std09 i tameng

1j xgjh tF

Kj gUt

2j

a xW br

thJ

cyf ahit jhKs thfY

iybg WjY fY fyh

my yhis ahLil ahmtjiyt mdt nfru ehfns. * - fg

bghU : cyf cf midij gilJ fhJ mJ mstw Uisahlfis illhJ gt iwt. mt ekbfyh jiyt.

mjifa iwtiuna eh milfykhf gWnth.

brhbghU : csthf - clhFj (gilj); iybgWj - fhj; f - mj; fyh - illhJ; myyh- mstw; mdt - mjifa

iwt; jiyt - iwt; ru - milfy.

y f z F : a h i t - c - K W i k ; M f , f , isahL - bjhbgaf; myyh isahL -

3j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1. bjGJf.

1 . jhKs =

2. isahLilah =

3. myyh =

2. bghUJf.

csthf - mj

iybgWj - iwt

f - fhj

jiyt - gilj

3. nfhol l ca vGijbfhL uf.

1. iwt m yh isahLilat. ( y / s / H ) 2. m dtF ru ehfns. ( / / )

4. nfhol lij uf.

1. f bga vd miHf bgWgt .

2. fguhkhaz fhlfis cilaJ.

3. fg wj C .

M) FWdhf

1. iwt Kbjhf ahit? 2. iwt vjifat?

3. fg vthW fHgLwh?

4. fg aa f ahit?

5. fgiu Mjj ts ah?

6. thJ ghl lbgWs vQikia vLbjGJf.

7. thJ ghl iwtid RL g bgaiu vGJf.

8. thJ ghl lbgWs Vfhu brhfis vGJf.

) Wdhf

1. fg - F vGJf. 2. iwt afshf fg TWtd ahit?

4j

UFw

bghiwilik( w br Jgfis bghWj )

1. mfthiu jhF ynghy, jik fth bghWj jiy. *bghU : ykhdJ, jid njhLgtiu jhFtJnghy, eik gLJnthiu eh bghWJbfhtnj wj g.

brhbghU : mfthiu - njhLgtiu; fth - gLJnth; jiy - wj g.

yfzF : bghWj - bjhbga; mfth, fth - idahyiz

bgaf.

gFgj cWyfz : mfth = mf + + M. mf - gF; - vfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F.

m : ctika.

2. bghWj wid vW mjid kwj mjD eW.

bghU : w br Jgij xUt bghWJbfhSj wjJ; mjidl wjJ mJgij kwJLj.

brhbghU : bghWj - bghWJbfhSj; wid - w brj Jgij.

yfzF : kwj, bghWj - bjhbgaf; eW - F idKW.

gFgj cWyfz : kwj = kw + + j. kw - gF; - r; j - bjhbga F.

3. ik ik Ubjhuh tik tik klth bghiw.

bghU : U d i u t u n t f a y h J j F i y , t W i k bfhoa tWikahF. mJnghy, mtwh br Ffis bghWJbfhSj tik wj tikahF.

brhbghU : ik - tWik; xuh - jj; klth-mtwh.

yfzF : UJ - gghF bga; xuh, bghiw - bjhbgaf. m : vLJfhL ctika.

5j

4. iwilik fhik nto, bghiwilik ngh xGf gL. *bghU : eFzf eikL fhUfntLkhdh, bghWikia eh ngh filoj ntL.

brhbghU : iw - rh.

yfzF : fhik - vkiw bjhbga; ngh - idbar.

( ehY Fwgh bghWik wid TWwd. )

5. xWjhiu xwhf itahnu, itg bghWjhiu bghngh bghJ. *bghU : w br if bghWJbfhshk jogtiu rhnwh x U b g h U l h f k f k h l h ;Mdh, bghWJ bfhgtiu bghngh kJ kdJ itJbfht.

brhbghU : xWjhiu - jojtiu; xwhf - xU bghUlhf; bghJ itg - (kdJ) itJbfht.

yfzF : xWjh - idahyiz bga; bghJ - idbar. gFgj cWyfz : itg = it + + + m. it - gF; - r; - vfhy iliy; m - gygh idKW F.

6. xWjh bfhUehis g, bghWjhF bghW Jiz f. *bghU : w br ikia bghWJbfhshJ jojtF xU eh kLnk g L; mjid bghWJbfhlt f, cyf cstiu iyJ F.

brhbghU : bghW Jiz - cyf cstiu.

yfzF : xWjh, bghWjh - idahyiz bgaf.

gFgj cWyfz : xWjh = xW + + + M. xW - gF; - r; - wjfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F.

7. wdy jw brD nehbeh(J) mwdy brahik eW.

bghU : brajfhj Jg brafis w jdF brjhY, jh mJgJF tU, mwJF khwhd brafis mtUF brahUj eyJ.

6j

brhbghU : wdy - brajfhj; nehbehJ - JgJF tU.

yfzF : jw - VHh ntWik bjhif; brD - wik; behJ - idbar; mw, w -

7j

M a F : U t S t , UFw midJ ehodU

ddU jknf cabjd

bfhlhL tif bghJik

fUJfis giljt.

ehadh, njt, Kjghty,

b j t y t , e h K f d h ,

khjhDg, breh nghjh ,

b g U e h t y v D w bgafS tUF cL. t

fhy .K.31M ML vd mP

TWt.

F : U + Fw = UFw. U - brt, w, mHF, nkik,

bjt jik vd gy bghU

bfhl xUbrh. Fw - FWa mo

cilaJ. VGfis bfhl

8j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf


1. fth bghWj j ( iy/is ) 2. x jhF x ehis g ( U/W )

2. bghUJf.

mw - vGgJ

bghU - UgijJ

g - KgbjL

3. vJifbrhfis vLbjG monfhoLf.

1. Fah fit brjhiu jhj jFah btW l.

2. mfthiu jhF ynghy jik fth bghWj jiy.

4. khs fis KiwgLJf.

wid vW bghWj mjD eW kwj mjid.

5. bghU ntWghL mf.

1. bghWj / bghUj , . 2. wj / uj , . 3. iw / iu , . 4. tik / tik , .

6. UbghU jUf.

1. iw , . 2. jiy , .

M) FWdhf

1. jiy wj g vJ? 3. ngh fhfntoaJ vJ?

2. bghWjhiu nghWj vd? 4. JwaD nkyhdt ah?

) Wdhf

1. UFw - F vGJf.

2. bghiwilik wf ahit?

3. w brj if vd bghWj ntL?

4. w TWw abrhfis bghWJbfhgt vjF wFat Mt?

9j

ciueil

uhl bkhf

cyf njha ehKj Wtiu ajF gilfS fLofS

f j t z c s d . M D , f z h f h z K o a h j , i y a h d totij juayhj fhdh VgL Xiria xah, mjF ttot jJ, bkhahf iybgw brj kj braYF izahd gilngh

fLongh ehtiu njhwiy vgnj cik.

bkh bkhFLgK

j vzfis fUJfis wUF mF fUahf sFtJ,

bkh. cy gntW bkhf ngrgL tUwd. mtW, jdbfd

jw gy bkhf njhtsu mogilahf cs bkhna _ybkh.

mUJ njh tsj bkhf isbkhf. mt bghJjik

mogil, mtiw xnu bkhFLg mlFt, bkha mP.

abkh FLgf

ah ngrgL bkhf midij, njh-Ma bkhf,

uhl bkhf, Mnuh- Ma bkhf, d - bga bkhf vd bkha mP ehF bkhFLgfS mlFt. e eho MuJ

KWF nkgl bkhfS, mj isbkhfS ngrgLwd.

Mjyh, a ehil, bkhffhrhiy (Museum of Languages) vd FLsh bkha nguha r.mfaf.

uhlbkh FLgf

W UgJ _wDF nkgl uhlbkhf csd. bkhfis

bjuhl bkhf, eLuhl bkhf, tluhl bkhf vd _tifahf g. tW j, bjYF, kiyahs, fdl Ma ehF uhl bgUbkhf vdgL.

uhl

cyf ehLf giHikahd ehfffS a ehffK xW

vgJ bkhfrjhnuh - mugh mfthF wF WtgLsJ. .K. 3000 MLfSF Kdnu guJ Uj a ehff cyfehfff midJF jhahf tfhoahf s

10

j

Wgr_y 21MtJ XiyRto

bdnfh Wtd, mJ tU gila j XiyRtofis JJ

ghJfhf, gy eltoiffis nkbfhL tUwJ.

UwJ. thW, ah KGtJ guJ Uj mgHbgU

ehffijna uhlehff vd mP fUJwd.

bjuhl bkhf eLuhl bkhf tluhl bkhf

j, kiyahs, fdl, FlF, JS

njhlh, nfhjh, bfhufh, Ush.

bjYF, nfho, nfhah,

T, T, nfhyh,

g, fjgh, nfhlh, eha, bgnfh, Klh.

F%, khnjh, uhF.

uhl nga bkhna uhl bkhahF. uhl vD brh uhlehL vD bghUis jUtJ. uhl bkhf, uhl

d, uhl ehff vD brhbwhlfS uhl vD brh

bgauilahf tJsJ vd fhLbt, jkJ uhlbkhf xyfz vD FL csh. Fkygl uhl vD brhiy

KjKj cUthdh. fhLbt mjid gaghLF bfhL

tjh.

bkha mP, bjhlf fhy jiH mj isbkhfshd

kiyahs, bjYF, fdl Ma bja bkhfis, ja

(Tamilian) myJ jK (Tamulic) vW tHd. mtW j, Fj w giHik thjJ. vD, gy uhl bkhfS jiH

xwhf bfhld. Mfnt, d bkhf midij izJ

uhl vD brhiy jh ifahljhf fhLbt Tsh.

uhl bkhfS jGFa l

uhl vD brhny j vD brhUJ cUthdJ. j > us > ul > uhl vd cUthW vd TWwh bkha mP

11

j

by_ah fl : flnfhsh bfhsgl gHj Fkfl.

uhlbkhfS _y uhlbkh totij bkhTWfis

ntfis bgUks bfhLs bkh, jnH. jifa bjhik

w jiyik wnk jiH W caj brbkhah caJ

f brJsJ.

bjhik w

flbfhl Fkfl jbkh njhw bgUj

ntL vd xU dU, kajiufl gFUJ uhl

dK mtj bkh ahF tUj ntL vd kbwhU

dU fUJwd. Ma tUifF Kdnu jbkh tH

tUtjhf tuyhwPf FLwhf. jbkh W ekF

ilJs fS f giHikahd bjhfha. X

yfz yhf ftjdh, YF Kng gy ya f

UUj ntL vgJ bj.

jiyik w

uhl bkhf midJF _ykhd bkhia, Kid uhlbkh,

_y uhlbkh, bjhik uhlbkh vd gntW brhfsh

Fg. m_ybkhna jbkh. Vida uhl bkhf jUJ

njh tsjit. vgJ GfhL msF uhl bkhTWfis

bfhLs xnu uhlbkh, j. jF jiyik wFa bkh,

e jbkh.

bra w

bjhik, jjik, bkhf jh, brhts, ya yfz

ts, jidts, fiyts, gghLts tWl gdhL bkhahf

12

j

sF jikia bgw bkhna brabkh vdgL. itna

brbkhfhd (Classical Language) TWfshf fUjgLwd. nkfltiw msnfhfshfbfhL nehFnghJ, brabkhahf

xtJ ekJ jhbkhah jnH.

j wig iyf brtJ nkY tsu brtJ jHuha

ekJ flikahF. jid czJ j sikia fhf, vW

ghLgLnth.

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

1. bkhf gy njh tsu mogilahd bkhia vg. 2. ahit bkhf fhrhiy vd Flt . 3. xU _ybkhUJ njh tsUbkhia vg.

4. uhl bkhf xyfz vD iy vGat . 5. jbkhYs f giHikahd . 2. ilnfw dh mikf.

1. a ehil bkhf fhrhiy vd mfaf FLwh.

2. j, bjYF, fdl, kiyahs Mad uhl bgUbkhf.

M) FWdhf

1. bkhFLg vwh vd?

2. ahit bkhf fhrhiy vd tHFtnj?

3. uhl bgUbkhf ahit?

4. j vD brh FJ

13

j

Jizghl

khku

f nfglJ raW. eh vj kuij FLwt mny.

Mdh, j njkhkuJ vdF beUfkhd nej. v kid

mkhF mgojh. kfjhd bga kj xUt milahsjh j khku. eh sfkhf brhnw vW Mujh v gfJ Lfhuuhd u.

ehf vyhU mtUila oF Kdh, tsJ f bfhLJ

bfhoUF khkujo ToUnjh.

ku iwa khfhf bfhJbfhjhf fhUjd. khkujo rhykhd l btis kz guggoUjJ. mjid RY tlkhf

uL tir brf gfgL, bk rgL, eLnt nuh#hbrof

tsfgoUjd. gy wf nuh#hf J FYd.

u - mkh UtUnk g Maf. mtfSF xU kf cL.

u kid, khgHfis mHfhf eW gbdL taJs j kfl

xU jo itJ bfhLjDdh.

ehf mjid rhl bjhlndh.

khgH vgoUjJ?

njjhf

j gHbj eh rhlw rjg bflrij bedrh Mrakh

UF.

jid ahU elJ?

j l elJ, mkh ehD nrJjh. Mdh, j khkuij

g ntW xU fij UF. buhg ngUl eh mj fijba brhahR.

nfltf, fijbayh kwJ ngh, j kuij Fl Mulhf.

j kuby mo bahD rby. Mdh, xU kfjhd rgtnjhl

id y UF.

v j mj fhy ngh bgluh Ujh. UJ

vGgjR ik u Uw X Cy eh xU jlbt jba ghf

nghUnj. bfhreh mf jUnj. m~J xW bga C iy. UjhY R ghfyhnk mgOD xU eh bjU tah nghoUnj.

