srdul ismg kvisr : jivn aqy...
TRANSCRIPT
AiDAwie pihlw
srdUl isMG kvISr : jIvn Aqy S^sIAq
srdUl isMG kvISr jI aunHW igxIAW cuxIAW mhwn hsqIAW ivcoN sn
ijnHW ny rwjnIiqk au~cweIAW q`k pu~jx dy nwl-nwl gurmiq isDWqW dI
ivAwiKAw Aqy ivsQwr kIqw[ rwjnIqIvyqw hox dy nwl-nwl Awp is`K swihq
dy Kyqr ivc iek sPl lyKk vjoN vI ivcrdy rhy hn[ srdUl isMG kvISr
jI ny gurmiq dy isDWqW dI bOiDk ivAwiKAw dwrSink Aqy qulnwqimk
idRStIkox qoN kIqI hY[ Awp ny gurmiq dI ivAwiKAw kridAW BwrqI Aqy
p`CmI icMqkW dy hvwilAW ƒ vrq ky pRsquq kIqy jw rhy ivcwrW ƒ idRV kIqw
hY[ kvISr jI ivAwiKAwkwrI dy Kyqr ivc iek Drm-SwsqrI, dwrSink
vjoN nzr AwauNdy hn[
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny jIvn dy smkwlI smyN ijs ivc auh
ivcr rhy sn, dyS dI AzwdI dIAW lihrW ivc iek suqµqrqw sµgrwmI vjoN
Bwg ilAw Aqy nwl hI Dwrimk lihrW dI AgvweI kIqI[ Awp Dwrimk
lihrW dI AgvweI krn vwly pVHy-ilKy isMG sBweI icMqkW ivcoN sn[
jnm
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI dw jnm 1886 eI. ivc iek au~Gy is`K
Grwxy ivc AµimRqsr ivKy hoieAw[1 qyjvµq mwn Aqy suirMdr isMG kohlI
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr dw jnm 1889 eI. mµndy hn[2 ienHW qoN ielwvw
2
sB jIvnIkwrW ny srdUl isMG kvISr jI dw jnm 1886 eI. hI mµinAw hY
ijhVw ik vDyry Xog jwpdw hY[ pr aunHW dI jnm imqI Aqy mhIny bwry iksy
sRoq qoN jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[ suirMdr isMG kohlI ienHW nUuµ pitAwly dw Asl
vsnIk d`sdy hn ijs dI iksy hor sRoq qoN puStI nhIN huµdI[3 Awp dw
pitAwlyy nwl bhuqw vwsqw nhIN irhw[ lwhOr Aqy id`lI ivKy vDyry smW
invws krn bwry pRwpq hoey q~Q d`sdy hn ik kvISr jI pitAwly bhuqw smW
nhIN rhy[
pirvwirk ipCokV
srdUl isMG kvISr dw pirvwirk ipCokV gurU goibMd isMG jI dy iek
pRymI is`K bwbw swihb isMG nwl jw juVdw hY[ bwbw swihb isMG dy pu`qr
‘‘qwrw isMG au~c kotI dy ivdwvwn Aqy nyqw sn, ijnHW ƒ mhwrwjw rxjIq
isMG dy ivSyS ivBwg ivc kµm krn dw mwx pRwpq sI[ mhwrwj pws keI
aurdU &wrsI dy kvI sn, ijhVy AwpxIAW rcnwvW suxw ky mhwrwj qoN mwx-
vifAweI qy ienwm lYNdy rihMdy sn[ iek idn PwrsI Swier ny qwhnw mwirAw
ik kI pµjwbI zubwn dw A`j q`k koeI kvI hoieAw hY? eys qwhny ƒ srdwr
qwrw isMG ny bVw hI mihsUs kIqw Aqy iek pµjwbI kivqw rc ky drbwr ivc
pVH ky suxweI, ijs ƒ sux ky swry Aihlkwr vwh-vwh kr au~Ty[ mhwrwjw
rxjIq isMG ny qwrw isMG ƒ ‘kvISr’ iKqwb dy ky snmwinAw, ijs krky
aunHW dw Grwxw ‘kvISr Grwxw’ pRis`D ho igAw”4 Awp dy nW nwl jo
3
‘kvISr’ ipCyqr l`gw hY auh Awp dy vfyirAW dI kwiv klw dw pRmwx Aqy
lKwiek hY[ srdwr qwrw isMG dy pu`qr srdwr Twkr isMG jI kvISr pRis`D
gwienw-cwirXw sn, ijnHW dI pRis`DI pUry pµjwb ivc sI[ srdwr Twkr isMG
dy pu`qr srdwr ikrpwl isMG vI kvISr sn, ijnHW dy Gr pRis`D is`K icMqk,
sUJvwn nyqw Aqy dyS Bgq srdUl isMG kvISr dw jnm hoieAw[
mwqw-ipqw Aqy is`iKAw
kvISr jI dy ipqw srdwr ikrpwl isMG sn, jo ik gurmiq dy DwrnI
Aqy idRV ivSvwsI sn[ ies leI gurmiq dI muFlI ividAw Awp ƒ Gr ivcoN
hI pRwpq hoeI[ Awpny AwpxI muFlI is`iKAw AµimRqsr ivKy hI pRwpq kIqI
sI[ 1909 eI. ivc Awp ny pµjwb XUnIvristI lwhOr qoN bI.ey. dI ifgrI
pRwpq kIqI[5 ies dOrwn Awp XUnIvristI dI ikRkt Aqy Putbwl tIm dy
iKfwrI vI rhy[6 Awp ny ienHW dohW KyfW ivc muhwrq hwsl kIqI hoeI sI Aqy
keI vwrI Aµqr-XUnIvristI mukwbilAW ivc Bwg ilAw Aqy XUnIvristI ƒ
sPlqw idvweI[
Awp ny AYm.ey. rwjnIqI Swsqr ivc dw^lw ilAw, pr AkwlI
moricAW Aqy AzwdI dIAW lihrW ivc Bwg lYx kwrn AYm.ey. dI pVHweI
ibnW ifgrI ley, A`D ivckwr C`f id`qI[7 qyjvµq mwn d`sdy hn, ik srdwr
srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny mihMdrw kwlj, pitAwlw qoN bI.ey. kIqI sI[8 ieh
4
ivcwr iblkul pRmwixq nhIN l`gdw ikauNik bwkI sB ivdvwnW ny ieh mµinAw
hY ik Awp ny bI.ey. pµjwb XUnIvristI lwhOr qoN kIqI sI[
ivAwh Aqy sµqwn
srdUl isMG kvISr jI dw Anµd kwrj srdwrnI blvµq kOr nwl
hoieAw[ Awp dy Gr iek pu`qr ikRSn isMG Aqy iek pu`qrI ikRSn kOr pYdw
hoey[ Awp dy puqr Aqy puqrI ny muFlI is`iKAw lwhOr ivKy hI pRwpq kIqI
sI[ 1947 eI. ivc dyS Azwd hox ipCoN dyS vµf kwrn Awp ƒ lwhOr C`fxw
ipAw Aqy Awp pirvwr smyq id`lI Aw gey sn[ ieQy Aw ky ikRSn isMG ny
Swm ƒ l`gx vwly kwlj ivc dw^lw lY ilAw sI, Aqy 1949 eI. ivc POj
ivc BrqI ho ky ikRSn isMG ny 1963 eI. ivc syvw mukqI pRwpq kIqI sI[
syvw mukq hox auprµq Awp AmrIkw cly gey sn[ Awp AmrIkw qoN 2002
eI. ivc vwips Aw gey Aqy A`jk`lH Awp nOiefw ivKy rih rhy hn[
ikRSn isMG kvISr ny srdUl isMG kvISr nW dw iek tr`st vI
bxwieAw hoieAw hY[ ies dy qihq Awp pVHn vwly grIb b`icAW dI mdd
krdy hn[
p`qrkwr Aqy sµpwdk
srdUl isMG kvISr ny bI. ey. krn auprµq p`qrkwrI dI isKlweI
mihMdrw kwlj pitAwlw dy ipRMsIpl pwsoN leI9 Aqy p~qrkwr vjoN AwpxI
iek invyklI pCwx bxweI[ Awp dw sMbµD smyN-smyN keI h&qwvwrI, mwisk
5
Aqy rozwnw p`qrW nwl iksy nw iksy rUp ivc irhw hY, ijnHW ivc Awp ny
sµsQwpk, sMpwdk Aqy pRbµDk dy qOr qy v`K-v`K smyN kwrj kIqw hY, ienHW
ivcoN kuJ iek bwry ieQy jwxn dw Xqn kIqw jw irhw hY[
is`K irvIaU
Awp ny 1913 eI. ivc id`lI qoN ‘is`K irvIaU’ nW dw AµgryzI mwisk
p`qr k`F ky p`qrkwrI dy Kyqr ivc kdm r`iKAw[ Awp iek DV`lydwr
p`qrkwr sn[ ies krky Awp ƒ keI vwr jylH jwxw ipAw[ ies p`qr ivc
Awp ny cIP Kwlsw dIvwn dI Aµgryz BgqI ivru`D vI iliKAw sI[ 1913 eI.
ivc Aµgryz srkwr ny gurduAwrw rkwb gµj dI kµD Fwh id`qI sI[ Awp ny
AwpxI ies p`iqRkw ivc srkwr dw ivroD kIqw Aqy srkwr ivru`D jµg CyV
id`qI sI[ ies ivroD kwrn srkwr ny Awp jI dI piqRkw qy pwbµdI lw ky
Awp ƒ id`lI ’coN bwhr k`F id`qw sI[10
inaU hYrwlf
is`K irvIaU qy pwbµdI lgx auprµq Awp lwhOr Aw gey sn Aqy ieQy Aw
ky 1921 eI. ivc Awp ny ‘inaU hYrwlf’ nW dw spqwihk p`qr dubwrw 1921
eI. ivc SurU kr id`qw sI[ ieh p`qr 1927 eI. q`k cldw irhw[
sµgq
1921 eI. ivc hI Awp ny inaU hYrwlf AµgryzI p`qr ƒ pµjwbI ivc
‘sµgq’11 nW hyTW pµjwbI pVHy-ilKy lokW leI pRkwiSq kIqw sI[ ieh h&qwvwr
6
p`qr Dwrimk vI sI qy rwjnIiqk vI[ Awp dw ieh p`qr Akwdimk p`qr
vjoN pRis`D hoieAw[ ies bwry sUbw isMG ies pRkwr ilKdy hn, ‘‘kvISr jI
au~c kotI dy ivdvwn sn[ ies leI ‘sµgq’ dIAW ilKqW ƒ bVy ghu nwl
piVHAw jWdw sI[ ieQoN q`k ik Dwrimk bihsW Aqy ielmI munwzirAW ivc
iehnW ilKqW ƒ AwDwr mµn ky g`l kIqI jWdI sI[”12 is`K jgq ivc ieh
p`qr hrmn ipAwrw sI, pr bwAd ivc mwiek AOkVW kwrn ies ƒ
‘ikrpwn bhwdr’ nwl rlw id`qw igAw sI[13
ikrpwn bhwdr qy sµgq14
ieh p`qr Awp nvW nhIN SurU kIqw sgoN sMgq nMU ikrpwn bhwdr nwl
rlw ky ikrpwn bhwdr qy sMgq isrlyK ADIn clwieAw jwx l`gw[ pr
ieh Bys vtweI vI ies ƒ lµmI izµdgI nw dy skI, pr 1927 eI. q`k
c`lidAW ies p`qr ny is`K pµQ dI v`fmu`lI syvw kIqI sI[15
inrBY AkwlI
ikrpwn bhwdr qy sMgq dy bMd hox ip`CoN Awp ny inrBY AkwlI rozwnw
SurU krn dw auprwlw kIqw[16 ieh p`qr ‘AkwlI qy pRdysI’ dI QW inkilAw
sI[ igAwnI au~qm isMG Aqy srdwr rxDIr isMG ies dy Asl AYfItr sn,
BwvyN AYfItr dy qOr qy ies dy aupr nW rxjoD isMG dw Cpdw sI[ ieh rozwnw
A^bwr Awpxw iek swl vI pUrw nhIN kr sikAw[
7
ihµdusqwnI
Awp ny ieh aurdU h&qwvrI A^bwr 10 jnvrI, 1926 eI.17 ƒ SurU
kIqw sI[ ies dy AYfItr Awp Kud sn[ ies dy SurU hox smyN ies dy
ieSiqhwr ‘sµgq’ ivc Cpdy sn[ ieh p`qr vI bhuqw lµmw smW nhIN cl
sikAw[
AkwlI
srdUl isMG kvISr rozwnw AkwlI A^bwr ƒ SurU krn vwly ies dy
mo~FIAW ivcoN sn[ Awp ies A^bwr dI pRbµDk kmytI dy mYNbrW ivcoN sn[18
Awp ny ies A^bwr ƒ SurU krn ivc Aihm BUimkw inBweI sI[ 1920 eI.
