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Sensor ReviewBluetooth parking access controlStevan Stankovski Gordana Ostojic Nikola Djukic Srdjan Tegeltija Aleksandar Milojkovic

Article information:

To cite this document:Stevan Stankovski Gordana Ostojic Nikola Djukic Srdjan Tegeltija Aleksandar Milojkovic , (2014),"Bluetooth parking accesscontrol", Sensor Review, Vol. 34 Iss 3 pp. 244 - 254Permanent link to this document:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/SR-06-2012-643

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Bluetooth parking access controlStevan Stankovski, Gordana Ostojic, Nikola Djukic and Srdjan Tegeltija

Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, and

Aleksandar Milojkovic

JP Vodovod Paracin, Paracin, Serbia

AbstractPurpose The purpose of this paper is to describe an approach of using mobile phones with Bluetooth technology to enter/exit restricted area.Design/methodology/approach Applied Bluetooth technology implemented in mobile phones enables the user to perform the identification andthe state of presence while entering/exiting the parking space without stopping the vehicle. For the successful implementation of this method forpresence detection and proper identification, it is necessary to determine the values of the Bluetooth signal.Findings This paper discuses a case study that has been done at entry/exit of parking lots. The obtained experimental results show that mobilephones with the Bluetooth technology can be successfully applied as presence detection sensors, as well as in processes for the identification ofthe user/object in the move.Practical implications The paper gives a primer how mobile phones with Bluetooth technology, in addition to their basic purpose, can be usedas identification devices to enter/exit restricted area.Originality/value The users have possibilities to access restricted area using a common device a mobile phone with Bluetooth technology.Successful implementation of developed access control system is based on determining the proper value of the Bluetooth signal strength field that

extends around the control cabinet in which the Bluetooth devices are situated.Keywords Bluetooth, Access control, Presence sensor, Identification

Paper type Research paper

1. Introduction

The Bluetooth technology is a de facto standard for thelow-cost, short-range radio links between mobile personalcomputers, mobile phones and other portable devices(Chlamtacet al., 2003). The key features of Bluetooth wirelesstechnology include robustness, low power consumption andlow cost (Bluetooth, SIG 2010). To eliminate potential

interference with other devices operating at the samefrequency (WiFi, microwave oven, etc.), the Bluetooth usesfrequency hopping spread spectrum technique (Golmie andMouveaux, 2001; Chek and Kwok, 2004). The Bluetoothradio divides the unlicensed industrial, scientific and medicalradio band in 79 physical channels in steps of 1 MHz, from2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz. The Bluetooth radio modulechanges frequency channel at a standard hop rate of 1,600hops/s. Two or more devices (eight maximum) can beconnected to form the piconet. The piconet is a collection ofdevices occupying a shared physical channel where one of thedevices is the piconet master and the remaining devices arepiconet slaves. Devices in a piconet use a specific frequencyhopping pattern, which is algorithmically determined by

certain fields in the Bluetooth address and clock of the master(Bluetooth, SIG 2010).

Due to its small size and low power consumption, as well asrelatively high-speed data transfer, the Bluetooth is suitable forusage in mobile devices and mobile sensors. The Bluetoothcommunication is used when a connection throughconventional cables is impossible or significantly hinders theuse of measuring devices (Nakamura et al., 2011;Pavel et al.,2008;Bogue, 2010;Kim et al., 2008;Choi et al., 2004).

The existing solutions for parking access control utilize

diverse methods for user identification or vehicleidentification. One of the most commonly used methods foruser identification is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)technology. Beside user identification, RFID has manydifferent applications. Mehrjerdi (2008), Mehrjerdi (2009),Mehrjerdi (2011a) and Mehrjerdi (2011b) have describeddifferent kinds of applications of RFID technology such assupply chains (sushi restaurant, WalMart, healthcare, Intel)and libraries (City University in Hong Kong). Othernon-industry application of RFID is given byStankovskiet al.(2012), where RFID is used for dairy cow identification andmonitoring. An example of RFID application in industry isdescribed by Vukelic et al. (2011), where RFID is used in

fixture assembly/disassembly process. RFID technology canbe applied for identification and authorization in parkingaccess control system, which is described and discussed byOstojic et al.(2007). Vehicle identification may also be madefrom camera image processing, which recognizes the licenseplates and thus identifies the vehicle (Wu et al., 2007). Thismethod is used in parking access control and toll payment(Draghici, 1997) and in intelligent traffic systems (Ozbay etErcelebi, 2005). Wireless signal strength is used forlocalization, as described byZanca et al. (2008)andLopezet al. (2011). Bluetooth signal strength can be used fordistance estimations and therefore for localization (Kotanen

