following rights affectedby the license:

– Your fair dealing or fair use rights;– Apart from the remix rights granted under this license, the

author’s moral rights;– Rights other persons may have either in the work itself or

in how the work is used, such as publicity or privacy rights.

• Notice — For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear toothers the license terms of this work. The best way to do this iswith a link to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/.

iv



Contributors

• Ray Cochran <Hawk’s Calls> (language consultation)

• Charles E. Kauffman (voice for audio disks, language consulta-tion, flute player)

• Sagonige Asaladisgi ᏌᎪᏂᎨ ᎠᏌᎳᏗᏍᎩ (language consultation)

• ᏕᎳᎧᏘᏯ ᏗᎵᏔᏕᎩ, ᎠᏁᏢᏗᏍᎩ (language consultation)

• Katrina Joyner, Graphics Arts, Book-cover.

Appreciation to:

Sequoyah - For creating the Syllabary.

To the LYX, XeTEX, Ubuntu, and other Open Source Software projectsfor creating the software used to generate these materials. http://www.lyx.org/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX, http://www.ubuntu.com/, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source.

To Leanne Hinton for her invaluable work on methodologies forteaching languages where fluency is low or non-existent, withoutwhom the structure and inspiration for these materials would nothave existed. “How to Teach when the Teacher Isn’t Fluent.” -http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/fac/hinton.html,

To Dr. Pimsleur for “Graduated Interval Recall”, a much changedversion of which is used in the audio lessons.2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_interval_recall

The Cherokee Unicode fonts page: http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Cherokee.html

Referenced materials:

• ᏗᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏃᏪᎸᏍᎦ (Writing Cherokee) - ISBN: 1884655-23-8

• ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵ (Beginning Cherokee)- ISBN: 0-8061-1463-0

• Cherokee/English Dictionary - ISBN: none2The intervals published in his paper were: 5 seconds, 25 seconds, 2 minutes, 10

minutes, 1 hour, 5 hours, 1 day, 5 days, 25 days, 4 months, 2 years.

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http://www.lyx.org/

http://www.lyx.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX

http://www.ubuntu.com/

http://www.ubuntu.com/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source

http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/people/fac/hinton.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_interval_recall

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduated_interval_recall

http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Cherokee.html

http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Cherokee.html

• Cherokee English / Cherokee Glossary - ISBN: 1-884655-63-7

• Cherokee Parenting Phrases - ISBN: 1-884655-64-5

• Cherokee Study Course - ISBN: 1-882182-02-2

• Conjugation Made Easy / Cherokee Verb Study - ISBN: 1-882182-34-0

• Conversation Starters in Cherokee - ISBN: 1-882182-42-1

• Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary - ISBN: none

• Possessives in Cherokee Made Easy - ISBN: 1-882182-39-1

• A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee - (http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4212/1/umi-ku-2613_1.pdf)

vi

http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/4212/1/umi-ku-2613_1.pdf



Preface

This book and accompanying audio covers basic pronunciation, a fewintroductory phrases, bound pronouns, basic sentence structure, andintroduces some of the requirements of word agreement.

Please keep in mind that many of the sentences used in this ma-terial are here only to demonstrate grammar, not provide examplesof everyday speech, and are many times non-sensible from a normalconversational point of view.

If you find what you believe to be an error in this material, would liketo make a suggestion or comment, or want to obtain the most recent re-vision, please visit us on the web at: http://www.cherokeelessons.com/.

When referencing this material, please be sure to notate the documentrevision tag: $Revision: 3.41 $.

vii

http://www.cherokeelessons.com/


Contents

Contents ix

1 First Lesson 11.1 Accompanying Audio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 On-line Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 Getting the most out of this material. . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.4 Syllabary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.5 Speaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.6 “You” vs “You” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.7 Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.8 Let us say the letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.9 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.10 Syllabary, with markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.11 Syllabary, without markings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.12 Pronunciation Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

1.13 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 Second Lesson 132.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 Syllabary Speaking Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

ix

CONTENTS CONTENTS

3 Third Lesson 173.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

3.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173.3 Pronunciation Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.5 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.6 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4 Fourth Lesson 254.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.2 Vocabulary Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.3 Pronouns & Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.5 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

5 Fifth Lesson 335.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.3 Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

5.4 Plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.5 One Person vs Many People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.6 One Thing vs Many Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.7 Plural Describing Words . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.8 Plurals Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.9 It vs Them . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

5.10Agreement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.11 Exercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6 Sixth Lesson 536.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

6.2 Cherokee Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536.3 ale/-hno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576.5 Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

x

CONTENTS CONTENTS

7 Seventh Lesson 637.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7.2 Formal vs Informal Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

7.3 Talking About the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

7.4 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

7.5 Vocabulary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

7.6 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

7.7 Translation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

7.8 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

8 Eighth Lesson 758.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

8.2 Word order revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

8.3 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

8.4 Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

8.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

8.6 Dictation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

9 Ninth Lesson 899.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

9.2 Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

9.3 Clitics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

9.4 Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

9.5 Thinking in Cherokee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

9.6 Habitually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

9.7 Infinitive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

10 Tenth Lesson 10110.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

10.2 Future tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

11 Eleventh Lesson 10311.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

xi

CONTENTS CONTENTS

12 Twelth Lesson 10512.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

13 Thirteenth Lesson 10713.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

13.2Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

13.3Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

14 Fourteenth Lesson 11114.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

14.2Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

15 Fifteenth Lesson 11315.1 Syllabary Writing Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

15.2Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

15.3Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

15.4Wolf Wears Shoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

15.5Homework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

A Answers 117A.1 Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

A.2 Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

A.3 Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

A.4 Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

A.5 Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

A.6 Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

A.7 Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

B Additional Resources 143B.1 The Leitner System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

B.2 Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

$Revision: 3.41 $ $Date: 2011/07/08 12:15:41 $ UTC

xii

Chapter 1

ᎢᎬᏱᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ

The Cherokee syllabary is a syllabary invented by Sequoyah to writethe Cherokee language in 1819. Each of the characters represents onesyllable.The syllabary achieved almost instantaneous popularity, and fordecades was used in the Cherokee Phoenix, a Cherokee newspaper. Ithas been used since it was formed to write letters, keep diaries, andrecord medical formulas. Although little new material is published inCherokee, it is still used today to transcribe recipes, religious lore,folktales, etc. Knowledge of the syllabary is considered necessaryfor full Cherokee citizenship. According to evidence as of 1980, the(Western) Cherokee language is still spoken both formally and infor-mally by around 10,000 people. The language remains strong, as thenumber of speakers has been continuing to increase since 1930.Cherokee languages classes typically begin with a transliteration ofCherokee into Roman letters, only later incorporating the syllabary.The syllabary is finding increasingly diverse usage today, from books,newspapers, and websites to the street signs of Tahlequah, Oklahomaand Cherokee, North Carolina.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_alphabet

1.1 Accompanying Audio

The accompanying audio is available for download from http://www.cherokeelessons.com/ at no charge. If you prefer, you can purchase

1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_alphabet



1.2. ON-LINE SUPPORT CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

a physical disk containing the audio for this book as DRM-free MP3files from http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/wolfieee.

1.2 On-line Support

It is strongly recommended that you join the on-line Cherokee Lessonswebsite forum. Sign up is fast, free, and easy. Just visit http://www.cherokeelessons.com/ and click on “Cherokee Discussions”.You will find people of all skill levels willing to help you in yourjourney of learning to speak, read, and write Cherokee.

1.3 Getting the most out of this material.

1.3.1 Dull repetition is not the answer!

For you to be able to learn the Cherokee Language and Syllabary, youneed the vocabulary presented to you in a specially ordered fashion.Simply starting out by repeating a word over and over will not work.Your brain will quickly become numb to the information you are tryingto learn and you will encounter great difficulty going beyond a dozenor so words. Instead what needs to done is to have a challenge andresponse exercise in a specially crafted pattern that prevents the brainfrom becoming quickly numb to what we are trying to learn, givingus the ability to learn all great many words in very short order witha much longer retention time.

1.3.2 Graduated Interval Recall is the answer.

1.3.2.1 Paraphrased from Wikipedia :

Graduated-interval recall is a specific method of spacedrepetition, published by Paul Pimsleur in 1967. It is par-ticularly suited to programmed audio instruction due to thevery short times (measured in seconds or minutes) betweenthe first few repetitions, unlike other forms of spaced rep-etition which may not require such precise timings.

Graduated Interval Recall is a complex name for a verysimple theory about memory. No aspect of learning a for-eign language is more important than memory, yet before

2

http://www.lulu.com/spotlight/wolfieee



CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON1.3. GETTING THE MOST OUT OF THIS MATERIAL.

Dr. Pimsleur’s work, no one had explored more effectiveways for building language memory.

In his research, Dr. Pimsleur discovered how long stu-dents remembered new information and at what intervalsthey needed to be reminded of it. If reminded too soon ortoo late, they failed to retain the information.

1.3.3 How Graduated Interval Recall fits in.

After studying Dr. Pimsleur’s Graduated Interval Recall methodology,I created special audio files to accompany this printed material forthe different groupings of the Cherokee Vocabulary presented in thismaterial, including bound pronouns and other associated word forms.If you did receive a copy of these audio files, please visit http://www.cherokeelessons.com/ to download them free of charge. Whilethere, please join the forums for free language assistance and allaround general chat.

1.3.4 Audio Lesson Structure

Each set of audio lessons is composed of three main components:

1.3.4.1 Syllabary Dictation Exercises

Learning to write and read Cherokee is very important for long termlanguage retention and on-line communication.

1.3.4.2 General Lectures

They explain important concepts like how plurals work, etc. Youshould be able to follow along with the printed material very closely.

Even if you don’t understand the lectures in entirety, listen througheach lecture at least once before doing the following vocabulary ex-ercises.

If you find anything confusing and would like assistance, please visitus on the web at http://www.cherokeelessons.com/.

3




1.4. SYLLABARY CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

1.3.4.3 Vocabulary Exercises

This is where you will learn most of your vocabulary. Most indi-viduals will need to repeat these exercises several times. These arethe challenge response audio files that have been crafted based on theconcepts behind the “Graduated Interval Recall” method.1

1.4 Syllabary

The Cherokee Alphabet is composed of written symbols that represent(or approximate) syllables, which make up words. This is why itis called a syllabary. A symbol in the Cherokee Syllabary typicallyrepresents a consonant sound followed by an optional vowel sound.2

1.5 Speaking

To speak Cherokee correctly, keep you lips still and the front of yourtongue against your lower front teach. One is supposed to use themiddle of your tongue to make the “s”, “l”, and other sounds, not thetongue’s tip. This takes practice, don’t give up.

1.5.1 Tone

In the Durbin Feeling Dictionary and other source materials you willsee references to pitch or tone. In most cases, the pitch or tone of aword or phrase does not impact its meaning, though there are a fewexceptions.

Here we compare the Cherokee for salt and water:

• The Cherokee for water, “a-MA”, has a shortened “a” that is ofa lower tone.

• The Cherokee for salt, “A-ma”, has both syllables of about equallength and of equal tone.

1The example ”timings” as published, were not used. His paper clearly states theywere only for example usage, and were not the actual numbers he came up with thatmatched his student population at the time of the study.

2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary

4

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabary

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.5. SPEAKING

Cherokee Pronunciation MeaningᎠᎹ a-MA waterᎠᎹ A-ma salt

You can also compare the musical scores representing pronunciationbetween the two:

1.5.2 Glottal stops

The glottal stop is a type of consonant sound used in many spokenlanguages. They are very common in Cherokee and the pronunciationcolumn will be using a “?” to represent them.

English examples of glottal stops are the pause in “uh-oh!” and the“tt” in “mitten” or “bitten”.

When you see a “?” in the pronunciation column, you should pausebriefly before going on to the next syllable.

1.5.3 The Intrusive “H”

Periodically you will see an an extra “h” added to the beginning ofa syllable in the pronunciation column, even though the matchingsyllabary does not start with an “h”. Except for the letters Ꮏ, “hna”,and Ꮐ, “nah”, this sound is not written. As the amount of “intrusiveh” you will encounter will vary from speaker to speaker, you willhear some words with it, others without it.

1.5.4 “gi”? “ki”? “do”? “to”?

Sometimes you will see “ki”, “ko”, “ke”, or “to” in the pronunciationcolumn, and the Cherokee letters for “gi”, “go”, “ge”, and “do” in theSyllabary column. Native speakers are accustomed to varying some“g” sounds towards “k” sounds and varying some “d” sounds towards“t” sounds. This can also be heard when you hear different peoplereciting the Syllabary as some individuals substitute “gw” for “qu”.

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1.6. “YOU” VS “YOU” CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

1.5.5 “tla”? “hla”?

Throughout this material, the syllables “tla”, “tle”, “tli”, “tlo”, “tlu”,and “tlv” can also be voiced “hla”, “hle”, “hli”, “hlo”, “hlu”, and“hlv” and you will see both forms used interchangeably in the pronun-ciation column. When voicing the “tl”/“hl” sound, one should dropthe tongue straight down, which causes both “tla” and “hla” to soundalmost alike.

1.5.6 Nasalization.

The “v” sound is always nasalized.The last syllable in each word is many times nasalized.

1.6 “You” vs “You”

In this and future lessons, you will see references to “You”, “Youand I”, “You Two”, “You All”, etc. Unlike English, Cherokee speechspecifies relationships of “one to one”, “one to two”, “one to many”,“one to many but not you”, etc. While a strange concept at first fornon-native Cherokee speakers, with a little practice, these relation-ships will become second nature and a natural part of your everydayCherokee speech.From this point onwards, if a quantity of people is not specified whenusing the word “you”, assume “you” is referring to a single person.

1.7 Writing

In this material are two Syllabary charts: one with English pronun-ciation marks (see Section 1.10 on page 8) and one without Englishpronunciation marks (see Section 1.11 on page 9), after your pen-manship exercises, try sounding out each of the Syllabary charactersstarting where your penmanship exercises left off and working in re-verse till you reach “Ꭰ”. Try using the chart that does not have anypronunciation marks, referring to the one with pronunciation marksonly as a last resort.To be able to read and write Cherokee, you need to learn the Syl-labary by writing it, not just reading it. You must do the penmanshipexercises, making sure to sound out the letters each time you writethem.

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CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.8. LET US SAY THE LETTERS.

1.8 Let us say the letters.

Trying to keep you tongue against your lower front teeth and movingyour lips as little as possible, practice sounding out each of the char-acters on the Syllabary on the following page. Repeat aloud alongwith the Syllabary on page 9 and the Syllabary sounds audio includedon the Chapter 1 audio disk. Try and keep the tip of your tongueagainst your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.

1.9 Vocabulary

Exercise 1.1. Create flash cards from the following vocabulary list withthe Cherokee words from the pronunciation column on one side andthe English words on the other side. The act of creating your ownflash cards helps with the learning process. With your study group,practice saying the Cherokee for the English, and the English for theCherokee with the flash cards. Make sure your group has learned all ofthese phrases before moving on to the next section. For most effectiveuse of your flash cards, use the Leitner system. See Section B.1 onpage 143.

ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation English TranslationᎣᏏᏲ o’-si-yo’ Hello.Ꮒ ni! Look at that!ᎠᏲ a-yo! Ouch!ᎥᏍᎩᎩ v-s-gi-gi Really?ᎰᏩ ho-wa. All right. Okay. Agreement.

Exercise 1.2. Add the following vocabulary to your flash cards. Withyour study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English, andthe English for the Cherokee with the flash cards. Make sure yourgroup has learned all of these phrases before moving on to the nextsection.

ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation English TranslationᎥᎥ v: v’ YesᏝ tla’ (hla’) NoᏣᎳᎩ ja-la-gi CherokeeᏲᏁᎦ yo-ne-ga English

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1.10. SYLLABARY, WITH MARKINGS.CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

1.10 The Cherokee Syllabary, with English mark-ings.Ꭰ

aᎡ

eᎢ

iᎣ

oᎤ

uᎥv

ᎦgaᎧ

kaᎨ

geᎩ

giᎪ

goᎫ

guᎬ

gv

Ꭽha

Ꭾhe

Ꭿhi

Ꮀho

Ꮁhu

Ꮂhv

Ꮃla

Ꮄle

Ꮅli

Ꮆlo

Ꮇlu

Ꮈlv

Ꮉma

Ꮊme

Ꮋmi

Ꮌmo

Ꮍmu

ᎾnaᎿ

hnaᏀ

nahᏁ

neᏂ

niᏃ

noᏄ

nuᏅ

nv

Ꮖqu

aᏇ

que

Ꮘqu

iᏉ

quoᏊ

quuᏋ

quv

ᏌsaᏍ

sᏎ

seᏏ

siᏐ

soᏑ

suᏒ

sv

ᏓdaᏔ

taᏕ

deᏖ

teᏗ

diᏘ

tiᏙ

doᏚ

duᏛ

dv

ᏜdlaᏝ

tla

Ꮮtle

Ꮯtli

Ꮰtlo

Ꮱtlu

Ꮲtlv

Ꮳja

Ꮴje

Ꮵji

Ꮶjo

Ꮷju

Ꮸjv

Ꮹwa

Ꮺwe

Ꮻwi

Ꮼwo

Ꮽwu

Ꮾwv

Ꮿya

Ᏸye

Ᏹyi

Ᏺyo

Ᏻyu

Ᏼyv

8

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON1.11. SYLLABARY, WITHOUT MARKINGS.

1.11 The Cherokee Syllabary, without Englishmarkings.

Ꭰ Ꭱ Ꭲ Ꭳ Ꭴ ᎥᎦ Ꭷ Ꭸ Ꭹ Ꭺ Ꭻ ᎬᎭ Ꭾ Ꭿ Ꮀ Ꮁ ᎲᎳ Ꮄ Ꮅ Ꮆ Ꮇ ᎸᎹ Ꮊ Ꮋ Ꮌ ᎽᎾ Ꮏ Ꮐ Ꮑ Ꮒ Ꮓ Ꮔ ᏅᏆ Ꮗ Ꮘ Ꮙ Ꮚ ᏋᏌ Ꮝ Ꮞ Ꮟ Ꮠ Ꮡ ᏒᏓ Ꮤ Ꮥ Ꮦ Ꮧ Ꮨ Ꮩ Ꮪ ᏛᏜ Ꮭ Ꮮ Ꮯ Ꮰ Ꮱ ᏢᏣ Ꮴ Ꮵ Ꮶ Ꮷ ᏨᏩ Ꮺ Ꮻ Ꮼ Ꮽ ᏮᏯ Ᏸ Ᏹ Ᏺ Ᏻ Ᏼ

1.12 English Markings Pronunciation Guide.

Key to Pronunciation3

Vowel Sounds

a: as (a) in father, or short as (a) in rival

e: as (a) in hate, or short as (e) in met3This abbreviated pronunciation guide is adapted from the more complete pronunci-

ation guide as used in Beginning Cherokee ᏔᎵᏍᎪ ᎦᎵᏉᎩ ᏗᏕᎵᏆᏍᏙᏗ ᏣᎳᎩ ᏗᎪᏪᎵby Ruth Bradley Holmes and Betty Sharp Smith. Additional information was adaptedfrom the Easy to use Cherokee Tsa La Gi Dictionary by Prentice Robinson.

9

1.12. PRONUNCIATION GUIDE CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

i: as (i) in pique or pig, or short as (i) in pit

o: as (o) in note, approaching (aw) in law

u: as (oo) in fool, or short as (u) in pull

v: as (u) in but, nasalized

Consonant Sounds

g: nearly as in English (g)oat, but approaching to (k)ite. So thatsyllables beginning with g, except Ꭶ (ga) will sometimes sound like(k).

d: nearly as in English (d)am, but approaching to (t)ask. In addition,as there are no (to), (tu), and (tv) symbols, words pronounced withthese sounds are written with the Ꮩ (do), Ꮪ (du), or Ꮫ (dv) symbols.One has to remember the pronunciation.

h k l m n q s t w y as in English.

The Ꮖ (qua), Ꮗ (que), Ꮘ (qui), Ꮙ (quo), Ꮚ (quu), and Ꮛ (quv) arepronounced as though they were kwa, kwe, kwi, kwo, kwu, and kwv.

Syllables written with (tl) except Ꮭ (tla) sometimes sound more likethey start with (dl). When pronouncing the dla, tla, tle, tli, tlo, tlu,and tlv, place the tongue at the roof of the mouth and bring it downas you speak these syllables.