ivc meI dy idnW ’c mwstr suµdr isMG, srdwr hrcµd isMG lwielpurI,
srdUl isMG kvISr, igAwnI hIrw isMG drd qy aunHW dy swQI lwhOr iek`Ty
hoey Aqy rozwnw AkwlI A^bwr k`Fx dw PYslw kIqw[ auprokq sµjIdw is`K
AwgUAW dy XqnW sdkw, ‘‘srdUl isMG kvISr dy CwpyKwny ‘pIplz pRYs’19
rwm glI ivc A^bwr dy Cpvwaux dw pRbµD kIqw igAw[”20 21 meI, 1920
eI. nUM rozwnw ‘AkwlI’ A^bwr dw pihlw prcw CipAw[ hrijMdr isMG
idlgIr AkwlI A^bwr bwry ilKdy hn, ‘‘AkwlI A^bwr ny mwArky dw rol
Adw kIqw[ hr pwsy ‘AkwlI’ ‘AkwlI’ Aqy ‘Akwl’ ‘Akwl’ hox l`g
peI[ AkwlI A^bwr nwl sYNkVy qy iPr hzwrW is`K iek dUjy nwl juV gey[
iehnW swirAW ƒ ‘AkwlI’ AwiKAw jwx l`g ipAw[ iehnW swirAW dI pµQ
8
ivc lwswnI QW bx geI[ hOlI-hOlI, hr pwsy, nIlIAW p`gW qy ikrpwnW vwly
AkwlI nzr Awaux l`g pey[ swrw pµQ iehnW dy AwKy ’qy Pu`l cVHwaux vwsqy
iqAwr ho igAw sI[ smu`cw ‘is`K homlYNf’ hux ‘AkwlI’ bxdw jwpx l`g
ipAw[ ies mwhOl ivc iek Ax-AYlwnI ‘AkwlI lihr’ c`l peI[”21 iehI
AkwlI lihr gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dy rUp ivc auBr ky swhmxy AweI sI[
bnwrs ihMdU XUnIvristI ivc PYlo leI cox
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr ƒ Drm Aqy drSn dI cµgI sUJ sI[ Awp
ny BwrqI Aqy p`CmI drSn dw ivSwl AiDAYn kIqw hoieAw sI[ aunHW ivc
DrmW dy qulnwqimk AiDAYn dI rucI bhuq pRbl sI, ijs krky bnwrs ihµdU
XUnIvristI ny 1917 eI. ivc PYlo leI Awp dI cox kIqI[22 auQy rih ky
Awp ny sµswr dy DrmW dw AiDAYn qulnwqimk pirpyK ivc kIqw Aqy Awpxy
AiDAYn ƒ hor ivSwl bxwieAw[ ijs sdkw Awp ny ip`CoN ‘is`K Drm
drSn’, ‘Of Sikhism’, ‘The Sikh Studies’ isrlyK ADIn pusqkW is`K
Drm drSn dy AiDAYn dI JolI ivc pweIAW[ aunHW ny is`K ivAwiKAw swihq
ƒ prµprwgq ivAwiKAw p`DqI qoN htw ky ies dI idSw dwrSinkqw vl moV
ky ivAwiKAw dI nvIN iprq pweI[
gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dw mu`F
is`K lIg dI sQwpnw BwvyN 1919 eI. ivc ho geI sI pr ies ny koeI
v`fw kwrj nhIN sI kIqw[ pµj mhIny bIqx qoN bwAd vI is`K lIg Ajy q`k
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isrP kwZzI jQybµdI sI[ dUjy pwsy is`K icµqk gurduAwirAW dy hwlwq qoN
icMiqq sn[ aunHW idnW ’c is`K AwgU v`K-v`K ielwikAW ivc gurduAwirAW
dw pRbµD mhµqW Aqy srkwr dI QW is`K sµgqW dy h`QW ivc qbdIl krn leI
ivcwrW kr rhy sn[ gurduAwrw rkwb gMj dw mwmlw vI Ajy A`D ivckwr hI
sI ik srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr ny gurduAwrw rkwb gµj dw morcw lw ky
gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dI nINh r`KI[23
gurduAwrw rkwb gµj dw morcw
1911 eI. ivc Aµgryz srkwr ny Bwrq dI rwjDwnI klk`qw dI QW qy
id`lI bxwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ id`lI ivc sk`qryq Aqy pwrlImYNt hwaUs
bxwaux dw PYslw kIqw[ ies dy nwl hI vwiesrwey dI koTI bxwaux dI
qjvIz pyS kIqI geI[ vwiesrwie dI koTI qoN jo sVk Sihr v`l ivauNqI
geI aus sVk dy ivckwr gurduAwrw rkwb gµj dI iemwrq AwauNdI sI[
srkwr ny sVk is`DI r`Kx leI gurduAwry dI kµD Fwhux dw PYslw kIqw qy
ies leI mhµqW qoN vI AwigAw lY leI[ 1913 eI. ivc srkwr ny Awpxy
nkSy muqwibk kµD dw kuJ ih`sw Fwh id`qw[ jd ies g`l dI ^br srdwr
srdUl isMG kvISr jI q`k phuµcI qW aunHW ny Awpxy swQIAW nwl iml ky 3
meI, 1914 eI. ƒ twaUn hwl AµimRqsr ivKy is`K AwgUAW dw iek`T s`idAw,
pr ies iek`T ivc koeI mqw pws nw ho sikAw[ ies leI Awp ny in`jI
10
p`Dr qy hI srkwr ivru`D jµg CyV id`qI[ Awp duAwrw CyVI ies jµg ivc
bhuq is`KW ny Awp jI dw swQ id`qw[
ijs smyN ieh Aµdoln c`l irhw sI aunHW idnW ivc hI pihlw ivSvXuD
SurU ho igAw[ srkwr ny srdwr kvISr jI pws bynqI kIqI ik Xu`D smwpq
hox q`k ieh Aµdoln bµd kr id`qw jwvy[ Xu`D smwpq hox qy ieh kµD auswr
id`qI jwvygI[ kvISr jI ny Awpxw vwAdw inBwauNdy hoey gurduArw rkwb gMj
dI kMD dI punr-auswrI dw mwmlw kuJ smyN leI mulqvI kr id`qw pr Xu`D
smwpq hox auprµq srkwr Awpxy vwAdy qoN mu`kr geI[kvISr jI dy mn
ivc ies g`l qy ros jwg ipAw aunHW ny “gurduAwrw rkwb gµj swihb dI kµD
auswrn leI iek ‘ShIdI jQw’ iqAwr krn leI 2 sqµbr, 1920 eI. dy
‘AkwlI’ AKbwr ivc 100 is`KW dI mµg kIqI jo pµQ vwsqy Awpxy Awp ƒ
ShId krvwaux leI iqAwr hox[”24 Awp ny ies lyK ivc Aijhy is`KW dI
mµg kIqI jo SWqmeI rihMdy hoey AwpxI ShIdI dy skx, ies smyN is`KW ivc
joS AwieAw[ ‘‘ies lyK Cpx qoN bwAd 15 idnW ivc hI ies kwrj leI
700 qoN v`D ivAkqIAW ny Awpxy Awp ƒ pµQ dI syvw leI Byt kIqw[ ienHW
ivc kuJ ihMdU Aqy kuJ muslmwn vI sn[”25
1 dsµbr, 1920 eI. ƒ jQy ny id`lI phuµc ky kµD auswrn dw PYslw
kIqw, Awp ies jQy dy AwgU sn[ ies qoN pihlW ik jQw id`lI phuµcdw,
srkwr ny pihlW hI kµD dI auswrI kr id`qI[ ies qrHW Awp ny srkwr
11
ivru`D CyVI jµg ivc ij`q hwisl kIqI Aqy gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dI nINh
r`KI[
SRomxI kmytI dI sQwpnw qoN pihlW vI is`K gurduAwirAW dy suDwr leI
kµm kr rhy sn[ ieh j`iQAW dy rUp ivc sµgiTq huµdy sn Aqy iehnW dy
muKIAW ƒ j`Qydwr ikhw jWdw sI[ ‘‘Aijhy pihly j`Qy dw nW ‘ShIdI dl’ sI
ijhVw ik srdUl isMG kvISr dI pRyrnw nwl bixAw sI Aqy ijs dw kµm
id`lI dy gurduAwrw rkwb gµj dI dIvwr ƒ punr sQwpq krnw sI[ mwstr
qwrw isMG ny vI Awpxy Awp ƒ ies j`Qy ivc Swiml hox leI pyS kIqw
sI[”26 ieh auhI j`Qw sI ijs dw vrxn auØ`pr kIqw igAw hY[
gurduAwrw cumwlw swihb
lwhOr ivc gurduAwrw cumwlw swihb (pwqSwhI CyvIN) dy gRµQI hrI isMG
ny gurduAwry ivc mnmq dw mwhOl pYdw kIqw hoieAw sI[ auh gurduAwry ivc
sµgqW ƒ Tihrn nhIN sI idMdw[ ausny srW dy kmry bu`cVW Aqy mIt vycx
vwilAW ƒ id`qy hoey sn[ auh gRµQI vjoN vI syvw nhIN sI krdw ijs krky
sµgqW aus qoN bhuq duKI sn[ ies sMbµD ivc ‘‘iek vwr Kwlsw pRcwr jQy ny
iek mIitµg 21 Agsq, 1920 eI. dy idn bulw leI[ ies ’qy gRµQI ny Awpxy
GrW dIAW AOrqW ƒ Byj ky hmlw krvw ky mIitµg ivc ^ll pwieAw Aqy
nwl hI iehnW dI kwrvweI rokx leI Adwlq ivc dwAvw vI kr id`qw[”27
Agly idn 22 Agsq ƒ gurduAwrw swihb ivc ies Gtnw bwry iek dIvwn
12
sjwieAw igAw[ ies dIvwn ivc srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr Aqy srdwr
suµdr isMG cwvlw ny sµgqW ƒ cumwlw swihb dI swrI Gtnw d`sI[
kuJ idnW bwAd is`KW ny ie~kTy ho ky 27 sqµbr, 1920 eI. ƒ
gurduAwrw cumwlw swihb dI syvw sµBwl Awpxy h`QW ivc lY leI[ gurduAwry
dy pRbµD leI 14 mYNbrW dw jQw bxw ilAw igAw[ ieh 14 mYNbr ieh sn:
sµq isMG, swDU isMG, bwbw isMG, gurid`q isMG, ibSn isMG, cqr isMG,
dIvwn isMG, ArUV isMG, vrXwm isMG, hrI isMG, cyq isMG, n`Qw isMG, crn
isMG, jsbIr isMG ies dOrwn pihloN kwbz gRµQI ny gurduAwry ivc vVn dI
koiSS kIqI qW ies 14 mYNbrW vwly jQy ny aus ƒ gurU Gr ivc dwKl hox hI
nhIN id`qw[ 2 AkqUbr ƒ gurduAwry dy pRbµD leI iek hor 12 mYNbrI is`K
kmytI bxI ies ivc hyT ilKy mYNbr cuxy gey: sohx isMG (sYktrI isMG sBw
isAwlkot), Amr isMG (lwiel gzt), s: b: mihqwb isMG, srdUl isMG
kvISr, mohx isMG (AYfItr is`K A^bwr), suµdr isMG reIs, mw: suµdr isMG
lwielpurI, gurid`q isMG gurbKS isMG, sµq isMG, (pRDwn pRcwrk jQw) swDU
isMG, mhµq qyjw isMG (gurduAwrw fyhrw swihb lwhOr)28, ies kmytI ny
gurduAwry dy pRbµD ƒ gurmiq Anuswr clwaux leI Awpxy h`QW ivc lY ilAw[
gurduAwrw bwby dI byr
gurduAwrw bwby dI byr isAwlkot dw pRbµD mhµq hrnwm isMG krdw
sI[ aus dI mOq 28 sqµbr, 1918 eI. ƒ ho geI[ aus dI mOq ip`CoN hrnwm
13
isMG dy ipqw pRym isMG ny Awpxy nwbwlg poqy gurcrn isMG ƒ gurduAwry dw
mhµq Qwp id`qw Aqy 8 nvµbr, 1918 eI. dy idn g`dI-nSInI dw smwgm r`K
