7/26/2019 SS 108

1/4

#$%& '((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( )) "*+ ,) -. "Chapter

Eight: Cardiovascular

System

OVERVIEW

OF THE

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

The card iovascular system consis ts

of the h ea rt as a pump b lood vessels

t ha t ta ke b l oo d away f rom th e h e a rt

a r t e ri e s , and b lood vesse ls th a t t ak e

b lo o d b ack t o th e h e a rt v ei ns .

Locate the heart on the i l lu s tr a ti on

and colo r it i n p ur p le . L ab el th e

common carotidartery

and col or it

in red . Arteries are typ ically co lored

in r ed and v ei ns a re col or ed b lu e .

L ab el a nd colo r i n th e

internal

jugular

ve in too . The in te rna l

j ug u la r v ein t ak es b lo o d to t he

superiorvena cava which tak es

b lo o d to t he h e ar t. L ab el a nd colo r

the

aortic

arch re d an d find th e

con t inua t ion o f the

aorta

that

t rave ls down the l ef t s ide o f the

b od y, s pli ts a nd ta ke s b lo od t o th e

femo ra l a r t e ry . The vesse lp a ra ll el t o

th e femo ra l a r te r y is th e f emo ra l

v ei n and it s h ou ld b e col or ed b lu e.

T he f emo ra l v ein ta ke s b lo od to th e

inferior v en a c ava b efo r e i t g oe s to

th e h e ar t. B lo od tr av els to th e a rm by

the brachial

artery and

deoxygenated color i t b lue b lood

tr av els t o t he lu ng s in th e

pulmonarytrunk

An s we r Ke y : a . I n te r na l j u gu l ar v e i n

Cornman carotid artery

c.

Superior

vena cava d.

Brachial

artery e . I n fe n o r

vena cava Aortic

arch

g. Pulmonary

trunk h.

Heart

i.

Aorta

j.

Femoral artery

k.

Femoral

vem.

a. _

b. _

c. _

d. _

e

\

p/Cr

H

7/26/2019 SS 108

2/4

Chapter i ht I I 9

Cardiovascular System meulca

CIRCUL TION

m.

=== oxygen-rich blood

oxygen-poor blood

D

oxygen-poor blood

D

oxygen-rich blood

f circulation:

internal organs and legs

f circulation:

head and arms

_

J.

d. _

k _

a. _

1. _

There are two major circulations in

the body. One goesto the lungs and

this iscalled the pulmonary

circulation. Deoxygenated blood

leavesthe right ventricle of the heart

and travels through the

pulmonary

artery blue to the lungs where the

blood is oxygenated. Blood returns

from the lungs to the left atrium of

the heart by the pulmonaryveins

red . The

other

main circulation in

the body iscalled the systemic

circulation

where blood travels from

the leftventricle of the heart and

goes to the other regions of the body.

Arteries are vascular tubes that take

blood awayfrom the heart while

veins are vesselsthat return blood to

the heart. Most arteries carry

oxygenated blood and most veins

carry deoxygenated blood

but

there

are a few exceptions.

The first vesselthat leavesthe heart

isthe aorta which is part of the

arterial system. Color it red. Arteries

receive blood from the aorta and

take blood throughout the body.

They branch and become smaller

until they become arterioles. The

arterioles are the structures that

control blood pressure in the body.

Asthey get smaller they become

capillaries. The capillaries are the

site of exchange with the cells of the

body. Label and then color the

capillaries purple. Purple isa good

choice because the capillaries are the

interchange between the arteries

red and the veins blue . On the

return flow the capillaries enlarge

and turn into venules, which take

blood to the veins. Color the venules

and remaining veins of the body

blue. Blood from the inferior

portion

of the heart returns

to

the

heart by the

inferior

vena cava.

The heart has four chambers

including the superior atria and the

inferior ventricles. There isa typical

coloring

pattern

for the

cardiovascular system. Vesselsor

chambers that carrydeoxygenated

blood are colored in blue while

vessels that

carry

oxygenated blood

are colored red. Label and color the

right atrium

blue , right ventricle

blue , left atrium red and left

ventricle red . Remember the heart

isin anatomical position so the right

atr ium is on the left in the

illustration.