The j in Ꮳ (ja), Ꮴ (je), Ꮵ (ji), Ꮶ (jo), Ꮷ (ju), and Ꮸ (jv) normallyhas the sound of the (j) as in jaunt.4

The Syllabary does not provide symbols to indicate unvoiced vowels,glottal stops, lengthened vowels, and stressed syllables. These willbe indicated in the pronunciation guides as follows:

• Unvoiced vowels: The syllable will be enclosed in parentheses“(”, “)”. The consonant is usually combined with the previoussyllable. Buffalo. ᏯᎾᏎ. ya (na) se.5

• Glottal stops: A (?) will be inserted. A glottal stop is a veryshort pause to prevent syllables from combining together. Skunk.ᏗᎵ. di?li.

• Stress is indicated by (’) after the syllable. ᎣᏏᏲ O’ si yo’.

• A lengthened/double long vowel is indicated by a (:) after thevowel. I go. ᎨᎦ. ge: ga.

4In many texts you will see “ts-” instead of “j-”. “J-” is being used in this materialand not “ts-” to eliminate observed confusion in students between “-ts-” and “-st-”.

5In some writings, an apostrophe (’) replaces the unvoiced vowel.

10

CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON 1.13. EXERCISE

1.13 Exercise

Exercise 1.3. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth andmoving your lips as little as possible, recite the Syllabary on page 9along with the audio found at http://www.cherokee.org/Extras/Downloads/syllabary.html. Repeat this exercise at least once a dayuntil your next class.

11

http://www.cherokee.org/Extras/Downloads/syllabary.html


1.13. EXERCISE CHAPTER 1. FIRST LESSON

12

Chapter 2

ᏔᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ

2.1 Syllabary Writing Practice

Exercise 2.1. Do the dictation exercise for the seven letters “Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”,“Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ” and “Ꭶ”. Be sure to say the name of the lettereach time you start writing it. Remember to keep the tip of yourtongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.Penmanship paper, if not provided, can be obtained at your nearestschool supplies store.1

In Figure 2.1 on the following page you will find step by step diagramsshowing how to write each letter.2 Do not write out the Englishpronunciation next to each letter. If you do, you will cripple yourability to read and write the Syllabary.

2.2 Vocabulary Review

Exercise 2.2. Translate into English (Answers on page 117):

1. ni

2. osiyo

3. yonega1We recommend that you obtain penmanship paper that is composed of bright tablet

paper, is landscape oriented, that has seven writing lines.2These are only a starting point. It is normal for each person to develop their own

writing style after awhile.

13

2.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON

Figure 2.1: “Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”, “Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ”, and “Ꭶ”

14

CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON2.3. SYLLABARY SPEAKING PRACTICE

4. howa

5. tla

6. vv

7. vsgigi

8. ayo

9. jalagi

Exercise 2.3. Translate into Cherokee, do not write out pronunciationmarks. (Answers on page 117):

1. look at that!

2. ouch!

3. hello

4. really?

5. All right.

6. no.

7. Cherokee.

8. yes.

9. English.

2.3 Syllabary Speaking Practice

Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth and moving yourlips as little as possible, sound out each of the characters on theSyllabary on page 8 along with the audio from Chapter 1.

2.4 Vocabulary

2.4.1 Other

Exercise 2.4. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabularyflash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee forthe English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.

ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation Yonega TranslationᎠᎩᎦᎨ a-gi-ga-ge Red

15

2.5. EXERCISES CHAPTER 2. SECOND LESSON

2.4.2 Greetings, Exchanges, and Interjections


ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation English TranslationᏙᎯᏧ do-hi-ju How are you?ᏙᎯᏊ do-hi-quu I am well.ᏂᎯᎾᎲ ni-hi:-na-hv You?


ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation English TranslationᎣᏍᏓ o-s-da GoodᎤᏲᎢ u-yo?i Bad


ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation English TranslationᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ do-na-da-go-hv-i See you later. (To one person.)ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ do-da-da-go-hv-i See you all later.ᎢᎮᏙᎸᎢ i he’ do lv i’ You come around again.ᎢᏓᏙᎸᎢ i da’ do lv i’ You all come around again.

2.5 Exercises

Exercise 2.8. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth andmoving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syllabary onpage 9 using the Syllabary sounds found on the disk for Chapter 1.

Exercise 2.9. Do the dictation review exercises for the seven letters“Ꭰ”, “Ꭱ”, “Ꭲ”, “Ꭳ”, “Ꭴ”, “Ꭵ” and “Ꭶ”. Be sure to say the name ofthe letter each time you start writing it.

16

Chapter 3

ᏦᎢᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


Exercise 3.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꭷ”, “Ꭸ”, “Ꭹ”, “Ꭺ”, “Ꭻ”,“Ꭼ”, and “Ꭽ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 3.1on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to writeeach letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letteras you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against yourlower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, do not writeout the English pronunciation next to each letter.



1. osda

2. dohiquu

3. idadolvi

4. agigage

5. dohiju

6. nihinahv

7. donadagohvi

17

3.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

Figure 3.1: “Ꭷ”, “Ꭸ”, “Ꭹ”, “Ꭺ”, “Ꭻ”, “Ꭼ”, and “Ꭽ”

18

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 3.3. PRONUNCIATION PRACTICE

8. uyoi

9. dodadagohvi

10. ihedolvi

Exercise 3.3. Translate into Cherokee (Answers on page 118):

1. You?

2. You come around again.

3. Red

4. You all come around again.

5. I am well.

6. How are you?

7. See you all later.

8. Good

9. Bad

10. See you later.

3.3 Pronunciation Practice

Exercise 3.4. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teeth andmoving your lips as little as possible, sound out each of the charactersof the Syllabary on page 9 along with the Syllabary practice audio.

3.4 Vocabulary

3.4.1 Animals

Exercise 3.5. Add the following vocabulary to a new flash card deck.With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for the English,and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.

19

3.4. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

Picture Pronunciation Syllabary English

a-hwi ᎠᏫ deer

di?li ᏗᎵ skunk

do-ya ᏙᏯ beaver

e-tli ᎡᏟ mink

o-ga-na ᎣᎦᎾ Groundhog

3.4.2 Verbs

Exercise 3.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the follow-ing vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokeefor the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.

Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationji-go?-ti-ha ᏥᎪᏘᎭ I see it.i-ni-go?ti-ha ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ You and I see it.i-di-go?ti-ha ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ You all and I see it.


Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationhi-go?ti-ha ᎯᎪᏘᎭ You (one) see it.s-di-go?ti-ha ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ You two see it.i-ji-go?ti-ha ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ You all see it.

20

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 3.5. SENTENCES


Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationa-go?-ti-ha ᎠᎪᏘᎭ He sees it. She sees it.a-ni-go?-ti-ha ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ They see it.


Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationhi-go?wa-ta ᎯᎪᏩᏔ Look at it. (To one person)s-di-go?wa-ta ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ Look at it. (To two people)i-ji-go?wa-ta ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ Look at it. (To three or more people)

Exercise 3.10. Add the following vocabulary to your existing vocabu-lary flash cards. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokeefor the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.

Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationo-s-di-go?ti-ha ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ He and I see it. She and I see it.o-ji-go?ti-ha ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ They and I see it.

3.5 Sentences

In simple declarative sentences, the subject of the sentence ordinarilyprecedes the verb with its modifiers and objects. In addition, objectsof verbs ordinarily precede the verb, resulting in “subject-object-verb”as in Example 1; placing the subject after the verb is also possible,yielding “object-verb-subject”, as in Example 2. All the sentenceexamples and exercises provided assume a single object. A single“it”. Having “them” as the object will be discussed later. In addition,adjectives are placed before nouns, see Examples 3 and 4.

1.

ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.Asgaya awi agotiha.a man a deer he sees it

A man sees a deer.

2.

ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.Awi agotiha asgaya.a deer he sees it a man

A man sees a deer.

21

3.5. SENTENCES CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

3.

ᎠᏍᎦᏯ ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.Asgaya agigage awi agotiha.a man red a deer he sees it

A man sees a red deer.

4.

ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏍᎦᏯ.Agigage awi agotiha asgaya.

red a deer he sees it a manA man sees a red deer.


1. Agigage etli ijigowata.

2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha.

3. Osda doya idigotiha.

4. Doya ahwi agotiha.

5. Dili ogana agotiha.

6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya.

7. Doya jigotiha.

8. Agigage ogana jigotiha.

9. Ahwi anigotiha.

10. Etli agotiha.

11. Dili ijigotiha.

12. Agigage etli sdigotiha.

13. Etli higotiha.

14. Etli ogana osdigotiha.

15. Dili higowata.

16. Doya sdigowata.

17. Etli sdigotiha.

18. Doya ojigotiha.


1. A beaver and I see a skunk.

22

CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON 3.6. EXERCISES

2. A mink sees a beaver.

3. You all see a deer.

4. They see a skunk.

5. They and I see a deer.

6. You all and I see a groundhog.

7. I see a red skunk.

8. I see a mink.

9. You see a deer.

10. All of you look at the red beaver!

11. He and I see a deer.

12. A skunk sees a skunk.

13. You two see a red groundhog.

14. You and I see a beaver.

15. A mink and I see a deer.

16. He sees a beaver.

17. Look at the beaver!

18. You two, look at the mink!

3.6 Exercises

Exercise 3.13. Keeping your tongue against your lower front teethand moving your lips as little as possible, speak aloud the Syl-labary on page 9 using the Syllabary sounds audio found at http://www.cherokee.org/Extras/Downloads/syllabary.html.

Exercise 3.14. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to saythe name of the letter each time you start writing it.

23



3.6. EXERCISES CHAPTER 3. THIRD LESSON

24

Chapter 4

ᏅᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


Exercise 4.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꭾ”, “Ꭿ”, “Ꮀ”, “Ꮁ”, “Ꮂ”,“Ꮃ”, and “Ꮄ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 4.1on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how towrite each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound outeach letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongueagainst your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter. Again, donot write out the English pronunciation next to each letter.


4.2.1 Animals Review

Exercise 4.2. Write out the names in Cherokee of each animal. Tryand do this without looking up the answers.

25

4.2. VOCABULARY REVIEW CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON

Figure 4.1: “Ꭾ”, “Ꭿ”, “Ꮀ”, “Ꮁ”, “Ꮂ”, “Ꮃ”, and “Ꮄ”

26

CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON 4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS

Picture Cherokee Name Picture Cherokee Name

4.2.2 Verb Review

Exercise 4.3. Translate the following into English (Answers onpage 120):

1. Higowata.

2. Inigotiha.

3. Ijigowata.

4. Idigotiha.

5. Agotiha.

6. Ojigotiha.

7. Anigotiha.

8. Higotiha.

9. Sdigowata.

10. Sdigotiha.

11. Ijigotiha.

12. Jigotiha.

13. Sdigotiha.

4.3 Bound Pronouns and Verb Groups

Cherokee personal pronouns operate quite differently than the Englishpersonal pronouns “I”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “we”, and “they” asfollows:

• They are added to the beginning of a verb and change somewhataccording to sounds in the verb.

27

4.3. PRONOUNS & VERBS CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON

Group A Group BI ji-, gi- agi-, agw-You hi- ja-, j-Another (He/She/It) a-, ga-, g- u-, uw-You and I ini- gini-You two sdi- sdi-Another and I osdi- ogini-They and I oji- ogi-You all iji- iji-They ani- uni-You all and I idi- igi-

Table 4.1: Bound Pronouns

• Cherokee combines the concept of “he”, “she”, and “it” into asingle pronoun called “another”. There is no distinction basedon gender as in English.

• They are mandatory. All verbs must be prefixed with a boundpronoun. If you try and remove the bound pronoun, what is leftover will be without meaning.

• When a bound pronoun is added to a word stem, if the wordstem starts with a consonant, an “-i-” is usually inserted as apronunciation aid.

• Bound pronouns do not stand on their on. “Ji-”, “ga-”, etc., bythemselves have no meaning and would only be perceived onlyas gibberish.

Table 4.1 shows the two main groups of bound pronouns1:

4.3.1 What bound pronoun for what verb?

Take note that the only variations in each group are for the boundpronouns “I” and “Another” and that between the two groups, theforms for “I” and “Another” are completely different. This meansyou only have to learn the given the “I” and “Another” forms to usenew verbs.

1These are not all of the bound pronouns used in Cherokee. Additional bound pro-nouns will be introduced in later lesson material.

28

CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON 4.4. VOCABULARY

Example: “Sees it”

I see it. JigotihaHe sees it. Agotiha

Because “He sees it” uses the Group A bound pronoun for “he/she/it”,the rest will also be Group A bound pronouns.

The following table breaks down the verb “Sees it”:

Cherokee Pronoun English Pronoun Word StemJigotiha ji- I -goti-Inigotiha ini- You and I -goti-Idigotiha idi- You all and I -goti-Higotiha hi- You -goti-Sdigotiha sdi- You two -goti-Ijigotiha iji- You all -goti-Agotiha a- He -goti-Anigotiha ani- They -goti-Osdigotiha osdi- Another and I -goti-Ojigotiha oji- They and I -goti-

Exercise 4.4. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the GroupA bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying whatgroup of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverseand identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.

Exercise 4.5. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the GroupB bound pronouns. With your study group, practice identifying whatgroup of people the bound pronouns stand for. Also do the reverseand identify the bound pronouns for each grouping of people.

4.4 Vocabulary

4.4.1 Verbs

Exercise 4.6. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the follow-ing vocabulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokeefor the English, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.Note: The Cherokee for “knows it” only refers to facts or information,not about “knowing” a person.

29

4.4. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON

Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationa-qua-n(v)-ta ᎠᏆᏅᏔ I know it.u-n(v)-ta ᎤᏅᏔ He knows it.ja-n(v)-te-s-di ᏣᏅᏘᏍᏗ Know it.ji-wo:-ni-ha ᏥᏬᏂᎭ I speak it.ga-wo:-ni-ha ᎦᏬᏂᎭ He speaks it.hi-wo:ni-hi ᎯᏬᏂᎯ Speak it.go-hu-s-di ᎪᎱᏍᏗ Something.

4.4.2 Translation Exercises

Exercise 4.7. What bound pronouns and word roots are used to makethese words? (Leave off the ending -a/-ha) (Answers on page 121).

1. unta

2. sdiwoniha

3. gawoniha

4. idigotiha

5. iniwoniha

6. higotiha

7. hiwoniha

8. osdigotiha

9. jiwoniha

10. anigotiha

11. aquanta

12. ijanta

13. ijigotiha

14. jigotiha

15. aniwoniha

16. idiwoniha

17. agotiha

18. unanta

19. oganta

20. ojiwoniha

21. inigotiha

22. iganta

23. janta

24. oginanta

25. ijiwoniha

26. ojigotiha

27. sdigotiha

28. ginanta

29. osdiwoniha

30. sdanta


1. Yonega jiwoniha.

2. Gohusdi janta.

30

CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON 4.4. VOCABULARY

3. Yonega iniwoniha.

4. Jalagi hiwonihi.

5. Yonega idiwoniha.

6. Gohusdi unanta.

7. Jantesdi.

8. Jalagi gawoniha.

9. Doya gohusdi oginanta.

10. Yonega sdiwonihi.

11. Ijantesdi.

12. Etli dohusdi unta.

13. Ginanta.

14. Jalagi ojiwoniha.

15. Yonega ijiwonihi.

16. Gohusdi iganta.

17. Jalagi ijiwoniha.

18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha.

19. Ijanta.

20. Yonega sdiwoniha.

21. Jalagi hiwoniha.

22. Sdantesdi.

23. Gohusdi aquanta.

24. Oganta.

25. Jalagi aniwoniha.

26. Sdanta.


1. They and I know it.

2. You know it.

31

4.5. EXERCISES CHAPTER 4. FOURTH LESSON

3. You and I know something.

4. You and I speak Cherokee.

5. I know it.

6. Know it.

7. You all and I know something.

8. They and I speak English.

9. A beaver knows something.

10. He and I speak English.

11. You speak English.

12. You all speak Cherokee.

13. You two, speak English.

14. A skunk and I know something.

15. You all know something.

16. You two speak Cherokee.

17. You all and I speak English.

18. I speak Cherokee.

19. Speak Cherokee.

20. You all, know it.

21. They know it.

22. They all speak English.

23. You two, know it.

24. He speaks Cherokee.

25. You all, speak Cherokee.

26. You two know something.

4.5 Exercises

Exercise 4.10. Do the dictation review exercise. Be sure to say thename of the letter each time you finish writing it.

32

Chapter 5

ᎯᏍᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


Exercise 5.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꮅ”, “Ꮆ”, “Ꮇ”, “Ꮈ”, “Ꮉ”,“Ꮊ”, and “Ꮋ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 5.1on the following page for the step by step diagrams showing how towrite each letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound outeach letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongueagainst your lower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.

5.2 Vocabulary

Exercise 5.2. Recognition and recall.

Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the following vocab-ulary. With your study group, practice saying the Cherokee for theEnglish, and the English for the Cherokee with the flash cards.

33

5.2. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

Figure 5.1: “Ꮅ”, “Ꮆ”, “Ꮇ”, “Ꮈ”, “Ꮉ”, “Ꮊ”, and “Ꮋ”

34

CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.3. COUNTING

Pronunciation Syllabary English TranslationSa-quu ᏌᏊ OneTa?li ᏔᎵ TwoJo?i ᏦᎢ ThreeI-lv-s-gi ᎢᎸᏍᎩ FewI-ga-da ᎢᎦᏓ SomeJi-qui-s-di (ji-gwi-s-di) ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ManyNi-ga-da ᏂᎦᏓ AllU-s-di ᎤᏍᏗ Little/Small (in size)U-ta-na ᎤᏔᎾ Large/Big (in size)Ululojv?i ᎤᎷᎶᏨᎢ CrazyUwoduhi ᎤᏬᏚᎯ Pretty (in appearance)Nv-ya ᏅᏯ A rockGu-gu ᎫᎫ A bottleSa-dv-di ᏌᏛᏗ A trapDi-sa-dv-di ᏗᏌᏛᏗ TrapsA-gwa-du:-li-ha (A?-wa-du:li-a) ᎠᏆᏚᎵᎭ I want it.U-du’-li-ha ᎤᏚᎵᎭ He wants it.Ja-du’-la ᏣᏚᎳ Let you want it.

5.3 Counting

Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationi-ya-ni ᎢᏯᏂ Quantity/Count (Alive)i-ga ᎢᎦ Quantity/Count (Not Alive)

When indicating quantities, in many communities it is general prac-tice to add either “iyani” after the number for living things or “iga”after the number for non-living things when dealing with any quantitygreater than one.

Examples:

• Saquu doya. One beaver.

• Tali iyani awi. Two deer. (Two alive-count-of deer.)

• Joi iga disadvdi. Three traps. (Three not-alive-count-of traps.)

5.4 Plurals

Plurals in Cherokee do not work like they do in English. When dealingwith anything plural, you have to make sure that all the words in

35

5.5. ONE PERSON VS MANY PEOPLECHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

a sentence agree with both the “aliveness” and “quantity” you aretalking about. This requirement includes words used to indicate color,size, shape, texture, and so on.

5.5 One Person vs Many People

When dealing with words that reference people, the plural is usuallyformed with the insertion of -ni-.

• Agotiha. Anigotiha. (He sees it. They see it.)

• Ajuja. Anijuja. (Boy. Boys.)

At times, the -i- on -ni- is dropped to aid pronunciation.

• Unta. Unanta. (He knows it. They know it.)

• Usdi. Junsdi. (A little one. Little living ones, babies.)

5.6 One Thing vs Many Things

Many Cherokee words for animals, plants, places and things do notchange form when used in a plural sense. They work like the Englishwords “Deer” or “Buffalo”.

Examples:

• Saquu awi. Tali iyani awi. Joi iyani awi. (One deer. Two deer.Three deer.)

• Saquu gugu. Tali iga gugu. Joi iga gugu. (One bottle. Twobottles. Three bottles.)

Other words do change form to make a plural.

Example:

• Saquu sadvdi. Tali iga disadvdi. Joi iga disadvdi. (One trap.Two traps. Three traps.)

If a word has a known plural form, it will normally be supplied aspart of your vocabulary.

36

CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDS

5.7 Plural Describing Words

Words which are used to describe something, such as “gigage”, “usdi”,and “utana”, are changed to match the plurality and sometimes the“aliveness” of the thing being described. The rules for the prefixes aresimilar to the “Set A” vs “Set B” rules for verbs. The main differenceis the addition of “di-” to represent plural inanimate objects.