ilAw sI[ ielwky dy is`K AwgUAW ny ies dw ivroD kIqw Aqy ies msly dy
h`l leI aunHW ny fI. sI. q`k vI phuµc kIqI sI[ fI. sI. ny pihlW is`KW dw
swQ id`qw pr bwAd ivc mhµq dy p`K ivc BugiqAw[ ies dOrwn pRym isMG
vI mr igAw[
isMG sBw (Kwlsw dIvwn) ny fI. sI. ƒ iml ky ikhw ik gurcrn isMG
Ajy nwbwlg hY ies leI gurduAwry dw pRbµD 15 mYNbrI kmytI ƒ sONipAw jwvy
ijs ivc iek numwieµdw mhµq dw hovy Aqy ieh kmytI hI gurduAwry dw pRbµD
kry[ Ajy ieh g`l c`l hI rhI sI, ik iek idn imRqk mhµq dI ivDvw
pqnI ny iek pµifq gµfw isMG ƒ Awpxy nwbwlg pu`qr dw gwrfIAn Aqy
gurduAwry dw mYnyjr lw id`qw[ is`KW ny ies dw bhuq ivroD kIqw Aqy iek
11 mYNbrI kmytI bxw ky gurduAwry dI syvw sµBwl SurU kr id`qI[ ies msly
sMbµDI is`K lIg ny lwhOr dy soFI drbwr ivc ie~kT kIqw ijs ivc ‘‘pRym
isMG soFI, srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr, srdwr moqw isMG, igAwnI Syr isMG
Awid pu`jy[ iek`T ny gurduAwry dy pµifq mhµq gµfw isMG iKlwP mqw pws
kIqw[”29 ies bwry ^brW vwiesrwey q`k vI phuµcIAW[ vwiesrwey ny
gurduAwry dw pRbµD is`KW dy hvwly krn bwry hW p`KI r`veIAw Dwrn kIqw
hoieAw sI[ gurduAwrw bwby dI byr dw pRbµD 13 julweI qoN 11 mYNbrI kmytI
14
clw rhI sI[ sqµbr dy AKIr ’c srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr Aqy srdwr
Amr isMG Jbwl pujy[ aunHW ny auQy hor is`K AwgUAW dI mdd nwl pµj mYNbrI
kmytI bxw id`qI Aqy ausƒ gurduAwry dw pRbµD sµBwlx leI AwiKAw[ ifptI
kimSnr ny ies kmytI dy vwrµt jwrI kr id`qy[ iesy rwq gurduAwry ivc
bhuq v`fw dIvwn hoieAw Aqy dIvwn ny mqw pws kIqw ik auh igRPqwrI dyx
pr jmwnq nw krvwaux[ ies kmytI dy mYNbrW ƒ ibnW Srq irhwA kr id`qw
igAw sI[ iesy rwq gurduAwry ivc bwbw KVk isMG dI dyK-ryK ivc dIvwn
AwXoijq kIqw igAw Aqy bwbw KVk isMG dI pRDwngI hyT iek 13 mYNbrI
kmytI bxweI geI[ 6 AkqUbr ƒ gurduAwrw bwby dI byr (isAwlkot) vI
is`KW dy pRbµD hyT Aw igAw[ ieh is`KW dw qIsrw morcw sI ijs ƒ Piqh
kIqw igAw sI[
rOlt AYkt dw ivroD krnw
pihlw ivSv Xu`D smwpq ho igAw sI[ ies XuD dy ^wqmy mgroN ij`Qy
sµswr dy iek ih`sy ivc jwrSwhI (qwnwSwh Swsn) Kqm hoieAw Aqy
smwjvwdI lok srkwr kwiem hoeI auQy Bwrq ivc rOlt AYkt ADIn
BwrqIAW qy AµnHy zulm Aqy qS`dd dw rwj AwrµB hoieAw[ 10 dsµbr, 1917
eI. ƒ imstr AYs. ey. rOlt dI pRDwngI hyT pµj mYNbrI kmytI bxI, ies dw
nW sfISn kmytI r`iKAw igAw[ ieh AYkt is`KW dIAW Dwrimk lihrW Aqy
nwl hI dyS dI AzwdI dIAW lihrW ƒ rokx leI bxwieAw igAw sI[ ies
15
kmytI ny jo irport 15 ApRYl, 1918 eI. ƒ pyS kIqI, aus ivc is`KW sMbµDI
ieh pYrHw iliKAw igAw sI:
‘‘dlyrI au~cI sipirt Aqy jdo-jihd krn vwly is`KW dy iKAwl Aqy
kµm ivc QoVHw hI Prk hY[ jy ieh BVkwaU ApIlW dy Asr hyT Aw jwx qW
auh ijqnI qyj ho skdw hY auqnI qyjI nwl kwrvweI krn leI ft jWdy hn
Aqy AYsy Fµg nwl kµm krdy hn ijhVw ik inXmk rwj pRbµD Aqy Amn dy
SIrwjy ƒ iKµfwaux leI Kqrnwk huµdw hY[”30
Awp ny ies rOlt AYkt dw ivroD kIqw ikauNik ieh AYkt is`KW dIAW
Dwrimk lihrW ivc vI rukwvt pwauNdw sI[ ieh AYkt is`KW dIAW Dwrimk
gqIivDIAW qy pwbµdI lwauNdw sI[ Awp ny ies AYkt dy iKlwP Aµdoln SurU
kr id`qw, ijs kwrn Awp ƒ igRPqwr kr ilAw igAw[31
Akwl kwlj msqUAwxy dI sQwpnw
Akwl ifgrI kwlj msqUAwxw dI sQwpnw sµq Aqr isMG dI pRyrnw
sdkw mhwrwjw irpUdmn isMG, BweI Arjn isMG bwgVIAw, qyjw isMG Aqy
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr dy sWJy audmW sdkw hoeI[ iek vwr qyjw isMG
sµq Aqr isMG ƒ imlx leI gey aus vkq kudrqIN sµq Aqr isMG mhwrwjw
nwBw dy lVkw Aqy lVkI ƒ AµimRq Ckwaux leI nwBy gey hoey sn jd sµq
qyjw isMG nwBy jw ky sµq Aqr isMG ƒ imly qW sµq Aqr isMG jI ny ikhw,
‘‘hux qW kudrqI smwgm bixAw hY, jy smW imly qW rwjy ƒ bySk Akwl
16
kwlj dI syvw leI AwK dyx jy rwjw khy qW bySk bnwrs C`f ky gurUswgr
swihb Aw jwxw[”32 jd ies bwry mhwrwjy nwBy nwl g`l kIqI qW aunHW ikhw
ik Awp ies bwry gurmqw krWgy[ PYslw ieh hoieAw ik gurmqw BweI Arjn
isMG bwgVIAw dy fyry qy kIqw jwvygw[
Agly idn BweI Arjn isMG bwgVIAw dy fyry qy gurmqy ivc Swiml
hox vwilAW ’c mhwrwjw nwBw, BweI Arjn isMG bwgVIAw, qyjw isMG,
srdUl isMG kvISr Awid sn[ sB ny Awpxy-Awpxy ivcwr pyS kIqy, ‘‘BweI
swihb bwgVIAw Aqy srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr ny bVy zor nwl kwlj dy
SurU krn dI hwmI BrI Aqy AwKr ieh &Yslw hoieAw ik AglI ivswKI
(1920) ƒ ieh kwrj AwrµB kIqw jwey[”33 ies gurmqy ivc ieh vI &Yslw
hoieAw ik qyjw isMG Aqy srdUl isMG kvISr Akwl tkswl Aqy Akwl
kwlj msqUAwxw swihb dy inXmW dw KrVw iqAwr krngy[
ies qoN bwAd kwlj dI iemwrq sµgqW dy sihXog nwl iqAwr ho
geI[ ies kwlj ƒ clwaux leI mhwrwjw nwBw ny AwpxI pRDwngI hyT iek
pRovIjnl kmytI inXq kIqI ijs ivc ‘‘BweI Arjn isMG bwgVIAw, srdwr
Pqih isMG bfru`Kw, srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr, srdwr bcn isMG jI
iv`idAk vjIr nwBw, srdwr ieµdr isMG jI pRYjIfYNt kONsl PrIdkot, srdwr
hrnwm isMG jI sb-j`j, srdwr joigMdr isMG gryvwl Aqy dws (sµq qyjw
17
isMG) sn[”34 ies kmytI ny kwlj dI audGwtnI rsm gurmiq mrXwdw
Anuswr vYswKI vwly idn krn dw PYslw ilAw sI[
kwlj dy hwl ivc dIvwn sjwieAw igAw ijs ivc Awsw dI vwr dw
kIrqn Aqy Ardws kIqI geI[ ies kwlj ny mwlvy dy ies iK`qy ivc au~c
is`iKAw dy Kyqr ivc v`fmu`lw Xogdwn pwieAw[
sYNtrl is`K lIg dI sQwpnw krnw
srdUl isMG kvISr jI sYNtrl is`K lIg dI sQwpnw krn vwilAW
ivc sB qoN mohrI sn[ srdwr KVk isMG Aqy hor is`K nyqwvW nwl iml ky
is`K lIg dI sQwpnw kIqI[ AkqUr, 1920 eI. ivc srdwr KVk isMG ƒ
ies dw pihlw pRDwn Aqy srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr ƒ ies dw pihlw
sk`qr cuixAw igAw[35 ies qoN bwAd 1921 eI. ivc Awp sYNtrl is`K lIg
dy dUjy pRDwn bxy Aqy is`K pµQ dI syvw kIqI[36 SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk
kmytI ivc Awpdw bhuq siqkwr kIqw jWdw sI[ 1920-21 eI. ivc Awp
SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk kmytI ivc Drm pRcwr kmytI dy sk`qr dI syvw vI
inBwauNdy rhy[37 8 AkqUbr, 1920 ƒ is`K lIg dI iek`qrqw kIqI geI[
ies iek`T ivc srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr vI Swml sn[ ies iek`T ivc
phuµcy nyqwvW ƒ nw-imlvrqn lihr ivc Bwg lYx leI Awpxy nW dyx vwsqy
ikhw igAw[ Awp ny dyS dI AzwdI dI ies lihr ivc Bwg lYx leI sB qoN
pihlW Awpxw nW id`qw[38 1921 qoN 1922 eI. ivc Awpny AkwlI moircAW
18
Aqy nw-imlvrqn lihr ivc v`D cVH ky ih`sw ilAw[ 27 meI, 1921 eI. ƒ
Awp ƒ igRPqwr kr ilAw igAw ikauNik pµjwb ivc Awp ies lihr Aqy
AkwlI moricAW dy mu`K AwgU sn[ Awp dI igRPqwrI dy ivroD ivc pµjwb
puils dy ieMspYktr ieMdr isMG ny AwpxI nOkrI qoN AsqIPw dy id`qw Aqy
nw-imlvrqn lihr Aqy Awp dI qr&dwrI kIqI[39 Awp dI igR&qwrI ip`Cy
pµjwb srkwr dw mnsUbw is`K lIg Aqy kWgrs ƒ qoVnw sI, ikauNik Awp
dohW sµgTnW dy sk`qr sn Aqy sUJvwn rwjnyqw sn[ Awp au~pr lokW ƒ
guµmrwh krn Aqy srkwr ivru`D swizS krn dy doS lwey gey Aqy Awp ƒ
pµj swl dI szw hoeI, pr iek swl dI kYd k`tx auprµq Awp ƒ irhwA kr
id`qw igAw sI[40 ies dOrwn Awp ny jylH ivcoN hI is`KW dy nW iek sµdyS jwrI
kIqw, ‘‘is`KW ƒ cwhIdw hY ik auh nw-imlvrqn lihr ivc Bwg lYx, mYƒ
igR&qwr hox qy bhuq KuSI hY, ikauNik mYN mµndw hW ik AzwdI jylH dy
drvwizAW ivcoN hI pRwpq huµdI hY[”41
ShIdI swkw nnkwxw swihb sMbµDI lyK ilKxy Aqy igR&qwrI
20 PrvrI, 1921 eI. ƒ nnkwxw swihb dw ShIdI swkw vwpirAw[
Awp dy ies sMbµDI lyK ‘AkwlI’ AKbwr ivc 14 qoN 20 mwrc, 1921 q`k
