133

tZiotbm-ZvK-Y\w

9tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w

a\pjy≥ Hcp kmaq-lyPohn-bm-Wv. H‰bv-s°mcp \ne\n¬∏ns\-°p-dn®va\pjy\v Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ t]mepw Ign-bn-√. Acn-kvt‰m´n¬ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°vapºv ]d™Xpw CXp-Xs∂ ""a\p-jy≥ IpSpw-_-Øn-epw Kma-ßfn-epw]´-Wß-fnepw Pohn-°p-∂p. H‰-s∏-´-h-\m-b-√''. a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnIPohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®v \Ωƒ ]Tn-®n´p-≠-t√m.

F√m a\p-jycpw GsX-¶nepw Hcp Iq´m-bva-bnse AwK-amWv. \n߃GsXms° Iq´m-bva-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂p Nn¥n®v t\m°p. NneXvCh-bm-Imw:

$ IpSpw_w (Family) $ ka-]m-b-°m¿ (Peer group)

$ kaqlw (Society) $ kap-Zmbw (Community)

$

$ IpSpw-_-amWv Hcphs‚ G‰hpw sNdpXpw ]mY-an-I-hp-amb Iq´mbva.IpSpw_w \Ωƒ°v kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p, kmaq-lyh¬°-c-W-Øn\p klm-bn-°p∂p. AwK-߃°n-S-bn¬ sshIm-cnI _‘w \ne-\n¿Øp-∂p.

$ kaqlw kmaq-ly_‘-ßfmsW∂v \Ωƒ I≠n- p≠v. \mw \ΩpsSNp‰p-]m-Sp-ap-≈-h-cp-ambn t\cn´pw A√m-sXbpw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

$ kapZmbw\Ωƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn lnµp kap-Zm-bw, ap…ow kap-Zm-bw, InkvXy≥kap-Zmbw Fs∂ms° ]tbm-Kn®phcm-dp-≠-t√m. F∂m¬, kaq-l-imkvXw (tkmtjym-fPn) kap-Zmbw F∂ ]Zw sIm≠v A¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv Hcp \n›nX `q]-tZ-iØv ]c-kv]cw CS-]-gIn Ign-bp∂Hcp Iq´w P\ßsf-bm-Wv. kaq-l-sa-∂-Xn¬ `q]-tZ-i-Øn\vAXn¿Øn \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂n√ F∂-XmWv kap-Zm-bhpw kaq-lhpwXΩn-ep≈ ][m\ hyXym-kw.

\nc-h[n IpSpw-_-߃ tN¿∂mWt√m Hcp Kmaw/\Kcw cq]o-Ir-X-am-Ip-∂Xv. Kma-߃°v/\K-c-߃°v \n›nX AXn¿Øn-bp-≠v.AXn\m¬ KmasØ/\K-csØ Hcp kap-Zm-b-ambn (Kma-k-ap-Zmbw/\K-c-k-ap-Zm-bw) ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.

134

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

$ cmjvSw (Nation), tZiw (State)Hcp ]tZ-isØ P\X sFIy-t_m-[-tØmsScmjvSobcq]w krjvSn® v Xß-fpsScmjvSob`mK-t[bw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-tºmƒ HcpcmjvSw ]nd-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn C¥y-bn¬ P\m-[n-]-XysØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°nb HcpcmjvSobcq]-amWv D≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse P\-߃ Xnc-s™Sp∏pIfn-eqsS Xß-fpsScmjvSob`mK-t[bw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂p. hy‡n-Iƒ°v tZiob t_m[w D≠mhp-tºmƒ HcptZiw F∂ Nn¥ DS-se-Sp-°p-∂p. tZicmjvSwHcp cmjvSob kam -P -amWv (Politicalassociation). AXn\v Nne khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≠v.

$ \n›nX AXn¿Øn

$ AwKXzw

$ \nb-am-hen

$ ]ucXzw

$

P\ßfpw `c-W-`q-ta-J-ebpw `c-W-Iq-ShpwDƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv cmjvSw.

$ tZisØ kap-Zm-b-ambn ImWp-tºmƒ (Nationas a community)

GsXmcp tZi-Øn\pw AXn -t‚ -XmbAXn¿Ønbpw \nb-a-ß-fp-ap-≠v. Bb-Xn-\m¬Xs∂ tZisØ Hcp -k-ap-Zmbw F∂v IW-°m-°mw. tZiw F∂Xv a\p-jys‚ Iq´m-bva-I-fnse G‰hpw hep-∏-ta-dnb kap-Zm-b-am-Wv.