14

j

ey bt fhy. Nlh fhjooUjJ. j fZl ntw. eh

mgona nghoUjngh tnahuy, xU kujo, tarhd xUj

RUL bflwJ f gLR. jho jyKo skh UR.

vgJ taJ UfyhD njhR. rhfnghw beybk. vid ghj

clnd mA Jyh, kfnd, j! mgoD brhdhU.

eh clnd gfUj xU LF Xond. L iz

X sbg ngg gooUjh. aij brh, j nfnl.

mt cns ngh xU ghuy j bfhL tjh.

eh mj thL wglngh mtS v dhy tjh. bgat GJlw vlJFngh mtiu j Foftnr. bfhrkh

FoL mtU bkJth vR cfhjhU. mw, X Mrakhd

fha brrhU. v if Uj j ghuj thL bky elJ X XuJF nghdhU. mnf xU d khbro bkhsUjJ. ahnuh khgH DLnghdtf vr khbfhbl GJ jhdh bkhsr bro mJ. jyhbk thonghUJR. ntbuyh nkby bjrJ.

mj bgat ehf FLj ghuUj jy gha mj khbroF CdhU! mw bky elJ tJ kujoy cfhJ

yh brh r jba ForhU.

fls thL, vfl mtU ngdhU. j, vngU R . vgJ taR. brhj gj ahUby. oba guh C RoUnj.

eh g rhfnghnw. cf buL ngnuhl ngU vd? mOD nflhU.

eh brhnd. v ng% u g Ma. mj bghQ brhdh: v ngU mkh ehD gTl Oruhjh nty ghfnw!

cfis myh fhghJthUD brhL, mt mgona jiuy

rhRlhU. bfhr neu mt c nghLR. vf f Kdhy,

mj R vwlhU.

15

j

eh clnd ngh, v jbl aij brhnd. mt xU nt mDg, clby gthrYF bfhLngh, Fgho, JJ bayh cL, mlf gndh. bgatnuhl igy MW %gh

UJR. ehD mkh MSF mR %gh nghL lh th

gTl FHijfSbfyh FLnjh. dho eh mkhbt fahz

gnl. mj khbroF mkh bjhlJ j Cnl

tjh. eh f vl th L fo Korngh, mj khbroba knzhl

njho vLJ, xU rhF igy fo, f bfhL tnjh. buL

_Q ehS, mJ mkhnthl miwyjh xU_iy gukhf UR.

mw j ly Fnjho ey kQ, fhr rh nghL

eL j Cndh. J tsjngh ehf buhg rnjhgnlh.

mgngh vYS, gy cuK nghL tsnjh. mJ ngh o

bga kukh MlJ vW fijia Kojh mt.

rhfw rkay, thngr Koah xU khbro rhfhk Uf, j Cd mj bgat xU kfhjh. buhg mrakhd rgt.

eh bj kwfnt khnl vW brhL, mtl ilbgW

efnj.

mnghJ, mt vid miHjh; W U ghnj.

u kf, y khgHf mla xU bghly bfhL tJ

vl bfhLJ, cf rrhuJF, FHijfSF FLf brhdhU

mgh vwh; th bfhnl.

j gowah?

Mkhf, fhny

c ngbudgh?

R

vd brhnd?

R .

e : auR, u mWtil.

kh dhf

beLdhf

1. uJF khfW vthW iljJ?

2. u jdF ilj khfiw vthW ghJfhJ tsjh?

16

j

yfz

vGJ

kjid yUJ ntWgLJtJ bkh. xUt, j fUij btgLj, mjid nfngh Jbfhs fUahf miktJ bkhna.

m b k h i a i H n g r n f f g o f v G j JizbrtJ yfz MF.

v G y f z , b r h y f z , b g h U y f z , ahyfz, myfz vd jyfz ItifgL.

vGJf tif

KjbyGJ, rhbgGJ vd vGJf UtifgL.

KjbyGJf

m Kj xs tiu cs c vGJf guL, Kj tiu cs bkbaGJf gbdL Ma KgJ vGJfS KjbyGJfshF. it

rhbgGJf njhWtjF Kjfhuzkh Ugjdh KjbyGJf vdgld.

rhbgGJf

KjbyGJfis rhJ aF vGJf rhbgGJf vdgL. it cbk, Mj, cusbgil, xwsbgil, FaYfu, Fafu, IfhuFWf, xsfhuFWf, kfuFWf, MjFWf vd gJ tifgL. tW cusbgil, xwsbgil FJ fhngh.

msbgil

Ma : a FHijfns! tzf.

brto! bjU y bghUfis T Wbfhnl brwhf. mtf vbdd bghUfis whf vd brh.

brto : , gH, iu, nkh vd go gybghUfis whf, Iah.

Ma : k, mtiwbayh ftUwh! r. , gH tiw mtf vthW T whf? bt! brh.

bt : nthx , gHnkhx gH, iunahx iu, nkhnuhx nkhU.

17

j

Ma : rahf brhdh! , gH go brh wh thFwtf fhJf rahf HhJ. o brhYnghJjh mtf vd whf vgJ bjthf , iyah?

khzt : Mkhf, Iah.

Ma : njnghyjh ytfS jh aW br Xir FiwnghJ, mjid iwbra msbgilia ga gLJwhf.

bt : D bfhr sfkhf brhYf, Iah!

Ma : brhnw. br Xir FiwnghJ, xU brh KjY ilY WY F beblGJf jkFa uL khiuUJ L xF. mthW L xgjid msbgil vnwh.

ms = khiu. vil = vLj vgJ bghU.

vGdJ khiu ms o xj.

brto : msbgil vjid tifgL, Iah?

Ma : U t i f g L . K j y h t J c u s b g i l , u l h t J xwsbgil.

bt : cusbgil vwh vd, Iah?

Ma : br Xir FiwnghJ, mj Xiria iw bra cbeo vGJf VG msbgLF. ~J, cusbgil vdgL. mthW msbgLFnghJ, mtWF dkhd F v G J f Fplhf m j g f t U . I f h u F

fuK,xsfhuF cfuK d vGjhf tU. usbgil _tifgL.

bt : vbdd tiff, Iah?

Ma : brir msbgil, ir msbgil, brhir msbgil. br iria iwf tU msbgilia brir msbgil vg. Xir FiwahlhY a Xirfhf msbgLjiy ir msbgil vg. uL

myhk bgabrh msbgLJ, idbar bghU tU msbgil, brhir msbgilahF.

brto : rhWfnshL s brhYf, Iah.

Ma : br Xir Fiw l, mj Xiria iwbra brh KjY ilY WY w cbeo vGJf VG, ca khiuUJ F xF. jidna

18

j

brir msbgil vd TWt.

bflhm ttj nfikah nfik lhm iH cyF. - Fw, 809

Fwis goJ ghUf. bflh vgJ bflhm vd WY, lh vgJ lhm vd ilY msbgLJ tJsJ. vdnt, J brir msbgil MF. jF iriw msbgil vD ntWbgaU cL.

ir msbgil

bfLgc bflhF rhthk whnf vLgc vyh kiH. - Fw, 15

bfLgJ, vLgJ vd Xir Fiwahj lY a Xir jUtjfhf J vD F vd beoyhf kh msbgLgJ ir msbgil MF.

brhir msbgil

br Xir Fiwahj lY bgabrh idbar bghU jU bghUL msbgLgJ brhir msbgilahF.

Foj nfhXR khy kd moj F cyF. - Fw, 544

Fwgh j vD brh msbgLJ tJsJ.

j - jGj vD bjhbga brh, j ( jG ) vd idbar brhyhf bghU jUtjF msbgLjjdh

J brhir msbgil MW.

fz : xwsbgil vwh vd, Iah?

Ma : br Xir Fiwjh bkbaGJfS msbgLF. ~J xwsbgil vdgL.

v iwtDs bdgh.

bt~~Fth iy L.

bjhlf cs kW ~ Ma vGJf UKiw tJsd. thW , , , , , , , , , Ma gJ bk, ~ xW Mf gndh vGJfS xU Fiy mLJ UFfis mLJ br a Xir nto m s b g L F . t h W m s b g L g j F x w s b g i l vgJ bga.

id bfhf.

19

j

1. brir msbgil (iriw msbgil) - br Xiria iw bra

20

j

2. bghUJf.

xwsbgil - Foj

brir msbgil - muf

ir msbgil - cHhm

brhir msbgil - cLgc

3. nfhol lij uf.

1. msbgil vD brhYF vgJ bghU.

2. msbgil tifgL.

3. br Xir Fiwahj lJ F M msbgLgJ msbgil.

M) FWdhf

1. cusbgilia rhW jJ sFf.

2. cusbgil tiff ahit?

3. xwsbgil vwh vd? 4. irasbgilia rhWl sFf.bral

UFw mwJgh msbgil lbgWs Fwghfis bjhFf.

mtiw msbgilf mogil tifgLJf.

vGJf w

vGJf wgjF mogil fhuzkhf Ugit xaQf.

bkhKj fhuzkh mQu xvGJ. - e}, 58

cUs clDns vGw fhW kh, fGJ, jiy, _F Matiw

bghU cjL, ehF, g, nkth ( mz ) Ma Wf Kaah

btntW xfshf wwd.

lw, Ka w

vGJf wig lw, Ka w vd Utifahf

fyh. vGJf njhWw kh Kjyhdtiw lw vd,

cjL Kjyhd cWf bjh ntWghodh xgjid Ka w

vd TWt.

c b u G J f g u L , b k b a G J f g b d L KjbyGJf vdgL. bkbaGJfis xFnghJ ntWgl _W xfis eh nffyh. mit td x, bkd x, ild x vgd. mbthf ntWgLtjF fhuz, mit wF

lf ntWgLtdnt.

22

j

vGJf wig e}yh Tajidnghynt bkha mP x Y mlFt.

x vH fhuzkhd fhW iybgW lfis fhwiwf vd, x

vGtjF Jiz br cWfis xKidf vd TWt.

KjbyGJf lw

guL c vGJfS, ild vGJf MW fGUJ wwd.

bkd vGJf MW _UJ wwd. td vGJf MW khUJ wwd. M ilik llW MF

nk bkik _F cubgW tik. - e}, 75

(M - cbuGJ; ilik - ild; lW - fGJ; bkik - bkd; cu - kh.)

KjbyGJf Ka w

m) c - guL

m, M Ma uL cfS thia wJ xgjdh wwd.

mtW, Ka mM mfh ila. - e}, 76

(mfh - thia wj)

,

23

j

f rP lz Kjil Eeh mz cwKiw tUnk. - e}, 79

( eh - ehF; mz - nkth gF; f, , r, P, l, z vD cbkf - , , , , , vD bkfis FF. tU ghf cstiw thnw bfhf. )

, - nkth g moia, eh E bghUJtjdh btGJf njhWwd.

mg moeh Kow jetU. - e}, 80

, - nk cjL cjL bghUj it njhW. jGw gk wF. - e}, 81

- J eh mogF, nkth mogFia bghUJtjdh njhWwJ.

moeh moaz cwa njhW. - e}, 82 , - it nkthia eh E jltjdh wwd. mz Eeh tUl uHtU. - e}, 83 - J nkth g moia, eh Xuf joJ beUFtjdh

wwJ.

- J nkthia eh Xuf joJ jltjdh wwJ. mg KjY mzK Kiw

eh xw tUl yfhu sfhukh uL wF. - e}, 84

- J nkth giy GjL bghUJtjdh wwJ. nkg jGw nkL tnt. - e}, 85

, - it nkthia eh E f bghUJtjdh wwd. mz Eeh e wdthF. - e}, 86

rhbgGJf lw, Ka w

Mjkha rhbgGJ, jiyia lkhfbfhL wwJ. mj

Ka w thia wJ xjny MF. w rhbgGJf ah, jj

KjbyGJf njhWjFa lij, mit wjFa Kaia

jkF cadthf bfhL xwd.

MjF ljiy mfh Ka rhbgG njd jKj mida. - e}, 87

g : cjLf xlh vGJf bfhl brhfis tlLf.

fg, ehF, nt, jhtu, cyif, ghit

24

j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

ca ilia njbjGJf.

1. Kj vGJf vif MF.

m) 12 M) 18 ) 30

2. fGW wgJ .

m) td M) bkd ) ild

3. td vGJf lw .

m) kh M) fGJ ) _F

4. cjLf uL bghUJtjdh wF vGJf .

m) , M) , ) ,

M) FWdhf 1. KjbyGJf vgd ahit?

2. rhbgGJf vjid tifgL? mit ahit?

3. vGJf vthW wwd?

4. KjbyGJf wF lfis vGJf.

tFgiwwf

( mogilwf g bgWtjfhf tFgiwwf mikfgLsd.

gF ngRj, goj, vGJj, gilghw, fyJiuahl Kjad

bkhw gf ghlgFia rhj, rhuhj bkhgaghL

TWfS csd. jbHfis mnth, thifw, kf, g,

jaf jnyna ngRnth Ma gFfS izfgLsd.)

vGJj w

ghliy goJ dhfSF il vGJf. (kh)

kUJtij bghaiy j fW kfey fhghw U w fUJila khztf njhw ntL fLciHgh jHf Xf ntL tUfhy jHbuyh mth j itaij agila bra ntL UoUF iykhw j fngh vbwW jiyJ thnth! btnth!

25

j

dhf

1. ghlYF bghUjkhd jiyig jUf.

2. jH f vjdh Xf ntL?

3. vjifa khztf njhWj ntL?

4. ghl lbgWs bgabrhfis goaLf.

5. ghlYs idbar brhfis vLbjGJf.

6. ghl ulh ntWikU lbgWsJ. mjid flJ vGJf.

ilf

1. jhbkht f.

2. jH f, mtj fL ciHgh XFj ntL.

3. kUJt, bgha Kja bjhffis jhbkhahd j fW kfey fhf U khztf njhw ntL.

4. kUJt, bgha, j, kf, khztf, jH, ita - bgabrhf.

5. fhghw, njhw, Xf, bra, agila, J - idbarf.

6. ulh ntWik cU I. kUJtij, bghaiy, itaij.

g

ghliy goJ dhfSF il vGJf.

ghuah cyff! mf m

guJaj mny x thnjh!