Cpy[42 ieh lyK ilKx dy kwrn Awp ƒ pµj swl dI szw hoeI Aqy AkwlI
AKbwr ƒ 40,000/-rupey jurmwnw pwieAw igAw[43 srdwr srdUl isMG
19
kvISr ƒ cwr swl dI kYd k`tx auprµq 15 Agsq, 1925 eI. ƒ irhwA kr
id`qw igAw[44
aus smyN dIAW keI smkwlI A^bwrW ijvyN ik ‘itRibaUn’ Aqy keI
hornW ny Awpdy lyKW ivcoN nuks k`Fy, ijs dy AwDwr qy srdwr swihb ƒ is`KW
ƒ BVkwauux leI mujirm TihrwieAw igAw[ pr lwlw lwjpq rwey ny
‘AkwlI’ A^bwr ivc Awpxw ibAwn ienHW lyKW sMbµDI ies pRkwr id`qw,‘‘mYN
srdUl isMG dy swry lyK pVHy hn, myrI rwey ivc nnkwxw swihb dy drdnwk
swky sMbµDI ijqny lyK Ar viKAwn pµjwb ivc hoey hn, ienHW ivc iksy purS
ny kdI vI AYsI dIrG idRStI, suGVqw Ar kOmI ipAwr dw sbUq nhIN id`qw
ijqnw ik srdUl isMG kvISr ny ienHW lyKW ivc id`qw hY[”45
srdwr srUdl isMG kvISr jI duAwrw ilKy ienHW lyKW Aqy ienHW
igR&qwrI sMbµDI lwlw lwjpq rwey ny Awpxy ivcwr ies qrHW ibAwn kIqy
hn,‘‘Awpdw ieh ibAwn prly drjy dI scweI, dlyrI, kOmI pRym Ar
kurbwnI dw nmUnw hY[ auQy mijstRyt dw &Yslw kwƒn dI nwvwkbI, pKpwq,
zorwvrI Ar ibhUdwpx dw lwswnI idRStWq hY[”46
is`K sµsQwvW qoN AsqIPw dyxw
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny 1926 eI. ivc swrIAW is`K sµsQwvW
qoN AsqIPw dy id`qw sI, pr Awp is`KW duAwrw kIqIAW jw rhIAW Dwrimk
kwrvweIAW ivc Swiml huµdy rihMdy sn[ is`K sµsQwvW qoN AsqIPw dyx auprµq
20
Awp dyS dI AzwdI leI cl rhIAW lihrW ivc jut gey Aqy dyS dI syvw
kIqI[ srdwr kvISr jI dIAW syvwvW ƒ vyKdy hoey 1927 eI. ivc ienHW ƒ
kWgrs vrikµg kmytI dw mYNbr cuixAw igAw[ Awp ny bhuqw smW iesy pd qy
rih ky dyS dI syvw kIqI[ 1932 eI. ivc kvISr jI kWgrs kmytI dy pihly
is`K pRDwn bxy Aqy isrP iek swl Awp kWgrs kmytI dy pRDwn rhy Aqy dyS
dI syvw kIqI[
sweImn kimSn dw ivroD krnw
8 nvµbr, 1927 eI. ƒ vwiesrwie ny sweImn kimSn dI inXukqI
kIqI sI[ ies kimSn nUM Bwrq ivc loVIdyN suDwrW sMbMDI irport pyS krn
leI sQwipq kIqw igAw sI, ik Bwrq ivc ikhVy-ikhVy suDwr hox vwly hn[
dyS Br ivc ies kimSn dw ivroD kIqw igAw, ikauNik ies kimSn ivc
iek vI BwrqI nwgirk nUM Swiml nhIN kIqw igAw sI[ pµjwb ivc srdwr
srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny ies dw ivroD kIqw Aqy is`KW ƒ ies kimSn dw
ivroD krn leI bynqI kIqI sI[47 30 AkqUbr, 1928 eI. ƒ sweImn
kimSn lwhOr phuµicAw[ ies dy lwhOr phuµcx qy Awp ny Awpxy swQIAW,
lwlw lwjpq rwey, pµfq mdn mohn mwlvIAw, mµgl isMG Awid nwl iml ky
ies kimSn dw ivroD kIqw sI[ puils ny ivroD kr rhy ienHW AMdolnkwrIAW
qy lwTIAW clweIAW, ijs kwrn lwlw jI bhuq zKmI ho gey Aqy 17 nvMbr,
1928 eI. ƒ idl dw dOrw pYx kwrn lwlw lwjpq rwey dI mOq ho geI[48 aunHW
21
dI mOq dw Awp ƒ bhuq sdmw l`gw ikauNik auh Awpdy im`qr, sUJvwn nyqw
Aqy iek suqµqrqw sµgrwmI sn[
isvl nw-PurmwnI lihr ivc Bwg lYxw
mhwqmw gWDI ny 6 ApRYl, 1930 eI. ivc ieh lihr SurU kIqI sI[ 5
meI, 1930 eI. ƒ gWDI jI ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw sI[ ijs krky ieh
lihr dyS ivAwpI lihr bx geI[ ies sMbµD ivc Alwhwbwd ivKy kWgrs
dI vrikµg kmytI dI bYTk 12 qoN 15 meI q`k clI, ijs ivc Awp ny vI
iSrkq kIqI[ ies bYTk ivc mqw pws kIqw igAw ik Bwrq dw hr
ividAwrQI, vkIl, srkwrI nOkr, ikswn, vpwrI, snAqkwr AzwdI dI
ies lVweI ivc Bwg lvy Aqy dyS dI AzwdI dy supny ƒ swkwr krn ivc
swfI m`dd kry[49
AzwdI dI ies jµg ivc Awp iek`ly nhIN lVy blik ienHW dI pqnI
srdwrnI blvµq kOr ny vI ienHW dy moFy nwl moFw joV ky AzwdI dI ieh jµg
lVI sI[ jd Awp lwhOr ivc ies lihr dI AgvweI kr rhy sn qW Awp
ny ivdySI vsqW dw ivroD kIqw sI Aqy iek ib`l pyS kIqw jo ivdySI k`pVw
AwXwq nw krn sMbµDI sI[ lwhOr dy bhuq swry vpwrIAW ny qW ies ib`l qy
dsqKq kr id`qy pr kuJ dukwndwrW ny ies ib`l aupr dsqKq krn qoN
ienkwr kr id`qw[ ienHW dukwnW A`gy Drnw id`qw igAw[ Drnw dyx vwly j`Qy
dI nyqw Awp dI pqnI srdwrnI blvµq kOr sI[50 ies lihr ivc Bwg lYx
22
kwrn srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ƒ igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw Aqy
kWgrs dI vrikµg kmytI qy pwbµdI lw id`qI geI[ 15 jnvrI, 1931 eI. ƒ
kWgrs dI vrikµg kmytI qy l`gI pwbµdI htw id`qI geI Aqy Awp ƒ irhwA
kr id`qw igAw[51
meI, 1931 eI. ivc kWgrs pwrtI dy mu`K nyqw fw. ikclU Aqy gwzI
Abdul rihmwn dw iksy ivcwr aupr mqByd ho igAw sI[ Awp ny ienHW
nyqwvW ƒ AwpsI mqByd Kqm krn vwsqy ApIl kIqI Aqy nwl hI AwpsI
eykqw sQwipq krn sMbµDI iek sµdyS vI jwrI kr id`qw ijs ivc AzwdI dI
lVweI leI ieksur ho ky kµm krn leI pRyirq kIqw igAw sI[52 2 AkqUbr,
1931 eI. ƒ gWDI jI dy jnm idn dy mOky gWDI h&qw mnwaux dOrwn srdwr
srdUl isMG kvISr jI Aqy fw. gopI cµd Bwrgv ny lwhOr ivc PyrI lw ky
K`dr dw k`pVw vyicAw sI[53
isvl nw-PurmwnI lihr Bwrq ivc kwPI lµmy smyN q`k cldI rhI[
srdwr kvISr jI ies lihr ivc iksy nw iksy rUp ivc kwrvweI krky
iSrkq krdy rihµdy sn, iesy krky puils ƒ lµmy smyN qoN ienHW dI Bwl sI[
puils ny Awp ƒ igR&qwr krn leI 20 jnvrI, 1932 eI. ƒ aunHW dy Gr
Aqy nwl hI pIplz ieµSorYNs kµpnI dy dPqr ivc Cwpw mwirAw, ijs dy Awp
pRbµDk inrdySk sn[54 dUjI vwr puils ny 23 mwrc, 1932 eI. ƒ Awpdy Gr
Cwpw mwirAw Aqy Awp dI pqnI srdwrnI blvMq kOr pwsoN 15 rupey jurmwny
23
dyy pRwpq kIqy[ puils ny Gr dI qlwSI leI, ies qlwSI dOrwn Awp dy GroN
puils ny iek aUnI kSmIrI Swl, iek dwqI, iek rjweI, iek srHwxw, iek
drI, iek K`dr dw tukVw Awid vsqW lY leIAW[55
12 julweI, 1933 eI. ƒ kWgrs dI kwnPrµs lwhOr ivKy hoeI[ srdwr
srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny ies kwnPrµs ivc isvl nw-PurmwnI lihr ƒ kuJ
smyN leI muA`ql krn dw ivcwr pyS kIqw, ikauNik Awp pµjwb dI siQqI qoN
cµgI qrHW vwikP sn ik pµjwb dw Awvwm ies lihr ƒ cwlU r`Kx dI siQqI
ivc nhIN Aqy aunHW dI mwlI hwlq vI ies lihr kwrn kmzor ho cu`kI hY[
ies leI Awp ny ieh suJwA id`qw ik lihr ƒ kuJ smyN leI mulqvI krnw
cwhIdw hY qW ik lok AwpxI mwlI hwlq suDwr skx[56 pr Awp ny nwl hI
ieh vI ikhw ik jo lok lihr ƒ cwlU r`Kx dy smrQk hn jW ies lihr ƒ
cwlU r`Kx vwsqy smr`Q hn, auh lok lihr ƒ jwrI r`Kx[ Awp ny vI in`jI
qOr qy lihr ƒ cwlU r`iKAw sI[
21 Agsq, 1933 eI. ƒ jd Awp Awl ieµfIAw kWgrs kmytI dy
pRDwn sn qW Awp ifptI kimSnr ƒ sUicq krky isvl nw-PurmwnI lihr dy
qihq lwhOr ivc ivdySI k`pVw vycx vwlIAW dukwnW bµd krvwaux leI gey[
Awp ƒ aus vkq igR&qwr kr ilAw igAw Aqy 6 mhIny dI szw dy nwl 500
rupey zurmwnw vI kIqw igAw[57 isvl nw-PurmwnI lihr ivc Bwg lYx kwrn
Awp ƒ cwr vwr jylH dI hvw KwxI peI[58
24
dw AYNtI mnIstrI kmytI dw gTn
1934 eI. ivc kWgrs ny isvl nw-PrmwnI lihr ƒ mulqvI kr id`qw
sI[ ies dy keI kwrn sn iek qW ies nwl BwrqI ArQcwrw, isiKAw,
Awid burI qrHW pRBwivq hoey sn dUjw gWDI jI qy ies Aµdoln ƒ mulqvI krn
leI dbwA pwieAw jw irhw sI[ qIjw jnqw vloN vI lihr ƒ cwlU r`Kx leI
loVINdw auqSwh nhIN iml irhw sI[
ies smyN Bwrq srkwr ny 1935 eI. ivc nvyN sivDwn qihq mµqrwly
sONpx dI qjvIz pyS kIqI ijs nUM kWgrs ny J`t svIkwr kr ilAw sI[
kWgrs dy ies PYsly auprµq kWgrs ivc do DVy bx gey sn[iek DVw ies
ƒ svIkwr krn vwlw qy dUjw DVw ies dw ivroD krn vwlw sI[ ivroDI DVy
ny ‘AYNtI mnIstrI kmytI’ dw gTn kIqw ijs dw pRDwn srdUl isMG kvISr
ƒ QwipAw igAw Aqy r&I Ahmd swihb ikdveI nMU, ijhVy ik aus smyN
auØ`qr pRdyS kWgrs kmytI dy pRDwn sn, sk`qr bxwieAw igAw sI[
srdUl isMG kvISr ny kWgrs duAwrw coxW ivc Swiml hox vwly ies