C¥y F∂ tZiw1947 BKÃv 15˛\v C¥y Hcp kzX¥tZi-ambncq]m-¥-c-s∏-´p.

\nc-h-[n- mj-Iƒ, aX-߃, hwi-߃, PmXn-IƒF∂nh IqSn°e¿∂ Hcp _lp-kzckaq-l-ambnC¥y \nesIm≈p-∂p. CXv C¥y-bv°-IØpXs∂ ]e kwkvIm-c-߃ DS-se-Sp-°m≥ ImcW-am-bn.

kwkvImcw

hmKm AXn¿Øn

Hmtcm a\p-jy-k-aq-lhpw Ah-c-h-cp-tS-XmbkwkvIm-c-߃ ]n≥Xp-S-cp -∂p. kwkvImcwF∂Xv Hcp kaq-l-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ thjw,`mj, BNm-c-߃, A\p-jvTm-\-߃, hnizm-k-߃ F∂n-h-bpsS BsIØpI-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬\ne-\n¬°p∂ kwkvImcw sshhn-≤y-]q¿Æ-amWv. F∂m¬ C¥ysb H∂n-∏n®v \n¿-Øp-∂XpwCu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv "\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GIXzw' F∂ XØzwC¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn\pw C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\pwtbmPn-°p-∂-Xv.

s\lvdp-hns‚ hm°p-I-fn¬, C¥y-bp-sS kz`mhw\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-am-Wv. C¥y≥ tZio-bX\m\m-Xz-Øn¬ GI-Xz-sa∂ Bi-b-Øn¬ A[n-jvTnX-am-Ip-∂p.

`mj`c-W-L-S-\-bpsS F´mw ]´n-Ibn¬ Ccp-]-Øn-c≠v`mj-I-fmWv Dƒs∏-SpØn AwKo-I-cn-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv.C¥ybn¬ a‰p \nc-h[n `mj-Ifpw c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw mjmt`Z-ßfpw BWpf-f-Xv. c-W-LS\

135

tZiotbm-ZvK-Y\w

AwKo-I-cn® `mj-I-sfbpw C¥y-bnse a‰p `mj-I-sfbpw `mjm t`Z-ß-sfbpw C≥tUm Bcy≥

`mj-I-sf∂pw ZmhnU `mj-I-sf∂pw ap≠- m-j-I-sf∂pw Xcw Xncn-°mw.

IqSp-X¬ DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠Øn ]´nI]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-I

hnkvXr-X-amb DØ-tc-¥y≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp-∂Xv ]mtZ-in-I-t -Z-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]mIr-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. sXs° C¥y-bn¬ Zmhn-U-tKm-X-Øn¬s]´ ]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fpw. ]›n-ta-jy≥]tZ-i-ß-fp-am-bp≈ C¥y-bpsS \nc-¥c_‘-Øn-eqsS Ad-_n, t]¿jy≥ `mj-Ifpw ]n¬°m-eØv Ctßm´v FØn. Cu kº¿°-Øns‚ e-ambn DdpZp Fs∂mcp `mjbpw ]n¬°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn.

PmXn-IƒC¥y≥ kaq-l-Øns‚ apJ-ap-Z-bmWv PmXn-Iƒ.PmXn-bpsS D¬∏-Øn-sb-°p-dn®v ap≥]v \Ωƒ ]Tn-

®n- p-≠t√m? lnµp-°ƒ°nSbn¬ GXm≠v aqhm-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw PmXnIfpw D]-Pm-Xn-I-fpap≠v.lnµp-°ƒ°n-S-bnse PmXn hn -P-\-Øn\p kam\-amb th¿Xn-cnhp-Iƒ a‰p aXß-fnepw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. e£-Zzo-]nse ap…o߃°n-S-bnsePmXn-k-am-\-amb aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fmWv tImb,taem-t®-cn, am¬an F∂n-h¿.