X%U bfhUehL Fa jhd

Xilrh idila my; kW

umt! kfny nk vW

Stij l ntL vngh!

Uaj fPl vgh w

brikey vyhK mtgh fnlh.

- ghujhr

dhf

1. ghuah vjifat vd ghujhr TWwh?

2. ghuah vjifa idilat my?

3. kfilna y ghFghL FJ ghuah TWtd ahit?

4. ghl lbgWs bgaburfis vLbjGJf.

5. ghlYnfw bghUjkhd jiyig jUf.

26

j

bkhw g

kabfh brhf - ntWghL mJ bghU vGJf.

(v.fh.) u, w miu - gh miw - fll gF

ciu - ciw - fiu - fiw - Ta - Ta - Tiu - Tiw - guit - gwit - uF - wF -

vj - vj - iu - iw - z, d kz - kd - g - g - M - M - y, H, s miy - miH - mis -

iy - iH - is - ciy - ciH - cis -

fiy - fiH - fis - myF - mHF - msF - th - th - th - jh - jh - jh - M - M - M -

jbHfis mJ bfhnth.

1 1 11 11 21 21 31 31 41 41

2 2 12 12 22 22 32 32 42 42

3 3 13 13 23 23 33 33 43 43

4 4 14 14 24 24 34 34 44 44

5 5 15 15 25 25 35 35 45 45

6 6 16 16 26 26 36 36 46 46

7 7 17 17 27 27 37 37 47 47

8 8 18 18 28 28 38 38 48 48

9 9 19 19 29 29 39 39 49 49

10 10 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50

27

j

g

1 1 11 21 31 412 12 22 32 42

3 13 23 33 43

4 14 24 34 44

5 15 25 35 45

6 16 26 36 46

7 17 27 37 47

8 18 28 38 48

9 19 29 39 49

10 20 30 40 50

Lgl l jbHfis vGJf.

1. 1, , , , 5, , , 8, , . 2. 11, 12, , , , 16, , , , 20.

fLiu g

eh U (UFw)

Frlf

KDiu - bghUSiu ( mik, TW fUJf, gaf,

eh iy Utjfhd fhuz) - iwiu.

jaf jnyna ngRnth

a, j L th isahobfhoUjh. mtna Xbgw

muR mYtyU j gwhsUkhd jHnt tUwh. al, j,

mgh Uwhuh? vd dagona oF EiHjh.

mtiu tuntw a jij e, thf, thf. ah..., nr vLJ th, ~ng Rir nghL vwh.

j kidia neh, fkyh... {UJ Ithl vL vd

gugughf Tdh. ehfh cfhjh, jHnt.

Iah O, T vd Fof? vd nflh.

jHnt bghWikl, e! ey jbrhfis LJ, V

wbkhbrhfis tJ ngRf?.

28

j

nr vgjid ehfh vd, ~ngid vd Twyhkyth? vwh. e, btfJl jiyFjh.

jbrhynth!

R - brhL { - F%Lbgo

Ithl - F O - nj

T - FrhWf thbk - btSif au

iul - miuit blngh - bjhiyng

thifw

jidaj

g Kj ghlntis KoJ mLj ghlntis eilbgW bfhoUjJ.

gia MbrbghUL gJiz Mths Kd

gF tUif jh. jiyikahaiu miHJbfhL Kj

xU tFF EiHjh . MaU khztfS mtUF tzf

T d h f . M t h s , M a e l b f h o U j g h l U J khztfl dhfis nflh.

khztf il bjahjjdh mikahf Ujhf. _wh tir

Uj Rlbuh vGJ ilTw bjhldh. jh nfl midJ dhfSF

ca ilia Ta Rlbuhia ghuhoa Mths, mLj tFF

brwh. Rlbuh il Tajid nfl midtU ajd. fhuz,

tFnyna mtjh ngrhklij. tF eh vjid nflhY ngrhk

Ugh. atuhd Mthsl jaf cdh vthW ngrKojJ?

vd Ma nflh.

vdF ilbjjhY jtwhf UFnkh vD Iadh ilTw

jaFnt. W ahUnk ilTwhjjdh, Mths e giag jtwhf

vLthnu vgjdh, JJ Tnl vwh, Rlbuh.

ehD ehtiu cdF ilbjahjjdhjh ngrhk Uwh

vd idnj. cidna mJbfhshk UUwh. cdh

Ko vd mJ bragL vd Ma CfgLdh.

1. cfSF Jnghw f vbghGjhtJ fUwjh?

2. cflKs wD wik vbdd?

cidna mth - rhuO

29

j

kf

flik

g gk rgjdh Jizah aif vlh vw

bria nfljdh, mt kwF mW tukhlh vW gyU

idjd.

Mdh gk rgjdh, jkJ JizF brantoa midJ

fhafis brJL rahf 11.00 kF kw tjh. mtiu

ghjJ, midtU agiljd.

WTlth f tuntL? vW kbwhU g nflh.

mjF, v tUj vndhLjh Uj ntL. W ghfntoa

tHif jitJL kwtfSF Jgij ju TlhJ, vW

Tdh.

HY flik czl thjh, gk rgjdh.

bkhahf brf.

Air pollution is high in the urban and industrial centers. It threatens the life of the people and animals. The gases from industrial centers go higher than oxygen in the air and make it polluted. Pollution affects plants, animals and human beings. It causes diseases like asthma and cancer. Children are easily affected.

izahd j gHbkhia mf.

1. Bend the tree while it is young. I tisahjJ, Ig tiskh?

2. As is the mother, so is her daughter. jhianghy is; iynghy nriy.

3. A friend in need is a friend indeed. cfhgh njhH.

4. A man of courage never wants weapons. tytDF Y Mj.

5. Blood is thicker than water. jh MlhlhY j jir ML.

30

j

tsu braghLf

nfl w braghL - 1

fhQ ciugia gof nfL, dhfSF ilaf.

mP mzh Wta eilbgw xU f. xUeh t

bgnwh bt brUf, o gho kLnk Ujh. mnghJ mt, j

eg yiu miHJbfhL, o w brwh. mF midtU nrJ

mruh ehlf elj lld.

mP mzh, mru ntl idJ eof bjhldh. o

wUJ Vnjh ngbuhia nfl mtj gho, vdbtW ma mF

iuJ brwh. mtiu flJ mzh eg lhf gwJld;

mjdh, ehlf ilnyna wJ. mzh kL ghol jahf kho

bfhlh.

mt mzhl, F vd eljJ? Tr V VglJ?

vd ddh. xWiy vd T, gholUJ mzh jJ

bfhoUfyh.

eg ahU mtUl yhjjdh mzh TWtjid gho

eUfyh; Mdh, mru ntl nghltuhnw, ghol vgo

bgh TWth? mjdh, mzh cikia Tlh. gow igaDF

ehlf vdlh ntoUF? vd T, mzh KJ mojh, gho.

mW ehlf nghljfhf mo tha mP mzhjh fhy

Ma f mtfsh j ehlffiyF xU bgdhh vd ghuhlglh.

( mayhJ ehil rhj #h{ bgdhh fbgw vGjhsU wj ehlf

MaU Mth. )

dhf

1. mP mzh, j egUl o w V brwh?

2. ehlf mP mzh idj ntl vd?

3. ehlf il f fhuz ahJ?

4. mP mzh, ghol cikia kiwfhjJ, V?

5. iugF Vila jiyig jUf.

31

j

ngRj w braghL - 2

fhQ ghliy goJ, mjbghUFJ IJ kJ ngRf.

ykfns btth!

ekbfnw Ugtis theh vyh

eW tUnwh; jiy lJ

Rkfbtd kuitnjh; kidf fl

itnjh; fitnjh; fhY itnjh;

vkbfd vwtnk cG nwh;

UbgLnj mtSliy mfG nwh;

Rkwh; bghWwh; bghWik rh!

bjhyh nghUF wik rh!

flRkjh; kiyRkjh; fhR kjh;

fheilf gyRkjh; khj vw

clRkjh; taRkjh; eR kjh;

CRkjh; efRkjh; broR kjh;

FlRkJ bgbwLj mid yh

Fyis nghyh wh; mnjh!

lRkj mtcWJ dJ wh

nkyhs thbtnf? mtns btth!

- Koaur, kjid njLnw

goj w braghL - 3

fhQ fit thF gof. tWik thoa ytbuhUt, Untflehj vD tsiyg

nfgL mtiu njo brwh. ts, ytiu tuntW kjh.

mt, ytl dhf ytiw nflh. ts nfl vj dhF

ilafhj yt, Wahf Untflehjh vd Tdh. yt mthW

Tal, ts f kJ ytUF bghD bghUS th tHdh.

ts nfl dhfjh vd? mt bghD bghUS th tHaJ, V?

ytnu, cl yhjJ vd? cf cs vgo csJ? czF vd brf? RitawJ vJ? bfhL vgj ntW brh vd?

U (brt) nt (ntwJ) fl (flgLjh) eh (v ehF) jh

32

j

mfu tirgLJj braghL - 4

fhQ brhfis mfutir vGJf.

ifntiy, rfu, bfdh, FFk, fhTl, fguhkhaz, nrto,

iuf, brhnyUHt, brj

f - , , , ,

r - , , , ,

brhtjid vGJj braghL - 5

fhQ ciugia brhy nfL vGJf.

uhl nga bkhna uhl bkh. uhl vD brh uhl

ehL vD bghUis jUtJ. uhl bkhf, uhl d, uhl ehff

Kja brhbwhlf uhl vD brh bgauilahf tJsJ vd

fhLbt, jkJ uhl bkhf xyfz vD FLsh.

tnu uhl vD brhiy gaghLFbfhL tjh.

FfisbfhL ciugaikj braghL - 6

fhQ FfisbfhL, ciugaikJ vGJf. gF Vila

jiyig jUf.

fg

w - ehfgod khtl - kyhLJiw -

njuG - g - FnyhJf nrhH mit

yt - w - frut, f bgat

fg - aa f - V vGgJ, ruRt mjh,

rlnfhg mjh, Uif tHf, fguhkhaz

- Mjjt - Ubtbz e rilag

ts - fhy - .. gulh whL.

33

j

ghl lbgWs eafis vGJj braghL - 7

fhQ Fwghf lbgWs eafis mltizgLJf.

t. v

Fw nkhid vJif m

1.mfthiu jhF ynghy jik

fth bghWj jiy.

mfthiu

fthctika

2.ik ik Ubjhuh tik

tik klth bghiw.

3.xWjhiu xwhf itahnu itg

bghWjhiu bghngh bghJ.

4.wdy jw brD nehbeh(J)

mwdy brahik eW.

5.Fah fit brjhiu jhj

jFah btW l.

vGJj braghL - 8

ciuahl cs f gaghL brhfis flJ mtWfhd jbrhfis vGJf.

m : th f. . . Vnjh cj ntL vwhna?

f : Mkh, m. c fl lbe' tr csjh?

m : X. . . Uwnj. V, c fl' vd MdJ?

f : vDila bks' nH GJ cilJlJ; mjdh, vdF njitahd Jfijfis iuthf lnyh' bra Koaiy.

m : Jfijfsh? eh mtiw v ig' itJns, ghwhah?

f : mgoah, fhL.

m : j fijf nghJkh, D ntLkh?

f : nghijF it nghJ. fh' g jUwhah?

m : o'yh?

f : iy, m. bg oiu'.

m : r, bfhL.

f : f e, m.

34

j

t.

v

f gaghL

brhf

j brhft.

v

f

gaghL

brhf

j brhf

1. fl f 5.

2. 6.

3. 7.

4. 8.

tifgLJj braghL - 9

fhQ ghlyof lbgWs msbgilfis flJ tifgL

vGJf.

1. yF btiwN Ordo ahF

2. v~~ ya ifauh D

3. cudir s Jizahf brwh

4. mHhm njh mGFt brynt

5. cHdh ifkl iy iHtc'

cusbgil Xwsbgil

brir ir brhir xW

msbgLj

Mj msbgLj

iHtc

LfijF ilfhz braghL - 10

LfijfSfhd ilia vGJf.

1. Miw flF; mfiuF nghfhJ; jiu fyfhJ; jhD eidahJ. m~J vd?

2. Mung mtFg; MdhY sghJ. mt aht?

35

j

3. Tiu il jh XLL; XLil jh btis khif; btis khif cns Fs. m~J vd?

4. KD D nghth; Mdh, xiw fh gh mt ah?

gilghw braghL - 11

Wfijbah bjhlf nH bfhLfgLsJ. mjidbfhL, cf fgidnfg fijia bjhlJ vGJf. fijF Vila jiyig jUf.

gUJ LF tj fa, j jijia ghjJ MtYl

ngr bjhldh.

mgh, vf g W eilbgw ngRngho ........

fwyil WkL

kbg : 10

1. dhfSF ca ilia njbjLf. 2 1 = 2

m. UFwSF ciu vGa gkU xUt .

1. suz 2. er

3. nguha 4. e. K. ntflrh

M. bjuhl bkhfS xW .

1. bjYF 2. khnjh

3. j 4. cUJ

2. nfhol lij uf. 3 1 = 3

m. f giHikahd j yfz .

M. FnyhJf nrhH mityt .

. xwsbgil msbgLF bkbaGJf vif .

3. ghlyof cs kabfh iHfis U vGJf. 5 1 = 5

cyf ahit jhKy thfY

iybg UjY fY fyh

my yhis ahLil ahmt

jiyt mdt nfru ehfns.

36

j

a uL br

Wgr_y

ftd fnzhl, fhtd bryhik,

vtd Jizah vWiuj, - gtd

nflhe bww, sntj jdhL

thlhe bww td. *

- fhahrh

bghU : fQF mHF uf bfhs; fhYF mHF wl uJ bryhik; MuhF mHF jkJ Koit JJiuj; irF

mHF mjid nfngh ebwd fj; murDF mHF, Fokfis

tUjhk fhgt vW, w mtid fJ ciuj.

brhbghU : fnzhl - uf bfhSj; vtd - MuhF

mHF; td - mHF; sntj - fGF ca mur; thlh -

tUj khlh.

yfzF : fnzhl, bryhik, ciuj, vw - bjhbgaf;

nflh, thlh - idahyiz bgaf.

gFgj cWyfz : nflh = nf () + + M. nf - gF; -

MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F. m : brhbghU tUiya.