PYsly dw f`t ky ivroD kIqw Aqy bwAd ivc Awp ny kWgrs pwrtI qoN
AsqI&w dy id`qw sI[
Pwrvrf blwk ivc Swml hoxw
kWgrs ny 1937 eI. ivc hoeIAW Awm coxW ivc ih`sw ilAw Aqy
pRWiqk srkwrW bxwauxw svIkwr kIqw qW srdUl isMG kvISr ny kWgrs
25
pwrtI qoN AsqI&w dy id`qw sI[ ienHW idnW ivc hI suBwS cµdr bos dy
kWgrs dy nyqwvW nwl keI isDWqk msilAW qy mqByd ho gey sn qW ausny
vI srdUl isMG vWg Awpxy Awp ƒ kWgrs qoN v`K kr ky 22 jUn, 1939 ƒ
Pwrvrf blwk nW dI jQybµdI bxweI bwAd ivc ijs ny iek pwrtI dw rUp
Dwrn kr ilAw sI[ suBwS cµdr bos Aqy srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr dovyN
nyqw kWgrs dI in`Gr cu`kI kwrguzwrI Aqy isDWiqk iBµnqw krky v`K hoey
sn, pr ienHW dI AwpsI smJ bhuuq cµgI sI[ iesy krky srdwr srdUl
isMG kvISr Pwrvrf blwk ivc Swml hoey sn[
ies smyN dOrwn hI dUjI ivSv jµg SurU ho geI sI[ kWgrs ny Xu`D ivc
ibRtyn dw sihXog hI kIqw jd ik suBwS cµdr bos Aqy srdUl isMG kvISr
aus smyN ibRtyn dy ivru`D koeI v`fI muihµm CyVn dw ivcwr bxw rhy sn[
mwrc, 1940 eI. ivc mOlwnw Abul klwm dI pRDwngI ivc kWgrs dw
AiDvySn rwmgVH (ibhwr) ivKy hoieAw[ ies AiDvySn ivc kWgrs ny ibRtyn
srkwr dy ivroD dI g`l Gt kIqI Aqy AzwdI dI lVweI ƒ jµgI p`Dr qy
lVn vwlI Pwrvrf blwk pwrtI dI ivroDqw vDyry kIqI sI[
iesy smyN dOrwn Pwrvrf blwk ny rwmgV ivKy ‘smJOqw ivroDI
sµmyln’ kIqw ijs ivc 21 hzwr lokW ny iSrkq kIqI sI jd ik kWgrs dy
sµmyln ivc kul 5 hzwr lok hI Swiml hoey sn[ies qy gWDI jI bhuq duKI
hoey ikauNik Pwrvrf blwk ivc lokW dI rucI vDyry sI[ suBwS cµdr bos ny
26
Awpxy pRmuK swQIAW ‘‘SIlB`dr XwjI, svwmI shjnµd, ikSorI pRsn isMG,
lwlw Skr lwl, srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr nwl bYTk kIqI Aqy ikhw ik
dyS dI AzwdI leI swƒ sovIXq sµG qoN mdd lYxI hovygI[”59 ies qoN bwAd
suBwS cµdr bos corI iCpy kwbul phuµc gey auQy aunHW ny sovIAq dUqwvws nwl
sMbµD sQwpq krn dI koiSS kIqI pr kwmXwb nw ho sky[ pr Awp jrmn
dUqwvws dy nwl sMbµD bxwaux ’c sPl rhy[ jrmn dUqvws dy AiDkwrI ny
suBwS cµdr bos ƒ pCwx ilAw Aqy ikhw ik ieQy keI APgwnI krmcwrI vI
hn jo quhwƒ bµdI bxw skdy hn[
suBwS cµdr bos ny auQoN Awpxy swQI Bgqrwm qlvwr ƒ iek lyK Aqy
do p`qr id`qy ijnHW ivcoN iek qW bµgwlI ivc Srq cµdr leI Aqy dUjw
AµgryzI ivc Pwrvrf blwk dy pRDwn srdwr srdUl kvISr leI sI[
Bgqrwm qlvwr ny Bwrq phuµc ky lwhOr ivKy srdUl isMG kvISr ƒ nyqw
suBwS cµdr bos dw p`qr id`qw[ kvISr ƒ ies g`l dw bhuq duK hoieAw ik
nyqw jI sovIAq dUqwvws nwl sMbµD kwiem nhIN kr sky[ 1941 eI. ivc
suBwS cµdr bos dy rUpoS hox auprµq Awp ny ies pwrtI dy pRDwn vjoN kwrj
sµBwl ilAw[60 dyS dI AzwdI qoN bwAd 1948 eI. ivc srdwr srdUl isMG
kvISr jI ny ‘Pwrvrf blwk’ dI pRDwngI qoN AsqIPw dy id`qw sI[61
27
lwhOr iklHy ivc s`q mhIny kYd k`txI
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ƒ 9 mwrc, 1942 eI. ƒ srdwr
bhwdr sµpUrn isMG Aqy rwey bhwdr bdrI nwQ duAwrw igR&qwrI vwrµt jwrI
krky igR&qwr kIqw igAw[62 Awp ƒ igR&qwr krky lwhOr dy ikly ivc s`q
mhIinAW q`k riKAw igAw sI[ jylH ivc rozwnw Awp qoN ‘Pwrvrf blwk’ dI
nIqI, ies dy pRogrwmW Aqy ies dy dUjy kRWqIkwrI sµgTnW nwl kI sbµD hn,
bwry pVqwl huMdI sI [ srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ƒ izAwdw prySwn
ieh pu`Cx leI kIqw jWdw sI ik suBwS cµdr bos ikvyN Aqy iks dI m`dd
nwl Bwrq ivcoN bc ky inklx ivc sPl hoieAw hY[ Awp ny jo jvwb ies
pRSn sMbµDI puils AiDkwrIAW ƒ id`qw aus nwl auh sµquSt nhIN hoey[ ies
kwrn imstr vys fI. AweI. jI. Aqy imstr jYn ikns ieµtYlIjYNs ivBwg,
Bwrq srkwr dy hukm nwl srdwr bhwdur sµpUrn isMG, rwey bhwdur bdrI
nwQ, bhwdur sYXd Ahmd, dIvwn hrbµs lwl, hwzI Syr muhµmd Aqy keI
hor sI. AweI. fI. stwP dy krmcwrI Awp ƒ lgwqwr Awpxy qS`dd dw
iSkwr bxwauNdy rhy[63
lwhOr dy ikly ivc kYd dOrwn pihly hPqy Awp ƒ Awpxy kmry ivcoN
bwhr inklx dI AwigAw iblkul nhIN sI[ pr kuJ smyN bwAd puils
AiDkwrIAW ny Awp ƒ jylH dy kmry dy swhmxy A`Dw Gµtw svyr vyly tihlx dI
iejwzq dy id`qI[ cwr mhIny bwAd puils AiDkwrIAW ny Awp ƒ tihlx
28
leI iek Gµtw svyry Aqy iek Gµtw Swm vyly dyxw SurU kr id`qw sI[64 jylH
ivc Awp ƒ jo Kwxw id`qw jWdw sI, auh bhuq GtIAw Aqy nw-Kwx Xog huµdw
sI[ ies leI Awp ny ieh Kwxw Kwx qoN ienkwr kr id`qw Aqy Awpxy Krcy
qy hI cµgI rotI Kwx dI AwigAw mµgI, pr iek mhInw Awp dI ieh mµg pUrI
nhIN kIqI geI, pr bwAd ivc kYdI su`riKAw AiDinXm dy qihq Awp ƒ
Awpxy Krcy qy jylH ivc Bojn Kwx dI iejwzq iml geI sI[65
lwhOr iklHy ivc ienHW s`q mhIinAW ivc srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr
jI ƒ ieh vI nhIN d`isAw igAw ik aunHW aupr ikhVw doS l`gw hY Aqy ikhVw
gunwh kIqw hY[ prµqU kuJ puils AiDkwrIAW ny Awp ƒ ies g`l qoN jwxU
krvwieAw ik Awp ƒ isrP kuJ jwxkwrI pRwpq krn leI igR&qwr kIqw
igAw hY[66 BwrqI puils dy AiDkwrI pu`C pVqwl smyN Awp nwl bhuq burw
slUk krdy rhy sn[ ieh pu`C pVqwl pµj mhIny q`k jwrI rhI sI[ Awp ny
aunHW dy pu`Cx qy kuJ vI nhIN d`isAw qW aunHW ny srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr
jI ƒ DmkI id`qI ik iklHy ivc kYdIAW au~qy jo AiqAwcwr kIqw jWdw sI auhI
hux quhwfy qy kIqw jwvygw[ aunHW ny Awp au~pr ieh AiqAwcwr kIqw vI[67
Agsq, 1942 eI. ivc imstr vys fI. AweI. jI. puils Awp ƒ jylH ivc
imlx AwieAw qy DmkI id`qI ik swƒ swrI jwxkwrI idE nhIN qW Awp aupr
Qrf ifgrI qS`dd dw iesqymwl kIqw jwvygw[ srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr
jI ƒ ies leI iqMn idn dw smW id`qw igAw[ iqMn idnW bwAd aunHW ny Awp
29
aupr qS`dd krnw SurU kr id`qw sI[68 Awp ƒ iek Aijhy kmry ivc bµd
kr id`qw ijs ivc hvw pUrI qrHW Aw-jw nhIN sI skdI, kmry dw drvwzw vI
hmySW hI bµd rihµdw sI[ ies Gutx Bry bµd kmry ivc kuJ idn rihx nwl
Awp ibmwr ho gey[ Awp dI hwlq kwPI nwzuk ho geI[ jd ies dI
jwxkwrI Awp dy pirvwr vwilAW ƒ imlI qW aunHW ny AYm. AYl. ey. mOlwnw
zwPr AlI Aqy srdwr sµq isMG AYm. AYl. ey. dI m`dd nwl ieh mwmlw
sYNtrl AsYNblI ivc auTwieAw[ Awp duAwrw sYNtrl AsYNblI ivc mwmlw
auTwaux kwrn pRYs vwly Awp ƒ ikly ivc imlx vwsqy Awey, Awp ny pRYs
vwilAW ƒ d`isAw ik Awp nwl ikho ijhw slUk huµdw irhw[ Awp dy ies
ibAwn qoN bwAd Awp ƒ lwhOr dy ikly ivcoN sI. AweI. fI. dI ihrwsq ivcoN
k`F ky kYNpbylpur jylH Byj id`qw igAw sI[
kYNpbylpur ivc Cy mhIny dI kYd k`txI
11 AkqUbr, 1942 eI. ƒ Awp ƒ kYNpbylpur jylH ivc Byj id`qw igAw
sI[69 Awp Cy mhIny dy lgBg ieQy rhy[ jd Awp kYNpbylpur jylH ivc
ilAWdy gey qW aus vkq Awp dw vzn 182 pONf sI jo bwAd ivc Gt ky
172 pONf rih igAw sI[ Awp dw ieh vzn bhuqw ibmwr rihx kr ky GitAw
sI[ dUjw jylH dw GutvW mOsm Awp ƒ rws nw Awaux kwrn vI Awp dw vzn
Gt irhw sI[ 20 mwrc, 1943 eI. ƒ ijlHw mYijstRyt kYNpbylpur jylH ivc
Awp ƒ imlx vwsqy AwieAw[70 srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny aunHW ƒ
30
ies g`l qoN jwxU krvwieAw ik lwhOr iklHy ivc Awp nwl bhuq BYVw slUk
kIqw jWdw sI[ Awp ny AwpxI ieh iSkwieq ilKqI rUp ivc vI j`j ƒ id`qI
Aqy ikhw ik ienHW AiDkwrIAW iKlwP Xog kwrvweI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ j`j ny
kvISr jI ƒ Brosw idvwieAw ik Awp dI ies ArzI qy zrUr kwrvweI kIqI
jwvygI[
DrmSwlw jylH ivc Byjxw
kYNpbylpur jylH qoN bwAd kuJ smyN leI srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI
ƒ DrmSwlw jylH ivc r`iKAw igAw[ puils duAwrw ieQy vI Awp nwl burw hI
ivhwr huµdw irhw sI[ imstr vys dy hukm nwl Awp dw koeI vI ibjns