hwi-߃C¥y-sbmcp hwiayqkn-b-am-sW-∂m-Wv imkvX-⁄¿ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. s\Kn-t‰m, awsKmtfm-bnUv, saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ XpSßn \nc-h[n hwi-P¿ C¥y-bn¬ ]m¿Øncp∂p. hnZqc]q¿th-jybnepw Z£nW]q¿th-jybnepw A[n-h-kn-°p∂ awsKm-tfm -bnUv hwi-Øns‚ IpSn -tb‰Øns‚ ]›n-am -Xn¿Øn C¥y-bm -Wv .]Sn™m-dp-\n∂p IpSn-tb-dnbhcn¬ Bcy≥`mjkwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ hwi-ßfpwDƒs∏-Sp-∂p. temI-Øns‚ hnhn[`mK-ß-fn¬\n∂p IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cpsSbpw C¥y-bnse BZnhm-kn-I-fp-sSbpw ]n≥ap-d-°m-cmWv C∂sØ C¥y-°m¿. Ah¿ Bcv, GXv \c-hw-i-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂p F∂pXncn-®-dn-bpI ZpjvI-c-am-Wv. Ccp-f¿,ImS¿, ae∏≠m-c-߃ XpS-ßnb t]mt´m˛-BkvS-tem-bnUv hwi-P-¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠v. hwi-ip≤n Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdwa\pjy -k-aq -l-߃ XΩn¬ CS-] -gIn -°gn-™p.

C≥tUm Bcy≥ `mj-Iƒ ZmhnU `mj-Iƒ ap≠ `mj-IƒkwkvIrXw ae-bmfw OØokvKUv

Bkm-aokv Xangv k¥mfn

lnµn .................. ..................

.................. .................. ..................

.................. .................. ..................

136

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

C¥y-bpsS sFIy-Øn-\p-Im-cWamb LS-I-߃Fs¥-√m-sa∂p t\m°mw.

tZio-bXtZi-tØm-Sp≈ Hcp sshIm-cnIXmXv]cyw amX-amtWm tZio-bX? tZio-b-Xbv°v \nc-h[nhniZoI-c-W-߃ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. NneXp ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

aX-߃

C¥ybnse aX-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈P\-kwJym IW°v

80.5% ˛ lnµp-°ƒ

13.4% ˛ ap…o߃

2.3% ˛ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

3.8% ˛ a‰p-≈-h

(2001 sk≥k v dnt∏m¿ v)

ta¬s°m-Sp-Ø-h-bn¬ s]SmØhnhn[ aX-hn`m-K-ßfnse P\-߃C¥y-bn¬ Pohn-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsSt]cp-Iƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

$

$

$

Cßs\ PmXn, hwiw, `mj, aXw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm¬ sshhn-≤y-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp cmPy-am-bmWvkzX¥ C¥y- \ne-hn¬ h∂-Xv. F∂n-cp-∂m¬Ø-s∂bpw C¥y Fßs\ sFIy- -tØmsS \ne-\n¬°p-∂p?

$ Hcp ]tXyI cmjvSØnep≈ AwKXzhpwAXn-s\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xp-amWv (identification)tZio-bX.

$ h¿§w, mj, aXw, kwkvImcw XpS-ßnb NneLS-I-߃ P\-ßsf H∂n∏n®p \n¿Øp-∂-tZio-bXbmWv.

$ s]mXp-hmb Nne kmcq-]y-ß-fp≈ (identity)P\-߃°n-S-bnse Bi-b-]-c-amb hnIm-c-amWv tZio-b-X.

tZio-b-Xsb BI-maItZio-b-X- (AggressiveNationalism) sb∂pw ]Xn-tcm[tZio-b-X(Defensive Nationalism) -sb∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-sa∂v \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´p-≠t√m. kmamPyXzcmPy-ß-fn¬ BIm-aItZio-b-XbmWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv.]Xn -tcm[tZio-b-Xbneq∂n-bmWv C¥y≥tZiobX cq]w sIm≠-Xv.

C¥y≥ tZio -bX a‰p cmPy -ß-fnsetZiobXbn¬ \n∂v Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ hyXymk-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.