Answer Key: a Right atrium b orta c Leftatrium d Rightventricle e Leftventricle f Systemic g

Pulmonary

h Pulmonary

artery

i Pulmonaryvein j Infenorvena

cava

k Vein

I Venule

m Capillary n Arteriole o Artery

7/26/2019 SS 108

3/4

NTERIOR SURF E VIEW OF HE RT

The apex of the heart is inferior and the

base

is superior Label each

chamber

of

the heart

an d color them

each a

different

color Locate the

coronary

arteries and their branches and color them in red Th e

right

coronary

artery

leads to

the

right

marginal artery The left

coronary

q

p

o

n _

m

Chapter

i ht I

UPLANd

I 9

Cardiovascular System

me lea

artery

takes blood to the

anterior interventricularbranch

an d the

circumflex branch

The

cardiac

veins can

also be seenon the

anterior

side Thegrea tcardiacvein runs in the

interventricular

sulcus on the

anterior side Label all

of

the major vessels entering and exiting the heart

c _

1

Answer Key:a Aorticarch b Pulmonary trunk c Base of heart d Leftatrium e Circumflexbranch f Anterior interventricular branch g Leftcoronary artery

h Great cardiac vein I Left ventricle j Apexof heart k Descending aorta Inferiorvena cava rn Rightventricle n Rightmarginal artery o Rightatrium

p Rightcoronary artery q Superior vena cava

chamber of t he hea rt an d

color

them

each a d i ffe ren t co lo r Locate

th e

c o r o n ar y a r t e r ie s a n d t hei r b ranches and

color

them in red The r ight

coronary

r tery l eads to

th e

r ight

margina l

ar tery The left coron ry

q

p

o

n _

m

anterior side Label all of t h e m a j or vessels enter ing and ex it ing the heart

c _

1

Answer Key:a Aorticarch b Pulmonary trunk c Base of heart d Leftatrium e Circumflexbranch f Anterior interventricular branch g Leftcoronary artery

h Great cardiac vein I Left ventricle j Apex of heart k Descending aorta Inferiorvena cava rn Rightventricle n Rightmarginal artery o Rightatrium

p Rightcoronary artery q Superior vena cava

SUPERIOR SPECT

OFTHE

HE RT

Thi s v iewof t he hea r t i s seen as i f t h e a tr ia

an d

the major vessels have

been removed.Youshouldbe able to see allof the majorvalvesof the

heart . The most anteriorvalve is the pulmonary semilunar valve that

occurs between the right vent ricle and the pulmonary trunk. Label an d

color this valve blue. Posterior to this i s the

aor t icsem ilunar

valve. It

occurs between the leftventric le and the aorta . Label this valve and color

i t in red . Both of these valvesprevent b lood from return ing to the

a. _

c _

ECG CONDUCTION

P THW Y

The heart has specia lized cel ls that in it iate an elect r ica l impulse that

radiates throughout the heart . The cel ls are clustered in a particu lar area

known as the

s inoatr ial node

or the pacemaker.These cel ls produce a

depolarization that t ravels across the atr ia which depolarize an d then

cont ract . Depolarizat ion isan electr ical event whi le cont ract ion isa

mechanical event . Between the wal lof the right

a t rium and

the right

Chapter

Eight I IAPLAN

d

I

3

Cardiovascular System me lea

ventric les once they have fin ished cont ract ing . On the right sideof the

i llust rat ion and on the right side of the heart i s the

right

atrioventricular or tricuspid valve, so named because i thas three flaps

or cusps. This valve occurs hetween the right a t r ium and the right

ventricle. It p revent s t he b lood f rom re tu rning to the r ight a t ri um du ri ng

ventricu lar contraction. Label this valve and color i tb lue . On the left s ide

o f t he hear t i s t he l e ft

atrioventricular

bicuspid valve. It prevents blood

from moving back to the lefta t r ium when the leftvent ricle cont racts .

d. _

ventricle is a lump of tissue known as the atrioventricular AV node.

Once the impu lse reaches th is a rea t he AVnode pause s a momen tbe fo re

send ing the impu l se t o t he

atrioventricular

bundle. This bundle divides

in to the bundle branches and then

the impulse t ravels to the

conduct ion Purkin je fibers . These fibers reach the muscle of the

ventricles and stimulate them t o con tract . Co lo r each o f t he componen t s

of the conduct ion pathwaya di fferent color.

h _

e.

g.