Read through the following expanded word list. Take note of thesimilarity with the way the words are combined with the pronounprefixes and the way the same prefixes are combined with words suchas “uduliha” and “agotiha”. You should concentrate on recognizingthese differing forms when heard or read, not memorizing them all.The translation exercises will teach which forms you should use whenas your lessons progress.

• Jigigage.

– Ji + gigage: I - red.

• Higigage.

– Hi + gigage: You - red.

• Agigage.

– A + gigage: He (alive) - red.

• Gigage

– Gigage: It (not alive) - red.

• Inigigage.

– Ini + gigage: You and I - red.

• Idigigage.

– Idi + gigage: You all and I - red.

• Osdigigage.

– Osdi + gigage: He and I - red.

• Ojigigage.

– Oji + gigage: They and I - red.

37

5.7. PLURAL DESCRIBING WORDSCHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

• Sdigigage.

– Sdi + gigage: You two - red.

• Ijigigage.

– Iji + gigage: You all - red.

• Anigigage.

– Ani + gigage: They (alive) - red.

• Digigage.

– Di + gigage: They (not alive) - red.

• Gosda.

– Gi + osda: I - good.

• Hosda.

– Hi + osda: You - good.

• Osda.

– Osda: He (both alive and not alive) - good.

• Inosda.

– Ini + osda: You and I - good.

• Idosda.

– Idi + osda: You all and I - good.

• Osdosda.

– Osdi + osda: He and I - good.

• Ojosda.

– Oji + osda: They and I - good.

• Sdosda.

– Sdi + osda: You two - good.

• Ijosda.

38


– Iji + osda: You all - good.

• Anosda.

– Ani + osda: They all (alive) - good.

• Josda.

– Di + osda: They all (not alive) - good. (Di + a vowel not“i” becomes J-)

• Agilulojvi.

– Agi + lulojvi: I - crazy.

• Jalulojvi.

– Ja + lulojvi: You - crazy.

• Ululojvi.

– U + lulojvi: He - crazy. (Both alive and not alive).

• Ginilulojvi.

– Gini + lulojvi: You and I - crazy.

• Igilulojvi.

– Igi + lulojvi: You all and I - crazy.

• Oginilulojvi.

– Ogini + lulojvi: He and I - crazy.

• Ogilulojvi.

– Ogi + lulojvi: They and I - crazy.

• Sdilulojvi.

– Sdi + lulojvi: You two - crazy.

• Ijilulojvi.

– Iji + lulojvi: You all - crazy.

• Unilulojvi.

– Uni + lulojvi: They - crazy.

39


• Agwoduhi.

– Aqui + oduhi: I - pretty.

• Joduhi.

– Ja + oduhi: You - pretty.

• Uwoduhi.

– U + oduhi: He - pretty. (Both alive and not alive). (U + obecomes Uwo-).

• Diginoduhi.

– Di + gini + oduhi: You and I - pretty appearances. Di -multiple appearances. Gini - You and I. Oduhi - pretty.

• Digoduhi.

– Di + igi + oduhi: You all and I - pretty appearances. Di -multiple appearances. Igi - You all and I. Oduhi - pretty.

• Joginoduhi.

– Di + ogini + oduhi: He and I - pretty appearances. (Di -multiple appearances. Ogini - he and I. Oduhi - pretty. Di+ a vowel not “i” becomes J-).

• Jogoduhi.

– Di + ogi + oduhi: They and I - pretty appearances. (Di -multiple appearances. Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-. Ogi- They and I. Oduhi - pretty.)

• Disdoduhi.

– Di + sdi + oduhi: You two - pretty appearances.

• Dijoduhi.

– Di + iji + oduhi: You all - pretty appearances.

• Junoduhi.

– Di + uni + oduhi: They (alive) - pretty appearances. (Di +a vowel not “i” becomes J-).

• Juwoduhi.

40


– Di + u + oduhi: They (not alive) - pretty appearances. (Di+ a vowel not “i” becomes J- and U + o becomes Uwo-).

• Aquatana.

– Aqui + atana: I - big.

• Jatana.

– Ja + atana: You - big.

• Utana.

– U + atana: He/It - big.

• Diginatana.

– Di + gini + atana: You and I - big.

• Digatana.

– Di + igi + atana: You all and I - big.

• Joginatana.

– Di + ogini + atana: He and I - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”becomes J-).

• Jogatana.

– Di + ogi + atana: They and I - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”becomes J-).

• Disdatana.

– Di + sdi + atana: You two - big.

• Dijatana.

– Di + iji + atana: You all - big.

• Junatana.

– Di + uni + atana: They (alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not “i”becomes J-).

• Jutana.

– Di + u + atana: They (not alive) - big. (Di + a vowel not“i” becomes J-).

41


Exercise 5.3. Recognition.Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the forms for “gi-gage” and “utana” from the word list in Section 5.7 on page 37. Putthe combined word on one side and the English with the Cherokeeword parts on the other side. Show the completed word form to yourpartner. Your partner should practice breaking down the combinedwords. Alternate with your partner each time the deck is cycledthrough. Shuffle the deck between alternations. The goal of this exer-cise is to become familiar with the different word forms and learningto recognize word parts, not to memorize all the words.

The most common word expansions you will encounter in writtenmaterials will be for the “another” and “they” forms. Compare the“another” and “they” forms with each other in the following list. Takespecial note of the insertion of “-ni- or “-n-” into many of the pluralforms when dealing with living things.

• Agigage.

– A + gigage.– Another, alive, red.

• Gigage.

– Gigage.– Another, not alive, red.

• Anigage.

– Ani + gigage.– They, alive, red.

• Digigage.

– Di + gigage.– They, not alive, red.

• Osda.

– Osda.– Another, either alive or not alive, good.

• Anosda.

– Ani + osda.

42


– They, alive, good.

• Josda.

– Di + osda.– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-.– They, not alive, good.

• Ululojvi.

– U + lulojvi.– Another, alive or not alive, crazy.

• Unilulojvi.

– Uni + lulojvi.– They, alive or not alive, crazy.

• Uwoduhi.

– U + oduhi.– U + o becomes Uwo-.– Another, alive or not alive, pretty appearance.

• Junoduhi.

– Di + u + ni + oduhi.– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-.– They, alive, pretty appearances.

• Juwoduhi.

– Di + u + oduhi.– U + o becomes uwo-.– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-– They, not alive, pretty appearances.

• Utana.

– U + atana.– Another, alive or not alive, large appearances.

• Junatana.

– Di + u + ni + atana.

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5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes J-.– They, alive, large appearances.

• Jutana.

– Di + u + atana– Di + a vowel not “i” becomes “j-”.– They, not alive, large appearances.

Exercise 5.4. Recognition.Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the vocabulary fromthe word list in Section 5.7 on page 42. Put the combined word onone side and the English with the Cherokee word parts on the otherside. Show the completed word form to your partner. Your partnershould practice breaking down the combined words. Alternate withyour partner each time the deck is cycled through. Shuffle the deckbetween alternations. The goal of this exercise is to become familiarwith the different word forms and learning to recognize word parts,not to memorize all the words.

5.8 Plurals Practice

Exercise 5.5. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 onpage 42, translate the following into English. (Answers on page 125).

1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi.

2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana.

3. Igada junsdi awi.

4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili.

5. Igada digigage gugu.

6. Tali iyani anosda dili.

7. Tali iga jutana nvya.

8. Jiquisdi anosda awi.

9. Joi iga josda disadvdi.

10. Igada unilulojvi etli.

11. Jiquisdi junatana awi.

44

CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.8. PLURALS PRACTICE

12. Ilvsgi junatana doya.

13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi.

14. Tali iyani junsdi doya.

15. Ilvsgi anosda dili.

16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili.

Exercise 5.6. Referring to the word list starting in Section 5.7 onpage 42, translate the following into Cherokee. (Answers on page 126).

1. Three little deer.

2. Two crazy skunks.

3. Some good deer.

4. Many red beaver.

5. Many red rocks.

6. Two good traps.

7. A few pretty skunks.

8. Three little beaver.

9. Many crazy deer.

10. A few bad skunks.

11. A few pretty beaver.

12. A few good bottles.

13. A few red bottles.

14. Many red skunks.

15. Three large beaver.

16. Some bad rocks.

45

5.9. IT VS THEM CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

5.9 It vs Them

All of the verbs you have learned so far have all referred to only asingle “it”. Similar to the way sadvdi becomes disadvdi, to changethe “it” into “them”, you add “de-” before the bound pronoun basedon the following rules:

• Put the “de-” before the bound pronoun unless the word startswith a vowel.

– If the word starts with “i-”, drop the “i-”.

– Otherwise drop the “-e-”.

Examples:

– Jigotiha. Dejigotiha. (I see it. I see them.)

– Inigotiha. Denigotiha. (You and I see it. You and I seethem.)

– Agotiha. Dagotiha. (He sees it. He sees them.)

• When giving a command, use “di-” instead of “de-” before thebound pronoun unless the word starts with a vowel.

– If the word starts with “a-”, drop the “a-” then put “di-”.

– Otherwise “di-” followed by a vowel becomes “j-”.

Examples:

– Doya higowata. Doya dihigowata. (Look at the beaver.Look at the beaver.)

– Etli ijigowata. Etli jijigowata. (Let all of you look at themink. Let all of you look at the mink.)

5.9.1 Plural Living Objects

In many communities a different prefix other than “de-/di-” is usedwhen talking about living objects vs non-living objects when makingplurals. These additional endings will not be addressed at this time.They will be included for completeness starting in Section 8.3.5.

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CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.9. IT VS THEM

Single “It” Form Plural “Them” FormJigotiha. Dejigotiha.ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ.I see it. I see them.Ijigotiha. Deji’gotiha.ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

You all see it. You all see them.Jiwoniha. Dejiwoniha.ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. ᏕᏥᏬᏂᎭ.

I speak it. I speak them.Ijiwoniha. Deji’woniha.ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. ᏕᏥᏬᏂᎭ.

You all speak it. You all speak them.

Figure 5.2: Examples of Twin Spellings.

Figure 5.3: Musical score for the deji- twin forms.

5.9.2 Sound Twins

When performing the “de-” addition for verbs that use “ji-” for “I” and“iji-” for “You all”, the plural forms appear identical when writtendown. See Figure 5.2. However, there is a pronunciation differencethat needs to be taken into account. For the forms referring to “I”,the “ji-” is usually shortened and slightly raised in tone. For theforms referring to “You all”, the “-ji-” is of normal length and usesa lower tone. Compare the different musical scores for dejigotiha vsdejigotiha and dejiwoniha vs dejiwoniha in Figure 5.3. To representthis pronunciation difference in the text, a stress mark “”’ will beadded to for the “You all - them” forms that have a known twin.1

1Thanks goes to Dosvdali/Formiko for his suggestion of using stress for the [1] toneform as recorded in the Durbin Feeling dictionary. I have expanded his suggestion foruse to include it for twin word differentiation.

47

5.9. IT VS THEM CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

Exercise 5.7. Recognition.Translate into English (Answers on page 126):

1. Doginaduliha.

2. Dagotiha.

3. Dunaduliha.

4. Dagwaduliha.

5. Dojigotiha.

6. Denigotiha.

7. Dehigotiha.

8. Deji’duliha.

9. Danigotiha.

10. Dosdigotiha.

11. Desdaduliha.

12. Degaduliha.

13. Duduliha.

14. Dejigotiha.

15. Deginaduliha.

16. Dedigotiha.

17. Desdigotiha.

18. Dogaduliha.


1. He wants them.

2. You want them.

3. He sees them.

4. I see them.

5. He and I want them.

6. You see them.

48

CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.10. AGREEMENT

7. You all and I see them.

8. They and I want them.

9. You two want them.

10. You two see them.

11. I want them.

12. They and I see them.

13. They see them.

14. You all and I want them.

15. He and I see them.

16. You all want them.

17. You and I want them.

18. You and I see them.

19. They want them.

5.10 Agreement

All the words in a sentence referring to a thing or action must agree inplurality and “aliveness” with that thing or action. This will becomemore second nature to you by doing the translation exercises.

Examples:

• Gigage nvya. Digigage nvya. (A red rock. Red rocks.)

• Agigage doya. Anigigage doya. (A red beaver. Red beaver.)

• Doya etli agotiha. Doya igada etli dagotiha. (A beaver sees amink. A beaver sees some mink.)

• Usdi nvya jigotiha. Igada jusdi nvya dejigotiha. (I see a littlerock. I see some little rocks.)

• Agigage awi jigotiha. Igada anigigage awi dejigotiha. (I see ared deer. I see some red deer.)

Exercise 5.9. Translate the following into English (Answers onpage 128):

49

5.10. AGREEMENT CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

1. Dili unaduliha.

2. Awi nvya uduliha.

3. Awi anigotiha.

4. Doya agotiha.

5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya.

6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha.

7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya.

8. Igada nvya duduliha.

9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi.

10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi.

11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi.

12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya.

13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha.

14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha.

15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya.

16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha.

17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi.

18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili.

19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya.

20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi.

Exercise 5.10. Translate the following into Cherokee (Answers onpage 129):

1. A deer sees a rock.

2. He wants a bottle.

3. They see a deer.

4. He sees a bottle.

5. The deer wants a rock.

6. A beaver sees three rocks.

50

CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON 5.11. EXERCISE

7. She wants a few beavers.

8. A skunk wants two beavers.

9. I want three bottles.

10. He sees three bottles.

11. Two beaver see three skunks.

12. A few beavers see some skunks.

13. A few beavers want two rocks.

14. They want three rocks.

15. Some beavers see three bottles.

16. Some deer see many crazy traps.

17. Some skunks see three red rocks.

18. Two deer see two little beavers.

19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks.

20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks.

5.11 Exercise


51

5.11. EXERCISE CHAPTER 5. FIFTH LESSON

52

Chapter 6

ᏑᏓᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


Exercise 6.1. Practice writing the letters “Ꮌ”, “Ꮍ”, “Ꮎ”, “Ꮏ”, “Ꮐ”,“Ꮑ”, and “Ꮒ” using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 6.1on the next page for the step by step diagrams showing how to writeeach letter. When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letteras you write it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against yourlower front teeth as you say aloud each letter.

6.2 Cherokee Reading

Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out asmany words as you can that you recognize.

ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ.

Waya dulasutla.

ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ.

Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. Doyaanigotiha jisdu ale saloli. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya.

ᎨᏡᎲᎠ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?”. ᎠᏗᎭᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!”.

Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!”. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?”.Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”. Adiha doya, “Sdena alesdigowata!”.

53

6.2. CHEROKEE READING CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON

Figure 6.1: “Ꮌ”, “Ꮍ”, “Ꮎ”, “Ꮏ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮑ”, and “Ꮒ”

54

CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 6.3. ALE/-HNO

ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦ ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭᏩᏯ. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?”. ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”.

Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. Jisdu, saloli, doyanodagotiha waya. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?”. Adiha jisdu, “Doyaadiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”.

6.3 ale/-hno

ale (ᎠᎴ) “and”

“Ale” is used to join things, actions, or entire sentences together theysame way “and” is used in English.

Examples:

• In the following sentence, “ale” is used to join the two who areseeing.

ᎢᎦᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎠᏫ.Igada ogana danigotiha doya ale awi.Some groundhogs they see them a beaver and a deer

A beaver and a deer see some groundhogs.

• In the following sentence, “ale” is used to join two sentencesshowing separate actions by the same actor.

ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ.Awi nvya agotiha ale igada gugu dagotiha.

A deer a rock he sees it and some bottles he sees them.A deer sees a rock and he also sees some bottles.

• Here, “ale” is used to join to separate sentences together toindicate concurrent or consecutive action.

ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ ᏗᎵ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.Awi nvya agotiha ale doya dili uduliha.

A deer a rock he sees it and a beaver a skunk he wants it.A deer sees a rock and a beaver wants a skunk.

-hno (Ꮓ) “also”

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6.3. ALE/-HNO CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON

The word ending “-hno” is also used to join things together. It canbe considered to be a combination of “and” and “also”.

Carefully consider the positioning of “-hno” in the following sen-tences. Note that “-hno” is expressed as “and” in the final Englishsentences, even though using “also” will sometimes make more sensewhen looking at the word for word breakdown.

Examples:

This example demonstrates how “-hno” can be used in a sentence withthree or more things.

ᎢᎦᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎡᏟᏃ.Igada ogana danigotiha doya awi etlino.Some groundhogs they see them a beaver a deer a mink-also

A beaver, a deer and a mink see some groundhogs.

Notice how “-hno” follows the action words “sees” and “wants” inthe following sentence. This indicates that the same person or thing isperforming more than one action either consecutively or concurrently.

ᎠᏫ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏚᏚᎵᎭᏃ.Awi igada nvya dagotiha dudulihano.

A deer some rocks he sees them he wants them alsoA deer sees some rocks that he is also wanting.

Here “-hno” is added to the end of first word of the second togetherto indicate concurrent or consecutive actions or events.

ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏗᎵ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.Awi nvya agotiha doyano dili uduliha.

A deer a rock he sees it a beaver-also a skunk he wants itA deer sees a rock and a beaver wants a skunk.

You will find that some speakers prefer “-hno” over “ale”, some usethem about equally, and some who prefer “ale” over “-hno”.

As a general rule, the exercises will be using “-hno” for basic sen-tences. If a sentence would end in “-hno”, “ale” will be used instead.Combined and more complex sentences will be also be using “ale”,unless style or convention dictate otherwise. It is through the ex-ercises that you will learn when to use each form, not by trying tomemorize these basic guidelines.

You will also encounter “nole (ᏃᎴ)” in the lesson material, this is avariant of “ale (ᎠᎴ)”, and the two can normally be treated as havingequal meaning and function.

Exercise 6.2. Translate the following Cherokee sentences into English.If necessary, you can refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in

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Section 4.3 on page 27 and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9on page 46. (Answers on page 130).

1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli.

2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli.

3. Awi guguno duduliha etli.

4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli.

5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana.

6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili.

7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili.

8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili.

Exercise 6.3. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, youcan refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep inmind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer thechallenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different thanthe one provided. (Answers on page 131).

1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver.

2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap.

3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver.

4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk.

5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock.

6. A beaver and a mink want it.

7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk.

8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle.

6.4 Vocabulary


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6.4. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON

Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationa-di-ha ᎠᏗᎭ He is saying.a-gwo-tla ᎠᏉᏝ I am sitting.da-gwa-la-su-tla ᏓᏆᎳᏑᏝ I am wearing shoes.de-ja-la-su-tle-s-di ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ Wear shoes.du-la-su-tla ᎤᎳᏑᏝ He is wearing shoes.e:ga ᎡᎦ He is going.ga-di?a ᎦᏗᎠ I am saying.ge-ga ᎨᎦ I am going.ge-lu-hv-s-ga ᎨᎷᎲᏍᎦ I am yelling.ge-tlu-hv-s-ga ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ He is yelling.ha-da ᎭᏓ Say it.he-na ᎮᎾ Go.he-tlu-hv-ga ᎮᏡᎲᎦ Yell.jo-tle-s-di ᏦᏞᏍᏗ Sit.u-wo-tla ᎤᏬᏝ He is sitting (in his place).

Please take note that “uwotla” counts both the number of those whoare sitting, and implies a count of the places sat down. As a result,when you indicate that more than individual is sitting, you also haveto indicate plurality in the number of places sat.

Examples:

Uwotla He is sitting.

Jotla You are sitting.

Dunotla They are sitting.

Desdotla You two are sitting.

Exercise 6.5. Translate the following into English. If necessary, youcan refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table on page 27 and the basicverb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. (Answers on page 131).

1. Hega ale hadia, “Donadagohvi”.

2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla.

3. Inetluhvsga ale inega.

4. Doginotla ale osdadia, “Hena!”.

5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga.

6. Ijega ale ijadia, “Dodadagohvi”.

7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla.

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CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 6.4. VOCABULARY

8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega.

Exercise 6.6. Translate the following into Cherokee. If necessary, youcan refer to the bound pronoun prefixes table in Section 4.3 on page 27and the basic verb plural rules in Section 5.9 on page 46. Keep inmind that you have learned enough grammar to be able to answer thechallenges correctly, and still have an answer that is different thanthe one provided. (Answers on page 131)

1. You are going.

2. You and I are sitting and saying “Look! A deer!”

3. You two are saying, “No.”

4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes.

5. They and I are wearing shoes and going.

6. You all are going.

7. They are sitting and saying “We all see a rock.”

8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes.