C¥y≥ tZio-bX aX-Øn-t‚bpw PmXn-bp-tSbpw]mtZ-in-I-X-bp-tS-bpw hwi-Øn-t‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ cq]-s∏- -X-√. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚Nne- k-hn-tijkml-N-cy-Øn-emWv C¥y≥tZio-bX cq]-s∏-´-Xv. AXv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬\nch[n LS-I-߃ klm-bn®n´p≠v. Ah\ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

137

tZiotbm-ZvK-Y\w

Ncn-X-]-c-amb LS-I-߃bqtdm-]y∑mcpsS hc-hn\v apºv sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb \m´p-cm-Py-ß-fpsS Hcp kap-®-bam-bn-cp∂pC¥y. kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn Nne taJ-e-I-fn¬kmay-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Hcp tZicmjvS-ambncq]-s∏-Sm≥ bqtdm-∏y-∑m-cpsS, ]tXy-In®v _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS hchv klm-bn-®n- p-≠v. _n´o-jp-Im-tcm-sS-Xn-cn´v 19˛mw \q‰m-≠n-emWv C¥y≥ tZio-bX cq]-s∏-´-Xv. F.B¿.-tZ-imbn F∂ kmaq-lyimkvX-⁄s‚ A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ C¥y≥tZio-bX cq]-s∏-Sm≥ c≠p LS-I-߃ klmbn-®n- p-≠v.

(1) _n´o-jp-Im-cpsS `c-Ww

(2) kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Hcp-a

`qan-im-kvX-]cw

C¥y≥ tZio-bX Dcp-Øn-cn-™p-h-cm≥ `qan-imkvX-]-c-am-b LS-I-ß-fpsS ]¶v hfschepXmWv. hS°v lnam-ebhpw Ing°v _wKmƒDƒ°-Sepw ]Sn-™mdv Ad-_n-°-Sepw sX°vC¥y≥ alm-k-ap-Zhpw AXn-cp-I-fmb `qhn- m-K-Øns‚ t]cmWv `mc-Xw.

A\n-b-¥n-X-amb IS∂pIb-‰-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈c£bv°pw H∏wXs∂ a‰p kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-ambp≠mb \nb-¥n-X-amb CS-s]-S-en\pw C¥y≥`q]-Ir-Xn-bpsS ]tXy-IX klm-bn-®p.

kwXr]vX-amb PohnXw \bn-°p∂Xn-\m-h-iy-ambhn -h-߃ ]IrXn Hcp-°n-. hyXy-kvX-X-bm¿∂`q]-Ir-Xnbpw Imem-h-ÿbpw sshhn-≤y-ßsfAwKo-I-cn -°p-hm\pw _lp-am -\n -°p-hm\pwIgnhp≈ a\- p-Isf krjvSn-®p.

kmwkvImcnIwsshhn -≤y -߃°n -S -bnepw Pohn -Xm -h -iy -߃°mbn C¥y≥ P\X At\ym\ywklh¿Øn-XztØmsS Pohn-°m≥ ioen-®p.Bflo-b-X-bvs°m∏w uXn-I-Xbpw C¥y≥ Nn¥-I-fn¬ hf¿∂ph∂p. C¥y-bn¬ D¤-hn® aX-ß-tfbpw h∂p-tN¿∂ aX-ßsfbpw Dƒs°m-≈m≥Ign-™Xv ta¬∏-d™ ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ aqe-am-Wv.C¥y-bn¬ FØn-s∏´ F√m kwkvIm-c-ßfpwAXn-t‚-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ C¥y≥ kaq-l-Øn\p \¬In. temI-Øn-ep≈ hnhn-[- kw-kvIm-c -ß-fpsS kØ Dƒs°m-≠-XmWv C¥y≥kwkvIm-cw.

kmaq-lyLS-I-߃

]ckv]-cm - i-b-Øn-eqsS hf¿∂p-h∂ HcpkaqlamWv C¥y-bp-tS-Xv. PmXn-bpsS XpS°wsXmgn¬ hn`-P-\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. sXmgn¬hn`-P\w kaq-l-Øns‚ apt∂-‰-Øn\p Gsdklm-bn-®p. PPvam\n hyhÿ AXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p.

PmXn-Iƒ XΩn¬ sXmgn¬-]-c-amb ]c-kv]c kl-I-c-W-amWv "PPvam\n' hyh-ÿ. CXn¬ tkh\w\¬Ip-∂-hsc Iao≥ F∂pw tkh\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-hsc PmPva≥ F∂p-w ]-d-bp-∂p.