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et al., 2003). Measured Bluetooth received signal strengthindication (RSSI) can be used for tracking, as described byVersichele et al.(2012). Received signal strength localizationtechniques are using different models. Weighted least squarestechnique gave better results than propagation channel models(Tarrio et al., 2011).

This paper describes a system for parking access control

using a mobile phone with Bluetooth. This system is installedin parking, where the RFID technology is already used for useridentification. In the described system with Bluetooth, a useris using a mobile phone, which most people possess nowadays,for identification. All information is stored in the phone, sothere is no demand for an adequate database. The user canaccess the parking area with any vehicle. Advantage of thesystem described in this paper, in relation to an alreadyexisting system using passive RFID tag, is in the fact that userspends less time for entering/exiting parking lot when usingmobile phone, compared to procedure with passive RFID tag.In addition, the user does not need to have an RFID tag forentering/exiting parking lot. Another advantage of Bluetoothover RFID tags is that the parking lot user does not need to

open the window and lean a passive RFID tag against theRFID reader.

In this paper, experiments have been performed todetermine the strength of the Bluetooth field around thecontrol cabinet. The obtained values of the signal strength areutilized to determine a suitable antenna position for theBluetooth converter module. In addition, the possibility forthe vehicles localization based on the signal strength has beenanalyzed. To determine the value of the Bluetooth fieldstrength, RSSI measured values have been used. In addition,the time of entry/exit parking lot is measured both for userswith mobile phones with Bluetooth and users with passiveRFID tags.

The structure of this paper is as follows. Section 2 describes

the access control system model using the Bluetoothcommunication. Section 3 presents a description of therealized system for the access control. Section 3 also providesan overview of the equipment used in the system testing, aswell as the conditions in which experiments were performed.In Section 4, the results of measurements and the analysis ofthe measured results were presented. The conclusion of thepaper is given in Section 5.

2. The model for the access control system usingthe Bluetooth communication

The model for the access control system using the Bluetoothcommunication is based on the usage of mobile phones as

presence sensors and user authorization devices. The modelshould allow the user to enter/exit a parking lot withoutstopping the vehicle. A similar principle is also used forelectronic toll collection on motorways, although with otheridentification techniques (Dalu, 2012; Kamarulazizi andIsmail, 2010). The system model is shown inFigure 1.

The user starts an appropriate application on their mobilephone before reaching the parking area, for example, beforeentering the vehicle. On starting the application, the userleaves the phone where best suited (the pocket, a position inthe vehicle, etc.). The user then moves the vehicle towards theparking area (Figure 2). The mobile phone is constantly

scanning the Bluetooth environment, searching for theBluetooth converter module at the entrance. The phases of avehicle entering a parking lot are presented in Figure 3(a-f).The approach of the vehicle, where the phone is not within therange of a Bluetooth module at the entrance, is shown inFigure 3(a). When the Bluetooth module and the phone are inrange, the communication is established between the mobilephone and the control unit via the Bluetooth ConverterModule [Figure 3(b)]. The mobile phone begins sendingcommands and data to the control unit to authorize the user(Figure 2). On successful authorization, and after the control

unit detects a vehicle using the vehicle presence sensor, thecontrol unit lifts the barrier boom at the entrance of theparking lot, as shown inFigure 3(c). The users vehicle startsmoving, and at that point, activates the second vehiclepresence sensor [Figure 3(d)]; moving forward, the usersvehicle deactivates the first vehicle presence sensor, and,subsequently, the second vehicle presence sensor, so thecontrol unit knows when it is safe to lower the barrier boom[Figure 3(f)], preventing the potential damage to the vehicleand to the barrier itself.