6.4.1 Other


Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationji-s-du ᏥᏍᏚ rabbitsa-lo-li ᏌᎶᎵ squirrelwa-hya ᏩᏯ wolfu-we-yv?i ᎤᏪᏴᎢ riveri-je?i ᎢᏤᎢ new (not alive)di-je?i ᏗᏤᎢ new (plural, not alive)hi?a ᎯᎠ this / thesena?v ᎾᎥ neardi-dla ᏗᏜ towards

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6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON

6.5 Wolf Wears Shoes

Exercise 6.8. Translate the following Cherokee into English (Answerson page 132):

1. Waya dulasutla.

2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli.

3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha.

4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli.

5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya.

6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!”

7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?”

8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”

9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!”

10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya.

11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya.

12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?”

13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”

Exercise 6.9. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence. Giveyour answers in Cherokee. (Answers on page 133)

1. Waya dulasutla.

(a) What is wolf doing?

2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli.

(a) Where is this happening?(b) What is happening?(c) Who is doing it?

3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha.

(a) What is happening?(b) Who is doing it?

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CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON 6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES

4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli.

(a) What is happening?(b) Who is seeing?(c) Who is being seen?

5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya.

(a) What is happening?(b) Who is doing it?(c) In what direction?

6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!”

(a) What is happening?(b) Who is doing it?(c) What is being said?(d) To whom is this being said?

7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?”

(a) What is happening?(b) Who is doing it?(c) What is being asked?(d) To whom is this being said?

8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”

(a) Where is being talked about?(b) What is being talked about?(c) Who is talking?

9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!”

(a) What is the first thing requested?(b) What is the second thing requested?(c) How many people are speaking?(d) How many people are being spoken to?

10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya.

(a) What is happening?(b) Where are they going?

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6.5. WOLF WEARS SHOES CHAPTER 6. SIXTH LESSON

(c) How many are going?(d) Who are going?

11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya.

(a) What is happening?(b) Who is seeing?(c) Who is being seen?

12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?”

(a) What word is used to greet them?(b) What is asked?

13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”

(a) What is being talked about?(b) Where is being talked about?


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Chapter 7

ᎦᎵᏉᎩᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


Practice writing the letters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”using the dictation practice audio. Refer to Figure 7.1 on the followingpage for the step by step diagrams showing how to write each letter.When doing your practice, be sure to sound out each letter as youwrite it. Remember to keep the tip of your tongue against your lowerfront teeth as you say aloud each letter.

7.2 Formal vs Informal Speech

Much the same way English speakers shorten phrases such as “donot” into “don’t” and “can not” into “can’t”, Cherokee speakers alsoshorten phrases by dropping certain vowels, syllables, and words ineveryday speech.

Formal Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the “long” formis normally used in writing and when speaking in a formal manner.Formal Cherokee is also referred to as the “full”, “citation”, “oratory”,or “written” style.

Everyday Cherokee, which is usually referred to as the “short” form,is normally used on a daily basis in everyday speech. One of the mostcommon forms of shortening is the dropping of ending vowel soundsfrom words. Everyday Cherokee is also referred to as the “fast”,“informal”, “conversational”, or “casual” style.

Here is an example of “vowel dropping”:

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7.2. FORMAL VS INFORMAL SPEECHCHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON

Figure 7.1: “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”

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CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON7.3. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST

1. Yonega giniwonisvi.

2. Yoneg giniwonisv.

Additionally, certain word endings, such as “-ha” (happening in thepresent), and certain words, such as “iyani” (count of), may also bedropped where their meaning can usually be determined from context.

Here is an example of “syllable dropping” (the -ha) and “word drop-ping” (iyani) combined together with “vowel dropping”:

1. Tsoi iyani doya didigotiha.

2. Tso doya didigoti.

In your written and audio exercises:

• Where you are expected to answer in Cherokee, unless otherwiseindicated, you should try and answer using the “long” form.

• Where you are expected to translate from Cherokee to English, amixture of “long” and “short” forms will be used. This will helpyou to build up a mental image of switching between the “long”and the “short” forms from which you will gain the ability toboth listen to and speak using the “short” form of speech.

Additional information about “long” versus “short” is available fromthese resources:

• A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, page 76 onwards,Characteristics of Fast Speech.

• The English-Cherokee Dictionary, page 239.

• http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_guide.htm

7.3 Talking About the Past

When talking about something that has happened in the past, you useone of two special endings “-v?i” or “e?i”.

The choice made between the two is decided by whether or not youexperienced it first hand.

-v?i The “-v?i” ending indicates that you witnessed or otherwise ex-perienced the event you are talking about.

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7.4. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON

-e?i The “-e?i” ending indicates that you were told about or otherwisegained knowledge about the event you are talking about, but did notactually witness or experience it. In English, we accomplish the sameresults by adding “so I was told”, “so I heard”, “I was given tounderstand”, or any number of other similar phrases to what we arecommunicating.To use either “-v?i” or “-e?i”:

• Use the appropriate past tense word form. These will be includedas part of your vocabulary.

• Use an appropriate “Group B” bound pronoun.

• Use the ending of either “-v?i” or “-e?i” as needed.

Examples:

• Yonega gawoniha. He is speaking English.

• Yonega uwonisvi. He spoke English.

• Yonega uwonisei. He spoke English, so I was told.

• Ilvsgi awi agotiha. He sees a few deer.

• Ilvsgi awi ugohvi. He saw a few deer.

• Ilvsgi awi ugohei. He saw a few deer, so I was told.

As a general rule of thumb, even if the verb form uses a “GroupA” bound pronoun when talking about something happening in thepresent, one switches to using “Group B” bound pronouns when talk-ing about things that are in the past.

7.4 Vocabulary

Pronunciation Syllabary Englishugohv?i ᎤᎪᎲᎢ He saw it.unhtv?i ᎤᏅᏛᎢ He knew it.uwonisv?i ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎢ He spoke it.udvhnv?i ᎤᏛᏅᎢ He said.dulasutlv?i ᏚᎳᏑᏢᎢ He wore shoes.udulvhv?i ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ He wanted it.uwenvsv?i ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎢ He went.uwetluhnv?i ᎤᏪᏡᏅᎢ He yelled.uwotlv?i ᎤᏬᏢᎢ He sat.

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CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISES

7.5 Vocabulary Exercises

Exercise 7.1. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and thevocabulary list on the facing page, translate each of the following sen-tences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally “agi-” becomes “agw-” beforeany of the vowels “a”, “e”, “o”, “u”, or “v”. Also, “u-” normallybecomes “uw-” before any vowel. (Answers on page 135)

1. He spoke it.

2. You and I wanted it.

3. They and I knew it.

4. I saw it.

5. He said it.

6. You all and I sat.

7. They saw it.

8. You all and I wore shoes.

9. You all new it.

10. He wore shoes.

11. I went.

12. They knew it.

13. He saw it.

14. You all and I said.

15. You all wanted it.

16. You and I spoke it.

17. You all and I knew it.

18. I said it.

19. You and I saw it.

20. They and I sat.

21. They sat.

22. He and I wanted it.

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7.5. VOCABULARY EXERCISESCHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON

23. He wanted it.

24. You said it.

25. I wanted it.

26. I wore shoes.

27. You all and I yelled.

Exercise 7.2. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using thebook verified answers for exercise 7.1 on the preceding page. Withyour study group, practice verbally translating the English into Chero-kee with the flash cards. Don’t forget to use the Leitner system asdescribed in Section B.1 on page 143.

Exercise 7.3. Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28 and thevocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sentencesinto English. (Answers on page 136)

1. Unadulvhvi.

2. Oginigohvi.

3. Jotlvi.

4. Uwetluhnvi.

5. Oginiwonisvi.

6. Desdalasutlvi.

7. Sdetluhnvi.

8. Unetluhnvi.

9. Agiwonisvi.

10. Unhtvi.

11. Dunalasutlvi.

12. Uwotlvi.

13. Agwotlvi.

14. Uniwonisvi.

15. Ogadvhnvi.

16. Sdigohvi.

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CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISES

17. Oginenvsvi.

18. Unenvsvi.

19. Dogalasutlvi.

20. Ogetluhnvi.

21. Ginenvsvi.

22. Jenvsvi.

23. Ijiwonisvi.

24. Uwenvsvi.

25. Agwetluhnvi.

26. Agwanhtvi.

27. Unadvhnvi.

Exercise 7.4. Create a new deck of vocabulary flash cards using thebook verified answers for exercise 7.3 on the preceding page. Withyour study group, practice verbally translating the Cherokee into En-glish with the flash cards. Don’t forget to use the Leitner system asdescribed in Section B.1 on page 143.

7.6 Translation Exercises

Exercise 7.5. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei means the speakerheard about it. (Answers on page 137)

1. I spoke English.

2. You all and I spoke English.

3. You all yelled.

4. A squirrel knew it.

5. Many beaver said, “Hello”.


7. I wanted a trap.

8. A rabbit and I went near a rock.

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7.6. TRANSLATION EXERCISESCHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON

9. Three squirrels and I went near a river.

10. A groundhog and I saw a sqirrel.

11. You two wanted a rabbit, I was told.

12. You and I said no.

13. You all wore shoes.

14. A squirrel saw some rabbits, I was told.

15. Many wolves wore shoes, I was told.

16. You yelled.

17. Three deer and I sat near a trap.

18. You and I sat near a rock.

Exercise 7.6. Translate each of the following sentences into English.(Answers on page 138)

1. Jisdu igadulvhvi.

2. Dejalasutlei.

3. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya.

4. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi.

5. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv.

6. Osiyo ijadvhnei.

7. Unhtvi etli.

8. Yonega giniwonisvi.

9. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi.

10. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoi iyani waya.

11. Tsoi iyani saloli doginadulvhvi doya.

12. Dili sdigohei.

13. “Vv”, oginadvhnvi saloli.

14. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi.

15. Dulasutlei waya.

16. Ijetluhnvi.

17. Sdanhte.

18. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgi ogana.

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CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISES

7.7 Translation Exercises

Exercise 7.7. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.(Answers on page 139)

1. A deer and I went near a rock.

2. You and I spoke English.

3. You all yelled.

4. Let me wear shoes.

5. You all and I said, “See you all later”.

6. “Ouch!”, said a groundhog and I.

7. You all and I yelled.

8. Let you all and I see a skunk.

9. I was told a beaver knew it.

10. Three deer and I sat near a rock.

11. I heard you all went near some traps.

12. You two said “Really?”

13. You two know it.

14. Let me sit near a little river.

15. I am seeing a mink.


1. “Ayo!”, sdada.

2. Agwadvhnv, “Ihedolv”.

3. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha.

4. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya.

5. Dejalasutle.

6. Oganhtesdi awi.

7. Ojadi tali iyani jisdu, “Osd!”

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7.7. TRANSLATION EXERCISESCHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON

8. Tso awi didigowata.

9. Yoneg giniwonisv.

10. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu.

11. Jisdu sdadulvhv.

12. Tali iyani saloli doginadulvhv dili.

13. Jalagi jiwoni.

14. Igetluhnv.

15. Nav igada disadvdi uwenvse ogana.

Exercise 7.9. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.(Answers on page 140)

1. Some deer saw a beaver.

2. I was told a few groundhogs spoke English.


4. I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle.

5. A rabbit wants many deer.

6. A beaver and I yelled.

7. Let me speak Cherokee.

8. You sat near a river.

9. Many rabbits and I spoke English.

10. A wolf is wearing shoes.

11. I was told you wanted a few skunks.

12. Let you and I go and see something.

13. You wore shoes.

14. You two wanted a wolf.

15. You and I are going near some bottles.


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CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON 7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES

1. Ginantesdi.

2. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu.

3. Jalagi osdiwoni waya.

4. Sdantvi.

5. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli.

6. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi.

7. Degalasutla.

8. Nav igada gugu ijena.

9. Nav usdi uweyv oginenvsvi jisdu.

10. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd.

11. Inada, “Osiyo”.

12. Ogetluhnv igada ogana.

13. Agwantesdi.

14. Dili ijigowata.

15. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli.

7.8 Dictation Exercises


Exercise 7.12. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sureto say each word each time you start writing it.

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7.8. DICTATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 7. SEVENTH LESSON

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Chapter 8

ᏣᏁᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


Practice writing the letters “Ꮚ”, “Ꮛ”, “Ꮜ”, “Ꮝ”, “Ꮞ”, “Ꮟ”, and “Ꮠ”.Refer to Figure 8.1 on the next page for the step by step diagramsshowing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sureto sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tipof your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud eachletter.

8.2 Word order revisited

Many languages, such as English, have fixed word order. For example,in the statement “John sees a deer”, the words are normally onlyspoken in this order. One would not say in English “John a deer sees”with the expectation of being understood by most English speakers.

In Cherokee, while certain orderings of words are more common thanothers, these orderings are not fixed the same way as they are inEnglish. This is because Cherokee uses these orderings to indicatedegrees of importance or newsworthiness to the discussion at hand.

The more newsworthy a word or a group of words is, the more likely itis that the speaker will change the word ordering to express that wordor group of words first. This gives a Cherokee speaker the ability toindicate shades of meaning and indicate varying degrees of importanceabout something that can not be easily translated into English.

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8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON

Figure 8.1: “Ꮚ”, “Ꮛ”, “Ꮜ”, “Ꮝ”, “Ꮞ”, “Ꮟ”, and “Ꮠ”

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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.2. WORD ORDER REVISITED

This act of indicating an extra level of importance to one part of asentence over another part is referred to as foregrounding and back-grounding.

What is foregrounded is the more newsworthy or relevant part of theconversation.

What is backgrounded is usually additional details, needed for propercontext and understanding, but are not what the speaker is trying toemphasize.

In the following four Cherokee variations for “John sees a red deer.”,the ordering of the words indicates what part of the act the speakerconsiders more important.

1. For the sentence “Agigage awi agotiha Jani.”:

(a) The fact that the deer is red is important.

2. For the sentence “Awi agigage agotiha Jani”:

(a) The fact is is a deer being seen is very important. It justhappens to be red.

3. For the sentence “Jani awi agigage agotiha.”:

(a) The fact it is Jani is doing the seeing is more important thanwhat he is seeing.

(b) The fact that the deer is red is also important.

4. For the sentence “Jani agigage awi agotiha.”:

(a) The fact that Jani is doing the seeing is more important thanwhat he is seeing.

(b) The fact it was a deer being seen is more important that thefact that the deer happens to be red.

Where possible, a larger variability in the word ordering for the sen-tences will be used in the sentences you will be translating fromCherokee into English. Additionally, liberty will be taken with theEnglish word ordering to match up with the Cherokee word orderingin your answers.

1. Agigage awi agotiha Jani.

(a) A red deer is being seen by John.

2. Awi agigage agotiha Jani.

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8.3. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON

(a) A deer that is red is being seen by John.

3. Jani awi agigage agotiha.

(a) John sees a deer that is red.

4. Jani agigage awi agotiha.

(a) John sees a red deer.

See also: A Reference Grammar of Oklahoma Cherokee, pp116-120.

8.3 Vocabulary

8.3.1 “Ayv” and “Nihi”

As part of your new vocabulary you will find the two special words“ayv” and “nihi”.

“Ayv” is normally used in response to questions to indicate “I” or“we”, or can be used to emphasize “I” or “we” to get a similar effectthat English speakers get when they put emphasize on “I” or “we” insome sentences to get a point across.

Examples:

• Gago uwenvsei? Who went?

• Ayv. “I” (or “we”).

• Agwenvsvi. “I went.”

• Ayv agwenvsvi. “I am the one who went.”

“Nihi” is used the same as “ayv” when indicating “you”, “you two”,or “you all”.

Examples:

• Gago gawoniha? Who is speaking?

• Nihi. “You”.

• Hiwoniha. “You are speaking.”

• Nihi hiwoniha. “You are the one who is speaking.”

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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.3. VOCABULARY

8.3.2 Clitics

Clitics are special word endings that you can use to change or addmeaning to a word or sentence. The following examples will introducethe use of “-sgo”, “-ju”, “-quu”, and “-hv”. Don’t worry, their use isnot hard.

The clitic “-sgo”, (many times shortened as “-s”), is normally addedto the first word in a sentence or phrase to indicate that you are askinga “yes” or “no” question. It is kinda of like adding “do?” or “is?”to the beginning of a sentence in English.

Examples:

• Jalagi hiwoniha. You speak Cherokee.

• Jalagisgo hiwoniha? Do you speak Cherokee?

• Jalagis hiwoni? Do you speak Cherokee?

• Awi agoti. He sees a deer.

• Awis agoti? Is he seeing a deer? Does he see a deer?

• Ilvsgis jaduli? Do you want a few?

The clitic “-ju” is used when you are asking a “yes” or “no” questionand are expecting the answer to be “yes”. It also is normally addedto the first word in a sentence or phrase. It is kinda of like adding“yes?” or “I expect?” to the end of what you are talking about.

Examples:

• Jalagi gawoni. He speaks Cherokee.

• Jalagiju gawoni? I expect he speaks Cherokee?

• Uweyvju nav jotle? You sat near a river? Yes?

• Tohi. Being well. Health. Peace.

• Tohiju? You are well, yes?

The clitic “-quu” or “-squu” normally means “only” or “just”. It canalso appear shortened as “-wu” or “-wv”. Unlike “-sgo” or “-ju”, itis attached to the word it needs to change to be understood properly.

Examples:

• Tohiquu. Just well. Just healthy. Just peaceful.

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• Ayvquu. Just me.

• Awiquu jigotiha. I see just a deer.

• Awi jigotiquu. I just see a deer.

• Uweyvquu nav agotlv. I sat near just a river.

• Uweyuv navquu agotlv. I sat just near a river.

• Uweyuv nav agotlvquu. I just sat near a river.

The clitic “-hv” means “in contrast to” and is normally translated as“but” in English.

Examples:

• Nihi. “You.”

• Nihihv? “But you?”

• Ilvsgihv agwaduli. “But I want a few.”

• Awihv jigoti!. “But I see a deer!”

Clitics can be combined together.

Examples:

• Awisgohv higoti? “But, do you see a deer?”

• Awiquus higoti? “Do you see just a deer?”

• Awis higotiquu? “Do you just see a deer?”

• Awiquuju higoti? “You see only a deer I expect?”

8.3.3 People

Exercise 8.1. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the listfrom Table 8.1 on the facing page. Using the Leitner system as de-scribed in Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokeeinto English until you become comfortable with these new words.

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Pronunciation Syllabary English TranslationA-ge-ya. ᎠᎨᏯ. A woman.A-ni-ge-ya. ᎠᏂᎨᏯ. Women.A-ge-yu-ja. ᎠᎨᏳᏣ. A girl.A-ni-ge-yu-ja. ᎠᏂᎨᏳᏣ. Girls.A-gi-si. ᎠᎩᏏ. A female.A-ni-gi-si. ᎠᏂᎩᎢ. Females.A-s-ga-ya. ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. A man.A-ni-s-ga-ya. ᎠᏂᏍᎦᏯ. Men.A-chu-ja. ᎠᏧᏣ. A boy.A-ni-chu-ja. ᎠᏂᏧᏣ. Boys.A-chv-ya. ᎠᏨᏯ. A male.A-ni-chv-ya. ᎠᏂᏨᏯ. Males.A-yv. (A-ya.) ᎠᏴ. (ᎠᏯ.) I or we.Ni-hi. ᏂᎯ. You or you all.

Table 8.1: Words for People

8.3.4 Common Names

Contrary to popular belief, it is not normal to try and translate themeaning of an English name into Cherokee to have a Cherokee name.Nor is it common practice to give people new names just because theyare speaking another language. What one normally does is choose aname that is normally accepted as being the same or similar as yourgiven name1. For example: The English name Michael is Miguel inSpanish. It is also Michelle in French. The same thing happens withCherokee. The name Michael becomes Magali.

Examine Table 8.2 on the following page. If you look closely, youwill notice that the Cherokee pronunciation is usually very similar tothe English pronunciation.

If you do not see your name listed here, you can check to see if it ap-pears first in Section B.2 on page 144 and then the website http://home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm. Ifyour name does not appear, you can determine the most likely Chero-kee pronunciation for your name by using the following guidelines.

1This is not to say that Cherokee speaker will not give you a “nick-name”, (hope-fully something you know the meaning of and can accept), but, having special namingceremonies where fancy names like “White Spirit of the Buffalo” are bestowed upona recipient because a “sage” says that is your name is not a native thing. If youearned a name, it was because of something you did, or because your friends gave youa nickname for you that stuck into adulthood, not because of some mystical namingceremony. Especially if money is involved.