ASnbmbvatIc-f-Øn¬ PmPvam\n hyh-ÿbv°v kam-\-ambn\ne-\n∂ H∂mWv ASn -bm -bva. Irjn°pta¬t\m´w hln-®p-sIm≠v P∑n-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚Ahn-`m -Pymw -i-ambn h¿Øn-°p∂ Zmk-]-hrØnbmWv ASn-bm-bva. ASn-bm≥ ASn-a-b-s√-¶nepw ASn-a-sb-t∏mse s]cp-amdpw. Abmƒ kIp-Spw_w P∑n`h-\sØ ]cn-N-cn-°p-∂p. ASn-bmbva]mc-º-cy-h-gn°m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂ ASn-bm-bva-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®p Ipdn∏pXøm-dm-°pI.

tZiob kacw

138

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

aX-\n-c-t]-£XkzX-¥- C¥y aX-\n-c-t]-£-X-bn¬ ASn-bp-d®p\n¬°p-∂p. a‰p ]e cmPy-ß-fnepw D≈-Xp-t]mseC¥ybv°v tZiobaX-an-√. GsXm-cp-a-X-Øn\pwAhc-h-cpsS BNm-cm-\pjvTm-\-߃ A\p-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-Im-i-ap≠v.F√m aX-ß-tfbpw Xpey-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw_lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.

aX-\nct]£X hf¿Øp-hm≥ Fs¥-√mw -]-h¿Ø-\-߃ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m-sa∂v N¿® sNøpI.

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S\

aX-\n-c-t]£ k¶¬∏amWv C¥y≥ c-W-L-S\-bpsS Bi-b]c-amb ASn-Ø-d. \nb-a-Øns‚apºn¬ F√m ]uc-∑m-cpw Xpey-cm-Wv. P∑-Øns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ]tXyI ]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ\n¿Ø-em-°n. aXw, `mj, PmXn, hwiw, ]tZiwF∂nh ]cn-K-Wn-°n-√. C¥y-bnse sshhn≤yw\ne- - \n¿tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂pw AXn-te-°mbn hntI-µo-I-cWw Bh-iy-am-sW∂pw `c-W-L-S\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw `mj-bp-sSbpw]tZi-Øns‚bpw A∏p-dØv \m\m-Xz-Øn¬GIXzw F∂ Bi-b-Øne-Sn-bp-d-®-XmWv C¥y≥tZiobX.

aX-\n-c-t]£k¶ev]w \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v tZio-b-Zn-\-߃ Fßs\A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn BN-cn-°m-sa∂v N¿® sNøp-I.

Atim-I-kvXw`w

tZio-b-X-bpsS ]Xn-^-e\w

kzmX¥yka-c-tk-\m-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw \mSn-\mbnc‡-km-£nXzw hcn® [oc-cp-sSbpw Hm¿Ω ]pXp-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS \Ωƒ tZi-kvt\-lhpw tZio-b-Xbpw ]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p.

CXp-t]mse at‰-sX√mw Ah-k-c-ß-fn-emWv\Ωƒ tZio-bX ]Xn^en∏n°m-dp-≈-Xv. Btem-Nn-°p-I. kµ¿ -߃ Is≠-Øp-I.

tZio-b-Nn-”-߃

tZio-b-t_m-[w DW¿Øp-∂-hbpw sFIy-Øns‚Bth-i-ap -W¿Øp-∂hbpamWv C¥ybpsS

aX-\n-c-t]-£X$ am\-hnIaqey-߃°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂p.$ aX-ß-fpsS aqey-߃t°m [m¿Ωn-I-Xbvt°m

FXn-c-√.

$ B[p-\nIXbpsS Hcp LS-I-amWv aX-\n-c-t]-£-X.

139

tZiotbm-ZvK-Y\w

tZiobNn”-߃. tZiob-Nn-”-ßsf BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw Ahsb kwc-£n-°pIbpw sNtø-≠-XmWv.Ah-tbm-Sp≈ A\m-Z-chv in£m¿l-am-Wv.