After the user successfully enters the parking lot, it isnecessary to store the information that the user is inside

Figure 1 The model for the access control system using the Bluetoothcommunication

Figure 2 Algorithm of working principle of the system

Bluetooth parking access control

Stevan Stankovskiet al.

Sensor Review

Volume 34 Number 3 2014 244254

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(Figure 2). Based on the stored information, the potentialmisuse of the system, such as the multiple vehicle entranceusing the same mobile phone, is prevented. If two vehiclesapproach the entrance of the parking lot one after another, thecommunication should be established with the vehicle closer

to the ramp. If the communication is to be established with avehicle which is not the closest to the ramp, the first vehiclewould enter the parking lot, while the entrance informationwould be stored on the phone of the second vehicle user. Inthat case, the second vehicle would not be able to enter theparking lot, while the first vehicle would not be able to exit theparking lot.

The procedure of exiting the parking space is the sameas the entrance procedure, except the fact that thecommunication is established between the mobile phone andthe control unit at the exit. Information that the user has leftthe parking lot is stored to enable re-entering the parking lot.

3. Experimental setup

The experimental system has been set up to demonstrate thefunctionality of the proposed model. Functionality evaluationis achieved by a series of experiments with the aim to: determine the strength of the Bluetooth signal in the

vicinity of the control cabinet; determine a suitable position of the Bluetooth converter

module antennas in the controller cabinet; and determine the distance between the vehicle and the control

cabinets using RSSI.

The experimental system is an upgrade to the existing systemfor the parking access control using RFID. The existing

system for the parking access control using RFID tags consistsof the following: control unit, two vehicle presence sensors,barriers, semaphore and RFID tag readers. For the purpose ofthe experiments and for testing the access control by using theBluetooth communication, another control unit and another

Bluetooth converter module have been added to the existingsystem, both at the entrance and at the exit. The upgradedsystem preserves the functionality of the existing accesscontrol system using RFID.

Figure 4shows the actual layout of the realized system. Thesystem consists of the control cabinet, barrier boom,semaphore, presence sensors, Bluetooth converter moduleand mobile phone.

The control unit consists of a programmable logic controllerFesto FC440 and additional components such as powersupplies, relays, etc. To enable communication between themobile phone and the control unit, the PSI-WL-RS232-RS485/BT Phoenix Contact PSI Bluetooth converter moduleshave been used. These components are placed in a control

cabinet. Bluetooth converter modules are configured to workas servers. The transmit power of the Bluetooth convertermodules is set to the maximum (100 mW or 20 dBm). Inaddition, Bluetooth modules are set up to close the connectionif there is no communication for one minute. The system hastwo barrier booms, one for entrance and another for exit.Inductive loops are used as vehicle presence sensors. Twoinductive loops are used for the entrance path and two for theexit path.

A mobile phone sends commands and data to the controlunit to authorize the user to enter the parking lot. The controlunit has no ability to communicate directly via Bluetooth with

Figure 3 The phases of the vehicles entrance to the parking lot



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a mobile phone; hence, the Bluetooth converter modules areused. The Bluetooth converter module serves as a bridgebetween mobile phones and the control unit. A mobile phoneand the Bluetooth converter communicate via Bluetooth,while the Bluetooth converter module and the control unitcommunicate through the RS232 serial communication. Thecontrol unit, based on the received data and commands froma mobile phone, as well as signals from the vehicle presencesensors, controls the barrier booms and the semaphore. Basedon information from the vehicle presence sensors, the controlunit determines the point in which the barrier boom is to belifted and the point when the barrier boom can be lowered toavoid damage to the vehicle and to the barrier boom. Thebarrier boom is used to prevent unauthorized users to enter

the parking lot. The semaphore displays the current state ofthe system, and has two lights: green and red. The green light

means that the parking is functioning properly and that thereare vacant places in the parking lot. In that case, the userauthentication and the access to the parking lot are possible.The red light indicates that the parking is not functioningproperly or there are no vacant places at the parking area; inthat case, the user authentication and entrance to the parkinglot are not possible.

The experiment consists of measuring the strength of theBluetooth signal between a mobile phone and thecorresponding Bluetooth converter module. Measurementshave been performed for four different antenna configurationsas shown in Figure 5. Antenna configurations are typicalmodes of placing the antennas in practice. Antennas aretypically placed vertically or horizontally.