Ma F : fhahrh, kJiu jHha khfhadh khzhf

vd wghu TWwJ. t, rkz rkaij rhjt. tU

fnkjhahU xUrhiy khzhfuht. bgUghik bghJ mwfUJfS

Wghik rkz mwfUJfS lbgWsd.

F : Wgr_y gbdfzF fS xW. j Ma

fhahrh. , fl thJl bjhnwG btghf

csd. flfj, WtGJiz, Wk, bgUk, beU Ma IJ _if ntfS clnehia gd. mJnghy,

xbthU ghlY TwgLs IJ fUJ kf kdnehia nghFtd.

Mifah, Wgr_y vd bga bgwJ.

3737

j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf


1. fQF mHF f nzhl. (/)

2. v td Jizah v Wiuj. ( / )

2. nfhol lij uf.

1. gQF mHF ebww.

2. wl uJ bryhik mHF.

3. ilnfw dh mikf.

1. fhYF mHF wl uJ bryhik.

2. Wgr_yij aat fhahrh.

M) FWdhf

1. Wgr_y - F vGJf.

2. fhahrh - WF vGJf.

) Wdh

Wgr_y TW tdfis bjhFbjGJf.

mJbfhf.

tUiya

xU br Kd tj brhnyh bghUnsh d gylJt

mJ tUiya MF. J, brhtUiya, bghUtUiya,

brhbghU tUiya, ctik tUiya vd ehtifgL.

brhbghU tUiya

xU br Kd tj brhY mj bghUS d gylJt mJ, brhbghU tUiyaah.

ftd fnzhl. . . vD Wgr_y ghl brhbghU tUiya gW tJsJ. ghl td vD brh

L L tJ mHF vD bghUis jUwJ.

38

j

ghrh rgj

- ghuah

Kfij RUf

u khefiu MLtj ghlt, klg xwid fo, m

nt eld. mnt fyJbfhl nguurfS wurfS

mgf tHajid fL bghwhikbfhlh mdhu kd

Jnahjd. nkY Jnahjd, ghrh eifF Mshdjdh,

ghlt thit vgoahtJ mfntL vd vdh. mjfhf

Jnahjd, j khk rF cjia ehodh. rF, ehK xU

klg mikJ, mjid fhgjF ghltiu miHngh; jUkid

Njhl brJ, eh idjjid Kongh vwh. lJF

Jnahjd jij Ujuhou Kj xbfhsiy; d,

tikia v xbfhlh. lgo, Ujuhou

idPfis miHJ mHa klg xwid mikf brjh.

mklgij fhz, ghltiu miHJ tUkhW j Juid Jlh.

Juid Jl, J brw Ju ghlt ehLts fL

kj, ghlt Juid vbfhL tuntw Ma ff ghl

gF lbgWsd.

Juid Jl

1. j Juid kd miHjh jf gRf bfho nj v kf Uju rhS u khef rhjt jgh bfhid bahj klo nahL To bf UJ ff e miHjd bfsut nfhkh eynjh Eij badiu brth.

bghU : kd Ujuhou jj Juid mukidF miHjh. ghL kf Mbr u khefUF jf gRfSl

brW, ghrhnahL ghltiu jh UJF miHj bria mtflT, miHJ tUkhW gjh.

brhbghU: v - v j; klo-ghrh; ff - kH; nfhkh -

mur (Ujuhou); Eij - E jij.

3939

j

yfzF: khef - cbrhbwhl; rhjt - idahyiz bga; Eij - E jij vgj k%c.

2. mzl ilbgW Ju brwh mlkiy ahbwyh flJ ngh zKW jlnjhS csK bfhL Uka ghltjh muR br tzKa kef kUF brth tilna ehoDW tsf neh vzKw Mj ja Jns

idagy bkhT uF thdh. *

bghU : j jikadha Ujuhoul Ju ilbgwh; fhL, kiy, MW Matiwbayh flJ, tikf njhS kdW

bfhl ghltf M tsf mHa efiu neh brwh.

brY tbayh eho Fj tsfis fL, j vz

U, cs beJ, meho vfhy fU ufglh.

brhbghU : ml - fhL; jlnjh - tanjh; kef - mHa efu; kUF - gf.

yfzF : mlkiyahW - cikbjhif; flJ - idbar; jlnjh - cbrhbwhl.

gFgj cWyfz : flJ = fl + () + + c. fl - gF; - r; - MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; c - idbar F. brth = br + + M. br - gF; - vfhy iliy; M - Mgh idKW F.

3. yKo jjgy kiynr ehL uKj bkdghJ u ehL nfhyKW gakuf brJ thG Ffh nrhiyfS Fy ehL Phybkyh g fhj ty ebr br ey nfhf ghyil eWbe njD cL gztngh kfbsyh gY ehL.

bghU : yw nkff jtw gy kiyfis bfhl ehL; mkiy fUJ tUw mU uhdJ mKjkhf ghJ ts brw ehL.

mHF f gajU kuf iwj Fj fhLfS, f iwj

40

j

nrhiyfS fyUw ehL. cy thw kfis g

fhgjF Vw ebr, br gf brJ tsnrw ehL. ghyhil,

eWkz be, nj Matiw cL njtfngh kf kUw

ehL.

brhbghU : nfhyKW - mHFf; brJ - mlJ; fh - fhL; Fy - sF; Phy - cyf; gzt - njt.

yfzF : ghyil eWbe njD - vQik. yKo, ebr, br - gbjhiff; ghJ, brJ - idbarf;

Phybkyh, kfbsyh - vyh vgj bjhFj fhu; fhj - bjhbga.

4. nguwK bgUbjhY wF ehL bgfbsyh muigangh xU ehL ubkhL bkPhd jtf f ntbaD itbayh sF ehL nrhuKj ikbaJ njhwh ehL bjhYy Kokngh njhW ehL ghujj ehony ehr bkj ghna Jiz ghik band!

bghU : wf mwbrafshY bgUikF bjh tsjhY ww ehL; bgf, njtkfngh xw ehL; u, bka, jt, f, nt

Ma itaidJ iwj ehL; be wj braf eho yhj

fhuzjh giHikahd yf kfSF kKongh njhWw ehL;

jifa ghlt ehL m ghtbraYF jhD Jiza nejjid

v Ju tUdh.

brhbghU : muiga - njtkf; Phd - m ; ik - be wjbraf

yfzF : bjhYyF - gbjhif.

5. Ju tUbr jhbr nw Wil It csk J rJuf nrid lgy gR jhsK nksK jhbfhL brnw vbfh liHJ kKo jh Vj Ju gjky ngh kJu bkh Fryf ng kd bdhLU khif nrjh.

bghU : Ju tUw bria nfl tik f ghlt ItU bgUk miljd; ehtif gilfSl gy gRfS bfhL

4141

j

nksjhsJl Juid vbfhL miHJ kKo jh wFa

mtj Uto kyfis tzd; a bkh ey nfld. kdFy

njhwyhd Juid miHJbfhL j mukidF brwd.

b r h b g h U : W - t i k ; r J u f n r i d - e h t i f g i l ; kJubkh - a bkh; Fryf ng - ey nfL.

yfz F : jhsK nksK - vQik; gjky - cUtf.

Ma F

Ruka ghuah, jnghija JFo khtl

cs vlau 11.12.1882mW wjh. tj bgnwh

drh - yF mikah Mt. t Jizah

brykh.

wj gilghsuhd ghuah F ghL, fz ghL, ghrh rgj Kja fis giljjh.

ehL, bkh, iw, bgik Kja ghLbghUf

vzw ghl adh. Phduj, rif fij,

juhR Kja ciueil yafis vGdh.

t 11. 09. 1921mW kiwjh.

F

ghlgF, ghuah KbgU gilfS xwha ghrh rgj vD fha NrUf lbgWsJ. mid-tU mj fhr fijia va brhf, va eil, va rj

MatWl Toa bgQik fhakhf j ghu toJ jjnj

ghrh rgj. J, ahr ghujij jG vGj bgwJ. ghrh

rgj U ghfij bfhlJ. J NrUf, NjhlrUf,

moikrUf, JYj rUf, rgjrUf vd IJ rUfij

eh}W guL ghliy bfhl FWfha.

w

ghuah ghLbfhU yt, LJ f ghotj yh, jfhy ya obt, njaf, khf vbwyh fHbgwh; Rnjru, ah Kja jf Mauhf Ujh; a

LjiyF ghLglh.

jGF bjhLbrnth rhtiy. - ghujhr

42

j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf


1. jl njhS csK bfhL ( / )

2. ng wK bgUbjhY F ehL ( w/u )

3. il It sk J ( U/W )

2. nfhol lij uf.

1. LJ f ghotj yh vd ghuhl bgwt Mth.

2. Jnahjd jij Mth.

3. brhiy bghUnshL bghUJf. td - ik o - fhL ml - mHF kUF - bg ahid W - gf kJu - tik

4. lRo sFf.

1. ghujj ehony ehr bkj ghna Jiz ghik band!

2. kJu bkh Fryf ng kd bdhLU khif nrjh.

M) FWdhf

1. ghrh rgj - F vGJf.

2. Juid ahl ah J mDdh?

3. Ju vjfhf J brwh?

4. Ju vtiwbayh flJ J brwh?

5. Ju vjid idJ tUdh?

) Wdhf

1. kd, Jul ahJ T jDdh?

2. Ju t fl fhfisg vGJf.

3. Juid ghlt vthW tuntwd?

4343

j

ciueil

fhy fijf

Ugjh who maY yaK iuthf tsjd. fhy

gy fl jbkh j a yatiffis VW JiwnjhW

JiwnjhW eF tsJ jiHJ brjJ. jbkh br,

ciueil vD U toY Jtif yaf kyJsd.

fij bghU

Ugjh who ciueiltsij fUbfhL nehFnghJ

fhyij ciueil fhy vdyh. vD, fij totK fDw tsJ tjJ. who bjhlf ghuah, ghujhr, fk

njf ehafdh, ehkf uhkfdh vd fP gy njh, ehL,

bkh, d, rKjha, fiy vd gytiw ghod.

kufij

ghu fijf Ugjh who mUa kWkyF jhf

mikjd. kdfis kLnk kJ tj fij kuig kh, va

kfis neh fij fUia U mikj bgUik ghuia

rhU. kf nkghil mobahna mtj fijf mikjd. a

xUikgho caid sF mtj fij mof tUkhW :

KgJ nfho KfKilah c

bkhw xWilah t

br bkhg bdLilah, v

jid xWilah.

j tsF tbrhY kbwhU fij:

wehL eyP rhuf

jbkh bgaj ntL

wthj fGila Jf

jbkh aw ntL.

44

j

j, jH, jGz, rKjha kWky,

bgLjiy, uhl af jid, bghJilik

Kjadtiw ghujhr fijf btgLd.

vf gift vnfh kiwjh Fs jHf xwhj fnl

vd jH vGbgw iH ghujhr,

vyhF vyh vUgjhd lneh elw jita yhD miy weyij vdbjW jbahUt brhyh mnf

vd bghJilikia U tuntwh.

fk fijf fnghiu f MJtd; czbfhs itgd. fiy irJ fahF

brj brhiy kahf bjhLjtD jhndh

vd jhyhL ghoa t,

kif auhf wgjnf - ey khjt brl ntLkkh

vd gho bg bgUikia ngRwh.

rhiyf gybjhf bgUf ntL rigfny jbHGJ KHf ntL

vd bjhY jG tsbgWj ntLbkd Uwh.

Ljiy af fPfS xUt ehkf fP.

tj fijf fha jidf wd.

t, jH wig jbkh ikia

nrJ ghodh.

jH vnwh dKL jna mtbfhU FzKL mj mtDil bkhahF mng mtDil tahF.

rKjhaJ mfiws mt, tUkhW

ghosh.

ghlh kfsJ gu ntL gzbkw nkhf iru ntL.

4545

j

thif wf xbthUtU xU bjhiyahtJ

fWbfhtJ eyJ vd tWJ ehkfyh

fij tUkhW :

ifbjh xiw fWbfh ftiy cdiy xJbfh.

yt FHij, Koaur Kjnah fijf

gFj nehF KnghF jid jGz

yf fhzyh.

Mynkh wbkhnah gWlh midbkh ngRjF ehQw Fila kdnghf thGeho bjgLnkh bkhz?

mof Koaur jahj jl fhjiy

tWJ.

Rujh fijf a ctikfis fhzyh.

mjdh, mt ctik fP vD wig bgwh.

tuyhW brfS yfz sffS

tj ghlf ililna fyJ tUwd; mit vik ik xWfyJ bghUbrit

Jzia clhFwd.

Kiynfh fhL nghY KJnfh flny nghY brhYnfh u nghY Jnfh bjw nghY fnfh fg nghY fijnfh guz nghY Ynfh X nghY sdh; btwh; wh.

thW Rujh, kiwkiyaofshiu ctikfsh

ghuhosh. ghujhrid bjhlJ, aif

mHif vYw gloJ fhLt thjhr

wJ sFwh.

Rjhdj ghuah, gLnfhil fahzRju,

fP fzjhr, jx vd vznwh ku

fijf idJ jHidF nkY tsK td

nrJsd.

46

j

Jfij

kjFy tsF VwthW jid khwfS r_f khwfS

fj a. jid khw isnt Jfij njhw.

mbkffP thk rha ghuah trd fij vGdh.

ghujhr ciueilf midJ fijeil bfhlit.

ah befis wntL vd U fPU xUnghJ vaiy.

ahid xU jilahf tf idjiy. Mdh, nkiy ehL

ya bjhl, rKjha Niy j abjhU tot njhw

fhuzkhd.

a My fijfis goj jHj jid Jfijf kyJ kz gud. kufijf ghotj gyiu j Jfij

tif

4747

j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

1. fha fP vd nghwgLgt .