AXn-cp-I-S∂ tZio-bX

Hcp cmjvS-Øn\pw Hcp P\-Xbv°pw H‰bv-s°mcp\ne-\n¬∏ns√∂v temINcnXw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.AXn-cp-I-S∂ tZio-bX a‰p cmjvS-ß-tfm-Sp≈shdp-∏n-te°pw kwL¿j-Øn-te°pw \bn-°pw.ln‰vedpw apkeo\nbpw Cu hnImcw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv Ncn-X-Øn¬ \Ωƒ I≠-Xm-Wv.hnI -k-\ -Øn -\ v -DXtI≠ ]Ww bp≤-Øn\pth≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn°p∂Xp icn-b-√.temI-bp-≤-߃ D≠m-°nb hn]Øv ]n∂oSv h∂Xe-ap-dIƒt]mepw A\p- -hn-°p-∂Xv I≠n-s√∂p\Sn°m-\m-hn-√.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\wsshhn-≤y-߃ \nd-™ C¥y≥ kaq-lsØ NnesshIm-cn-I-i-‡n-Iƒ GIo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw HcpGIm -flIkaq -l-ambn \ne -\n¿Øp -IbpwsNøp∂p. CXmWv tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\ ]In-b.\ΩpsS cmPysØ inYn-eo-I-cn-°p∂ F√m i‡n-I-sfbpw ]Xn-tcm-[n-°pI F∂-XmWv tZio-tbmZvK-Y-\-Øns‚ apJy-[¿Ωw.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w Hcp kΩn-i-k-¶¬∏-am-Wv.kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjvSo-bhpw aX-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw kmº-Øn-I-hp -amb ]e am\-ßfpwAXn\p≠v.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øns‚ aq∂v ASnÿm\LS-I-߃

1. LS-\m-]-c-amb kaXzw2. kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sFIyw3. Bi-b-]-c-amb Hcpa

LS-\m-]-c-amb kaXzw

cmPy-Ønse F√m hn`m-K-߃°pw ]tXy-In®vkmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmº-Øn-I-ambpw ]nt∂m°w\n¬°p-∂ h¿§-߃°pw hn`m-K-߃°pw Xpey-A-h-kcw Hcp-°pI.

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb sFIyw

sXm´p-Iq-Smbva, Xo≠n-°q-Smbva (untouchability)XpSßnb PmXobhnth-N-\-߃ Hgn-hm-°p-I.

Bi-b-]-c-amb Hcpa

cmjvSo-b-ambpw aX-]-c-ambpw D≈-Xp-t]mse a‰p]e- X-e-Ønepw hyXykvX ImgvN-∏m-Sp-≈-h-cm-sW-¶nepw "tZiob e£y-ßsf' Ipdn® vP\߃°n-S-bn¬ hy‡-amb Xncn-®-dnhv hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°-Ww.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn-te°vsshhn-≤y-ßsf AwKo-I-cn®v Ahsb _lp-am-\n®v C¥y Hcp tZi-am-sW∂ hnIm-c-apƒs°m≠vH∂mbn amdp-∂-XmWv tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\w.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-sØ-∏-‰n- Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ NnetNmZy-߃ Db¿∂p-h-t∂-°mw.

kmº-ØnIkaXzw t\Sn-bm¬ DZvK-Y-\-am-Iptam?Db¿∂ kmº-ØnIÿnXn -bp≈ hn`m -K -߃°nS-bnepw tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb\o°-ßfnt√?

icn-bmb Bkq-X-W-Øn-eqsS amXw kmaq-lnIkmº-ØnIam‰-ßfpw tZio-tbmZvK-Y-\hpwkm[y-amIptam?

aX-]-c-amb kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw kulm¿±-Øn-s‚bpw Bi-b-߃ ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xp-sIm≠pamXw DZvK-Y\w km[y-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bptam?C°m-cy -߃ ]cn -K -Wn -°p -tºmƒ tZio -tbmZvKY\w Hcp k¶o¿W-]-iv\-am-W∂pwAXn¬ tZi-Øns‚ cmjvSo-bamb DZvvK-Y\w Hcp`mKw amXta BIp-∂p-≈q F∂pw ImWmw.AtXm -sSm∏wXs∂ kmº-Øn -I˛kmaq -lnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI `n∂X-Iƒ hnth-N-\-߃Ch Hgn-hm-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thWw.

C¥y≥ tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn-\p≈sh√p-hn-fn-IƒC¥y-bpsS F√m-X-e-Øn-epap≈ DZvKY\Øn\vXS- -ambn Nne LS-I-߃ h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v.