Measurements are performed with the mobile phone HTCDesire with the Android operating system. The appropriate

Figure 4 Actual layout of the realized system

Figure 5 Antenna configuration inside the control cabinet



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application has been developed to measure the signal strength.Measured values are stored in XML files. The phone, duringthe measurement, is in the car, in the middle of the vehiclebetween the drivers and the front passengers seats. Thedimensions of the fields in which the measurements arecarried out are 14 21 m2.Figure 6shows the layout of thesystem and the points at which the signal strength is measured.

The points represent the positions of the vehicle on entering orexiting the parking lot. During the measuring, the vehicle ispositioned so that each point presents the position of themobile phone in relation to the control cabinet.

The measurement is performed in 19 points, 9 points onthe entrance path (points 1-7, 18 and 19) and 10 points onthe exit path (8-17), related to the configuration of thecomponents, the dimensions of the parking lot and theaccess roads toward the barrier booms. For the entrance

path, the signal strength is measured between the mobilephone and the Bluetooth converter module at the entrance.For the exit path, the signal strength is measured between themobile phone and the Bluetooth converter module at exit.

Measuring entering and exiting times were also carried outfor two paths, one for entering and one for exiting parking lot.Entering path goes through points: 19, 18, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and

8 (Figure 6). Exiting path goes through points: 16, 8, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15 and 18 (Figure 6).

4. Experimental results and discussion

At each point of measurement, for all four antennaconfiguration, 101 measurements have been conducted.Antenna configurations are referred to as Conf1 for theconfiguration 1, Conf2 for the configuration 2, Conf3 for the

Figure 6 Points where the Bluetooth signal strength is measured



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configuration 3 and Conf4 for the configuration 4. Inconfigurations 1 and 3, the antenna for the entrance path is atthe same position, so that one measurement is conducted forthe entrance path for both configurations. During themeasurements, RSSI values range from 89 (minimummeasured value) to 36 (maximum measured value). Thesignal is stronger if the RSSI value is greater.Figures 7and8

show the mean values of the measured signals for the entranceand the exit path, respectively. Figures 9and 10 provide anoverview of the number of failed connections for each point onthe entrance and exit paths, respectively.

Table I shows a statistical overview of measured results,which includes minimum value, maximum value, average(mean) value, average deviation, standard deviation andnumber of failed connection for every configuration and everypoint.

For the entrance path, the highest mean signal strengthvalue is at the point 5, at the distance of 1 m from the controlcabinet. The minimum mean signal strength is at the point 19,at the distance of 15.3 m. The highest mean signal strength forthe exit path is measured at the point 13, at a distance of 1 mfrom the control cabinet. The minimum value is measured atthe point 17, at a distance of 10 m. By analyzing the failed

connections during measuring, the points 19 and 17 have thehighest number of failed measurements.

The points on the exit path have a lower mean value of thesignal strength and more failed measurements of the signalstrength compared to the entrance path. This fact is aconsequence of the structure of the control cabinet. At theentrance, there is a 3-mm-thick steel door. At the exit, there isa 3-mm-thick steel cabinet wall and an additional 3-mm-thicksteel plate, on which the system components are mounted.

Figure 7 Overview of the mean values of the measured RSSI for the entrance path

Figure 8 Overview of the mean values of the measured RSSI for the exit path



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The criteria for selecting a suitable antenna position are thesignal strength and the number of failed measurements in thecorresponding points for each Bluetooth converter module.Based on the measured signal strength values and thenumber of the failed connections, the conclusion is that theconfiguration 2 has the highest signal strength value andthe least number of times when the phone is unable to find

the Bluetooth converter module.The deviation of the maximum and the minimum

measured signal strength values from the mean value ishigh; hence, it is not possible to accurately determine thedistance between the mobile phone and the Bluetoothconverter module based on a single measurement. As anexample, Figures 11 and 12 show the measured signalstrength values for the configuration 2 for the entrance andthe exit path, respectively. Multiple signals measuring is notpractical for the system, as the required measuring timewould be significantly longer than the time needed for thevehicle to approach the control cabinet.