sbµDI p`qr Awp q`k phuµcx nhIN id`qw igAw[ Awp ƒ Awpxy vkIl nwl Aqy
Awpxy pirvwr vwilAW nwl imlx dI iezwjq nhIN sI[ hwlWik hweIkort
vloN ies dI iejwzq imlI hoeI sI[
24 jUn, 1944 eI. ƒ hweIkort dy hukm Anuswr Awp ƒ pySI vwsqy
DrmSwlw qoN lwhOr iljwieAw igAw, rsqy ivc aunHW nwl bhuq burw slUk
kIqw igAw[ DrmSwlw jylH qoN hweIkort pyS hox leI jwx qoN pihlW Awp dw
mYfIkl cYkAp hoxw sI[ ishq AiDkwrI ny srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI
dI ishq vyK ky puils AiDkwrIAW ƒ hdwieq kIqI ik Awp ƒ Dup qoN
bcwieAw jwvy[ ies hdwieq dy bwvjUd vI Awp ƒ Du`p qoN bcwaux dw koeI
auprwlw nhIN kIqw igAw[71 s&r dOrwn Awp ƒ 12 Gµty Bu`Kw riKAw igAw[72
31
DrmSwlw jylH ivc Awp gTIAw-vw (gofy dy drd) dy iSkwr ho gey sn[ Awp
dI ishq ƒ iDAwn ivc r`KidAW do j`jW Aqy ishq AiDkwrI ny puils ƒ
iliKAw ik Awp ƒ iksy dUjI jylH ivc bdl id`qw jwvy[ prµqU puils ny Awp
ƒ iksy dUjI jylH ivc nhIN bdilAw jo Awp dI ishq leI TIk hovy[ Awp ƒ
iek AijhI QW qy r`iKAw igAw jo Awp dI ishq leI TIk nhIN sI[ ies qoN
bwAd imstr vys ny srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI ƒ iek POjdwrI muk`dmy
ivc Pswaux dI koiSS kIqI, ieh kys JUTw swibq hoieAw[ ies dOrwn
hweIkort ny Awp ƒ pihlW vwly kys qoN vI irhw kr id`qw sI[73
rwjnIiqk s&r
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI dy rwjnIiqk s&r ƒ sµKyp ivc ies
qrHW ibAwn kIqw jw skdw hY:
1. 1920 eI. ivc Awp ny sYNtrl is`K lIg Aqy pµjwb pRdyS dy
sk`qr dy rUp ivc syvw inBweI[74
2. 1920 eI. ivc hI Awp ny SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk kmytI dI
pRcwr kmytI dy sk`qr vjoN syvw kIqI[75
3. 1921 eI. ivc Awp sYNtrl is`K lIg dy pRDwn bxy[76
4. 1921 qoN 22 eI. q`k Awp jI ny nw-imlvrqn lihr Aqy
AkwlI moricAW ivc Bwg ilAw, ijs kwrn Awp ƒ pMj swl dI
szw hoeI[77
32
5. 1925 eI. ivc Awp pµjwb pRdyS kWgrs dy pRDwn bxy[78
6. 1926 eI. ivc Awp ny swrIAW is`K jQybµdIAW qoN AsqIPw dy
id`qw[79
7. 1927 eI. ivc Awp BwrqI rwStrI kWgrs vrikµg kmytI dy
mYNbr bxy[80
8. 1932 qoN 1933 eI. q`k Awp BwrqI rwStrI kWgrs kmytI dy
pRDwn rhy[81
9. 1930 qoN 1934 eI. ivc Awp ny isvl nw-PurmwnI lihr ivc
Bwg ilAw Aqy cwr vwr jylH gey[82
10. 1937 eI. ivc Awp ny BwrqI rwStrI kWgrs kmytI qoN AsqIPw
dy id`qw Aqy suBwS cµdr bos duAwrw sQwipq pwrtI ‘‘Pwrvrf
blwk” ivc Swml ho gey[83
11. 1941 qoN 48 eI. q`k srdwr kvISr jI ny Pwrvrf blwk dy
pRDwn vjoN kµm kIqw[84
12. 1948 eI. ivc dyS Awzwd hox qoN bwAd Awp ny Pwrvrf blwk
dI pRDwngI qoN vI AsqIPw dy id`qw[85
Akwl clwxw
1948 eI. ivc ‘Pwrvrf blwk’ dI pRDwngI qoN bwAd srdwr srdUl
isMG kvISr jI dy jIvn sMbµDI bhuqI jwxkwrI nhIN imldI[ 1948 eI. qoN
33
bwAd Awp ny Awpxw invws sQwn id`lI ƒ sQweI rUp ivc bxw ilAw sI[
26 mwrc, 1963 ƒ id`lI ivKy Awp ny jIvn dw AwKrI swh ilAw Aqy pRBU
crnW ivc jw ibrwjy[
S^sIAq
koeI vI lyKk AwpxI ilKq ƒ Awpxy Avcyqn qoN mukq nhIN r`K
skdw[ Avcyqn dw sMbµD siBAwcwr nwl huµdw hY Aqy siBAwcwr dw sMbµD
Drm nwl huµdw hY[ ies qoN Drm Aqy siBAwcwr dw irSqw spSt huµdw hY[
Drm ƒ pµjwbI Avcyqn ivcoN mn&I nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ Drm ƒ nwl lY ky
is`KI Dwrw ivc srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI Aw jWdy hn[ srdwr kvISr
jI dIAW ilKqW ƒ ies idRStI qoN vyiKAW sp`St ho jWdw hY ik aunHW dw
Avcyqn is`KI dy rµg ivc rµigAw hoieAw sI[
hr auh swihqkwr iek ivSyS sQwn dw h`kdwr huµdw hY, jo Drm ƒ
nwl lY ky qurdw hoieAw swihq isrjxw krdw hY[ Aijhy lyKk dw kµm
AwpxIAW ilKqW rwhIN AnuBv dy pRgtwvy dy nwl-nwl smwj ƒ shI syD dyxw
qW huµdw hI hY, ies dy nwl nwl Awpxy ivSy ƒ vI nvyN isirauN surjIq krnw
vI huµdw hY[ iesy srokwr ivcoN tIky, ivAwiKAwvW Awid pYdw huµdy hn[ srdwr
srdUl isMG kvISr jI ny AwpxI gurmiq dI ivAwiKAw ivc gurbwxI dy gUVH
BwvW ƒ sp`St krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ aunHW dw mnorQ sI ik Awm lokW ƒ
34
gurbwxI nwl joiVAw jwvy[ gurmiq dw shI rsqw smiJAw Aqy smJwieAw
jwvy qW ik is`K jgq gurU duAwrw d`sy rsqy qy cl sky[
iksy vI lyKk dw jIvn Aqy aus dI rcnwvlI aus dI S^sIAq dw
drpx huµdy hn[ srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI dIAW rcnwvW qoN swƒ sihjy
hI ies g`l dI puStI ho jWdI hY ik Awp gurbwxI ƒ pVHdy Aqy ivcwr vI
krdy sn[ ijs dy is`ty vjoN hI ‘is`K Drm drSn’ Aqy ‘Of Sikhism’
vrgIAW dwrSink idRStI qoN kIqI gurbwxI dI ivAwiKAw vwlIAW pusqkW
hoNd ivc AweIAW[ srdwr srdUl isMG jI iek dwrSink ivAwiKAwkwr hox
dy nwl-nwl iek jwxy-pCwxy rwjnyqw, smwcwr p`qrW dy sµpwdk Aqy iek
p`qrkwr sn[ Awp aunHW cyqµn is`KW ivcoN sn ijnHW ny gurduAwrw rkwb gµj
swihb dI bwhrI kµD Fwhy jwx qy sB qoN pihlW ies dw ivroD krky
gurduAwrw suDwr lihr dw mu`F bµinHAw Aqy iek ShIdI jQw iqAwr krky
srkwr dy kIqy ies njwiez Aqy D`ky vwly kµm dw mUµh moVvW jvwb id`qw sI[
Awqimk AnMd
kvISr jI dI gurbwxI ivAwiKAw qy Jwq mwrn qy ieh g`l sihjy hI
swibq ho jWdI hY, ik Awp gurbwxI pRymI zrUr rhy hoxgy[ Aihjy Dwrimk
purKW nUM koeI nw koeI AiDAwqimk AnuBUqI vI suBwivk hI huMdI hY[ Awp ny
Awpxy Aijhy AgMmI AnuBv nUM ies pRkwr ibAwn kIqw hY, “mYnMU AwpxI
izMdgI ivc do vyr ibsmwd-meI dSw pRqIq hoeI[ ikauN qy ikvyN ieh dSw
35
hoeI, mYnMU pqw nhIN[ mYN kQn nhIN kr skdw ik mYN kI mihsUs kIqw, kyvl
ieqnw kih skdw hW ik ijs pRkwr dw AwnMd mYnMU aus vyly BwisAw auh mYnMU
aus qoN pihloN jW ipCoN nsIb nhIN hoieAw, nw auh AwnMd Aijhw sI ijs dw
mukwblw mYN AwpixAW ieMidRAW dy BogW vwly suAwdW nwl kr skdw[”86 Awp
ny Awpxy ies AnuBv dw izkr kridAW ikhw hY, “mYN ies dw izkr Awpxy
kwgzW ivc kIqw[ mYN iliKAw ik myrI hwlq auh sI jo imsrI dI flI dI
hwlq pwxI ivc pwaux vyly huMdI hY, jd pwxI imsrI dy ikxky AMdr smWdw hY
qy imsrI pwxI dy hr kqry AMdr GuldI hY[ mYN mihsUs kIqw ik ievyN Awqmw
prmwqmw ivc smWdw qy jgq-Awqmw jIv-Awqmw ivc rcdw-pcdw Guldw-
imldw hY[ mYN ies qrHW prmwqmw nwl imilAw mihsUs krdw sW[”87
swihqkwr
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr gurbwxI dy dwrSink ivAwiKAwkwrW ’coN
sn pr Awp ny swihq dy do rUpW khwxI Aqy kivqw ƒ is`K swihq isrjx
leI vriqAw[ khwxI ivc Awp ny is`K S^sIAq ƒ icq`irq krn dw Xqn
kIqw qy kivqw ivc Awp ny ieiqhws ƒ ibAwn kIqw sI[ pr Awp ny kuJ
khwxIAW vI rcIAW sn[ BwvyN khwxIkwr dy rUp ivc Awp bhuqy pRis`D nhIN
sn, pr Awp dIAW khwxIAW dI mh`qqw ies krky hY ik ieh pihly dOr
dIAW khwxIAW ivc drj huµdIAW hn[ ieh auh smW sI jdoN BweI vIr isMG
jI ny ‘gurU nwnk cmqkwr’, ‘klgIDr cmqkwr’, ‘mlk Bwgo’, ‘BweI lwlo’
36
Awid pRis`D jIvnIAW ƒ khwxI rUp ivc rc ky nvIN iprq pweI sI[88
pµjwbI swihqkwrW ny iehnW rcnwvW ƒ pµjwbI khwxI dw mu`F ikhw hY[89
iesy dOr ivc Awp ny ies ivDw ƒ vrq ky pµjwbI Aqy AµgryzI ivc
kuJ khwxIAW ilKIAW sn[ Awp dIAW khwxIAW dw ivSw Dwrimk,
ieiqhwsk Aqy smwijk hY[ Awp ny khwxI dI ies ivDw ƒ Drm pRcwr leI
vriqAw Aqy ies rwhIN is`K S^sIAq ƒ pyS krn dw iek invyklw Xqn
kIqw sI[ Awp qoN pihlW ies qrHW dw Xqn BweI vIr isMG jI ny kIqw sI[
srdUl isMG kvISr dIAW ims fyivf loQ, The Playmates, Gratitute, Sahab
Singh, (1936) Awid pµjwbI Aqy AµgryzI ivc Dwrimk BwvnwvW qoN pRyirq
is`K ieiqhws nwl sMbiµDq Aqy is`K rvwieqW ƒ ibAwn krn vwlIAW
khwxIAW hn[
Awp ny kwiv klw rvwieqI Fµg nwl nhIN sgoN iek nvyN rUp ivc pyS
kIqI[ Awp ny kivqw ivc ieiqhws ƒ ibAwn kIqw sI[ ik pµjwb dI DrqI