]mtZ-in-I-hmZw (Regionalism)

"]mtZ-in-I-hmZw' kz¥w cmPy-sØ-°mƒ kz¥w]tZ-i-Øn\v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p. ]mtZ-in-I-hmZ-Øn-s\m∏w `mjbpw aXhpw tNcp-tºmƒ AXvH‰tZiw F∂-Xn\v ]Icw ]mtZ-inI Xm¬∏cy-߃°v ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂p F∂-XmWv. CXvkaq-l-Øn¬ hn`m-Ko-b-Xbv°v CS-bm-°p-∂p.

140

¢mkv X ˛ -km-aq-ly-imkvXw I

PmXo-bX (Casteism)

PmXobX Hcp OnZi‡n-bm-Wv. Hcp hn`mKw a‰pPmXn-°msc Xmgv∂-h-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p.Ahsc NqjWw sNøp-∂p. ÿm\-am-\-ßfpwAh-k-c-ßfpw Nne PmXn-°m¿ amXw ssIb-S°n-h-bv°p-∂p. CXv CXc PmXn-°m¿°n-S-bn¬iXpXmat\m-`mhw DW¿Øp-∂p. PmXnkwL-S-\ -Iƒ cmjvSo -b -Øn¬ CS -s] -Sp -∂p.kΩ¿±kwL-ß-fmbn ]h¿Øn®v ]e-t∏mgpwBh-iy-߃ A\¿l-ambn t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn PmXnkwL-S-\-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. Ch-sbms° DZvK-Y-\-Øn\v XS- -ambn Xocp-∂p.

h¿§o-bX (Communalism)

GsX-¶nepw Hcp aX-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂tXm aX-]-c-amb NS-ßp-Iƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂tXm A√ h¿§o-bX. kz¥w aX-tØm-Sp≈ AXn-cp-I-hn™ A`n\n-th-iw a‰p aX-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hntcm-[-ambn amdp-tºmƒaX-Xo-h-hmZw DS-se-Sp-°p-∂-p. aXw, PmXn, hwiwF∂nh cmjvSob kmaq-lnIt\ -߃°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ AXv h¿§o-b-X-bmIp-∂p.

h¿§o-b-X-bpsS bYm¿∞ Dd-hnSw cmjvSo-bhpwkmº-Øn-I-hp-amb Imc-W-ß-fmWv. C¥y-bpsShn`-P\wXs∂ aXw cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ CS-s]-´-Xns‚ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

`mjm-hmZw

C¥y≥ `c-W-L-S-\- 22 `mj-Isf AwKo-I-cn-®n- p-s≠∂v \Ωƒ I≠p. HutZym-KnI mj lnµnbpwA\p-_‘ `mj Cw•o-jp-am-Wv.

c≠m-bnctØmfw mj-I-fmWv C¥y-bn¬ hnhn[P\-hn -`m -K -߃ D]-tbm-Kn -°p -∂-Xv. C¥ykzX¥amb-t∏mƒ lnµn tZiob`mj-bm-Ip-∂-Xns\ a‰p-]e`mj-°mcpw FXn¿Øp. Xan-gv\m- n¬lnµnhncp≤]t£m`wXs∂ D≠m-bn. kzX¥C¥y t\cn´ as‰mcp ]iv\w `mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-

hn`-P-\-Im-esØ ]em-b\w

Øn-ep≈ kwÿm-\ -ß-fpsS]p\xkwL-S-\-bm-Wv. 1956˛¬ C¥ymKh¨sa‚ v `mjm-Sn -ÿm-\-Øn¬kwÿm-\-ßsf ]p\xkw-L-Sn-∏n-®Xv\n߃ a\- n -em -°n -bn -´p≠t√m.C∂pw kwÿm\]p\x-kw-L-S-\-bm-h-iy-s∏´p C¥y-bn¬ hnhn-[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ ]t£m-`-߃ \S-°p-∂p. tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn\p ]Xn-_-‘-am-Ip∂][m\Imc-W-ß-fn-sem-∂mb k¶p-NnX`mjm-hmZw amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v hnLm-X-amb h¿§o-b-Xsb t\cn-Sm-\p≈ am¿§-ß-sf-s¥-√m-am-sW∂v N¿®- sNømw.