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Pronunciation Syllabary English TranslationA-li-sa-gwe-ti ᎠᎵᏌᏇᏘ ElizabethCha-li ᏣᎵ CharlesDe-wi-di ᏕᏫᏗ DavidDo-ma-si ᏙᎹᏏ ThomasDo-quo-ti ᏙᏉᏘ DorothyJa-ni ᏣᏂ JohnJe-me ᏤᎻ JamesJi-ni-wi ᏥᏂᏫ JenniferJo-se-wi ᏦᏎᏫ JosephLi-ni-da ᎵᏂᏓ LindaMa-ga-li ᎹᎦᎵ MichaelMa-ga-ye-ti ᎹᎦᏰᏘ MargaretMa-wi-a ᎹᏫᎠ MariaMe-li ᎺᎵ MaryQua-gwa ᏆᏆ RobertGwa-gwa-a ᏆᏆᎠ BarbaraQua-ti-si ᏆᏘᏏ PatriciaQui-ha-di ᏈᎭᏗ RichardSu-sa-(no) ᏑᏌᏃ SusanWi-li-ha-ma ᏫᎵᎭᎹ William

Table 8.2: Cherokee Names

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(Reproduced here from the site http://www.native-languages.org/names.htm for easy access by students.)

... basically, each character represents one syllable, soif your name is Mona, you would use the two charactersfor MO and NA, written left to right, like this: ᎼᎾ. Thisdoesn’t actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course – itis just a way of spelling the English name Mona using theCherokee writing system.

Easy so far, right? However, there are several signifi-cant differences between the English and Cherokee writingsystems that can make it hard to spell English names inCherokee:1. English isn’t written phonetically. There are many let-

ters in English names that are not pronounced. In thename ”Sallie,” for example, the ”e” and one of the ”l’s”don’t make any sound at all. The name is pronouncedthe same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli,or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, you’llneed to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with thetwo characters for SA and LI, ᏌᎵ.

2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled twodifferent ways, or two different vowel sounds may bespelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronouncedlike the i in police. The a in say and the e in theyare pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are alwayspronounced essentially the same: A as in ”father,” Eas in ”they,” I as in ”police,” O as in ”note,” U as in”tune,” V, which sounds like the ”u” in ”sun,” and AItogether, which sounds like the ”i” in ”mice.” You needto pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way yourname is actually pronounced, which may be differentfrom how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and itis pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with thetwo characters LE and LA in Cherokee, ᎴᎳ. If yourname is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then youwould spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LAin Cherokee, ᎳᎢᎳ.

3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelledtwo different ways, or two different consonant soundsmay be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erickare all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindyis pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronouncedthe same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced the

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same as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name byspelling any ”c” or ”ck” that sounds like K as K; any”c” sound that sounds like ”s” as S; and any ”g” soundthat sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), youshould spell it with the two characters KA and NI inCherokee, ᎧᏂ.

4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may bespelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU,and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO,GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TVare written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV inCherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonantsounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same inCherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jee-nee) you should spell it with the two characters TSIand NI in Cherokee, ᏥᏂ.

5. Some English consonants don’t exist in Cherokee. Thereare no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P,R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakersreplaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so thatthey pronounced the name Rebecca ”quay-quay-gah”and spelled it ᏇᏇᎦ. SH is usually replaced with S, THis usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replacedwith L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which ispronounced ”may-lee” by Cherokees and spelled ᎺᎵ.)The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) isalso replaced with QU.

6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except forS, which can be written by itself, all syllables in theCherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writingEnglish words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, thestandard practice is to write a ”silent i” after the finalconsonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokeepeople would spell it with the three characters E, LE,and NI, ᎡᎵᏂ.

Those are the general rules for spelling English words inCherokee; of course, as in any language, some names canhave more than one spelling. In particular, some namesthat entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, suchas Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms – forexample, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variantof Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokeevariant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokee

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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.4. TRANSLATIONS

syllabary to spell the English name ”Luke,” you would spellit ᎷᎩ, but to spell the Cherokee name ”Luga,” you wouldspell that ᎷᎦ. There is also some variation in spellingnames whose vowel sounds don’t exactly match Cherokee.For example, the ”A” in ”Annie” is about halfway betweenthe ”A” and ”E” sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee peoplespell it ᎡᏂ, and others spell it ᎠᏂ.

These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but thegood thing is that you can use them to write ANY name inCherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled nameto contend with like ”Makayla” or ”LaTasha,” which aren’ton any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, youcan easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelledwith the three characters MA, GE, and LA (ᎹᎨᎳ) and thethree characters LA, TA, and SA (ᎳᏔᏌ).

8.3.5 Animate Plurals

The plural verb forms you have learned so far for “another” and “them”all reference non-living things. When speaking of another or othersthat are alive, many of these forms usually change slightly. ExamineTable 8.3 on the following page. The most common differences thatoccur when you reference living things are the “ga-” sound, the “e-”sound, and the “-yi-” sound.

The following exercise will help you become familiar with the soundsassociated with these new forms.

Exercise 8.2. Start a new deck of vocabulary flash cards with the listfrom Table 8.4 on page 87. Using the Leitner system as describedin Section B.1 on page 143, practice translating from Cherokee intoEnglish until you become comfortable with identifying which pairingof participants the bound pronouns stand for.

8.4 Translations

Alter the word order of the English sentences by taking liberty withsense match up to mimic the word order of the source or destinationCherokee sentence in the translation exercises.

Exercise 8.3. Translate each of the following sentences into English.(Answers .)

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8.4. TRANSLATIONS CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON

Pairing Prefix Example 1 Example 2

I + it Inanimate ji-, g-, [agi-, agw-] Jigotiha. Agwaduliha.Animate ji-, jiy- Jigotiha. Jiyaduliha.

I + them Inanimate deji-, [dagi-, dagw-] Dejigotiha. Dagwaduliha.Animate gajiy-, gaji- Gajigotiha. Gajiyaduliha.

You (one) + it Inanimate hi-, [ja-, j-] Higotiha. Jaduliha.Animate hiy-, hi- Higotiha. Hiyaduliha.

You (one) + them Inanimate dehi-, [deja-, dej-] Dehigotiha. Dejaduliha.Animate gahiy-, gahi- Gahigotiha. Gahiyaduliha.

He + it Inanimate a-, g-, ga-, [u-, uw-] Agotiha. Uduliha.Animate a-, g-, ga- Agotiha. Gaduliha.

He + them Inanimate da-, deg-, dega-, [du-, duw-] Dagotiha. Duduliha.Animate da-, deg-, dega- Dagotiha. Degaduliha.

You and I + it Inanimate ini-, [gini-] Inigotiha. Ginaduliha.Animate eni- Enigotiha. Enaduliha.

You and I + them Inanimate deni-, [degini-] Denigotiha. Deginaduliha.Animate geni- Genigotiha. Genaduliha.

He and I + it Inanimate osdi-, [ogini-] Osdigotiha. Oginaduliha.Animate osdi- Osdigotiha. Osdaduliha.

He and I + them Inanimate dosdi-, [dogini-] Dosdigotiha. Doginaduliha.Animate gosdi- Gosdigotiha. Gosdaduliha.

We + it Inanimate idi-, [igi-] Idigotiha. Igaduliha.Animate edi- Edigotiha. Edaduliha.

We + them Inanimate dedi-, [degi-] Dedigotiha. Degaduliha.Animate gedi- Gedigotiha. Gedaduliha.

They and I + it Inanimate oji-, [ogi-] Ojigotiha. Ogaduliha.Animate oji- Ojigotiha. Ojaduliha.

They and I + them Inanimate doji-, [dogi-] Dojigotiha. Dogaduliha.Animate goji- Gojigotiha. Gojaduliha.

You two + it Inanimate sdi- Sdigotiha. Sdaduliha.Animate esdi- Esdigotiha. Esdaduliha.

You two + them Inanimate desdi- Desdigotiha. Desdaduliha.Animate gesdi- Gesdigotiha. Gesdaduliha.

You all + it Inanimate iji- Ijigotiha. Ijaduliha.Animate eji- Ijigotiha. Ejaduliha.

You all + them Inanimate deji’- Deji’gotiha. Deja’duliha.Animate geji- Gejigotiha. Gejaduliha.

They + it Inanimate ani-, [uni-] Anigotiha.. Unaduliha.Animate ani- Anigotiha. Anaduliha.

They + them Inanimate dani-, [duni-] Danigotiha. Dunaduliha.Animate dani- Danigotiha. Danaduliha.

Table 8.3: Animate and Inanimate pairings.

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CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON 8.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE

Question Side Answer Sideedigotiha. We see another (alive)ejigotiha. You all see another (alive)enigotiha. You and I see another (alive)esdigotiha. You two see another (alive)gahigotiha. You (one) see them (alive)gahiyaduliha. You (one) want them (alive)gajigotiha. I see them (alive)gajiyaduliha. I want them (alive)gedigotiha. We see them (alive)gejigotiha. You all see them (alive)genigotiha. You and I see them (alive)gesdigotiha. You two see them.gojigotiha. They and I see them.gosdigotiha. You and I see another (alive)hiyaduliha. You (one) want another (alive)jiyaduliha. I want another (alive)

Table 8.4: List for Flash Cards

Exercise 8.4. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.(Answers .)

Exercise 8.5. Translate each of the following sentences into English.(Answers .)

Exercise 8.6. Translate each of the following sentences into Cherokee.(Answers .)

8.5 Thinking in Cherokee

8.5.1 Conversations

You will be described a brief scenario.

You will be asked a question in either Cherokee or English.

Respond in Cherokee. Use full sentences where possible.

Scene/challenge/response:

1. A friend has walked up to you at a powwow. Your friend says:

(a) “Siyo.”

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8.6. DICTATION EXERCISES CHAPTER 8. EIGHTH LESSON

i. Osiyo.

(b) “Gadiaju ’Osiyo’. Dohiju?”

i. “Dohiquu. Nihinahv?”

(c) “Dohiquu. Donadagohv.”

i. Donadagohvi.

2. You have a couple of friends come visit you at home for dinner.They say:

(a) “Dodadagohvi.”

i. Idadolvi.

3. You are feeling bad.

(a) “Dohiju?” Tla. Uyoi.

4. You are at the dinner table. A friend is sitting across from you.You look out the window and see 2 deer and a squirrel. Yourfriend asks:

(a) Awisgo higoti?

i. Vv. Tali iyani awi gajigotiha.

(b) Awiju gahigoti?

i. Tla. Saquu iyani saloli jigotiha.

8.6 Dictation Exercises


Exercise 8.8. Do the syllabary word dictation practice audio. Be sureto say each word each time you start writing it.

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Chapter 9

ᏐᏁᎵᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ꮡ”, “Ꮢ”, “Ꮣ”, “Ꮤ”, “Ꮥ”, “Ꮦ”, and “Ꮧ”.Refer to Figure 9.1 on the next page for the step by step diagramsshowing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sureto sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tipof your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud eachletter.

9.2 Vocabulary

9.2.1 “It is.” and “It was.”

Pronunciation Syllabary English Translationi-gi ᎢᎩ It is.

tla yi-gi Ꮭ ᏱᎩ It is not.yi-gi ᏱᎩ If it is. Is it not?gesvgi ᎨᏒᎩ It was.gesv?i ᎨᏒᎢ It was.gese?i ᎨᏎᎢ It was (reportedly).gesesdi ᎨᏎᏍᏗ It will be.geso?i ᎨᏐᎢ It is usually.

nigesvna ᏂᎨᏒᎾ It was not.

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9.2. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON

Figure 9.1: “Ꮡ”, “Ꮢ”, “Ꮣ”, “Ꮤ”, “Ꮥ”, “Ꮦ”, and “Ꮧ”

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CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON 9.3. CLITICS

9.2.2 Is/Was/Will Be

9.2.3 Isn’t/Wasn’t/Won’t Be

9.3 Clitics

BA/pp141-158

Clitics are special word endings used to change or add meaning to aword or sentence.

-sgo/-s [yes? no?] //nihis? Is it you? Ayvs? Is it me/us?

-ju [yes I expect?] // Nihiju? You I expect? Ayvju? Me/us I expect?

-ke [indicates an alternate choice, “either one, not both”] // Nihiayvke? You or me/us? Ayv nihike? Me/us or you?

-ka [it is, is it not? it does, does it not?]

-gi [echo question, to confirm misheard or missed information]

-gwu/-sgwu/-wu [only, just] // Ayvgwu. Just I/we. Nihigwu. Just you.

-le [indicates doubt]

-hv [but] // Ayvhv, But I/We, Nihihv, But you,

-dv [emphasizer, usually on first word in a phrase or sentence] //Ayvdv. [emphatic] I/We. Nihidv. [emphatic] You.

-na/-nv [and what of? sometimes used to emphasize a word] // Ayvnv?And what of me/us? Nihina? And what of you?

-hehno/hno/-hnv [and, also used to “announce” topic of a sentence,shows up alot as a sentence starter for paragraphs, used also as “be-cause”]

-sgini [But]

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9.3. CLITICS CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON

Clitic Syllabary Purpose or meaning.

9.3.1 -ke (or?)

pp 293-294

Normally paired with -sgo as an indicator of an possible alternateexpected answer.

ᎦᏬᏂᎭᏍ?

ᏕᎧᏃᎩᎠᏍ?

ᎦᏬᏂᎭᏍ, ᏕᎧᏃᎩᎠᎨ?

BA/pp144-145

ᏲᏁᎦᎨ ᎠᎴ ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᏍᎪ?

English[exclusive either] and Cherokee he speaks it?

ᎧᏁᎩᏍ ᏥᏯᎵᏃᎮᏗᏍᎬ ᏝᎨ?

He answered? when you were conversing with him, or not?

can also be used to emphasize or alter meaning of question:

ᎦᎪᎨ ᏗᏓᎾᏮ ᏫᏤᏓᏍᏗ ᏂᏨᏁᎴ?

Who made you go to the store?

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CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON 9.3. CLITICS

ᎯᎳᎨ ᎢᎩᏓ Ꮎ ᏅᏯ?

how+ke big that rock?

How big is that rock?

ᎦᎪ ᎤᎪᏗ ᎠᏌᎹᏗᏯ ᏂᎯ ᎡᏣᏙᎨ?

who more smart you your-sister-or?

Who is smarter, you or your sister?

9.3.2 -ka (it is, isn’t it?)

This is a request for affirmative confirmation.

BA/pg 147

ᎩᏟᎧ?

A dog, it is, isn’t it?

ᏙᎧ?

“..., it did, didn’t it?” //how to use this question word?

“is only employed when the speaker aks for an affirmative answer.”

ᎰᏩ [ok, correct, yes] + Ꭷ [it is, isn’t it?] = ᎰᏩᎧ = Isn’t that right?(correct?)

ᏣᏚᎵᎭ [You are wanting it] + Ꭷ [it is, isn’t it?] = You are wantingit, aren’t you?

9.3.3 -na (what if? what about?)

pg 294

ᏳᎣᏂᎠ.

More commonly attached to nouns: ᏂᎯᎾ?

9.3.4 -gi (echo question)

DF/pg94/gagi specific form.

gagi, who?, only with “echo questions”. see section on -gi

What is an “echo question”? http://books.google.com/books?id=3JtAOHLtlHoC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=linguistics+%22echo+questions%22&source=bl&ots=qKYlOXSsVO&sig=cN1vQ-ueOOQiIa_

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9.4. QUESTIONS CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON

EqP4ekj-IzHs&hl=en&ei=DfLtTMiCDcP6lwertrHCDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=linguistics%20%22echo%20questions%22&f=false

What is an “echo question”? http://grammar.about.com/od/e/g/echoquestionterm.htm

BA/pp147-148

Did you say? What did you say (portion describe by who, what, etc)?

ᎠᏍᎦᏯ. A man.

ᎠᏍᎦᏯᎩ? Did you say a man?

ᎦᏙᎩ ᎭᏗᏍᎨ?

9.4 Questions

Ask questions section pt1.

Lecture on basic questions.

DF/pp327-328

9.4.1 Gago (Who?)

pg94.

gago, who?, with normal questions.

only refers to “persons”

9.4.2 Gado (What action?)

pg92

gado, what action?

Gado advneliha1? What is he doing?

Gado anidvneliha? What are they doing?

Gado hadvneliha? What are you doing?

1pg14

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CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON 9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE

9.4.3 Gadohv (Why?)

pg 92, why? what reason?

9.4.4 Gado Usdi (Which one? What thing?)

pg93

gado usdi, which one? / what thing?

gado jusdi, plural non-alive, which things? / what things?

gado unsdi, plural alive, which things? / what things?

A reply of either an object or a sentence containing a “to action”(infinitive) is normally expected.

9.4.5 hadlv (where)

pg129

Where?

9.4.6 hila (How many?)

pg129

how or what make question portion for anything that contains unitsof measure, including time.

9.4.7 hilayvi (When?)

pg129

9.5 Thinking in Cherokee

English:

• In the following exercise, you will be described a “scenario” inCherokee.

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9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON

• After the description of the scene, you will be told something haschanged in the “scenario” in Cherokee, then you will be asked aquestion in Cherokee about some fact about the “scenario” thatmay or may not have changed as a result.

• Answer with complete Cherokee sentences.

Cherokee:

You are sitting near 3 bottles. 3 red deer are here. (Over) there is alarge rock. Over there there are 2 red deer.

Change: The deer that are next to the rock, they go to the bottles.

Question: How many deer are here?

Change: 2 deer go over there next to the large rock.

Question: How many deer are next to the bottles?

Question: How many deer are over there?

Question: What color are the deer?

Numbers and colors and other things.

9.5.1 Cherokee Reading

Read the following Cherokee paragraph aloud. Try and pick out asmany words as you can that you recognize.

ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏞᎢ.

Waya Dulasutlei.

Wolf wore shoes.

ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏎᎢᏃ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ.

Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino jisdu ale saloli.

Near a river, Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked.

ᏙᏯᏃ ᎤᏂᎪᎮᎢ

Doyano unigohei.

And then they saw beaver.

ᎤᏪᏡᏁᎢ ᏙᏯ, ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “Ꮒ! Ꮒ!”

Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!”

Beaver yelled and said, “Look! Look!”

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CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON 9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE

ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?”

Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?”

Rabbit said, ”What’s up?”

ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”

Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”

Beaver said, ”Something new is near the river!”

ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!”

Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!”

And then he said, ”Go and see!”

ᎤᏪᏴᎢᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎤᏁᏅᏎᎢ.

Uweyvino didla unenvsei.

And towards the river they went.

ᏚᎪᎮᎢ ᏩᏯ, ᎤᏛᏁᎢᏃ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?”

Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?”

Wolf saw them and said, ”Hi! What’s up?”

ᎤᏛᏁᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”

Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!”

Rabbit said, ”Something new is by the river!”

ᏩᏯ ᎤᏛᏁᎢ, “ᎨᎦ”

Waya udvhnei, “Gega.”

Wolf said, ”I am going.”

ᎤᏪᏴᎢᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎤᏁᏅᏎᎢ.

Uweyuvino didla unenvsei.

And they went towards the river.

Exercise 9.1. Translate each of the following sentences into English.

1. Waya dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes.

2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river,Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked.

3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver.

4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said,“Look! Look!”

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9.5. THINKING IN CHEROKEE CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON

5. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?”

6. Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Beaver said, ”Some-thing new is near the river!”

7. Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go andsee!”.

8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went.

9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw themand said, ”Hi! What’s up?”

10. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Some-thing new is by the river!”

11. Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.”

12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.

Exercise 9.2. Answer following question and phrase sets in Cherokee.

1. Waya Dulasutlei. Wolf wore shoes.

(a) Dulasutlei gago?

2. Nav uweyvi dunotlei uniwoniseino Jisdu ale Saloli. Near a river,Rabbit and Squirrel sat and talked.

(a) Hadlv Jisdu ale Saloli? (Where are Rabbit and Squirrel?)(b) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?)

3. Doyano unigohei. And then they saw beaver.

(a) Gadono unadvnelei? (And then what did they do?)(b) Gago unigohei? (Who did they see?)

4. Uwetluhnei doya, udvhneino, “Ni! Ni!” Beaver yelled and said,“Look! Look!”

(a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?)(b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?)

5. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gado usdi?” Rabbit said, ”What’s up?”

(a) Gago uwonisvi? (Who spoke?)(b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?)