2. ctikfP Mth.

3. Jfij ts gF nghwjfJ.

2. ntWik cUig nrbjGJf.

1. thdgho af Jfij ts JizjJ. (I/M/F)

2. kbfho vD j Jfijfis giljd. (I//F)

3. ilnfw dh mikf.

1. ghujhr _leiffis rhodh.

2. Ugjh whil ciueilfhy vW tHFnwh.

4. riH vGJf.

1. va kfis neh fij fUia U mikj bgUik ghuia rhU.

2. ghujhrid bjhlJ thjhr aif mHif gloJ fhLwh.

M) FWdhf

1. Ugjh whL ya tsg vGJf.

2. ciueil fhy vJ? V?

3. fk fgJF rhW jUf.

4. Rujh ctikfP vd ghuhlgLtnj?

) Wdhf

1. Jfijia tsj jf ahit?

2. rKjha nkghLF ehkfyh TW miu ahJ?

3. ghujhr fij nghidg vGJf.

48

j

Jizghl

fzjhr fg

cyFF cghwiy tHF PhW xUnghJ kiwtiy. mjid

nghnw ya tsbfhF bkhfY, cJos fPf ilawhJ njhWwhf. mtf, mbkhf fSF xo

tUwhf. mtf thG fhy NHYnfg jj fijfis gilJ fhyijbtW iyJ whf. Ugjh whL

j fPf tir jdbfW j Kiuia gjt fauR fzjhr. va brhfis bfhL csij kF ghlfis aa bgUik fzjhrDF cL.

jGz

brj brhbyLJ

ir bjhLng - tz

rjny fij rubjhLng

vd jfij vGj bjhl jjhJ bfhl gdh,

fbtoJ HH

flbfhJ Nnlw

KJikF ygu

Kjgu njhl

etUK kztUK

eytsj jHznf!

vd beFU jjh giHikia giwrhWwh.

4949

j

tha jid

thif thifia ga jidfSnk fijFa bghUfsh. gK JgK iwjitjh thif; ulid VF kdW bgWtnj mikahd thF t.

thif vwh Mu UF

thr njhW ntjid UF

tj Jg vJbt whY

tho wh XLt iy

vij jhF ja Ujh

W tiuF mik UF.

ghlYs eif ekF cu, mF tjl vW mGjkhf

g brwh.

gRikkhwh id

g, f fia KoJ brY fhy, khztfSfhf

eljbgW ilbgW Hh fyJbfhnth midtiu beHitF

ghliy fzjhr ash.

gRik iwj idfns!

gho j gwitfns!

gH fj njhHfns!

gwJ brnwh - eh

gwJ brnwh

... ... ...

vj C vj eho vW fhnghnkh?

FHij

FWFW elJ Wif o kHiy bkhngR FHijna xU fij.

mFHijia ctF fzjhr mHfhd ghliy gho kHyh.

Kjhd Kjynth jJ tj Kjynth

flhd kyuynth fljj bghUsynth

dW wFbfhl fhu lynth

brkhJis sJ JtU gynth

khtL fzynth ikdh bkhaynth

bghJilik

Rul, tWik Mad f, rkJt Xf bghJik cznt

VwJ vgjid fzjhr tWsh.

50

j

vyhU vyhK bgwntL - F

yhik yhj iyntL

tyh bghUFF jilik tuntL Ueho bghJilik.

fijf brhygL fUJfis fhoY, mfUJfis btgLj

fP ifahS KiwfS aikahjd. fij eil vgJ, fij

bghUY mjid btgLJ bkhY mikJsJ.

Xirea

cHt bgUkf ynj vGw gntW Xirf iabjhil

ireaK xJ xwd.

fhis knahir; fsJk benyhir

thiH iynahir; taif tisnahir

jhiH klnyhir; jhaj knjhir

nfh Funyhir; FHath njndhir.

Xir vD brhiy gyKiw gagL bghUeaK Xir ik

bghUJkhW fP ghosh.

brhyh

fijF _ybghU brhf. a jbrhfsha kf,

fPfsh ifahsgLbghGJ mit gil lbgW xRwd.

jifa brhyhfis fzjhr fijf fhzyh.

cikia brh eikia brjh

cyf cl kaF - iy

caUnghJ g bfhlh

cf cid tzF.

fzjhr - gilfS wfS

Kijah vw abga bfhl fzjhr, tfif khtlYs

WTlgo vD 24.06.1927mW wjh.

bgnwh rhjg - rhyh Mt. fzjhr fijf gy bjhFfshf bttJsd. mtj iugl ghlf totbgWsd.

Mld Mk, khf, fyFo khfha, naRfha Kjad mt gilj beLfij f.

uhrjlid vgJ, fg - mfhg tuyhiw mogilahf bfhL, mt gilj a ehlf.

5151

j

Mu mfaf, ntyFo UHh Kja gy dfis

fzjhr gilUwh. mt vGa UgJF nkgl df

nrukh fhj wj tuyhW dkhF. mjF rha mfhj gR ilJsJ.

fzjhr bjw, Kiy, fzjhr, j ky Kja jf bjhl, mtWF Mauhf UJ wj jg Msh.

fijY ciueilY brhbghY iugl JiwY jkbfd xU a tid tFJbfhL jiyJ wt fzjhr. mt, j fijfsh vbwW thJbfhoUwh.

eh ujukhdt mtiy

vjiyY vdF kuziy.

- fzjhr

kh dhf

beLdhf

1. fzjhr jGzit vd btgLJwh?

2. fzjhr tha jidia sFf.

nfL kf.

fP fzjhr brhyh wig btgLJ nj, fh

vD ia brhf mikj ghlfis nfL kf.

eLt mu Wtdkhd rha mfhj

MLnjhW a bkhf cs wj yafis

bjbrJ UJ tHtUwJ.

cdF bjj jf bgafis vGJf.

1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8.

52

j

yfz

brh (gfhgj, gFgj)

X vGjhdJ jnjD, xWF nkgl vGJf bjhlnjD xU bghUis czJkhdh, mJ brh vdgL.

gj, bkh, s vgd brh vgj ntW bgaf. gj vgJ gfhgj, gFgj vd UtifgL.

gfhgj

jh bghU juhj brh gfhgj vdgL. bga, id, il, c

Mat mogil gfhgj ehYtifgL.

1. bga gfhgj - ku, eh,

2. id gfhgj - c, fh, vL

3. il gfhgj - , k, w

4. c gfhgj - rhy, e, fo, cW

( ilbrhY cbrhY gfhgjfshfnt UF. )

gFgj

gF, F, iliy vd fgL gj gFgj vdgL. ( gFgj - faY gj ).

gFgj bgagFgj, idgFgj vd UtifgL.

bgagFgj : bghU, l, fhy, id, Fz, bjh vD Mw moahf njhWtJ bgagFgj.

(v.fh.) 1. bghd = bgh + + m ( - uojJ ) bgh vD bghUbga moahf wjJ.

2. Cu = C + m

C vD lbga moahf wjJ.

3. Miuah = Miu + +M ( - clgLbk )

Miu vD fhybga moahf wjJ.

4. fz = f + + m ( - uojJ )

f vD idbga moahf wjJ.

5353

j

5. fa = fUik + m

fUik vD gbga moahf wjJ.

6. eof = eo + +m ( - bga iliy ) eoj vD bjhbga moahf wjJ.

idgFgj : gF, F, iliy Kjadthf gFfgL idKW, idgFgj vdgL.

brjh = br + + M

brjh vD idK br vD gF bjhiy, vD iliy wjfhyij, M vD F Mghiy Fwd.

gFgj cWf

gF, F, iliy, r, rhia, fhu vD MW cWfS gFgj cWf MF.

1. gF : gFgj Kj W bghU jU Kjiyia gF vg. gF bgUghY Vt idahf tU.

gojh - go vgJ gF

Xodh - XL vgJ gF

tjh - th vgJ gF

2. F : gFgj W gJ F vdgL. J iz, gh, v, l Matiw fhL.

eljh - M - Mgh F

eljh - M - bggh F

eljd - m - gygh F

eljJ - J - xwgh F

eljd - m - gygh F

3. iliy : gFF FF il tUtJ iliy vdgL. iliy fhy fhLtjdh fhyfhL iliy vd TWt.

m) ffhy iliyf

W, W, MW vgd ffhy iliyf.

cwh - W = c + W + M

cwh - W = c + W + M

czhwh - MW = c + MW + M

54

j

M) wjfhy iliyf

, , , vgd wjfhy iliyf.

ghjh - = gh + + + M

clh - = c + + M

btwh - = bt () + + M

ghodh - = ghL + + M

) vfhy iliyf

, vgd vfhy iliyf.

cgh - = c + + M

tUth - = th (tU) + + M

5555

j

g

1. tU brhf gFia vLbjGJf.

m) flh M) nflh ) tjh

56

j

MFbga

vz, vLj, Kfj, l

ah fbga ehL.

kilg ah btwJ.

U bjhlfY mikJs ah vD brhiy cWnehFf.

Kj bjhl cs ah lij FwJ. ulh bjhl

cs ah, a ufis FwJ. thW xU bghU bga,

jdFa bghUis Ffhk jndhL bjhlila ntbwhU bghUSF

bgauh tUtJ MFbga vdgL.

MFbga tiff

MFbga gdhW tifgL. mtW bghUshFbga Kjyhd

MW MFbgaiu vlh tF fUf. w MFbgafis F

ffUf. msit FF bgafis msit bgaf vg.

vz msit, vLj msit, Kfj msit, l msit vd

msitbgaf ehtifgL.

1. vz msit MFbga : xW bgwh x ka.

bjhl xW vD vQbga, mbtQF bjhlila FHijF bgauh tjJ. ~J vz msit MFbga.

2. vLj msit MFbga : IJ nyh vd iy?

bjhl nyh vD vLj msit bga, mtsit Ffhk, mtsila bghUSF ( m, gU.... ) MtjJ. vdnt,

~J vLj msit MFbga.

3. Kfj msit MFbga : ehYl njit.

bjhl l vD Kfj msitbga, mtsit Ffiy.

mtsila be, vbz, gh KjatW xWF MtjJ. vdnt,

J Kfj msit MFbga.

4. l msit MFbga : _W l bfhL.

bjhl, _W l vgJ, mtsila msnfhiy FfhJ,

mjdh o msfbgW JF M tjJ. vdnt, J l msit

MFbga.

F : xWbfhL, ehYnyh jh, uL l njit, IJ KH ntL

5757

j

vgdnghy tU msbjhlf MFbgauh. xU khgH bfhL, uL

nyh be ntL vgd MFbgauhfh.

bghUKj MnwhL msit brhjh fU fha fUj M xw bgauh mjia ij bjhKiw ciugd MF bganu. - e}, 290

g : fhQ bjhlfYs MFbgafis tlLf.

m) uL l nghJkh?

M) IJ l vd iy?

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1. nfhol l ca ilia njbjGJf.

ehYuL brhYFW - bjhl MF.

m) Kfjysit MFbga ) lysit MFbga

M) vzysit MFbga

2. nfhol lij uf.

_W l jh vgJ MFbgauhF.

3. bghUJf.

1. Kfj msit MFbga - jiyF xU gH bfhL.

2. vLj msit MFbga - uL l jh.

3. vz msit MFbga - MW KH bfhL.

4. l msit MFbga - gJ nyh bfhL.

M) FWdhf

1. MFbga vwh vd? vLJfhL jUf.

2. msit bgaf ahit?

3. lysit MFbgaUF vLJfhL jJ sFf.

4. Kfj msit MFbga vwh vd?

58

j

bghUnfh

MWbghUnfh, bkhkhWbghUnfh, uiwbghUnfh

xU br cs fisnah mofisnah bghU czF Vwtif

mikJbfhS Kiwia bghUnfh (bghU bfhS Kiw) vd tHFt.

bghUnfh vtifgL.

1. MWbghUnfh 2. bkhkhWbghUnfh

3. uiwbghUnfh 4. LbghUnfh

5. jhirbghUnfh 6. miskghbghUnfh

7. bfhLTLbghUnfh 8. mokkhWbghUnfh

1. MWbghUnfh

ilawhJ brY MWiunghy ghl brhf K khwhJ nenu

brW bghUbfhtJ MWbghUnfhshF.

(v.fh.) bghth Ijjh bgh xGf bewh Lth th. - Fw, 6

bghth Ijjh - bk, th, f, _F, br vD Ibghf

tahfbfhl Itif Mirfisl iwtdJ; bgh xGfbe wh

- bkahd xGf be wt; L thth - Ly vW W tht.

Fwgh bghth vd bjhl, Lthth vgJ tiuYs brhf

Kdhf khw bgwhk bjhlahf mikJ bghUbfhS tif

mikJsd. Mj ghl, MWbghUnfh MW.

2. bkhkhWbghUnfh

Xuo cs brhfis, mitjU bghUSF Vg kh TWj

bkhkhWbghUnfh vd tHfgL.

(v.fh.) RiuahH m jg tiuaida ahidF J KaF iybag

fhdf ehl Rid.

ghliy mgona gojh bghU bj UfhJ. jid Riu jg,

m MH, ahidF iy, KaF (Ka) J vd mjj moYs brhfis

Kdhf kh bghUbfhSj ntL.

3. uiwbghUnfh

br Uw brhfis Kiwkhwhk, tirahf mikJ

bghUbfhtJ uiwbghUnfh MF.

5959

j

(v.fh.) m mwD ciljh thif g gaD mJ. - Fw, 45

Fwgh mF g, mwJF gaD uiwahf tJ

mikJsjdh, ghl uiwbghUnfh MW.

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

nfhol lij uf.

1. bghUnfh tifgL.

2. ghl brhf Kiwkhwhk, tirahf mikJ bghUbfhtJ .

3. RiuahH m jg vD br mo gW tJsJ.

M) FWdhf

1. bghUnfh vwh vd? m~J vjid tifgL?