$ atX-X-cXzw $ ]ptcm-K-a\ hnZym- ymkw

$ $

Xn`mjm ]≤Xn

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-tØbpw A¥xkw-ÿm-\-hn\na-b-tØbpw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Xn`mjm ]≤Xn sIm≠p-h-∂p.

lnµn kwkm-cn -°p∂ kwÿm\ßfn¬Cw•ojpw lnµnbpw GsX-¶n-ep-samcp amXr`mj-bpw. Alnµn kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Cw•o-jpwlnµnbpw amXr`mjbpw kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØp∂ ]≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv.

141

tZiotbm-ZvK-Y\w

`oI-c-hmZw

Hcp cmPyØv \ne-\n¬°p∂ kmaq-ly-I-a-Øn-\p-tbm-Pn-°mØ am¿§-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥wXmev]-cy-߃ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\mbn P\-߃°p-≈n¬ `oXn-]-cØn ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-XmWv `oI-c-hmZw. `oI-c-hmZw am\p-jnIaqey-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂p. X߃°¿l-am-bXv e`n-°p-∂n√F∂ tXm∂¬, sXmgn-en-√m-bva, icn-bmb hnZym-`ym-k-Øn‚ A`m-hw, Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fpsSA]-cym-]vXX XpS-ßn-bh `oI-c-hm-Z-Øn\vhgnsbm-cp-°p-∂p.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\ Zn\wC¥y≥ ][m-\-a-¥n-bm -bn -cp∂ ioaXnCµncm -Km -‘n -bpsSP∑-Zn-\-amb \hw-_¿19 tZiotbmZvK-Y-\-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p.C¥y≥ P\-X-bv°n-S-bn¬ sFIyhpw kam-

[m-\hpw kvt\lhpw kmtlm-Z-cyhpw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pI F∂p-≈-XmWv Cu BNc-W-Øns‚e£yw. 1984 HIvtSm-_¿ 31-˛\v kz¥w AwK-c£-I-cpsS shSn-bp-≠bv°v apºn¬ c‡-km-£nXzw hcn -°pIbmbn-cp∂p B al-Xn.ioaXn Cµn-cm-Km‘n Jmen-ÿm≥ hmZ-Øns‚Cc-bmbncp-∂p.

tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y\w tZio-b-Xsb hf¿Øp-∂p.AXv h¿§o-b-Xbv°pw `mjm-`m-¥n\pw ]mtZ-inIhmZ-Øn\pw a‰p inYn-eo-I-cWi‡n-Iƒ°pwFXn-cm-Wv.

]h¿Ø-\-߃

$ C¥y≥ aX-\n-c-t]-£X IqSp-X¬ e-]-Z-am-°m≥ \nß-fpsS\n¿t±-i-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

$ \ΩpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn\v XS -ambn \n¬°p∂ LS-I-߃ Is≠-Øp-I. DZm: thjw, `mjXpS-ßn-b-h.

$ tZio-tbm-ZvK-Y-\-Øn\v XS- -ambn \n¬°p∂ Imc-W-߃N¿®-sNbvXv Hcp skan-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

$ tZio-tbm-Z v K -Y-\-Øn\v klm-bn -°p∂ ]cn -]m -Sn -IƒBkqXWw sNbvXv \S-∏m-°pI.

$ "tZio-b-]-XmI', "Atim-I-NIw' F∂nh ][m\ tZiob Nn”-ß-fm-Wv. tZiob Nn”-߃ Is≠Øn Hcp B¬_wXømdm°mw.

$ "h¿§o-bX ^mjn-k-Øns‚ C¥y≥ ]Xn-∏mWv' F∂ Ph- l¿em¬ s\lvdphns‚ ]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ h¿§o-b-Xtbbpw ^mjn-k-sØbpw Xmc-Xayw sNøpI.

$ tZi-kvt\lw ]ta-b-am°n \nc-h[n kmlnXyIrXn-Iƒ cNn°-s∏- n- p-≠v. Ah tiJ-cn®vHcp ]Xn-∏m-°p-I.

$ \ΩpsS cmPy-w t\-cn´ Nne `oI-c-hm-Z-]-h¿Ø-\-߃°v DZm-l-c-W-߃ Is≠Øn ]cn-lm-c-am¿§ßƒ N¿®-sN-bvXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I:

DZm: $ Imivao¿ ]iv\-߃

$ t_mtUm ]iv\-߃

$ Jmen-ÿm≥ hmZw$