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CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON 9.6. HABITUALLY

6. Udvhnei doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” (Beaver said, ”Some-thing new is near the river!”)

(a) Gado usdi nav uweyvi? (What is near the river?)

7. Udvhneino, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” And then he said, ”Go andsee!”.

(a) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did he say?)

8. Uweyvino didla unenvsei. And towards the river they went.

(a) Gado unadvnelei? (What did they do?)(b) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?)

9. Dugohei waya, udvhneino, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” Wolf saw themand said, ”Hi! What’s up?”

(a) Dugohei gago? (Who saw them?)(b) Gado usdi udvhnei? (What did Wolf say?)

10. Udvhnei jisdu, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” Rabbit said, ”Some-thing new is by the river!”

(a) Hadlv gohusdi ijei? (Where is something new at?)

11. Waya udvhnei, “Gega.” Wolf said, ”I am going.”

(a) Gago ega? (Who is going?)

12. Uweyuvino didla unenvsei. And they went towards the river.

(a) Hadlv unenvsei? (Where did they go?)

9.6 Habitually

9.7 Infinitive


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9.7. INFINITIVE CHAPTER 9. NINTH LESSON

100

Chapter 10

ᏍᎪᎯᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ꮨ”, “Ꮩ”, “Ꮪ”, “Ꮫ”, “Ꮬ”, “Ꮭ”, and “Ꮮ”.Refer to Figure 10.1 on the following page for the step by step dia-grams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice,be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keepthe tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloudeach letter.

10.2 Future tense


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10.2. FUTURE TENSE CHAPTER 10. TENTH LESSON

Figure 10.1: “Ꮨ”, “Ꮩ”, “Ꮪ”, “Ꮫ”, “Ꮬ”, “Ꮭ”, and “Ꮮ”

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Chapter 11

ᏌᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ꮯ”, “Ꮰ”, “Ꮱ”, “Ꮲ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮴ”, and “Ꮵ”.Refer to Figure 11.1 on the next page for the step by step diagramsshowing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sureto sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tipof your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud eachletter.


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11.1. SYLLABARY WRITING PRACTICECHAPTER 11. ELEVENTH LESSON

Figure 11.1: “Ꮯ”, “Ꮰ”, “Ꮱ”, “Ꮲ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮴ”, and “Ꮵ”

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Chapter 12

ᏔᎳᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ꮶ”, “Ꮷ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, “Ꮺ”, “Ꮻ”, and“Ꮼ”. Refer to Figure 12.1 on the following page for the step by stepdiagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice,be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keepthe tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloudeach letter.

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12.1. SYLLABARY WRITING PRACTICECHAPTER 12. TWELTH LESSON

Figure 12.1: “Ꮶ”, “Ꮷ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ“, “Ꮺ”, “Ꮻ”, and “Ꮼ”

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Chapter 13

ᏦᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ

Problem 13.1. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to saythe name of the letter each time you start writing it.


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, and, “Ᏻ”.Refer to Figure 13.1 on the next page for the step by step diagramsshowing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sureto sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tipof your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud eachletter.

13.2 Vocabulary

13.2.1 Animals

Exercise 13.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practicewith your study group.

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13.2. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON

Figure 13.1: “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, and “Ᏻ”

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CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON 13.3. HOMEWORK

Picture ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation Yonega

ᎤᎫᎫ u-gu-gu owl

ᎤᏝᎥ u-tla-v mole

ᎤᏪᏥ u-we-ji an egg

ᏩᎴᎳ wa-le-la humming bird

ᏩᎶᏏ wa-lo-si frog

ᏯᎾᏎ ya-(na)-se buffalo

13.3 Homework

Exercise 13.2. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the eightletters “Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, “Ᏻ”, and “Ᏼ”. Use one letterper line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finishwriting it.Exercise 13.3. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the eight letters“Ꮽ”, “Ꮾ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ᏸ”, “Ᏹ”, “Ᏺ”, “Ᏻ”, and “Ᏼ”. in the order listedhere. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finishwriting it.Exercise 13.4. Do the dictation practice review audio. Be sure to saythe name of the letter each time you start writing it.

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13.3. HOMEWORK CHAPTER 13. THIRTEENTH LESSON

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Chapter 14

ᏂᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ᏼ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮚ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ꭶ”, “Ꮥ”, and,“Ꮪ”. Refer to Figure 14.1 on the following page for the step by stepdiagrams showing how to write each letter. When doing your practice,be sure to sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keepthe tip of your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloudeach letter.

14.2 Homework


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14.2. HOMEWORK CHAPTER 14. FOURTEENTH LESSON

Figure 14.1: “Ᏼ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮚ”, “Ꮿ”, “Ꭶ”, “Ꮥ”, and, “Ꮪ”

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Chapter 15

ᏍᎩᎦᏚᏏᏁᎢ ᎠᏕᎶᏆᏍᏗ


ᎢᏓᎴᎾ!

Practice writing the letters “Ꮆ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮯ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, and, “Ᏻ”.Refer to Figure 15.1 on the next page for the step by step diagramsshowing how to write each letter. When doing your practice, be sureto sound out each letter as you write it. Remember to keep the tipof your tongue against your lower front teeth as you say aloud eachletter.

15.2 Homework

15.3 Vocabulary

Problem 15.1. Add to your animal card deck the following and practicewith your study group.

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15.3. VOCABULARY CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON

Figure 15.1: “Ꮆ”, “Ꮐ”, “Ꮯ”, “Ꮳ”, “Ꮸ”, “Ꮹ”, and, “Ᏻ”

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CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON 15.4. WOLF WEARS SHOES

Picture ᏣᎳᎩ Pronunciation Yonega

ᎠᏣᏗ a-ja-di fish

ᏓᎳᎳ da-la-la wood pecker

ᏓᎹᎦ da-ma-ga horse fly

ᏜᏄᏏ dla-nu-si leech

ᏛᎦᏏ dv-(ga)-si turtle

15.4 Wolf Wears Shoes

Exercise 15.1. Translate the following into English.

Exercise 15.2. Answer the questions after each Cherokee sentence, inCherokee.

15.5 Homework

Exercise 15.3. Fill out four penmanship sheets practicing the sevenletters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”. Use one letterper line. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finishwriting it.

Exercise 15.4. Fill out one penmanship sheet practicing the seven let-ters “Ꮓ”, “Ꮔ”, “Ꮕ”, “Ꮖ”, “Ꮗ”, “Ꮘ”, and “Ꮙ”. in the order listed

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15.5. HOMEWORK CHAPTER 15. FIFTEENTH LESSON

here. Be sure to say the name of the letter each time you finishwriting it.


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Appendix A

ᏓᎾᏬᎯᎵᏴᏍᎬ

A.1 Chapter 1

1. Look there.

2. Hello.

3. English.

4. O.K. / Alright.

5. No.

6. Yes.

7. Really?

8. Ouch!

9. Cherokee

Translate into Cherokee:

1. Ni! Ꮒ!

2. Ayo! ᎠᏲ!

3. Osiyo. ᎣᏏᏲ.

4. Vsgigi? ᎥᏍᎩᎩ?

5. Howa. ᎰᏩ.

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A.2. CHAPTER 2 APPENDIX A. ANSWERS

6. Tla. Ꮭ.

7. Jalagi. ᏣᎳᎩ.

8. Vv. ᎥᎥ.

9. Yonega. ᏲᏁᎦ.

A.2 Chapter 2

1. Good.

2. I am well.

3. You all come around again.

4. Red.

5. How are you?

6. And you?

7. Let you and I see each other again.

8. Bad.

9. Let you all and I see each other again.

10. You come around again.

1. You? Nihinahv? ᏂᎯᎾᎲ?

2. You come around again. Ihedolvi. ᎡᎮᏙᎸᎢ.

3. Red. Agigage. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ.

4. You all come around again. Idadolvi. ᎢᏓᏙᎸᎤᎢ.

5. I am well. Dohiquu. ᏙᎯᏊ.

6. How are you? Dohiju? ᏙᎯᏧ?

7. See you all later. Dodadagohvi. ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ?

8. Good. Osda. ᎣᏍᏓ.

9. Bad. Uyoi. ᎤᏲᎢ.

10. See you later. Donadagohvi. ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ.

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APPENDIX A. ANSWERS A.3. CHAPTER 3

A.3 Chapter 3

1. Agigage etli ijigowata. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᏟ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. You all see a redmink. (A red mink, you all see it).

2. Uyoi ahwi inigotiha. ᎤᏲᎢ ᎠᏫ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see a baddeer. (A bad deer, you and I see it).

3. Osda doya idigotiha. ᎣᏍᏓ ᏙᏯ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see agood beaver. (A good beaver, you all and I see it).

4. Doya ahwi agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. A beaver sees a deer. (Abeaver, a deer, he sees it).

5. Dili ogana agotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. A skunk sees a groundhog.(A skunk, a groundhog, he sees it).

6. Ahwi osdigotiha doya. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. A beaver and I seea deer. (A deer, he and I see it, the beaver).

7. Doya jigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see a beaver. (A beaver, I see it).

8. Agigage ogana jigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎣᎦᎾ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see a red ground-hog. (A red groundhog, I see it).

9. Ahwi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see a deer. (A deer, theysee it).

10. Etli agotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees a mink. (A mink, he sees it).

11. Dili ijigotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see a skunk. (A skunk, youall see it).

12. Agigage etli sdigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see a redmink. (A red mink, you two see it).

13. Etli higotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see a mink. (A mink, you seeit).

14. Etli ogana osdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. A mink and I seea groundhog. (A mink, a groundhog, he and I see it).

15. Dili higowata. ᏗᎵ ᎯᎪᏩᏔ. You, look at the skunk. (A skunk,be seeing it).

16. Doya sdigowata. ᏙᏯ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. You two, look at the beaver.(A beaver, you two, be seeing it).

17. Etli sdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see a mink. (A mink, youtwo see it).

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18. Doya ojigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see a beaver. (Abeaver, they and I see it).

1. A beaver and I see a skunk. Doya dili osdigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᏗᎵᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

2. A mink sees a beaver. Etli doya agotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.

3. You all see a deer. Ahwi ijigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

4. They see a skunk. Dili anigotiha. ᏗᎵ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ.

5. They and I see a deer. Ahwi ojigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

6. You all and I see a groundhog. Ogana idigotiha. ᎣᎦᎾ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

7. I see a red skunk. Agigage dili jigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎵ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

8. I see a mink. Etli jigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

9. You see a deer. Ahwi higotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎯᎪᏘᎭ.

10. All of you look at the red beaver! Agigage doya ijigowata! ᎠᎩᎦᎨᏙᏯ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ!

11. He and I see a deer. Ahwi osdigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

12. A skunk sees a skunk. Dili dili agotiha. ᏗᎵ ᏗᎵ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.

13. You two see a red groundhog. Agigage ogana sdigotiha. ᎠᎩᎦᎨᎣᎦᎾ ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

14. You and I see a beaver. Doya inigotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ.

15. A mink and I see a deer. Etli ahwi osdigotiha. ᎡᏟ ᎠᏫᎣᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ..

16. He sees a beaver. Doya agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.

17. Look at the beaver! Higowata! ᎯᎪᏩᏔ!

18. You two, look at the mink! Etli sdigowata! ᎡᏟ ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!

A.4 Chapter 4

1. Higowata. ᎯᎪᏩᏔ. Look at it.

2. Inigotiha. ᎢᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see it.

3. Ijigowata. ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ. You all, look at it.

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4. Idigotiha. ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see it.

5. Agotiha. ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees it.

6. Ojigotiha. ᎣᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see it.

7. Anigotiha. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see it.

8. Higotiha. ᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see it.

9. Sdigowata. ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ. You two, look at it.

10. Sdigotiha. ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see it.

11. Ijigotiha. ᎢᏥᎪᏘᎭ. You all see it.

12. Jigotiha. ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see it.

13. Sdigotiha. ᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see it.

1. untau - he, ant - knows it

2. sdiwonihasdi - you two, woni - speak it

3. gawonihaga - he, woni - speaks it

4. idigotihaidi - You all and I, goti - see it

5. iniwonihaini - you and I, woni - speak it

6. higotihahi - you, goti - sees it

7. hiwonihahi - you, woni - speaks it

8. osdigotihaosdi - he and I, goti - see it

9. jiwonihaji - I, woni - speak it

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10. anigotihaani - they, goti - see it

11. aquantaaqua - I, ant - know it

12. ijantaiji - you all, ant - know it

13. ijigotihaiji - you all, goti - see it

14. jigotihaji - I, goti - see it

15. aniwonihaani - they, woni - speak it

16. idiwonihaidi - You all and I, woni - speak it

17. agotihaa - he, goti - sees it

18. unantauni - they, ant - know it

19. ogantaogi - they and I, ant - know it

20. ojiwonihaoji - they and I, woni - speak it

21. inigotihaini - you and I, goti - see it

22. igantaigi - You all and I, ant - know it

23. jantaja - you, ant - know it

24. oginantaogin - he and I, ant - know it

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25. ijiwonihaiji - you all, woni - speak it

26. ojigotihaoji - they and I, goti - see it

27. sdigotihasdi - you two, goti - see it

28. ginantagini - you and I, ant - know it

29. osdiwonihaosdi - he and I, woni - speak it

30. sdantasdi - you two, ant - know it

1. Yonega jiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ. I speak English.

2. Gohusdi janta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏣᏅᏔ. You know something.

3. Yonega iniwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏂᏬᏂᎭ. You and I speak English.

4. Jalagi hiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ. Speak Cherokee.

5. Yonega idiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏗᏬᏂᎭ. You all and I speak English.

6. Gohusdi unanta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᎾᏅᏔ. They know something.

7. Jantesdi. ᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ. Know it.

8. Jalagi gawoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ. He speaks Cherokee.

9. Doya gohusdi oginanta. ᏙᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎣᎩᎾᏅᏔ. A beaver and Iknow something.

10. Yonega sdiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎯ. You two, speak English.

11. Ijantesdi. ᎢᏣᎡᏍᏗ. You all, know it.

12. Etli dohusdi unta. ᎡᏟ ᏙᎱᏍᏗ ᎤᏅᏔ. A mink knows something.

13. Ginanta. ᎩᎾᏅᏔ. You and I know it.

14. Jalagi ojiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎣᏥᏬᏂᎭ. They and I speak Cherokee.

15. Yonega ijiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎯ. You all, speak English.

16. Gohusdi iganta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᎦᎠ. You all and I know something.

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17. Jalagi ijiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ. You all speak Cherokee.

18. Ogana yonega osdiwoniha. ᎣᎦᎾ ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. A groundhogand I speak English.

19. Ijanta. ᎢᏣᏅᏔ. You all know it.

20. Yonega sdiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ. You two speak English.

21. Jalagi hiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎭ. You speak Cherokee.

22. Sdantesdi. ᏍᏓᏅᏖᏍᏗ. You two, know it.

23. Gohusdi aquanta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎠᏆᏅᏔ. I know something.

24. Oganta. ᎣᎦᏅᏔ. They and I know it.

25. Jalagi aniwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. They speak Cherokee.

26. Sdanta. ᏍᏓᏅᏔ. You two know it.

1. They and I know it. Ogan(v)ta. ᎣᎦᏅᏔ.

2. You know it. Jan(v)ta. ᏣᏅᏔ.

3. You and I know something. Gohusdi ginan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎩᎾᏅᏔ.

4. You and I speak Cherokee. Jalagi iniwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏂᏬᏂᎭ.

5. I know it. Aquan(v)ta. ᎠᏆᏅᏔ.

6. Know it. Jan(v)tesdi. ᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ.

7. You all and I know something. Gohusdi igan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗᎢᎦᏅᏔ.

8. They and I speak English. Yonega ojiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏥᏬᏂᎭ.

9. A beaver knows something. Doya gohusdi un(v)ta. ᏙᏯ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᎤᏅᏔ.

10. He and I speak English. Yonega osdiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ.

11. You speak English. Yonega hiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎯᏬᏂᎭ.

12. You all speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎭ.

13. You two, speak English. Yonega sdiwonihi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎯ.

14. A skunk and I know something. Dili gohusdi oginan(v)ta. ᏗᎵᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎣᎩᏅᏔ.

15. You all know something. Gohusdi ijan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏣᏅᏔ.

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16. You two speak Cherokee. Jalagi sdiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ.

17. You all and I speak English. Yonega idiwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᏗᏬᏂᎭ.

18. I speak Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂᎭ.

19. Speak Cherokee. Jalagi hiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎯᏬᏂᎯ.

20. You all, know it. Ijan(v)tesdi. ᎢᏣᏅᏖᏍᏗ.

21. They know it. Unan(v)ta. ᎤᎾᏅᏔ.

22. They all speak English. Yonega aniwoniha. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.

23. You two, know it. Sdan(v)tesdi. ᏍᏓᏅᏖᏍᏗ.

24. He speaks Cherokee. Jalagi gawoniha. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎭ.

25. You all, speak Cherokee. Jalagi ijiwonihi. ᏣᎳᎩ ᎢᏥᏬᏂᎯ.

26. You two know something. Gohusdi sdan(v)ta. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᏍᏓᏅᏔ.

A.5 Chapter 5

1. Joi iga digigage disadvdi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. Three red traps.

2. Ilvsgi anosda ogana. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ. A few good groundhogs.

3. Igada junsdi awi. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. Some little deer.

4. Jiquisdi uniyoi dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ. Many bad skunks.

5. Igada digigage gugu. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ. Some red bottles.

6. Tali iyani anosda dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᏗᎵ. Two good skunks.

7. Tali iga jutana nvya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏔᎾ ᏅᏯ. Two large rocks.

8. Jiquisdi anosda awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ. Many good deer.

9. Joi iga josda disadvdi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. Three good traps.

10. Igada unilulojvi etli. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎡᏟ. Some crazy mink.

11. Jiquisdi junatana awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏫ. Many large deer.

12. Ilvsgi junatana doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. A few large beaver.

13. Ilvsgi juwoduhi disadvdi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ. A few prettytraps.

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14. Tali iyani junsdi doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏗ ᏙᏯ. Two little beaver.

15. Ilvsgi anosda dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᏗᎵ. A few good skunks.

16. Joi iyani unilulojvi dili. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏗᎵ. Three crazyskunks.

1. Three little deer. Joi iyani junsdi awi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏗ ᎠᏫ.

2. Two crazy skunks. Tali iyani unilulojvi dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ.

3. Some good deer. Igada anosda awi. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏃᏍᏓ ᎠᏫ.

4. Many red beaver. Jiquisdi anigigage doya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᏙᏯ.

5. Many red rocks. Jiquisdi digigage nvya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ.

6. Two good traps. Tali iga josda disadvdi. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏦᏍᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ.

7. A few pretty skunks. Ilvsgi junoduhi dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏃᏚᎯ ᏗᎵ.

8. Three little beaver. Joi iyani junsdi doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ.

9. Many crazy deer. Jiquisdi unilulojvi awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢᎠᏫ.

10. A few bad skunks. Ilvsgi uniyoi dili. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ ᏗᎵ.

11. A few pretty beaver. Ilvsgi junoduhi doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏃᏚᎯ ᏙᏯ.

12. A few good bottles. Ilvsgi josda gugu. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏦᏍᏓ ᎫᎫ.

13. A few red bottles. Ilvsgi digigage gugu. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ.

14. Many red skunks. Jiquisdi anigigage dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏂᎩᎦᎨ ᏗᎵ.

15. Three large beaver. Joi iyani junatana doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᎾᏔᎾᏙᏯ.

16. Some bad rocks. Igada uniyoi nvya. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᏲᎢ ᏅᏯ.

1. Doginaduliha. ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. He and I want them.

2. Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ. He sees them.

3. Dunaduliha. ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want them.

4. Dagwaduliha. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. I want them.

5. Dojigotiha. ᏙᏥᎪᏘᎭ. They and I see them.

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6. Denigotiha. ᏕᏂᎪᏘᎭ. You and I see them.

7. Dehigotiha. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ. You see them.

8. Deji’duliha. ᏕᏥᏚᎵᎭ. You all want them.

9. Danigotiha. ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see them.

10. Dosdigotiha. ᏙᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. He and I see them.

11. Desdaduliha. ᏕᏍᏓᏚᎵᎭ. You two want them.

12. Degaduliha. ᏕᎦᏚᎵᎭ. You all and I want them.

13. Duduliha. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants them.

14. Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I see them.