2. MWbghUnfhSF rhWjJ sFf.

3. bkhkhWbghUnfhSF rhWjJ sFf.

4. uiwbghUnfhSF rhW jUf.

tFgiwwf

gilghw

aif jiy ghl xW vGJf.

ngRj w

vdF oj fP - vD jiy IJ kJ ngRf.

60

j

ea ghuhLj

ghliy goJ mj ea ghuhLf.

Ugif u Ubsd jik fU fhtndh vwJ Uiw ifah kh ilJ fy bkah jbga a thar gjba irY jnah LjY

- kndhka bg.Rjudh

bghU ea

USF gift fut. mt jik Ubsd v

fhJLthndh vd fhff IaKW wFfis glglbtd j kh

gLkhW moJbfhL fh fh vd fiujgo irbaF gwnjhod. (thar - fhf; u Na; iw wif)

m ea

fhiyntis fhff iunjl gwJbrtJ aghd f.

fut USF gift; Mjyh, jhK fa wJl Ugjdh

U vd v jik fhJLthndh vd IaKW gwjd

vd fP, j fgidia mjnk V TWwh. nkY, fhff

wfoF aghd braiy kh moJbfhtjhf TWtJ

fP fgidna. thW, ghl jFngw m wghf

gilfgLsJ.

bjhil ea : nkhidbjhil

Ugif u Ubsd fU fhtndh, ifah... fy

tof f Kj vGJ x nkhidbjhil mikJsJ. movJifbjhil: U-fU vd ulhbkGJ x movJifahf gj- j vd buJifahf vJifbjhil mikJsJ.

g : ghliy goJ mj ea ghuhLf.

th fsjoF tj nfhilF

ngh wJ bghthF-Uw brnfhy nk Ukiyuh atiu itnfhY khahid ah. - fhsnkf yt

6161

j

bkhw g

m) ntbrhfis idKwhFf.

1. eh ehis rijF ( ngh )

2. khztf g f ( f )

3. ahid dbfhL ( W )

4. njFuhrh ghuhrh Fiuia ( mlF )

5. am neiwa fhgJngho bt ( bgW )

M) milFF cs brhfis brhbwhlUnfg khWf.

1. mt tJ ngUij of ayiy. ( iu )

2. khztfSF grFkhW nfLbfhnw. (jiyt)

3. FHijf kahij jUj ntL. ( bgnwh )

4. mL ewhf wF fhUj ntL. ( v )

5. vY filoj ntL. ( vik )

) bgaburij idKwhf kh vGJf.

(v.fh.) td f nrhiy. nrhiy td fJ.

1. J Xoa kh.

2. f j gH.

3. ghl goj itfiwbr.

4. jtwhj kd.

5. neW bgj kiH.

62

j

jbHfis mnth

51 51 61 61 71 71 81 81 91 91

52 52 62 62 72 72 82 82 92 92

53 53 63 63 73 73 83 83 93 93

54 54 64 64 74 74 84 84 94 94

55 55 65 65 75 75 85 85 95 95

56 56 66 66 76 76 86 86 96 96

57 57 67 67 77 77 87 87 97 97

58 58 68 68 78 78 88 88 98 98

59 59 69 69 79 79 89 89 99 99

60 60 70 70 80 80 90 90 100 100

g

51 61 71 81 91

52 62 72 82 92

53 63 73 83 93

54 64 74 84 94

55 65 75 85 95

56 66 76 86 96

57 67 77 87 97

58 68 78 88 98

59 69 79 89 99

60 70 80 90 100

Lgl jbHfis uf.

1. 51, , 53, , 55, , 57, , , .

2. 91, 92, , , , 96, , , 99, .fLiu g : fhyij btY f

6363

j

foj vGJj g : kh foj

bjU sF gGJ fnto tha brabghahsUF TL zg tiuf.

mDe

uhr. jbrt, bray, fy ef kf kw, fy ef, kJiu - 625 002.

bgWe

brabghahs,

jehL tha,

kJiu - 625 002.

kFp,

bghU : fy ef gF sF gGJ f ntLj -

rhghf.

----*----

fy ef gF flj U khjfshf bjUsFf vaiy.

u neu gF UNJ fhzgLwJ. mjid gagL

r_fJF vuhd Fwf mtnghJ eilbgWwd. mjdh, gF

kf bgJ JggLwd. vdnt, bjU sFfis gGJf

ca eltoif vLFkhW jfis nfLbfhnw.

kJiu, jf ciks,

14. 04. 2015. uhr. jbrt

Ckf ifbahg

1.

2.

3.

ciwnk Kft:

bgWe

brabghahs, jehL tha,

kJiu 625 002.

64

j

F : ( foj vGJnghJ vGJnth Kft, eh, l, j Kiw,

fojbghU (m) br, ifbahg, bgWe Kft tiw juhk

vGJj ntL.)

g

1. Fotr nto Fotha brabghahsUF

2. rhiytr nto khefuh MizaUF

3. yf mikJju khtl MaUF

4. RWNHiy bfLF bjhrhiy ntlhbtd khtl MaUF

g

bgnwhiu kjY cjjY

KyD vyD goJbfhoUjd. jhah FH rikJbfhoUjh.

mnghJ miHk xjJ.

Kyh! ah tUwh, gh, vwh FH. nghkh, eh goJ

bfhoUnw; vdh KoahJ vd TL gogjid bjhljh.

~J mtDF jW.

mkhnth mghnth vj ntiyia bra brhdhY mtDila

cldo g vdh KoahJ vgJjh. mjfhf Vnjh xU fhuz brh,

mntiyia jofgh; VjhtJ brhdh vJ ngRth.

Mdh, vy bgnwhF njitahd cjf brth. Ky

aig mj vy vGJbrW fjit wjh. mYtyfUJ,

mgh tUjh. mkh! mgh tJlh vd cuf TL miwF

brwh.

1. Ky gHf KiwahdJjhdh? fhuz TWf.

2. bgnwhiu vJ ngR gHf cst Ky - tidg E fUij vGJf.

3. , c bgnwhl vj elJbfhwh?

4. c bgnwhUF br cjf vit?

5. vy goJbfhoUgjid LL fjit wjJ Kiwjhdh?

6565

j

thifw

KobtLj w

xgjh tF goF btbrt isahoY wJ sdh.

mtDF nj beUbfhoUwJ.

xUeh clf Ma mtid miHJ, kahd br btbrth! mLjthu g khztfSF ilna J nja msyhd ifgJ ngho eilbgwsJ.

jHf rhghf e gUJ njbragoUwh. mjF

JF bryntL. c bgnwhl TL vwh.

mt bgnwh, mbjyh xW ntlh; gogJjh Ka. Vnjh

g isahLwh, n g h d h n g h f L v Ujh , F n g h w h d h . m t s b j h i y cid jahf mDgKoahJ. vfshY JizF tuayhJ vd ltlkhf Tld.

Ma th iljfaJ vwh.

bgnwh ntlnt ntlh vwd.

btbrt vfhy wf, f egfSl fyJiuaho

eybjhU KobtLf.

kf

fhyjuhik

mbkfh FoauRjiytuhf Uj thl vnghJ fhy

fU bragLth.

neuij zhFtJ mtUF ofhJ.

vj xU Hhthf UjhY, Fj neuJF Kng brW Lth.

tHfnghy xUeh ehlhSkwJF tjh. Mdh, mtUila

jbrayhs D tuiy.

y lfSF wF gugul tj brayhs, Iah vid

kf ntL. vDila fofhu bkJthf XLtjdh, tUtjF

J neukh lJ vwh.

thl jbrayhsiu ghJ, xW cf fofhuij khLf

myJ eh cfis khw ntoUF, vwh.

66

j

bkhahf brf.

Asoka was one of the best kings in the worlds history. He hated war. His reign was a reign of peace. He became a Buddhist and sent out missionaries all over India. His aim was to get Darma into the hearts of all his people.

izahd jgHbkhia mf.

1. Crying child will get milk. mGj is gh FoF.

2. Make hay while the sun shines. fhWsnghnj bfh.

3. The childhood shows the man. is g Kisnyna bj.

4. All is well that ends well. Kjnfhz KY nfhz.

5. A Good marksman may miss. MidF mo rWF.

mJbfhf.

Kjyhd, Kja, Ma - brhf gaghL

xU bjhF cstiw RLnghJ Kjikahdjid kL Ro,

mjndhL bjhlila wtiw RlhjnghJ Kjyhd (mJ bjhl) vD

brhiy gagLJj ntL.

xU bjhF cst midij RlhJ, mjndhL bjhlila

ytiwnah gytiwnah kL RLnghJ Kja vD brhiy

gagLJj ntL.

xU bjhF cst mjndhL bjhlila midij

KGikahf RLnghJ Ma vD brhiy gagLJj ntL.

(v.fh.)

1. eh xGf wJ sf UFw Kjyhd mwfis fw

ntL.

2. eh ggho wJ sf eiz, FWbjhif, IFWW Kja

vLbjhif fis fw ntL.

3. a, ir, ehlf Ma KjiH ngh tsj ntL.

6767

j

tsu braghLf

nfl w braghL - 1

Gs ciugia gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

gdhF taJ Wt, Vfiu cs ntgku H cfhJ, FR JFJ brtjid, mJ UF jiyHhf brW

kiwtjid fhwh. fhia fL cs vGj czfis

Wt fijahf vGJwh.

Xongh Xongh bfil Fnr - fiu Xu nkahnj bfil Fnr

o fhu tU neukhR - buhg

J Ffhnj bfil Fnr.

Jnt mWt Kjfij. mWtjh iwa jiyKiw kf fP vd nghwgL gLnfhil fahzRju Mth.

ghntj ghujhrl Kiwahf ghl nfl t, ghl aW

Mwiy gogoahf tsJ bfhlh. 1954M Mo goj bg vD

iuglJF KjKiwahf ghl vGdh.

t ghoa,

njdhW ghJ brfU rhJ MdhY kf tW fhJ

vD ghl tfis nfl njhH thdj, L njha ghualh

vd fahzRjuij ghuhodh.

dhf :

1. fahzRju vj ta j Kjfijia adh?

2. fahzRjuJF tHfgL milbkh vd?

3. fahzRju ahl ghl nflh?

4. fahzRjuij njhH thdj vthW ghuhodh?

5. fahzRju brhj C vJ?

ngRj w braghL - 2

fP fzjhrDl nefhz fJtJ nghw ciuahl nH

bfhLfgLsJ. mjid tF ngRf.

khzt: Iah. . . tzf. jfis ne fL ciuahLt vdF klw k.

fzjhr: tzf, j. vdF cfis nghw khztfSl ngRtJ vwh kjh. mgo ngRnghJ vdF v gfhy idF tJLwJ.

68

j

khzt: mgoah!. . . jf g thifiag TWf.

fzjhr: vf C xU rny VLgTl xW UjJ. e h Y t a m g j h v b j h l f f bjhlaJ. mLJ, My gTl x gonj. m F g f l z _ W % g h . m j g z i j flKoahk gyKiw btnamDggnl; UD, VHhtFtiu mg gonj.

khzt: wF. . .

fzjhr: wF, mkuht FUFy cs X co ciwlg, VHh tFtiu goj vid, Ijh tFjh nrJ bfhlhf. mg v go bjhljJ.

khzt: Iah!. . . jfSF ghl vGJ Mt vnghJ njhaJ vgJg TWf.

fzjhr: vGJtjF Kdh, thbdh nfgY fis gogYjh vdF Mt F. thbdh ghlfis nfLnfnl, mtiw ghl eh fWbfhnl; uhffis bjJbfhnl.

khzt: jfSF fis goF Mt F vd Tfns, mjidg.....

fzjhr: Mkh, j! gJ guL ta eht gog vdF bfhis Mir. rugh fijfis ggh fijfis U gong.

khzt: vj ta ghl vGf?

fzjhr: guL tanyna vdF vGJ Mw Ugjid cznj.

khzt: jhf mj ta vGa ghlY vGa lK id csjh?

fzjhr: vf C CUfiu cfhJjh ghl vGJnt.

zh fhd oK nflJ

fzh j fhJF ik

f fiyjJ J vGnj

gLif Unj gUnd mKj

j ehYtjh id csJ, j.

khzt: jfij cy khbgU kd f! jfisngh vfSF ghl vGj Mt. tfhLfsh?

fzjhr: j. . . W eilna fis goF gHf FiwJbfhnl tUwJ. neuij zhfhk cfsh Kojtiu ey ey fis gof. bt bgWtjfhd Kjgo mJjh; mLJ, cfis R ftjid cWnehFf; w gL

6969

j

J g K J a u K c f S F n e j j h f c z U f ; vGJf. cf bga jya tuyh lbgW.

khzt: vdbfd neu xJ kd wJ ngf. f e, Iah!

fzjhr: f k.

goj w - thL goj braghL - 3

yf aJ; Ys th ikilJ; fhW J. J. y J.

PhW eW. fS eW. thdJ Rlfbsyh f ad. kiH J. d J. o J.

fl J. kiy J. fhL eW. MWf ad. cnyhfK kuK bro bfho kyU fh f ad.

kj f a. M eW. bg J. FHij g. sik J. KJik eW. c eW.

cl eW. yf f ad. c RitilaJ. kd nj. m nj. cz mKj. cznt mKj. cz bjt.

kd bjt. j bjt. c bjt. fhL, kiy, mU, MW, fl, y, , fhW, , th, PhW, f,

thdJ Rlf - vyh bjtf.

- ghuah, trdfij



bjg, igj, UHh, Jkid, ija, bghJilik, nghuhl, ik,

ghuhL, J.

j - , , , ,

g - , , , ,


fhQ ciugia brhy nfL vGJf.

cyFF cghwiy tHF PhW xUnghJ kiwtiy. mjid nghnw ya tsbfhF bkhfY, cJos fPf ilawhJ njhWwhf. mtf, mbkhf fSF xo

tUwhf. mtf thG fhy NHYnfg jj fijfis gilJ fhyijbtW iyJ whf.