dy do rwKy sn, ijnHW ny vYrIAW dw mUµh pµjwb dI DrqI qoN moV id`qw sI, pr
ieiqhws dy vrikAW ny rwjsI kwrnw krky aunHW ƒ QW nhIN id`qI sI[ Awp ny
Coty Awkwr dy tYRkt ‘Two Gems from the House of Phul’ ivc aus Gwt ƒ
pUrw kIqw sI[ ies tYRkt ivc do kivqwvW hn iek ivc Awp ny rwjw dyivMdr
isMG nwBw dy jIvn Aqy sµGrS ƒ ‘The Lord of Malwa’ dUjI kivqw ‘Bibi
Saheb Kaur, isrlyK ADIn hY ijs ivc Awp ny mhwrwjw Awlw isMG dI
37
pVpoqI swihb kOr dy jIvn Aqy aus duAwrw mrwiTAW nwl aus dI jµg dw
vrxn kIqw hY[
KojI ieiqhwskwr vwlI ibrqI
Awp ny BwvyN ik is`K ieiqhws sMbµDI koeI pusqk nhIN rcI pr is`K
ieiqhws nwl sMbµDq Koj BrpUr lyK kw&I imldy hn[ ienHW lyKW ivc Awp ny
is`K ieiqhws dy aunHW p`KW ƒ CoihAw hY ijhVy A`j q`k AxgOly pey sn[
Awp ieiqhwisk Koj dI ibrqI r`Kdy sn[ Awp dI bhup`KI S^sIAq
nUM Awp dIAW ieh rcnwvW sihjy hI aujwgr krdIAW hn[ ijnHW ivcoN swƒ
keI ieiqhwsk GtnwvW ijhVIAW AxgOlIAW peIAW sn ijvyN gurduAwrw
rkwb gµj dy ieiqhwsk ipCokV bwry jW iPr swihbzwidAW dy jnm dy sMbµD
ivc Awp ny iek in`jI Koj ijs ivc Awp ny swihbzwdw bwbw jorwvr isMG ƒ
cmkOr dI gVHI ivc ShId hoieAw d`isAw Aqy bwbw juJwr isMG ƒ srhµd ’c
nIhW ivc icx ky ShId hoieAw disAw hY[ ies dw AwDwr Awp ny ‘gur
pRnwlI’ ƒ mµinAw hY[ dUjI gvwhI Awp ‘sUrj pRkwS’ dy krqw Aqy mYkwilP
dI dyNdy hn, ik iehnW ieiqhwskwr ivdvwnW ny bwbw juJwr isMG jI dI
Shwdq srhµd ivKy hoeI mµnI hY[ AwpxI Koj dw qIjw AwDwr Awp ny ^jwn
isMG dI pusqk ‘is`K Drm dI qvwrI^ qy iPlws&I’ ƒ bxwieAw hY[ Awp
is`K ieiqhws nwl sMbµDq ies qrHW dIAW glqIAW ƒ suDwrn dy h`k ivc sn
ijhVIAW ik is`K ieiqhws ivc p`kIAW jVHW lw cukIAW sn[ Awp is`K
38
ieiqhws pRqI bhuq sucyq sn ies leI Awp ny hoeIAW ienHW ieiqhwsk Bu`lW
ƒ suDwrn leI Aqy Awpxy ieiqhws ƒ sµBwlx leI sucyq Xqn kIqy sn[
Awp ƒ iksy srdwr Grwxy bwry kuJ dsqwvyj pRwpq hoey, iehnW ivcoN Awp ƒ
aus is`K srdwr dy pirvwr bwry v`fmu`lI jwxkwrI imlI[ Awp dw ivcwr hY
ik, ‘‘ies qrHW dy bhuq swry purwxy kwgz au~Gy is`K GrwixAW ivcoN iml
skdy hn Aqy ienHW kwgzW qoN purwqn is`KW dy rihx-bihx qy Awm vrqoN ’qy
bhuq kuJ cwnxw pY skdw hY[”90 Awp ies g`l qoN icµiqq sn ik iehnW
pirvwrW v`loN Aijhy purwxy kwgzW pRqI AxgihlI vrqI jw rhI hY, ies leI
aunHW pirvwrW pws Aijhy ieiqhwsk somy bhuqw lµmw smW sur`iKAq nhIN
rihxy[ ies leI Awp ny is`KW ƒ Awpxy ieiqhws ƒ sµBwlx dy p`K qoN
Avysly ikhw hY[ ‘‘is`KW ƒ Awpxy ieiqhws nwl koeI bhuqw ipAwr nhIN ies
leI idnoN-idn bcIAW purwxIAW ilKqW vI guµm ho rhIAW hn qy koeI idn
AYsw Aw skdw hY ik is`K ieiqhws ihMdU ieiqhws vWg ikqy khwxIAW ivc hI
rih jwvy[”91 Awp dy ies qrHW dy ivcwr Awp dI is`K ieiqhws pRqI sucycqw
Aqy pRym ƒ ibAwn krdy hn[
swihq pRymI
srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI iek swihq pRymI vI sn[ Awp ƒ
rozwnw A^bwr pVHn, gurbwxI pVHn Aqy Dwrimk pusqkW pVHn dw SOk sI[
jdoN Awp ƒ 9 mwrc, 1942 eI. ƒ suBwS cµdr bos bwry pu`Cig`C krn leI
39
igRPqwr kIqw igAw qW Awp ny Awpxy nwl kuJ ikqwbW lY leIAW sn
ijhVIAW ik Awp ny ds idnW ivc hI pVH leIAW sn[92 Awp ny AwpxI
gurbwxI dI ivAwiKAw sbµDI ilKI ikqwb ‘is`K Drm drSn’ ivc BwrqI Aqy
p`CmI ivdvwnW dy hvwly id`qy hn, ijs qoN pRqIq huµdw hY ik Awp ny p`CmI
Aqy BwrqI icµqkW dIAW rcnwvW ƒ cµgI qrHW GoiKAw sI[
dwrSink ivAwiKAwkwr
moty qOr qy dyiKAW srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI dI isrjnw dw Kyqr
gurmiq dI ivAwiKAw irhw hY[ Awp ny gurbwxI dI ivAwiKAw prµprwgq
lIh qoN ht ky dwrSink idRStI qoN kIqI hY[ Awp ny is`K ivAwiKAw sMbµDI
‘The Sikh Studies’, ‘is`K Drm drSn’, ‘Of Sikhism’ Awid pusqkW is`K
swihq dI JolI ivc pweIAW hn [ Awp ny gurbwxI dI ivAwiKAw krn smyN
dUjy DrmW nwl imldy isDWqW dI qulnw krky gurmiq dI ivl`Kxqw ƒ vI
aujwgr krn dw Xqn kIqw hY[ ijs bwry fw. vzIr isMG ny ies pRkwr
iliKAw hY, “ijs isdk qy lgn nwl kvISr ny gurbwxI qy is`K-prMprw nUM
GoiKAw, ies ivcoN nYiqk qy dwrSink q`qW dI Bwl kIqI, ienHW dw twkrw
dUsry pRmuK DrmW dy mUl-q`qW nwl kIqw Aqy is`K-isDWqW dw p`K pUirAw
kvISr nMU is`KI dw Drm-mImWisk (Theologian) is`D krdw hY, jo dlIl dI
vrqoN rwhIN Awpxy Drm dI vkwlq dI muhwrq rKdw hY[”93
40
inDVk Aqy dlyr S^sIAq
pµjwb ivc aus smyN do qrHW dIAW lihrW c`l rhIAW sn[ Dwrimk
idRStI qoN pµjwb dI AkwlI lihr, jo gurduAwirAW ƒ mhµqW dy h`QW ivcoN
Azwd krvwaux vwlI lihr sI[ ies dy clwaux vwly AµdolnW Aqy ShIdIAW
rwhIN gurduAwirAW dw suDwr kr rhy sn[ ies dy smkwlI kWgrs dI vI
bVI srgrm lihr c`l rhI sI[ Awp ny ienHW dohW lihrW ivc inDVk ho ky
ih`sw ilAw Aqy keI vwr Awp ƒ szwvW vI hoeIAW[ Awp s`c bolx Aqy
ilKx dy nwl-nwl s`c qy Aif`g rihx vwly idRV ierwdy dy is`K sn[ Aijhw
audwhrx nnkwxw swihb dw ShIdI swkw vwprn vyly swhmxy AwauNdw hY, jd
Awp Awpxy lyK ivc ilKdy hn:
‘‘ ies ip`Cy iek`ly nrYxUµ dw h`Q nhIN, sgoN Aµgryz srkwr dI Sih
nwl hI nrYxUµ ƒ iefw iBAwnk swkw krn leI Sih imlI[”94
Dwrimk suqµqrqw dw hmwieqI
Awp Dwrimk suqµqrqw dy hmwieqI sn[ Awp Drm ivc srkwr dI jW
mhµqW dI iksy pRkwr dI d^l AµdwzI dy ivroDI sn[ Awp rwjnIqI Aqy dyS
dI AzwdI ƒ Drm qoN hyTly drjy qy r`Kdy sn[ ies g`l dw pRmwx swƒ
Awpdy ienHW SbdW qoN iml jWdw hY:
‘‘iek is`K jwxdw hY ik jy ausdw Drm sur`iKAq hY qW auh Av`S hI
Awpxy dyS dI KohI hoeI suqµqrqw muV pRwpq kr lvygw; pr jy aus dw Drm
41
sur`iKAq nhIN qW aus dw dyS suqµqr ho vI jwey koeI grµtI nhIN ik auh
suqµqrqw ƒ kwiem r`K skygw[ Asl ivc aus dy Drm dI suqµqrw hI hY jo
dyS dI suqµqrqw vwsqy sB qoN cµgw bcwE hY[”95
suqµqrqw sYnwnI
ij`Qy Awp ny Dwrimk lihrW ivc vD-cVH ky Bwg ilAw, au~Qy dyS dI
suqµqrqw dIAW lihrW ivc vI Bwg ilAw[ Awp ivc dyS dI BgqI Bwvnw
ku`t-kut ky BrI sI[ Awp ny mhwqmw gWDI duAwrw clwey swry AµdolnW ivc
vD cVH ky ih`sw ilAw sI[ lwlw lwjpq rwey ny AkwlI A^bwr leI ilKy
Awpxy lyK ivc srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI dI S^sIAq bwry ies qrHW
iliKAw hY:
‘‘srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI leI ijqnw pRym Aqy iezq myry idl
ivc sI, auh aunHW dy ilKqI ibAwn Ar sjw pwx nwl sO guxW vDIk ho geI[
srdwr swihb aunHW AwdmIAW ivcoN sn jo iksy mulk leI, kOm leI P^r dw
kwrn ho skdy hn[ ijnHW sMbµDI ikhw jWdw hY ik aunHW dw ies qrHW kSt
sihxw mwno mnu`K jwqI dI BlweI dw muF hY[”96 auh A`gy ilKdy hn: ‘‘prµqU
vylw Awvygw jdoN Awaux vwlIAW nslW srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr jI dI
qsvIr ƒ Awpxy idl dy SISy ivc jgHw dyxgIAW Ar ies dw nwm ie`jq nwl
lYNidAW hoieAW AwpxI SrDw dy Pul ausdI Awqmw auqy inCwvr
krngIAW[”97
42
s&l ibjns mYn Aqy pRbµDk
srdUl isMG kvISr iek cµgy pRbµDk Aqy sPl ibjnsmYn sn[ Awp
ny iek bImw kµpnI KolHI hoeI sI[ ijs dy Awp fwierYktr Aqy pRDwn sn[
Awp ny ies sMbµDI iek pusqk ‘The Successful Life Insurance Agent’
ilKI aunHW dw AiDAYn vxj Aqy vpwr sMbµDI vI bhuq ivSwl sI[ iesy krky
‘inaU ihMdusqwn bYNk ilimitf’ Aqy ‘pµjwb iblifµg lYNf tr`st ilimitf’
ivc Awp dw ivSyS sQwn sI[
srdUl isMG kvISr iek suqµqrqw sYnwnI hI nhIN sgoN iek sUJvwn
rwjnIqIvyqw hox dy nwl-nwl iek dwrSink ivAwiKAwkwr vI sn[ aunHW ny
is`KI isDWqW dI ivAwiKAw qulnwqimk Aqy dwrSink idRStIkox qoN kIqI hY[
ivAwiKAw sMbMDI jwxkwrI aunHW dIAW pusqkW ’coN aujwgr huMdI hY, ijnHW bwry
Agly AiDAwieAW ivc jwxn dw Xqn kIqw jvygw[
43
hvwly qy itpxIAW