15. Deginaduliha. ᏕᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ. You and I want them.

16. Dedigotiha. ᏕᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You all and I see them.

17. Desdigotiha. ᏕᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ. You two see them.

18. Dogaduliha. ᏙᎦᏚᎵᎭ. They and I want them.

1. He wants them. Duduliha. ᏚᏚᎵᎭ.

2. You want them. Dejaduliha. ᏕᏣᏚᎵᎭ.

3. He sees them. Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ.

4. I see them. Dejigotiha. ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

5. He and I want them. Doginaduliha. ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ.

6. You see them. Dehigotiha. ᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ.

7. You all and I see them. Dedigotiha. ᏕᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

8. They and I want them. Dogaduliha. ᏙᎦᏚᎵᎭ.

9. You two want them. Desdaduliha. ᏕᏍᏓᏚᎵᎭ.

10. You two see them. Desdigotiha. ᏕᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

11. I want them. Dagwaduliha. ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ.

12. They and I see them. Dojigotiha. ᏙᏥᎪᏘᎭ.

13. They see them. Danigotiha. ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ.

14. You all and I want them. Degaduliha. ᏕᎦᏚᎵᎭ.

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15. He and I see them. Dosdigotiha. ᏙᏍᏗᎪᏘᎭ.

16. You all want them. Deji’duliha ᏕᏥᏚᎵᎭ.

17. You and I want them. Deginaduliha. ᏕᎩᎾᏚᎵᎭ.

18. You and I see them. Denigotiha. ᏕᏂᎪᏘᎭ.

19. They want them. Dunaduliha. ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ.

1. Dili unaduliha. ᏗᎵ ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎭ. They want a skunk.

2. Awi nvya uduliha. ᎠᏫ ᎲᏯ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ. A deer wants a rock.

3. Awi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ. They see a deer.

4. Doya agotiha. ᏙᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ. He sees a beaver.

5. Tali iga disadvdi dagotiha doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. Abeaver sees two traps.

6. Ilvsgi nvya duduliha. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants a few rocks.

7. Jiquisdi disadvdi dagotiha doya. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ. Abeaver sees many traps.

8. Igada nvya duduliha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏅᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ. He wants some rocks.

9. Tali iyani dili dunaduliha joi iyani awi. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Three deer want two skunks.

10. Ilvsgi nvya dunaduliha igada awi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ.Some deer want a few rocks.

11. Joi iyani doya danigotiha ilvsgi awi. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎠᏫ. A few deer see three beavers.

12. Ilvsgi gugu dunaduliha ilvsgi doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩᏙᏯ. A few beavers want a few bottles.

13. Igada junoduhi awi daquaduliha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏚᎯ ᎠᏫ ᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ. I wantsome pretty deer.

14. Joi iyani junsdi dili dunaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ.They want three little skunks.

15. Tali iga jusdi gugu dunaduliha igada doya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏧᏍᏗ ᎫᎫᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏙᏯ. Some beavers want two little bottles.

16. Igada unilulojvi gugu dejigotiha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏕᏥᎪᏘᎭ. I seesome crazy bottles.

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17. Ilvsgi juwoduhi gugu dunaduliha igada junatana awi. ᎢᎸᏍᎩᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᎠᏫ. Some large deer want a fewpretty bottles.

18. Jiquisdi digigage gugu dunaduliha igada junatana dili. ᏥᏈᏍᏗᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᎫᎫ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏗᎵ. Some large skunks wantmany red bottles.

19. Ilvsgi junsdi dili dunaduliha igada junatana doya. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏧᏅᏍᏗᏗᎵ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ. Some large beavers want a fewlittle skunks.

20. Jiquisdi junatana doya danigotiha jiquisdi junsdi awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ. Many little deer seemany large beavers.

1. A deer sees a rock. Awi nvya agotiha. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.

2. He wants a bottle. Gugu uduliha. ᎫᎫ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.

3. They see a deer. Awi anigotiha. ᎠᏫ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ.

4. He sees a bottle. Gugu agotiha. ᎫᎫ ᎠᎪᏘᎭ.

5. The deer wants a rock. Awi nvya uduliha. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯ ᎤᏚᎵᎭ.

6. A beaver sees three rocks. Joi iga nvya dagotiha doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᏅᏯ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ.

7. She wants a few beavers. Ilvsgi doya duduliha. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯᏚᏚᎵᎭ.

8. A skunk wants two beavers. Tali iyani doya duduliha dili. ᏔᎵᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᏗᎵ.

9. I want three bottles. Joi iga gugu daquaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫᏓᏆᏚᎵᎭ.

10. He sees three bottles. Joi iga gugu dagotiha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ.

11. Two beaver see three skunks. Joi iyani dili danigotiha tali iyanidoya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏗᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏙᏯ.

12. A few beavers see some skunks. Igada dili danigotiha ilvsgidoya. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎵ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ.

13. A few beavers want two rocks. Tali iga nvya dunaduliha ilvsgidoya. ᏔᎵ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏙᏯ.

14. They want three rocks. Joi iga nvya dunaduliha. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏅᏯᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ.

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15. Some beavers see three bottles. Joi iga gugu danigotiha igadadoya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᎫᎫ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏙᏯ.

16. Some deer see many crazy traps. Jiquisdi unilulojvi disadvdidanigotiha igada awi. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓᎠᏫ.

17. Some skunks see three red rocks. Joi iga digigage nvya danig-otiha igada dili. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦ ᏗᎩᎦᎨ ᏅᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᎵ.

18. Two deer see two little beavers. Tali iyani awi tali iyani junsdidoya danigotiha. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᏅᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ ᏓᏂᎪᏘᎭ.

19. Three large beavers want a few pretty rocks. Ilvsgi juwoduhinvya dunaduliha joi iyani junatana doya. ᎢᎩ ᏧᏬᏚᎯ ᏅᏯ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏙᏯ.

20. Some crazy deer want many large skunks. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏧᎾᏔᎾ ᏗᎵᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎤᏂᎷᎶᏨᎢ ᎠᏫ.Jiquisdi junatana dili dunaduliha igada unilulojvi awi.

A.6 Chapter 6

1. Gugu doyano dagotiha etli. ᎫᎫ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink sees abottle and a beaver.

2. Nvya sadvdino dagotiha etli. ᏅᏯ ᏌᏛᏗᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A minksees a rock and a trap.

3. Awi guguno duduliha etli. ᎠᏫ ᎫᎫᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink wants adeer and a bottle.

4. Nvya doyano dagotiha etli. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎡᏟ. A mink seesa rock and a beaver.

5. Awi nvyano duduliha ogana. ᎠᏫ ᏅᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ. A ground-hog wants a deer and rock.

6. Anigotiha ogana ale dili. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. A groundhogand a skunk see it.

7. Sadvdi anigotiha doya ale dili. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᏗᎵ. Abeaver and a skunk see a trap.

8. Nvya doyano dunaduliha awi ale dili. ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ ᎠᎴᏗᎵ. A deer and a skunk want a rock and a beaver.

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1. A deer sees a rock and a beaver. Nvya doyano dagotiha awi.ᏅᏯ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎠᏫ.

2. A groundhog wants a bottle and a trap. Gugu sadvdino dudulihaogana. ᎫᎫ ᏌᏛᏗᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ.

3. A deer wants a bottle and a beaver. Gugu doyano duduliha awi.ᎫᎫ ᏙᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ.

4. A groundhog sees a bottle and a skunk. Gugu dilino dagotihaogana. ᎫᎫ ᏗᎵᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭ ᎣᎦᎾ.

5. A deer wants a beaver and a rock. Doya nvyano duduliha awi.ᏙᏯ ᏅᏯᏃ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᎠᏫ.

6. A beaver and a mink want it. Unaduliha doya ale etli. ᎤᎾᏚᎵᎭᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ.

7. A beaver and a mink see a skunk. Dili anigotiha doya ale etli.ᏗᎵ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ.

8. A beaver and a mink want a trap and a bottle. Sadvdi gugunodunaduliha doya ale etli. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎫᎫᏃ ᏚᎾᏚᎵᎭ ᏙᏯ ᎠᎴ ᎡᏟ.

1. Hega ale hadia, “Donadagohvi”. ᎮᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎭᏗ, “ᏙᎾᏓᎪᎲᎢ”. Youare going and saying, “Let’s see each other again.”

2. Deginotla ale deginalasutla. ᏕᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎩᎾᎳᏑᏝ. You and I aresitting and wearing shoes.

3. Inetluhvsga ale inega. ᎢᏁᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏁᎦ. You and I areyelling and going.

4. Doginotla ale osdadia, “Hena!”. ᏙᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏍᏓᏗᎠ, “ᎮᎾ!” Heand I are sitting and saying, “Go!”.

5. Dogalasutla ale ojetluhvsga. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᏡᎲᏍᎦ. They andI are wearing shoes and yelling.

6. Ijega ale ijadia, “Dodadagohvi.” ᎢᏤᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏣᏗᎠ, “ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ.”You all are going and saying, “Let’s all see each other again.”

7. Dunotla ale dunalasutla. ᏚᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏝ. They are sitting andwearing shoes.

8. Ijetluhvsga ale ijega. ᎢᏤᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᎢᏤᎦ. You all and I areyelling and going.

1. You are going. Hega. ᎮᎦ.

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2. You and I are sitting and saying “Look! A deer!” Deginotla aleinadia, “Ni! Awi!”. ᏕᎩᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎢᎾᏗᎠ, “Ꮒ! ᎠᏫ!”

3. You two are saying, “No.” Sdadia, “Tla.” ᏍᏓᏗᎠ, “Ꮭ.”

4. She and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Osdetluhvsga ale dogi-nalasutla. ᎣᏍᏕᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏙᎩᎾᎳᏑᏝ.

5. They and I are wearing shoes and going. Dogalasutla ale ojega.ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎣᏤᎦ.

6. You all are going. Ijega. ᎢᏤᎦ.

7. They are sitting and saying “We all see a rock.” Dunotla aleanadia, “Nvya idigotiha.” ᏚᏃᏝ ᎠᎴ ᎠᎾᏗᎠ, “ᏅᏯ ᎢᏗᎪᏘᎭ.”

8. You all and I are yelling and wearing shoes. Idetluhvsga aledegalasutla. ᎢᏕᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴ ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏝ.

1. Waya dulasutla. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Wolf Wears Shoes.

2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴᏌᎶᎵ. Rabbit and squirrel are sitting near a river.

3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ. Rabbit andsquirrel are speaking.

4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ.Rabbit and squirrel see beaver.

5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ. Beavergoes towards rabbit and squirrel.

6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ!Ꮒ!” Beaver is yelling, saying, ”Look! Look!”

7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?”Rabbit says, ”What’s up beaver?”

8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Beaver says, ”There is something new by the river!”

9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!” Beaver says, ”Go and see it!”

10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ. Rabbit, squirrel, and beaver go towardsthe river.

11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭᏩᏯ. Wolf sees rabbit, squirrel, and beaver.

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12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙᎤᏍᏗ?” Wolf says to them, ”Hello! What’s going on?”

13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ,“ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!” Rabbit says, ”Beaver sayssomething new is by the river!”

1. Waya dulasutla. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᎠ.

(a) What is wolf doing? Dulasutla. ᏚᎳᏑᏝ.

2. Nav uweyvi dunotla jisdu ale saloli. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏚᏃᏝ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴᏌᎶᎵ.

(a) Where is this happening? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.(b) What is happening? Dunotla. ᏚᏃᏝ.(c) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ.

3. Jisdu salolino aniwoniha. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.

(a) What is happening? Aniwoniha. ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ.(b) Who is doing it? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ.

4. Doya anigotiha jisdu ale saloli. ᏙᏯ ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ.

(a) What is happening? Anigotiha. ᎠᏂᎪᏘᎭ.(b) Who is seeing? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ ᏌᎶᎵ.(c) Who is being seen? Doya. ᏙᏯ.

5. Jisdu salolino didla ega doya. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏌᎶᎵᏃ ᏗᏜ ᎡᎦ ᏙᏯ.

(a) What is happening? Ega. ᎡᎦ.(b) Who is doing it? Doya. ᏙᏯ.(c) In what direction? Didla jisdu ale saloli. ᏗᏜ ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴ

ᏌᎶᎵ.

6. Gehluhvsga doya, adihano, “Ni! Ni!” ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᏙᏯ, ᎠᏗᎭᏃ, “Ꮒ!Ꮒ!”

(a) What is happening? Gehluhvsga ale adiha. ᎨᏡᎲᏍᎦ ᎠᎴᎠᏗᎭ.

(b) Who is doing it? Doya. ᏙᏯ.(c) What is being said? Ni! Ni! Ꮒ! Ꮒ!

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(d) To whom is this being said? Jisdu ale saloli. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎠᎴᏌᎶᎵ.

7. Adiha jisdu, “Gado usdi doya?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ., “ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ?”

(a) What is happening? Adiha. ᎠᏗᎭ.(b) Who is doing it? Jisdu. ᏥᏍᏚ.(c) What is being asked? Gado usdi? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?(d) To whom is this being said? Doya. ᏙᏯ.

8. Adiha doya, “Gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”

(a) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.(b) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ.(c) Who is talking? Doya. ᏙᏯ.

9. Adiha doya, “Sdena ale sdigowata!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏙᏯ, “ᏍᏕᎾ ᎠᎴᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ!”

(a) What is the first thing requested? Sdena. ᏍᏕᎾ.(b) What is the second thing requested? Sdigowata. ᏍᏗᎪᏩᏔ.(c) How many people are speaking? Saquu. ᏌᏊ.(d) How many people are being spoken to? Tali. ᏔᎵ.

10. Uweyvi didla anega jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏗᏜ ᎠᏁᎦᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ.

(a) What is happening? Anega. ᎠᏁᎦ.(b) Where are they going? Didla uweyvi. ᏗᏜ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.(c) How many are going? Tsoi. ᏦᎢ.(d) Who are going? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᎠᎴ

ᏙᏯ.

11. Jisdu, saloli, doyano dagotiha waya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ, ᏙᏯᏃ ᏓᎪᏘᎭᏩᏯ.

(a) What is happening? Dagotiha. ᏓᎪᏘᎭ.(b) Who is seeing? Wahya. ᏩᏯ.(c) Who is being seen? Jisdu, saloli, ale doya. ᏥᏍᏚ, ᏌᎶᎵ,

ᎠᎴ ᏙᏯ.

12. Adiha waya, “Osiyo! Gado usdi?” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏩᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ! ᎦᏙᎤᏍᏗ?”

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(a) What word is used to greet them? Osiyo. ᎣᏏᏲ.(b) What is asked? Gado usdi? ᎦᏙ ᎤᏍᏗ?

13. Adiha jisdu, “Doya adiha gohusdi ijei nav uweyvi!” ᎠᏗᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ,“ᏙᏯ ᎠᏗᎭ ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ!”

(a) What is being talked about? Gohusdi ijei. ᎪᎱᏍᏗ ᎢᏤᎢ.(b) Where is being talked about? Nav uweyvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ.

A.7 Chapter 7

(From 7.1 on page 67) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the following sen-tences into Cherokee. HINT: Normally “agi-” becomes “agw-” beforeany of the vowels “a”, “e”, “o”, “u”, or “v”. Also, “u-” normallybecomes “uw-” before any vowel.

1. He spoke it. ᎤᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Uwonisvi.

2. You and I wanted it. ᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Ginadulvhvi.

3. They and I knew it. ᎣᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Ogantvi.

4. I saw it. ᎠᎩᎪᎲᎢ. Agigohvi.

5. He said it. ᎤᏛᏅᎢ. Udvhnvi.

6. You all and I sat. ᏕᎪᏢᎢ. Degotlvi.

7. They saw it. ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Unigohvi.

8. You all and I wore shoes. ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Degalasutlvi.

9. You all new it. ᎢᏣᏅᏛᎢ. Ijantvi.

10. He wore shoes. ᏚᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dulasutlvi.

11. I went. ᎠᏇᏅᏒᎢ. Agwenvsvi.

12. They knew it. ᎤᎾᏅᏛᎢ. Unanhtvi.

13. He saw it. ᎤᎪᎲᎢ. Ugohvi.

14. You all and I said. ᎢᎦᏛᏅᎢ. Igadvhnvi.

15. You all wanted it. ᎢᏣᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Ijadulvhvi.

16. You and I spoke it. ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Giniwonisvi.

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17. You all and I knew it. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi.

18. I said it. ᎠᏆᏛᏅᎢ. Agwadvhnvi.

19. You and I saw it. ᎩᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Ginigohvi.

20. They and I sat. ᏙᎪᏢᎢ. Dogotlvi.

21. They sat. ᏚᏃᏢᎢ. Dunotlvi.

22. He and I wanted it. ᎣᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Oginadulvhvi.

23. He wanted it. ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Udulvhvi.

24. You said it. ᏣᏛᏅᎢ. Jadvhnvi.

25. I wanted it. ᎠᎩᏩᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Agwadulvhvi.

26. I wore shoes. ᏓᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dagalasutlvi.

27. You all and I yelled. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Igetluhnvi.

(From 7.3 on page 68) Referring to the bound pronoun chart on page 28and the vocabulary list on page 66, translate each of the followingsentences into English.

1. They wanted it. ᎤᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Unadulvhvi.

2. He and I saw it. ᎣᎩᏂᎪᎲᎢ. Oginigohvi.

3. You sat. ᏦᏢᎢ. Jotlvi.

4. He yelled. ᎤᏪᏡᏅᎢ. Uwetluhnvi.

5. He and I spoke it. ᎣᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Oginiwonisvi.

6. You two wore shoes. ᏕᏍᏓᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Desdalasutlvi.

7. You two yelled. ᏍᏕᏡᏅᎢ. Sdetluhnvi.

8. They yelled. ᎤᏁᏡᏅᎢ. Unetluhnvi.

9. I spoke it. ᎠᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Agiwonisvi.

10. He knew it. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ. Unhtvi.

11. They wore shoes. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dunalasutlvi.

12. He sat. ᎤᏬᏢᎢ. Uwotlvi.

13. I sat. ᎠᏉᏢᎢ. Agwotlvi.

14. They spoke it. ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Uniwonisvi.

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15. They and I said it. ᎣᎦᏛᏅᎢ. Ogadvhnvi.

16. You two saw it. ᏍᏗᎪᎲᎢ. Sdigohvi.

17. He and I went. ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Oginenvsvi.

18. They went. ᎤᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Unenvsvi.

19. They and I wore shoes. ᏙᎦᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dogalasutlvi.

20. They and I yelled. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Ogetluhnvi.

21. You and I went. ᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ. Ginenvsvi.

22. You went. ᏤᏅᏒᎢ. Jenvsvi.

23. You all spoke it. ᎢᏥᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Ijiwonisvi.

24. He went. ᎤᏪᏅᏒᎢ. Uwenvsvi.

25. I yelled. ᎠᏇᏡᏅᎢ. Agwetluhnvi.

26. I knew it. ᎠᏆᏅᏛᎢ. Agwanhtvi.

27. They said it. ᎤᎾᏛᏅᎢ. Unadvhnvi.

(From 7.5 on page 69) Translate each of the following sentences intoCherokee. Remember, -vi means the speaker witnessed it, -ei meansthe speaker heard about it.

1. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega agiwonisvi. I spoke English.

2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎢᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega igiwonisvi. You all and I spoke English.

3. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled.

4. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. Unhtvi saloli. A squirrel knew it.

5. ᎤᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏙᏯ, “ᎣᏏᏲ”. Unadvhnvi jigwisdi doya,“Osiyo”. Many beaver said, “Hello”.

6. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it.

7. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎠᏆᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Sadvdi agwadulvhvi. I wanted a trap.

8. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ. Nav nvya oginenvsvi jisdu. A rabbitand I went near a rock.

9. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎣᎨᏅᏒᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ. Nav uweyvi ogenvsvi tsoiiyani saloli. Three squirrels and I went near a river.

10. ᏌᎶᎵ ᎣᎩᏂᎥᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. Saloli oginigohvi ogana. A groundhog andI saw a sqirrel.

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11. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎮᎢ. Jisdu sdadulvhei. You two wanted a rabbit, Iwas told.

12. “Ꮭ”, ᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ. “Tla”, ginadvhnvi. You and I said no.

13. Ꮥ’ᏣᎳᏑᏢᎢ. De’jalasutlvi. You all wore shoes.

14. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏥᏍᏚ ᏚᎪᎮᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ. Igada jisdu dugohei saloli. A squirrelsaw some rabbits, I was told.

15. ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏞᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏩᏯ. Dunalasutlei jiquisdi waya. Many wolveswore shoes, I was told.

16. ᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Jetluhnvi. You yelled.

17. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏙᎪᏢᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Nav sadvdi dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi.Three deer and I sat near a trap.

18. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᏃᏢᎢ. Nav nvya deginotlvi. You and I sat near a rock.

(From 7.6 on page 70) Translate each of the following sentences intoEnglish.

1. You all and I wanted a rabbit. Jisdu igadulvhvi. ᏥᏍᏚ ᎢᎦᏚᎸᎲᎢ.

2. You wore shoes, so I heard. Dejalasutlei. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞᎢ.

3. A few wolves and I yelled. Ogetluhnvi ilvsgi waya. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏩᏯ.

4. Two deer and I spoke English. Yonega ogiwonisvi tali iyani awi.ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ.

5. You all and I saw three rocks. Tsoi iga nvya degigohv. ᏦᎢ ᎢᎦᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᎪᎲᎢ ᏅᏯ ᏕᎩᎪᎲ.

6. I was told you all said hello. Osiyo ijadvhnei. ᎣᏏᏲ ᎢᏣᏛᏁᎢ.

7. A mink knew it. Unhtvi etli. ᎤᏅᏛᎢ ᎡᏟ.

8. You and I spoke English. Yonega giniwonisvi. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ.

9. You and I went near a trap. Nav sadvdi ginenvsvi. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ.

10. I was told three wolves sat near a trap. Nav sadvdi dunotlei tsoiiyani waya. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ.

11. A beaver and I wanted three squirrels. Tsoi iyani saloli dogi-nadulvhvi doya. ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏙᏯ.

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12. I heard you two saw a skunk. Dili sdigohei. ᏗᎵ ᏍᏗᎪᎮᎢ.

13. A squirrel and I said, “yes”. “Vv”, oginadvhnvi saloli. “ᎥᎥ”,ᎣᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᏌᎶᎵ.

14. I sat near a river. Nav uweyvi agwotlvi. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏉᏢᎢ.

15. I was told a wolf wore shoes. Dulasutlei waya. ᏚᎳᏑᏞᎢ ᏩᏯ.

16. You all yelled. Ijetluhnvi. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ.

17. You two knew it, so I was told. Sdanhte. ᏍᏓᏅᏖ.

18. A few groundhogs went near a trap. Nav sadvdi unenvsv ilvsgiogana. ᎾᎥ ᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎾ.

(From 7.7 on page 71) Translate each of the following sentences intoCherokee.

1. ᎾᎥᏅᏯ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᎠᏫ. Nav nvya oginenvsvi awi. A deer and Iwent near a rock.

2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ. Yonega giniwonisvi. You and I spoke English.

3. ᎢᏤᏡᏅᎢ. Ijetluhnvi. You all yelled.

4. ᏓᎦᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ. Dagalasutlesdi. Let me wear shoes.

5. “ᏙᏓᏓᎪᎲᎢ”, ᎢᎦᏛᏅᎢ. “Dodadagohvi”, igadvhnvi. You all and Isaid, “See you all later”.

6. “ᎠᏲ!”, ᎣᎩᎾᏛᏅᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ. “Ayo!”, oginadvhnvi ogana. “Ouch!”,said a groundhog and I.

7. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ. Igetluhnvi. You all and I yelled.

8. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏗᎪᏩᏔ. Dili idigowata. Let you all and I see a skunk.

9. ᎤᏅᏖᎢ ᏙᏯ. Unhtei doya. I was told a beaver knew it.

10. ᎾᎥ ᏅᏯ ᏙᎪᏢᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᎠᏫ. Nav nvya dogotlvi tsoi iyani awi.Three deer and I sat near a rock.

11. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎢᏤᏅᏎᎢ. Nav igada disadvdi ijenvsei. I heardyou all went near some traps.

12. “ᎥᏍᎩᎩ?”, ᏍᏓᏛᏅᎢ. “Vsgigi?”, sdadvhnvi. You two said “Re-ally?”

13. ᏍᏓᏅᏔ. Sdanta. You two know it.

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14. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎠᏉᏞᏍᏗ. Nav usdi uweyvi agwotlesdi. Letme sit near a little river.

15. ᎡᏟ ᏥᎪᏘᎭ. Etli jigotiha. I am seeing a mink.


1. Let you two say “Ouch!”. “Ayo!”, sdada. “ᎠᏲ!”, ᏍᏓᏓ.

2. I said “Come back and see me.” Agwadvhnv, “Ihedolv”. ᎠᏆᏛᏅ,“ᎢᎮᏙᎸ”.

3. You see some traps. Igada disadvdi dehigotiha. ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗᏕᎯᎪᏘᎭ.

4. Let three wolves wear shoes. Dunalasutlesdi tsoi iyani waya.ᏚᎾᎳᏑᏞᏍᏗ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏩᏯ.

5. I was told you wore shoes. Dejalasutle. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏞ.

6. Let a deer and I know it. Oganhtesdi awi. ᎣᎦᏅᏖᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ.

7. Two rabbits and I are saying “Good!” Ojadi tali iyani jisdu,“Osd!” ᎣᏣᏗ ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏥᏍᏚ, “ᎣᏍᏗ!”.

8. Let you all and I see three deer. Tso awi didigowata. Ꮶ ᎠᏫᏗᏗᎪᏩᏔ.

9. You and I spoke English. Yoneg giniwonisv. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎩᏂᏬᏂᏒᎢ.

10. I was told many rabbits yelled. Unetluhne jigwisdi jisdu.ᎤᏁᏡᏁᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ.

11. You two wanted a rabbit. Jisdu sdadulvhv. ᏥᏍᏚ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎲᎢ.

12. A skunk and I wanted two squirrels. Tali iyani saloli doginadul-vhv dili. ᏔᎵ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏌᎶᎵ ᏙᎩᎾᏚᎸᎲᎢ ᏗᎵ.

13. I am speaking Cherokee. Jalagi jiwoni. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂ.

14. You all and I yelled. Igetluhnv. ᎢᎨᏡᏅᎢ.

15. I was told a groundhog went near some traps. Nav igada disadvdiuwenvse ogana. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏪᏅᏎᎢ ᎣᎦᎾ.

(From 7.9 on page 72) Translate each of the following sentences intoCherokee.

1. ᏙᏯ ᎤᏂᎪᎲᎢ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎠᏫ. Doya unigohvi igada awi. Some deersaw a beaver.

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2. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎤᏂᏬᏂᏎᎢ ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᎣᎦᎾ. Yonega uniwonisei ilvsgi ogana.I was told a few groundhogs spoke English.

3. ᎢᎦᏅᏛᎢ. Iganhtvi. You all and I knew it.

4. ᎾᎥ ᎫᎫ ᏚᏃᏞᎢ ᏦᎢ ᎢᏯᏂ ᏥᏍᏚ. Nav gugu dunotlei tsoi iyani jisdu.I was told three rabbits sat near a bottle.

5. ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᎠᏫ ᏚᏚᎵᎭ ᏥᏍᏚ. Jigwisdi awi duduliha jisdu. A rabbitwants many deer.

6. ᎣᎩᏁᏡᏅᎢ ᏙᏯ. Oginetluhnvi doya. A beaver and I yelled.

7. ᏣᎳᎩ ᏥᏬᏂᎯ. Jalagi jiwonihi. Let me speak Cherokee.

8. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏦᏢᎢ. Nav uweyvi jotlvi. You sat near a river.

9. ᏲᏁᎦ ᎣᎩᏬᏂᏒᎢ ᏥᏈᏍᏗ ᏥᏍᏚ. Yonega ogiwonisvi jigwisdi jisdu.Many rabbits and I spoke English.

10. ᏩᏯ ᏚᎳᏑᏝ. Waya dulasutla. A wolf is wearing shoes.

11. ᎢᎸᏍᎩ ᏗᎵ ᏕᏣᏚᎸᎮᎢ. Ilvsgi dili dejadulvhei. I was told youwanted a few skunks.

12. ᎢᏁᎾ ᎪᎱᏍᏗᏃ ᎢᏂᎪᏩᏔ. Inena gohusdino inigowata. Let youand I go and see something.

13. ᏕᏣᎳᏑᏢᎢ. Dejalasutlvi. You wore shoes.

14. ᏩᏯ ᏍᏓᏚᎸᎲᎢ. Waya sdadulvhvi. You two wanted a wolf.

15. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎫᎫ ᎢᏁᎦ. Nav igada gugu inega. You and I are goingnear some bottles.


1. Let you and I know it. Ginantesdi. ᎩᎾᏅᏖᏍᏗ.

2. A rabbit wanted a trap. Sadvdi udulvhv jisdu. ᏌᏛᏗ ᎤᏚᎸᎲᎢᏥᏍᏚ.

3. A wolf and I are speaking Cherokee. Jalagi osdiwoni waya. ᏣᎳᎩᎣᏍᏗᏬᏂᎭ ᏩᏯ.

4. You two knew it. Sdantvi. ᏍᏓᏅᏛᎢ.

5. Some minks are speaking English. Yoneg aniwoniha igada etli.ᏲᏁᎦ ᎠᏂᏬᏂᎭ ᎢᎦᏓ ᎡᏟ.

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6. Let you all sit near some traps. Nav igad disadvdi dijotlesdi. ᎾᎥᎢᎦᏓ ᏗᏌᏛᏗ ᏗᏦᏞᏍᏗ.

7. You all and I are wearing shoes. Degalasutla. ᏕᎦᎳᏑᏝ.

8. Let you all go near some bottles. Nav igada gugu ijena. ᎾᎥ ᎢᎦᏓᎫᎫ ᎢᏤᎾ.

9. A rabbit and I went near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv oginen-vsvi jisdu. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎣᎩᏁᏅᏒᎢ ᏥᏍᏚ.

10. Let you sit near a small river. Nav usdi uweyv jotlesd. ᎾᎥ ᎤᏍᏗᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᏦᏞᏍᏗ.

11. Let you and I say, “Hello.”. Inada, “Osiyo”. ᎢᎾᏓ, “ᎣᏏᏲ”

12. Some groundhogs and I yelled. Ogetluhnv igada ogana. ᎣᎨᏡᏅᎢᎢᎦᏓ ᎣᎦᎾ.

13. Let me know it. Agwantesdi. ᎠᏆᏅᏖᏍᏗ.

14. Let you all see a skunk. Dili ijigowata. ᏗᎵ ᎢᏥᎪᏩᏔ.

15. A mink is sitting near a large river. Nav utan uweyv uwotla etli.ᎾᎥ ᎤᏔᎾ ᎤᏪᏴᎢ ᎤᏬᏝ ᎡᏟ.

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Appendix B

Additional Resources

B.1 The Leitner System

The Leitner system is a widely used method to efficiently use flash-cards that was proposed by the German science journalist SebastianLeitner in the 1970s. It is a simple implementation of the principleof spaced repetition, where cards are reviewed at increasing interval.

Method In this method flashcards are sorted into groups accordingto how well you know each one in the Leitner’s learning box. This ishow it works: you try to recall the solution written on a flashcard. Ifyou succeed, you send the card to the next group. But if you fail, yousend it back to the first group. Each succeeding group has a longerperiod of time before you are required to revisit the cards.

Example Suppose you have 3 groups called Group 1, Group 2 andGroup 3. The cards in Group 1 are the ones that you often makemistakes with, and Group 3 contains the cards that you know verywell. You might choose to study the Group 1 cards once a day, Group2 every 3 days, and the Group 3 cards every 5 days. If you look at aGroup 1 card and get the correct answer, you ”promote” it to Group2. A correct answer with a Group 2 card ”promotes” that card toGroup 3. If you make a mistake with a Group 2 or Group 3 card, itgets ”demoted” to the first level, which forces you to study that cardmore often.The advantage of this method is that you can focus on the most difficultflashcards, which remain in the first few groups. The result is, ideally,a reduction in the amount of study time needed.

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B.2. NAMES APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitner_system

B.2 Names

The following list of names is largely based upon the names as listedat http://home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm. Where a name that is in the table was not available at thatwebsite, the guidelines from website http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_names.htm were used for creating the Cherokee ver-sion.

Table B.1: English to Cherokee Names

Anthony ᎡᏂᏙᏂ e-(ni)-to-ni

Barbara ᏆᏆ qua-qua

Betty ᏇᏗ que-di

Brian ᏆᏯᏂ qua-ya-(ni)

Carol ᎧᎶ ka-lo

Charles ᏣᎵ ja-li

Christopher ᏈᏍᏙᏋ qui-s-do-quv

Daniel ᏕᏂᎵ de-ni-li

David ᏕᏫᏗ de-wi-di

Deborah ᏕᏉᎠ de-quo-a

Donald ᏓᎾᎵ da-na-li

Donna ᏓᎾ da-na

Dorothy ᏙᏉᏘ do-quo-ti

Elizabeth ᎠᎵᏌᏇᏘ a-li-sa-que-ti

Helen ᎮᎴᏂ he-le-ni

Jennifer ᏤᏂᏇ je-ni-que

Edward ᎡᏗᏩᏗ e-di-wa-di

George ᏣᏥ ja-ji

James ᏤᎻ je-mi

Jason ᏤᏌᏂ je-sa-ni

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitner_system



http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_names.htm

http://www.native-languages.org/cherokee_names.htm

APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES B.2. NAMES

English Name Syllabary Cherokee Pronunciation

Jeff ᏤᏫ je-wi

John ᏣᏂ ja-ni

Joseph ᏦᏎᏫ jo-se-wi

Kenneth ᎩᏂᏘ gi-ni-ti

Kevin ᏆᏂ gwa-ni

Karen ᎫᏆᏂ gu-qua-ni

Kimberly ᎩᎻᏇᎵ gi-mi-que-li

Laura ᎳᏆᎠ la-qua-a

Linda ᎵᏂᏓ li-ni-da

Lisa ᎵᏌ li-sa

Mark ᎹᎦ ma-ga

Michael ᎹᎦᎵ ma-ga-li

Margaret ᎹᎦᏰᏘ ma-ga-ye-ti

Maria ᎹᏫᎠ ma-wi-a

Mary ᎺᎵ me-li

Michelle ᎺᏍᎮᎵ me-s-he-li

Nancy ᏁᏂᏏ ne-(ni)-si

Patricia ᏆᏘᏏ qua-ti-si

Paul ᏉᎵ quo-li

Richard ᏈᎭᏗ qui-ha-di

Robert ᏆᏆ qua-qua

Ronald ᏉᎳᏗ quo-la-di

Ruth ᏊᏘ quu-ti

Sandra ᏎᏂᏗᎠ se-(ni)-di-a

Sarah ᏎᎩ se-gi

Sharon ᏤᏆᏂ je-qua-(ni)

Susan ᏑᏌᏃ su-sa-(no)

Steven ᏍᏘᏫᏂ s-ti-wi-ni

Thomas ᏙᎹᏏ do-ma-si

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English Name Syllabary Cherokee Pronunciation

William ᏫᎵᎭᎹ wi-li-ha-ma

If you do not see your name listed, you try looking it up at http://home.earthlink.net/~deanna1jc/moondoves_spiral_7b.htm, or ifit does not appear there, you can determine the Cherokee pro-nunciation for you name by using the following guidelines (re-produced here for easier reference) as originally posted at http://www.native-languages.org/names.htm:

... basically, each character represents one syllable, soif your name is Mona, you would use the two charactersfor MO and NA, written left to right, like this: ᎼᎾ. Thisdoesn’t actually mean anything in Cherokee, of course – itis just a way of spelling the English name Mona using theCherokee writing system.

Easy so far, right? However, there are several signifi-cant differences between the English and Cherokee writingsystems that can make it hard to spell English names inCherokee:1. English isn’t written phonetically. There are many let-

ters in English names that are not pronounced. In thename ”Sallie,” for example, the ”e” and one of the ”l’s”don’t make any sound at all. The name is pronouncedthe same regardless of whether it is spelled Sallie, Salli,or Sali. So to write the name Sallie in Cherokee, you’llneed to get rid of the extra letters and spell it with thetwo characters for SA and LI, ᏌᎵ.

2. In English, the same vowel sound may be spelled twodifferent ways, or two different vowel sounds may bespelled the same way. The i in mice is not pronouncedlike the i in police. The a in say and the e in theyare pronounced the same. Cherokee vowels are alwayspronounced essentially the same: A as in ”father,” Eas in ”they,” I as in ”police,” O as in ”note,” U as in”tune,” V, which sounds like the ”u” in ”sun,” and AItogether, which sounds like the ”i” in ”mice.” You needto pick the vowel sound that is closest to the way yourname is actually pronounced, which may be differentfrom how it is spelled. If your name is Laila and itis pronounced lay-lah, then you would spell it with thetwo characters LE and LA in Cherokee, ᎴᎳ. If yourname is Laila and it is pronounced lie-lah, then you

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APPENDIX B. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES B.2. NAMES

would spell it with the three characters LA, I, and LAin Cherokee, ᎳᎢᎳ.

3. In English, the same consonant sound may be spelledtwo different ways, or two different consonant soundsmay be spelled the same way. Eric, Erik, and Erickare all pronounced the same way in English, but Cindyis pronounced the same as Sindy. Genie is pronouncedthe same as Jeanie, but Gary is not pronounced thesame as Jerry. In general, try to simplify your name byspelling any ”c” or ”ck” that sounds like K as K; any”c” sound that sounds like ”s” as S; and any ”g” soundthat sounds like J as J. So putting together #1, 2, and3, if your name is Connie (pronounced kah-nee), youshould spell it with the two characters KA and NI inCherokee, ᎧᏂ.

4. In Cherokee, two different consonant sounds may bespelled the same way. The sounds KE, KI, KO, KU,and KV are written the same as the sounds GE, GI, GO,GU, and GV in Cherokee. The sounds TO, TU, and TVare written the same as the sounds DO, DU, and DV inCherokee. And syllables beginning with the consonantsounds TS, DS, J, and CH are all written the same inCherokee. So if your name is Genie (pronounced jee-nee) you should spell it with the two characters TSIand NI in Cherokee, ᏥᏂ.

5. Some English consonants don’t exist in Cherokee. Thereare no Cherokee sounds equivalent to English B, F, P,R, V, X, Z, SH, or TH. Traditionally, Cherokee speakersreplaced these foreign English sounds with QU, so thatthey pronounced the name Rebecca ”quay-quay-gah”and spelled it ᏇᏇᎦ. SH is usually replaced with S, THis usually replaced with T, and R is sometimes replacedwith L instead of QU (as in the name Mary, which ispronounced ”may-lee” by Cherokees and spelled ᎺᎵ.)The English letter combination KR (or CR, or CHR) isalso replaced with QU.

6. Many English syllables end in consonants. Except forS, which can be written by itself, all syllables in theCherokee alphabet end with a vowel. When writingEnglish words or names in the Cherokee syllabary, thestandard practice is to write a ”silent i” after the finalconsonant. So if your name is Ellen, most Cherokeepeople would spell it with the three characters E, LE,and NI, ᎡᎵᏂ.

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Those are the general rules for spelling English words inCherokee; of course, as in any language, some names canhave more than one spelling. In particular, some namesthat entered the Cherokee language a long time ago, suchas Biblical names, have old-fashioned Cherokee forms – forexample, Luga (pronounced loo-gah) is a Cherokee variantof Luke, and Madi (pronounced mah-dee) is a Cherokeevariant of Martha. If you were going to use the Cherokeesyllabary to spell the English name ”Luke,” you would spellit ᎷᎩ, but to spell the Cherokee name ”Luga,” you wouldspell that ᎷᎦ. There is also some variation in spellingnames whose vowel sounds don’t exactly match Cherokee.For example, the ”A” in ”Annie” is about halfway betweenthe ”A” and ”E” sounds of Cherokee. Some Cherokee peoplespell it ᎡᏂ, and others spell it ᎠᏂ.

These guidelines may seem confusing at first, but thegood thing is that you can use them to write ANY name inCherokee. Even if you have a relatively newfangled nameto contend with like ”Makayla” or ”LaTasha,” which aren’ton any of the existing Cherokee name translation lists, youcan easily use the syllabary to see that they can be spelledwith the three characters MA, GE, and LA (ᎹᎨᎳ) and thethree characters LA, TA, and SA (ᎳᏔᏌ).

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speak cherokee

Documents

lower front teeth

penmanship sheet practicing

penmanship sheets practicing

ogetluhnv igada ogana

uweyvino didla unenvsei

uweyuvino didla unenvsei

jiquisdi uniyoi dili

inetluhvsga ale inega