1

_

Answer

Key: a Pulmonary semilunar valve b Aortic semilunar valve

c

Leftatrioventricular valve d Right atrioventricular valve e Sinoatrial node

f

Atrioventricular

bundle g Atrioventricular node h Bundle branches I Purkinje fibers

7/26/2019 SS 108

4/4

Chapter

Eight

I

KAPLAN

d I 2

Cardiovascular System

me lea

CORONAL

SECTION

OF

HEART

The h e ar t is l oc at ed in a t ou g h, f ib ro us sa c

known

a s t he p riet l

peric rdium wh ic h h as an outer f i b rous

l ayer and

an

inner

serous layer.

If th is sa c is opened

you

c an s ee a s p ac e c al le d t he p e ri c ar d ia l c av it y. The

hear t i s in thi s cav ity. The outer surface of the hear t is c al le d t he v i sc e ra l

peric rdium o r the

epic rdium

Inside

of

t hi s i s t he

main portion

o f t he

hea r t wal l cal led the myoc rdium

made

of ca rd iac muscle

a n d t h e

innermost layer of the hear t i s the endoc rdium

Deoxygenated

blood

en te rs the right trium

of

the

hear t

by th re e

vessels: the

superior

vena

cava, the

inferior

vena

cava

nd

the

coron ry

sinus.

The wal ls

of

t he r i gh t

at rium

a re t h in -wal l ed a s th ey on ly h ave to

pump b lood to the right ven t r ic le . The blood in th e r ig ht at rium is i n

contact

wi th

the f os sa o va li s w h ic h is a t h in spo t i n t he i n te r at ri a l

sep tum. This

thin

s po t is a

remnant of

a ho le in the fe tal

hea r t know

as

the for men o va le . B lo od in th e r ig h t at rium flows t h rough t he c u sp s o f

the tricuspid or right trioventricul r v al ve i n to th e right ventricle.

The

t r i cu sp id valve i s

made

of t he t hr e e c usps , t he chord e t end ineae

a n d t h e p pill ry musc le s t h a t

hold

t he c ho rd a e t e nd i ne a c t o t he

ven tr icle wa ll . The ven tr ic le wa ll i s l ined wi th

t r a becu l a e ca rneae

that

a ct a s s t ru t s a l ong t he e dg e

of

t he wal l. The wal l b etween the v en tr ic le s is

known as the interventricul r septum

F rom the r i gh t v en tr ic le , b l ood p as se s

t h rough

the

pulmon ry

semilun r v alve an d in to th e pulmon ry trunk where the

blood

goes to

the l un gs . In th e l un gs the b lo o d is o xy ge na te d. F r om the lu ngs the b l oo d

re tu rns

t o t he l ef t

trium of

the h ea rt . B lo od in the le ft

at rium

moves to

t he l e ft

vent r i c le th rough

th e l e ft trioventricul rv al ve o r th e

biscuspid v al ve . Th is v al ve h as two cusps , c h o rd a e t e nd i ne a e and

papil lary muscles .

When

the lef t ven tr icle con t rac t s , the

blood

moves

t h rough the ortic semilun rvalve and

into

the

ascending

aor t a .

1.

m.

y _

J.

k

e.

From lungs

To lungs

c

White a rrows

=

oxygen-rich blood

/ 1

Black arrows = oygen-poorb lood

D

= veins

D

= arteries

w.

v.

u.

t.

s.

r.

q

p.

x.

From lungs

To lung s

n.

o. _

Answer

Key:

a. Pulmonarytrunk,b. Pulmonarysemilunar valve c. Left atrium,e. Left atrioventricular valve

f Aortric

semilunar valve g.

Left

ventricle, h. Endocardium,

i Epicardium,

j

Myocardium, Parietal pericardium,

Fibrous

layer,

m. Serous layer, n. Interventricular septum, o. Trabeculaecarneae, p. Inferior vena cava q. Papillary

muscle, Right ventricle, s. Chordae tendineae, t Right atrioventricular valve u. Opening of coronarysinus,v Fossa ovalis, w Right atrium,x Superior vena

cava y

Aorta