1 Mohinder Singh, Sardul Singh Caveeshar (1886-1963), The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism
(Vol. IV), (Editor -in-Chief. Harbans Singh), Pp. 66-67; Fauja Singh, Eminent
Freedom Fighters of Punjab, p.203; S.P. Sen (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography
(Vol. IV), p. 59; Bakhshish Singh Nijjar, History of the Babar Akalis, p. 72; rqn isµG
j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg-pihlw, pµnw 201. 2 suirµdr isµG kohlI (sµpw), pµjwb swihq koS (Bwg-1), pµnw 387; qyjvµq mwn, sµpUrn
ieiqhws pµc Kwlsw dIvwn BsOV, pµnw 135. 3 KojwrQI ny ies sMbµDI kvISr jI dy pu`qr krnl ikRSn isµG kvISr qoN aunHW dy invws
sQwn noiefw jw ky ies bwry pu`C pVqwl kIqI qW aunHW ny ies g`l qoN ienkwr kIqw[
4 prmvIr isµG, srdUl isµG kvISr ivdvwn isAwsqdwn, pMny 9-10. 5 Parm Bakhshish Singh (Edi), Who's Who Freedom Fighters of Punjab, Vol. II, p. IIL
(Intrduction). 6 Fauja Singh, Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab, p. 204. 7 rqn isµG j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg pihlw, pµnw 201. 8 qyjvµq mwn, sµpUrn ieiqhws pµc Kwlsw dIvwn BsOV, pµnw 135. 9 Joginder Singh, Sikh Leadership, p 155. 10 ibkrm isµG Guµmx, pµjwb dy suqµqrqw sµgrwmIey, pµnw 64. 11 AkwlI, lwhOr, mwrc 1921, fw. gµfw isµG rYPrYNs lwiebryrI ivcoN ienHW lyKW ivc 14
mwrc Aqy 19 mwrc vwly lyK auplbD hn[
12 sUbw isµG, pµjwbI p`qrkwrI dw ieiqhws, pµnw 102. 13 auhI. 14 ies pq`r dy vI kuJ AMk fw. gMfw isMG rYPrYNs lwiebRyrI ivc mOjUd hn[ 15 sUbw isµG, pµjwbI p`qrkwrI dw ieiqhws, pµnw 102
16 auhI, pµnw 86. 17 srdUl isMG kvISr, sµgq, lwhOr, 7 PrvrI 1926, pµnw 30. 18 auhI, pµnw 72. 19 ieh pRYs srdwr srdUl isMG kvISr ny hI sQwipq kIqI sI[ 20auhI, pµnw 76.
44
21 hrijµdr isµG idlgIr, SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk kmytI ikvyN bxI?, pµnw 13. 22 S. P. Sen, Dictionary of National Biography (Vol – IV), p. 59. 23Ruchi Ram Sahni, Struggle for Reforem in Sikh Shrines, p. 58. 24 Sangat Singh, Freedom Movement in Delhi, p. 214. 25 gurduAwrw rkwb gµj dw Jmylw, srdwr srdUl isµG kvISr, BweI joD isµG AiBnµdn
gRµQ: pµjwb (sµpw.) fw. gµfw isµG, pµnw 213. 26 ibmlw Awnµd, mwstr qwrw isµG, pµnw 29. 27 hrijµdr isµG idlgIr, SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbµDk kmytI ikvyN bxI?, pµnw 14. 28 auhI, pµnw 14. 29auhI, pµnw 15. 30 qyjvµq mwn, sµpUrn ieiqhws pµc Kwlsw dIvwn BsOV, pµnw 93. 31 K.L. Tuteja, Sikh Politics 1920-40, p. 17. 32 qyjw isµG, jIvn kQw gurmuK ipAwry sµq Aqr isµG jI mhwrwj (Bwg-2), pµnw 138. 33 auhI, pµnw 138. 34 auhI, pµny 142-143. 35 Sukhmani Bal, Politics of The Central Sikh League, p. 32. 36 rqn isµG j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg pihlw, pµnw 201. 37 auhI, pµnw 201. 38 Sukhmani Bal, Politics of The Central Sikh League, p. 51. 39 T[jh, p. 191.
40 Parm Bakhshish Singh (Edi), Who's Who Freedom Fighters of Punjab, Vol. II, p.IL. 41 Sukhmani Bal, Politics of The Central Sikh League, p. 70. 42 AkwlI, lwhOr, mwrc 1921, fw. gµfw isµG rYPrYNs lwiebryrI ivcoN ienHW lyKW ivc 14
mwrc Aqy 19 mwrc vwly lyK auplbD hn[
43 AkwlI, lwhOr, 19 Agsq, 1921. 44 rqn isµG j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg pihlw, pµnw 201. 45 AkwlI, lwhOr, 19 Agsq, 1921. 46 AkwlI, lwhOr, 12 Agsq, 1921. 47 D.R. Grover, Civil Disobedience Movement in the Punjab 1930-34, p. 4. 48 auhI, pµnw 6.
45
49 auhI, pµnw 50. 50 auhI, pµnw 68. 51 auhI, pµnw 148
52 auhI, pµnw 184. 53 auhI, pµnw 192. 54 auhI, pµnw 241. 55 auhI, pµnw 241. 56 auhI, pµnw 192. 57 auhI, pµnw 214. 58 Fauja Singh, Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punajb, p. 205. 59 ivSvimqR aupwiDAwie, ivdySoN myN BwrqIX kRWqIkwrI Aµdoln (Bwg-2), pµny 307-308. 60 rqn isµG j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg pihlw, pµnw 201. 61 Mohinder Singh, Sardul Singh Caveeshar (1886-1963), The Encyclopaedia of
Sikhism, Vol. IV, (Ed. Harbans Singh), p. 67. 62 Sardul Singh Caveeshar, The Lahore Fort Torture Camp, p. 9. 63 auhI, pMnw 9. 64 auhI, pMnw 10. 65 auhI, pMnw 10. 66 auhI, pMnw 11. 67 " I was first kept in a room which had only iron bars but not wall on the west side.
Consequently there was no protection in it from the sun in the afternoon. I had to pass most
part of the day burning in the months of May and June without any protection from the sun.
I was kept unprotected in the sun in the hottest months of the year in the Punjab, when
temperature sometime rose to about 118 degrees even in the shade." Ibid., The Lahore Fort
Torture camp, p. 11. 68 " I had been shifted to anothre cell for full fifteen days. I was shut up day and night, in the
extreme summer heat in this new cell which was closed on all side except on one, on which
side a small door and a ventilater 9 inches square hole. It was the wet rainy season want for
free air, uncleaned commode turned the cell into a veritable hall.", Ibid., , p. 13. 69 Ibid.,, p. 14. 70 Ibid., p. 15.
46
71 "The medical officer taking into consideration my state of health had given special
direction to the police to protect me from heat. But no the way to Lahore and back the
police escort provided me with no fan, door's of the railway compartment in which I had to
travel were closed and I was locked up when going to Lahore and coming back to
Dharmshala in a dirty lock u at Pathankot without any fan." , Ibid., p. 17. 72 "I was given no food for twelve hours eventhough I had made request again and
again to the police to make arrangements for it and they had enough my money with
them for the purpose.",Ibid., p. 17 73 auhI, pMnw 18. 74 Sukhamni Bal, Politics of the Central Sikh League, p. 32. 75 rqn isµG j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg pihlw, pµnw 201. 76 auhI, pµnw 201. 77 Sukhmani Bal, Politics of the Central Sikh League, p. 191. 78 Fauja Singh, Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab, p. 204. 79 rqn isµG j`gI, is`K pµQ ivSvkoS, Bwg pihlw, pµnw 201. 80 Parm Bakhshish Singh (Ed.), Who's Who Freedom Fighters of Punjab, (Vol.II), p. IL 81 Fauja Singh, Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab, p. 204. 82 auhI,pMnw 204.
83 Sardul Singh Caveeshar, Of Sikhism, (Ed..Col. Harjinder Singh), p.Tribute. 84 auhI,pMnw Tribute.
85 Parm Bakhshish Singh (Ed.), Who's Who Freedom Fighters of Punjab (vol. II), p.IL 86 srdUl isMG kvISr, is`K Drm drSn, pMnw 304. 87 auhI. 88 S.S Uppal, Punjabi Short Story: Its Origin and development., p. 252. 89 mihµdr DINgVw, pµjwbI ihMdI khwxI qulnwqmk AiDAYn, pµnw 43. 90 srdwr srdUl isµG kvISr, iek is`K srdwr dI bsqnI, bhumu`ly ieiqhwsk lyK,
(sµpw.) krm isµG ihstorIAn, pµnw 235. 91 auhI, pMnw 236. 92 "At the time of arrest, I was allowed to bring with me a few books. but after about ten
days when I had finished the same, I was not allowed for about a month any book at
all." Sardul Singh Caveeshar, The Lahore Fort Torture Camp, p.10.
47
93 vzIr isMG, is`K swihq nUM srdUl isMG kvISr dI dyx, pMnw 2. ( AxpRkwiSq pypr) 94 AkwlI, lwhOr, 14 mwrc, 1921. 95sµgq isµG, ieiqhws ’c is`K, pµnw 261. 96 AkwlI, lwhOr, 11 Agsq, 1921. 97 AkwlI, lwhOr, 12 Agsq, 1921.