70

j

njbjLJ vGJj braghL - 6

ghlYFa jiyig njbjLJ vGJf.

( tUj, vGJf, fofhu, khR )

m. gyUF X neu

fhLwJ

jh XbtLfhk.

. f D

f brJ jjd

fl f.

M. fhj bjho

F FHijf.

7171

j

iH vGJj braghL - 9

fhQ bjhl tz vGJfYs brhf iHahf csd. mjid

U vGJf.

( v.fh. ) midtU w tFF jtwhk tUif j ntL.

Uj : midtU w tFF juhk tUif j ntL.

1. K. tujuhrdh jhbkhJ Fj mfiu bfhlt.

2. fis u F J neu isgh brnthkh?

3. j dhF ca ilia idTw Kokh?

4. fF vis iy.

5. Fkzts, yt bgUudh taiyia fL kd wdh.

mJ bfhnth braghL - 10

ehY ntj M eit Mf

nt mdt kiynk csh

Nj mU Jiw Kdh

th vW csh tu Mwyh.

- fg, fguhkhaz.

nkfl ghl lbgWs ehY ntj vD brh cs ehY vgJ ehF vD vQbga fhukhF. itkLk ehYKfjh,

ehY ir, ehY u, ehY thr, ehY fiy, ehY eh, ehYngiu, ehY bjU, ehY

tF vd U_y, snfhtof, fg, xsitah, godjh, ghuah,

ghujhr Kjnah ghlf ehY vD brhny vLjhsgLsjid

fhzyh. uhl bkhf xyfz vD iy vGa fhLbt, ehF

vgj mogilna ehY vd FJsh.

g

m) fhQ brhbwhlf ehY vD brh milbkhahf tUgo vGJf.

(v.fh.) filF brw tsk, ehYnyh m ntLbkd nflh.

1. Ukifahth MRf, kJuf, uf, jhuf vd

fY wJ sdh.

2. ehF kiw vgjid fg ntj vd FLwh.

3. HF, nkF, tlF, bjF vd ir csd.

4. ntiyF brtjF Ughj kfid ghJ, mt jh fhR

ciHJ bgwhjh midtU cid kg vd Tdh.

5. ahid fh yFfS xW.

72

j

M) ghlY ehY vD brh vbfF lbgWsJ vd flJ vGJf.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

fwyil WkL

kbg : 10

m) bghUjhj izia flf. 1 1 = 1

1. Wgr_y - fhahrh

2. Phduj - ghuah

3. vGJ - . R. brygh

4. FghL - fzjhr

M) bghUJf. 5 1 = 5

1. vf gift vnfh kiwjh

Fs jHf xwhj fnl - fk

2. rigfny jbHGJ KHfntL - ehkf fP

3. ghlh kfsJ gu ntL - ghuah

4. vyhU vyhK bgwntL - ghujhr

5. wehL eyP rhuf

jbkh bgajntL - fzjhr

) bjhlf cs MFbgaf tiffis flf. 4 1 = 4

1. IJF gJF ntiy bra M iy.

2. cgJ eh; cLgit uL.

3. vL KH th th.

4. nyh vd iy?

73

j

a _W br

X gaD!

Xthf Uif j

Xa tiuJ gHF!

iknah lik nrU! - eF

njhL cs mHF!

ghfS a gHF ey

ghliy gho kth!

jhFW Jg ah - ir

j khJ nghF!

* ma M brth

mwhl br gogh!

brW cw m cs

brGik t bgWth!

kUJt f fgh cl

kdY njJ fgh!

Ujbk f mth tU

ik bgh fisth! *

- bgUudh

74

j

bghU

khztfns! Xthf UF neu Xa tiua fWbfhlh a vzfS mik nrJ cs mHF btgl, mJ fhuzkhf

mik.

j ghlf vGj ghl gHbfhSf; irj ikah

th Jgf bjhiyJnghF.

ma Mfis nkbfhSf; mwhl ffis brjh thyhf mJbfhSf; cyfffis mtj_y mw nkgL; cs tsK tik bgW wF; kUJt fis kdey fis goJ bjJbfhSf; mit cliy, csij

ghJfhf Jiz.

f thifF cj jJt fis fwh, mjt ikia

bghikia LJ eth thHyh.

vdnt, VLfl fiya bjhf ma jid

Ujh, f th btbgwyh; Mjyh, Xneuij gaDs tif bryL th tsbgWf.

Ma F : ghtynuW bgUudh abga Jiu. khf. tuJ C nry khtlYs rKu. tj bgnwh Jiurh, Frkh Mt.

10.03.1933mW wj t, 11.06.1995M eh kiwjh.

frhW, Iia, bfhahf, ghabfhJ,

ggwitf, wha Kja gy fis

ash. bjbkh, jL, jy Ma jf_y cyf jHilna jGzit cUthf t ghLglh.

F : ghl, ggwitf vD

FHijghl bjhF ulh gF

lbgWsJ. Ys ghlf gy bjbkh, jL Ma jf bttjit.

FRfSF, gwitfSF, kbkhkhiy vd Kthf mikJsJ.

75

j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

nfhol lij uf.

1. irah kiwJ nghF.

2. cyf ffis mjh nkgL.

3. VL fal fa njit.

4. ggwitf vD thf mikJsJ.

M) FWdhf

1. bgUudh F vGJf.

2. cs mHF vnghJ btgL?

3. fgidw tsu vd brantL?

4. mw nkgL t ahJ?

5. vnghJ eth thHyh vd bgUudh TWwh?

) Wdhf

1. X neuij gaDsjhF tfshf bgUudh TWtd ahit?

2. th btbgWtjfhd tf ahit?

76

j

Uisahl uhz

- gunrh Kt

Uthyth fhl

( jUF bgh mj gly )

Kfij RUf

vehltF bghJthf Ugjdh, bjdho jDila mU

isahliy fat bjdhLila tbgUkh. jytf

iwtDF jGF cs izig cWgLjnt Uisahl

uhz Kja uhzfis aajhf bfhsyh.

yt, jyik wij ma iwtid nto rfgyifia

bgwd. rfyt ehgbjk fUJnghiu f iwtnd

j i y i k y t u h v G j U d h . m t i u n r J r f y t

ehgbjhgk Md. rka ta nrfughoa kf

ta Nlhkghoa kJiu murh bghWig Vwh. mt,

iwtDF rgfkhiy rh tglfU rgf ejtdij

VgLdh.

jdh, Nlhk ghoaDF rgf ghoa vD bga

tHfyhW. mt xU rka, j fhj kidl rgftdJF

brwh. mntis bkbyd Fj sbjw Jkzij

aJ. mgobahU kzij Jtiu Efuhj ghoa kd X

Ia vGjJ. mJ jjh vgjid sFtnj e ghlgFahF.

iwtl jU ntl

1. Ia ahit m nabfhyh

itia ehlt kdf UJz(J)

ca nthf iubj dfU

bra ntLbk uJ brdh.

bghU : iwtl jU, vyhtiw mj iwtnd! f, ghoa Iaij F fUij fahf ghoaJ ah iHf

mUa ntL vd gJ ntodh.

77

j

b r h b g h U : i t i a e h l t - g h o a ; c a - i H f ; uJ brdh - gJ ntodh.

yfzF : ciuJ, uJ - idbarf.

gFgj cWyfz : uJ = u + () + + c. u - gF; - r; - MdJ fhu; - wjfhy iliy; c - idbar F.

iwt jUF ghl mUs

2. bjd tFy bjt Ma

kd bfhFnj thifj brhd ybgw brh edh

d jt iw thdh.

bghU : ghoa Fy bjtkha brhfehj bfhFnj thif vd bjhlF ghliy brhik njhw a jUF

tHdh. jU, jkdJa , mjid gl bgW brwh.

brhbghU : bjdt Fybjt - brhfehj (m) Rjughoa;

d Jg; edh - mjh; iw gJ.

yfzF : brh, iw - idbarf.

gFgj cWyfz : edh = eF + + M. eF - gF; - wjfhy iliy; M - gygh idKW F.

ghoa fTj

3. ms nfah mur Kngh

s mf s dhfl

csf UJne xj yhu

Js dt k dh.

bghU : msyhj yila rf ytf ghoal brW, mghl bghUis sdhf. bfhoia cila ghoa

fUJnfwthW msf bghU tjikah, mt kdkjh.

b r h b g h U : m s n f a h - m s t w y d ; u Js - jiyairJ; dt- bfhoia cila ghoa.

yfzF: s, wJ - idbarf; k - bjhbga.

gFgj cWyfz : s = sF + . sF - gF; - idbar F; dh = F++M. F - gF; - wjfhy

iliy; M - Mgh idKW F.

78

j

eu jUia yFj

4. ntj Vtyh j jbkhL

nghJ lit w a

Mj bgh mWF eia

neJ u byd ydh. *

bghU : ghoa Vtyh, ytnuhL UbrW, fHf bt bjha wj bgh Koig mWbjLF jUia u

vgL vd jLjh.

brhbghU : j - yt; a - bjha ; bgh - bghKo; e - jU; w - bt.

yfz F : Mj bgh - bgabur.

jU iwtl KiwLj

5. br bfhLngh UK itJs

ig bfhlm gdt vid

ik fl tG ghliy

if edh f nybfdh.

bghU : jU, iwt mj ghliy mt UK itJ, yw fGij cila iwtnd! FwKs ghliy vdF mjJ V?

vd kdtUjJl nflh.

brhbghU : ig tUj; gdt - mjz; fl - fGJ; tG ghl FwKs ghl.

iwadhU euU

6. Muit FW ne wU jtiu neh

ahiue fF Fw adh vdh Kd

ud rhJ ehnd snd vwh w

u yt Fw ahbjd njuh u.

bghU : ytf iwj mit EiHj iwt, mitdiu neh, v ghl Fw Tat ah? vd nflh. mthW

mt nfL KogjF, ehnd Fw Tnd vd fthj eu, mrhJ vGJ Tdh. Fw ahbjd iwt nflh.

79

j

brhbghU : Mmit - (ytf) iwj mit; snd - brhnd;

u - f thj.

yfzF : neh - idbar; snd - jik xUik

idKW; njuh u -

80

j

bef fhoD Fw Fwnk

9. fiwth rilah be fid nj fhl

gWth D mrh cguh gngh Mf

KW fzh dhY bkhjE ghl Fw

Fwnk bawh jgh Ma Fw njuh.

bghU : mlj l rilia cila iwt, befiz js fhl, mjdh JwnghJ mrhjtdh, ungh cl

KGtJ ffis cilatuhD, ckJ ghl FwKilanj vW

Tdh, eu.

brhbghU : fiwth rilah - tbgUkh; cguh g -

njtjiyt (u).

yfzF : gWth, mrh - idahyiz bgaf; Fw - bjhbga.

gFgj cWyfz : gWth = gW + + M. gW - gF; - v f h y i l i y ; M - M g h i d K W F ; njuh =nj + M + M. nj - gF; M - vkiw iliy (kiwjJ); M - Mgh idKW F.

bef btgjh eu tUjY iwt kiwjY

10. njj ehk fah Ej br

ghj btik bghwhJbgh gfa jlJ

Mj ehty nghG jhjd mtid

fhj ehty bkd UU fujh. *

b g h U : i w y i t j i y N o a t i w t . m t d J , bef UJ tj bgh btg jhshJ eu

bghwhkiu Fs _dh. yt to tj nrhkRju

fl iuJ jdJ UUtij kiwJ mUdh.

brhbghU : Ej - bef; bghgfajl - bghwhkiu

Fs; ehty - yt; fujh - kiwjh.

yfzF : njj, ghj, Mj, fhj - bgaburf; GJ - idbar; br, btik - gbjhiff.

gFgj cWyfz : njj = nj + () + + m. nj - gF; - r ; - M d J f h u ; - w j f h y i l i y , m - bgabur F.

81

j

Ma F : gunrh Kt ehif khtlYs UkiwfhL

(ntjhua) vD C wjt. jY tlbkhY yik

bgwt. t jijah dhRju njf Mth.

gunrh Kt Jwah thyanjhW brW iwtid

tgL tjh. mthW kJiu efiu milJ dhmkid

nrhkRju flis tzat, mefnyna yfhy jUjh.

mefujh mtiu nfLbfhljF zf, Uisahl

uhzij adh. miy tbgUkh Unfh vnu

cs mWfh l UJ tlbkh, bjbkhyt ahtU

nghw munfdh.

t Uisahl nghfbtgh, kJiu gWgjjh

Kja fis ash.

F : Uisahl uhz, kJiufhl (gbdLgly),

Tlfhl (KgJgly), Uthythfhl (gdhWgly) vD

KbgUfhlij gly vD mWgJ ehF cit

cilaJ. , Ujghf _thuJ KW mWgJ _W

csd.

, iwt mWgJ ehF Uisahliy s vGj fS

thdJ wghdJ MF. bjhileaK gRit f YF

e.K. ntflrh ciubaGsh.

iwt jUF mUa ghl

bfhFnj thif miw J

fhk brghJ flJ bkhnkh

gaJ bfa e ka

brba wit Tj

ea csnth m nt.

- FWbjhif, 2

82

j

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1 . nfhol lij uf.

1 . Uisahl uhzij aat .

2 . Uisahluhz fhlf csd.

3. iwtl ghliybgW brwt .

4. bgh bgwbrw jUia jLjt .

5 . cl KGtJ ffisilat .

2 . bghUJf.

kJiufhl - gdhW gly

Tlfhl - gbdL gly

Uthythfhl - KgJ gly

M) FWdhf

1 . jU, iwtl ntoaJ iwt jUF tHaJ ahJ?

2 . jU ghliynfl ghoa kdiyia TWf.

3. jU, bgh bgwbrwnghJ fjJ ahJ?

4. iwtl jU tUjJl daJ ahJ?

5. muritF tj iwt daJ ahJ?

) Wdhf

1 . Uisahl uhz - F vGJf.

2. gunrh Kt - F vGJf.

3. iwtDF euDF ilna elj ciuahliy tf.