The obtained values of the signal strength have too highdeviations, so the distance between the users mobile phone,and the control units cannot be accurately determined. This isbecause RSSI is quite loosely defined in Bluetoothspecification (Kotanen et al., 2003). However, the obtainedvalues can be used to adjust the Bluetooth converter moduleantennas and the transmit power of the Bluetooth converter

modules to avoid the problem associated with the arrival oftwo users simultaneously. For additional security, theBluetooth converter modules are configured only to supportpoint-to-point communication. This means that only onemobile phone can be connected to the Bluetooth convertermodule during the entrance/exit procedure.

Entering and exiting time were measured for both Bluetoothparking access system and RFID parking access system foreach path.Figure 13(a)shows the times for entering path ofBluetooth and RFID parking access control. Figure 13(b)shows the times for exiting path for both systems for accesscontrol.Figure 13shows that the average time for system with

Figure 9 Overview of the number of failed connections for the entrance path

Figure 10 Overview of the number of failed connections for the exit path



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TableIStatistica

loverv

iew

ofRSSIexperimentalresu

lts

Pointsof

measurement

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

Configuration

1

Minimum

82

86

84

60

61

58

74

75

84

85

85

80

62

71

84

71

87

88

83

Maximum

63

63

59

51

38

40

52

54

66

66

63

56

44

43

53

61

73

67

80

Average

71

.56

73

.42

65

.85

55

.10

45

.41

47

.51

61.00

59

.88

73

.56

74

.18

72

.13

60

.49

52

.26

52

.23

60

.81

66

.07

81

.51

75

.39

81

.50

Averagedeviation

3.8

2

3.94

3.9

5

1.4

0

3.7

0

3.5

3

3.94

2.9

9

3.6

6

3.3

4

2.7

2

2

.12

3.4

3

4.2

6

3.7

8

1.4

8

2.5

3

3.0

3

1.5

0

Standarddeviation

4.6

2

4.74

4.9

3

1.7

5

4.8

8

4.2

3

4.80

3.8

0

4.4

9

4.3

7

3.6

4

3

.10

4.1

2

5.5

4

5.2

8

1.9

4

3.2

6

3.9

5

2.1

2

Notfound

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

3

2

0

0

0

0

0

64

4

99

Configuration

2

Minimum

75

80

79

75

62

58

78

79

88

79

76

58

59

76

77

74

80

69

75

Maximum

57

53

50

45

41

44

46

53

56

54

53

41

36

41

48

58

59

54

57

Average

63

.86

61

.89

59

.50

54

.05

46

.32

48

.32

55.43

60

.26

64

.93

61

.31

60

.86

44

.81

40

.74

51

.55

55

.52

63

.87

68

.09

60

.17

62

.49

Averagedeviation

3.2

7

3.98

5.2

5

4.9

1

2.5

6

2.4

5

3.30

3.7

4

3.7

4

4.6

3

4.0

7

2

.05

1.7

9

5.7

6

4.3

1

3.2

8

3.6

5

2.4

6

2.5

9

Standarddeviation

4.2

3

5.15

6.6

8

6.3

1

3.2

8

3.1

9

4.85

5.2

2

5.5

0

5.8

4

5.2

9

2

.98

2.9

1

7.1

2

5.4

0

4.1

0

4.6

6

3.2

1

3.4

9

Notfound

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

Configuration

3

Minimum

82

86

84

60

61

58

74

85

82

88

81

76

80

77

74

85

86

88

83

Maximum

63

63

59

51

38

40

52

64

68

71

65

57

42

45

53

68

70

67

80

Average

71

.56

73

.42

65

.85

55

.10

45

.41

47

.51

61.00

74

.03

74

.16

77

.08

70

.09

62

.48

54

.74

55

.33

59

.99

74

.41

75

.45

75

.39

81

.50

Averagedeviation

3.8

2

3.94

3.9

5

1.4

0

3.7

0

3.5

3

3.94

5.0

1

2.8

4

2.9

1

2.7

4

2

.01

5.0

2

4.2

6

3.2

6

2.8

4

2.7

4

3.0

3

1.5

0

Standarddeviation

4.6

2

4.74

4.9

3

1.7

5

4.8

8

4.2

3

4.80

5.9

1

3.5

1

3.6

4

3.6

6

3

.03

6.6

8

5.7

1

4.1

6

3.6

6

3.5

0

3.9

5

2.1

2

Notfound

0

4

0

0

0

0

0

11

34

37

1

0

0

0

0

9

18

4

99

Configuration

4

Minimum

82

83

86

81

67

51

73

85

84

87

83

86

70

63

82

89

87

87

83

Maximum

61

64

63

55

44

44

56

64

67

74

64

61

46

47

57

69

70

70

69

Average

69

.82

72

.16

70

.17

65

.60

50

.65

46

.96

63.92

72

.54

74

.09

79

.44

70

.26

67

.78

52

.41

52

.49

67

.96

77

.49

77

.10

76

.79

75

.56

Averagedeviation

3.5

7

2.95

3.8

8

3.5

0

4.5

7

1.1

8

2.73

3.0

3

3.8

2

3.0

5

3.0

9

4

.31

3.4

8

2.3

9

5.3

4

3.2

0

3.5

2

3.1

6

2.5

1

Standarddeviation

4.5

8

3.72

4.7

8

4.3

6

5.4

4

1.4

7

3.59

3.8

6

4.5

9

3.5

9

4.2

2

5

.49

4.4

0

3.0

7

6.4

8

4.0

2

4.3

0

3.9

7

3.1

4

Notfound

0

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

5

67

1

0

0

0

1

54

17

31

14



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Bluetooth is shorter than system with RFID access control. Inaddition, Bluetooth exiting path takes longer than enteringpath due to the fact that on that side of control cabinet is adouble 3-mm steel plate.

In Table II, statistical overview of experiments withmeasurements of time for entering and exiting parking lot isgiven. Table II shows that average entry time for Bluetooth

parking access is 12.54 seconds and the average entry time forRFID parking access is 19.5 seconds. For exit path times, theaverage entry times are 14.9 and 19.66 seconds, respectively.Bluetooth parking access control takes less time due to the factthat the user does not need to stop the car.

The experimental period lasted a month. The rate ofsuccess in this experiment (after setting the values of theBluetooth antenna signal) was 100 per cent. Certainly, itcould be expected for problems to occur in the future.Evaluation of the performance over a longer period is left forfurther research. In this kind of system, active RFID tags canalso be used. The most important advantage of active RFIDtags is reading distance which can be 20 m. If they areimplemented, the procedure of entering/exit parking lot will

be similar to procedure with Bluetooth. On the other hand,the cost of a system with active RFID would be much higher

Figure 11Overview of the measured RSSI values for theconfiguration 2 and the entrance path

Figure 12Overview of the measured RSSI values for theconfiguration 2 and the exit path

Figure 13 Parking access times

Table II Statistical overview of parking access time results

Path

Bluetooth RFID Card

Enter Exit Enter Exit

Average value 12.54 14.9 19.5 19.66Minimum 10.8 10.7 17.7 17.9

Maximum 15.90 23.30 22.10 21.40

Average deviation 1.09 1.86 0.78 0.72

Standard deviation 1.32 2.59 0.98 0.92



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because the price of the active tags are from $20-50, while theprice of passive tags are from $0.1-4. In addition, the tag lifeof active RFID tag is from 3 to 8 years, while the tag life ofpassive RFID tags is up to 10 years. This is due to a fact thatthe active RFID tags are battery powered, while passive tagshave no internal power source. All these facts support theimplementation of the Bluetooth technology.

5. Conclusion

This paper describes the system for parking access controlusing the Bluetooth technology. The described system allowsthe detection of the presence and the identification of usersusing a mobile phone and the Bluetooth. The userspresence detection and the identification when entering/exiting the parking space are performed without stoppingthe vehicle. Successful implementation of this accesscontrol system is based on determining the proper value ofthe Bluetooth signal strength field that extends around thecontrol cabinet in which the Bluetooth devices are situated.Further research will be directed at solving the problem ofpresence detection and the identification of the users whosedistance is greater than 20 m.

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Corresponding authorStevan Stankovski can be contacted at: [email protected]

To purchase reprints of this article please e-mail: [email protected] visit our web site for further details: www.emeraldinsight.com/reprints



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