83

j

ciueil

flgaz

jehL thf tuyhW f bjhik thjJ. gHfhybjhnl jH

cehL, maehL thf wUjd. cehL thfijl

maehL thfnyna tUth F. maehL thfY jiutahf

br thfijl, tahf br thf bgU bghUis jU. vdnt, meh fl thf f wUjJ.

jH flgaz

iufl Xo ua njL vD xsitbkh, ahJ Cnu

ahtU nf vD fa Fw bkh, jHf cyfsha jidF gdhL bjhlF rhWfsh.

gHfhy, jH w ehLfSF flgaz nkbfhl

br K tHf vd bjhfha FfgLsJ. gHjH bghULjiy j flikahf fUd. jid bjhfha bghUsfhu lbgWs bghUt sFwJ. fh (jiutj) , fy (t j) vd UtifgL.

gyhu MLfSF Kdnu jH nknf R, cnuh, vJKj

Hnf dtiuY flt thfbjhl bfhoUjd. vJ,

ghyd, bkrgnlhah, ghnyhah, d Ma ehLf jH bghUfis

U bgwd. VyK ytfK sF nkfha ehLf

ey iyF fgld. jeho, w ehlh csij ftU

gy bghUf Fahf iljd. mtW, KJ gtsK MuK

mY btJY rF Fljfd. gHjH, nufiu

cnuhkhaiu atd vd miHjd.

fg

gHfhynyna jHf gytifahd fgf flgld. xbthU

bga fgY kNj nfhilnghy njhWkh. m~jhtJ, ehF

gfK ua fHf. mj eL jahf knyhL Toa kUjy

murdJ nfhil. mnfhil njhwkhdJ, eLfl brY fgYF

ctikahf weh} TwgLsJ.

84

j

flY kufyfS

M, Mf, K, thuz, bgst, guit, z vgit fliy FF jbrhf.

thnw kufyJF jbkh bgaf

gy tHFwd. mit: fg, fy, fLku, ehth, glF, g, iz, njh, bjg,

, m, tf, jit, g~, Xl vgd. xbthU bgaU xbthU tifahd fyij

FF. brhfis bfhnl gil

jHf flgaz g bjthf mayh.

cgff brYJjFa a glFfS

fl brYJjFa bga ehthfS mW Ujd. fl brY

bga fy ehth vdgL. fh efu Wjgl ehthf, miyfsh miyL fLj flgl ahid mirtJngh

mirjd. mt c bfhof mirJ Mod vd godghiy TWwJ.

bga ehthf fh Jizbfhnl ad. mit ghku fgf vdgld. jF fhwhdJ, vbtnghJ vbtir neh R vgjid jH eF czUjd. ffhy Kndh fh

nghif mJ fy brYd vgjid weh}W ghl TWwJ.

JiwKff

jHf eilbgWtj thf gadhf gy JiwKff flfiu godfshf wJ sd. mtW fhgod, K, bfhif Mait Fljfd.

K, nru kdFa JiwKf. mF R vD bga M atdf kufyf, MWJiwf fy nghFgo tJ wd.

mfyfSF ca atdf, bghid RkJ tJ, mjF

85

j

mf bgUghY tffns thJ tjhf. nrhHeho

JiwKfkha fhgod (fh), Rfrhiy fyfiu

sfK Ujd.

F fgUJ y wfgLtd, yUJ fg

VwgLtdkha msyhj glf K kiynghy FJ

ljd.

fhgodJ khlf cs kf iffis T, btahL

kfbuhL bghU ntFH Kjatiw thf, ef Hhnfhy

lJ. bjtJbfd vLj bfhofS, iyglfis mjF

foa bfhofS, Maf thJ bra fU itj bfhofS, fg

TYs bfhofS mF fyJ fhzgld.

fltna tj FiufS, jiu tna tj sF bghfS, kaYlhd kfS bghD, FlF kiy wj rjdK mY,

bfhifJiw wj KJ, fl clhd gtsK, fif

clhd bghUfS, fh clhd tsfS,

86

j

nkiyfl KGJ fg Lnth vD ghu fd W edth

csJ.

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

1. nfhol lij uf.

m) fl gazij K tHfbkd FL .

M) fl brY bga fy vdglJ.

) fhgod Rfrhiy Ujd.

2. bghUJf.

ehL JiwKf

nru ehL - fhgod

nrhH ehL - bfhif

ghoa ehL - K

M) FWdhf

1. flgaz nkbfhs fhuzf ahit?

2. atd vngh aht?

3. bghUt g vGJf.

4. fyij FF ntW bgaf ahit?

) Wdhf

1. jHf eilbgw VWk, wFk bghUfg vGJf.

2 . fg njhwij weh}W vthW ctwJ?

3. mfhy fh vthW saJ?

87

j

1 . ehthfis tf vW TWt. - . 2 . nufiu cnuhkhaiu jH vthW miHjd?

- .v) UbghU vGJf.

1 . iu , . 2. ff , . 3. fiy , . 4. f , .bral : fsgaz nkbfhf. (JiwKf)

mJbfhf.

f thG ygF vtif iz vd mJbfhf.

iz - yK

F - kiy kiyrhj lK Kiy - fhL fhLrhj lK

kUj - taY tarhj lK

bej - flY flrhj lKghiy -kzY kzrhj lK

(twl ygF)

88

j

Jizghl

bfy b fy

bfy bfy, mbkfh fbgw vGjhsuhf mua

89

j

bfy, bu Kiw vGj gof fwh. mt, jdbfd jahf cUthfgl jlR

auij gagLdh. Mia m mj

g gadhf, nf{ bu ~ f

EiH nj btbgW, sfiygl tF

nrjh; glK bgwh. jifa khWwdhsfS

KjKj gl bgwt tnu. t gy fis

vGdh; nghfis vJ cyf ehLf gytWF RWgaz brjh.

bfy, jdJ thehis fHnjh kW

fhJnfshnjhfhf brylh. mjfhf, mY

gfY mauhJ ciHjh. mtfSbfd cyfbkF

gf wfbr bghUL bkhbgaghs

xUt cjl cyf ehLf gytWF

RWgaz nkbfhlh. bfy bfy vd xwid bjhl, m nrj bjhifahd

%gh xwiu nfhoia mgfSF tHdh.

ghitanwhUbfd nja yf xwid cUth, cyf KGtY UJ f tJ Fa VghL

brjh. jidnghy mtfS bgwntL

vD vzJl j vgbjL taJtiu

mauhJ ciHjh.

thif H vgnj iy; xWnghdh

bdhW tU. mj eifUjh thif

btWik MfhJ- thW Ta bfy, meifia

bkgJngh, f fghit mwtuhf,

fhJ nfshjtuhf UJTl vgo cfsh

rhf KojJ? vd bfyl nlhah

kfhuh, nflbghGJ, `mjF fhuz vDila

Manu vd bfy Tdh. v _W yfis

Hjjdhjh, vdF mt Mauhf iljh . vd gyjh. Ma m yhlh

bfyid y ahUF bjyJ.

Ma m 1930M ML wJl jdJ

bkhbgaghs gh jhr vgh cjl

thJ tuyhdh; #gh Kjyhd ehLfSF RWgaz nkbfhlh. bfy, thl ef

fbgw bgkahf fjh.

Ma mrtDl bfy

mbyrhl ufh bgYl bfy

gh jhrDl bfy

90

j

bfy bfy, kjf vyhtiw vjhf vLJbfhwhf; mtf vjidnk Kjikahf fUJtiy. vjidahtJ Hj wFjh

mj mUikia czwhf. kjf ghj, ngRj, bjhLj,

Kfj, nfl Ma Iy czit aifahfnt bgUwhf.

j czf kig JbfhS Mw gyUF iy, mwhl

thifF itbayh njitbagjid mtf kwJLwhf,

vgh.

xUeh u bfy bfy, fl mUsh _W eh kLnk

jkF ghit oajhf fd flh. mjnf mt bgJ k

miljh. Kj eh, fbzh iljJ KjKj ghjJ, mt

ff wJ itj Ma Kfijna. mtiu rjjF ,

bghWik, m, uf, J, jdif MatWF vLJfhlhf

jkJ Ma ftjid czjh. Maiu ghjjF mt,

jkJ cnjhfis rjh. mtf fsfglkw mHfhd

Kffis flh.

LF tJ, oYs dW bghUfisbayh xWlhk

ghjh. mtW, y tz bghUfis Rt khlgoUj

mHa Xafis mykh mL itf bgUj jffis

fbfhlhk ghjh. miwa khiybghG bt elJ brYnghJ

kuf mHif aif mHif fLfjh. LF

tUt gfJ Lfhu giz kf yiu Fiufis

flh. khiybghG fut kiw fhia fL kjh.

oYs sFf mtiu ftjd. mit mtUF kia

jjd. gf fl gntW fhf kd

91

j

Jbfhlh. IjhtJ HrhiyYs filbjUfis vyh

ghjh. a RWyh nkbfhlh; nrhiyfis Foirfis

bjhrhiyfis flh. fh mtUF xUw kia

kWw Jgij mjJ. bfy brhdh: vdJ ff Jfij kia KjKjyhf fld. miwa Ko xU eifRit ehlfij flh. Vbd, f ghit kiwtjF K, kahd

xwid kLnk ff fhz ntLbkd Udh. e czfSF

eh kgj ntL. fl ekF bfhLj fbga mg,

ghit. mjid D rWneu Hf nghnwh vw cznthL fgid brJ ghjh, mj mUikia ekh czuKo. _W

ehY jh czjtiw ekF ghlkhf czdh. _Weh

ghit iljjnf KG gaid v ff fld. mgoahdh,

theh KGtJ ghitstf vts rhjidf braKo

vgjid v ghUf vgjid czdh.

1880 N 27 mbkfhYs myghkh khfhz JFah

wJ, rhjidahsuhf fj bfy, 1968M ML N Kjeh

yf thit jh. mtuJ cl thl m, gh MnahuJ

clfSF mUnf eylf braglJ.

W Jgnkh jilnah Hngh Vglhny kdKilJ _iy

Kl nghF ekF bfy bfy thif tuyhW jdifia

jU vg Iaiy. cleynjhL Ugtfns braayhj ma

rhjidfis yfis Hj bfy brjh. mjdh mt, cy vlhtJ mra vd ghuhl bgWwh.

bghik ahF gaW mtJ Mid ik g. - Fw, 618

kh dhf

beLdhf

1. bfy bfy vthW f fwh?

2. bfy bfy, j fd fl Kj eh fhf ahit?

bu

ghitanwhUfhd vGJKiwia cUthat.

ghitanwhUfhd vGJKiw

92

j

yfz

ah : br cWf

(vGJ, mir, )

br cWf

ah - ahfgLtJ - flgLtJ. ah vgJ br.

vGJ, mir, , jis, mo, bjhil vD MW br cWfshF.

1. vGJ

br F, beo, bk, Mj vD vGJf Kjikahf fUjgL. F, cFY cbkFY mlF. beo

cbeoY, cbk beoY mlF. bk xW vd brhygL,

br Mj bkahf fUjgL.

ehz - brh, eh - beo, z - F, - xbwGJ.

2. mir

vGjhdJ jahfnth gy nrnjh Xirl mirJ (J) gJ mir vdgL. J neuir, iuair vd UtifgL.

neuir : F jJ F xwLJ, beo jJ beo xwLJ tUtJ neuir vdgL.

(v.fh.) F jJ tu - f

F xWl tu - f

beo jJ tu - fh

beo xWl tu - fh

iuair: F izJ F izJ xW; F beo izJ F beo izJ xW tUtJ iuair.

(v.fh.) F izJ tu - gl

F izJ xWl tu - gl

F beo izJ tu - glh

Fbeo izJ xWl tu - glh

3.

mirf jJ izJ To, moF cWghf miktJ vdgL

m~J Xuir,

93

j

Xuir : btgh

94

j

fhf - ehF

ne ne ne - njkhfh

iu ne ne - khfh fhf - ehF

iu iu ne - fUsfh

ne iu ne - Tsfh

it btghF cajdh, btgh c vd TWt.

ff - ehF

ne ne iu - njkhf

iu ne iu - khf ff - ehF

iu iu iu - fUsf

ne iu iu - Tsf

it tghF cajdh, t vd TWt.

ehyir : gdhW

_tir vLl neuir, iuairfis jjahf nrjh ehyir gdhW ilF. jid bghJ vd TWt.

g

1. tU bgafis mir J fhLf.

m) iy M) tst ) snfh

95

j

2. fh tifgL.

m) uL M) _W ) ehF

3. MaghF ca f MF.

m) fh M) kh ) f

4. btgh ca vD

96

j

mbghU ctika, ntWbghU itg

mt elJ tjh.

mt mdnghy elJ tjh.

U bjhliu goJ ghUf. Kj bjhl aghf csJ.

mLj bjhl gogjF ik jUwJ.

bgbzhU, j aghd mHif Mil, mfyf mJ,

xgidbrJ bfhtJnghy yt, j fgid MwyhY bkhyikahY

brhY bghUY mHF nrJ ghlf aWt.

jifa ghlf fhzgL mHnf m vdgL. jdh, brhy F fUJ v ; gogtF nfgtF ik nrF.

mf ytiw F fhzyh.

1. bghU ctika

cy yhj bghUis xwDF ctikah TWtJ bghU ctika vdgL.

mgf yh cthif tghf tw kuj jW. - Fw, 78

Fwghit goJ ghUf. cs myhj xUt FLg

thif elJtJ vgJ, ghiy y, glku jL tstJ

nghwJ. UtSt, Fwgh myhjt thif, ghiyy

glku jL tstjF xghdJ vd yhj bghUis ctJ

TWwh.

yt, cy aghf yhj bghUis thW ctikah TWtJ

bghU ctika MF.

2. ntWbghU itg

yt, jh fUa bghUis iyehl, cyf mj ntbwhU bghUis

rhWfho TWnghJ, bghJ bghUsh w bghUis, w bghUsh

bghJ bghUis sFtjid ntWbghU itg vg.

ciuKo fhzh isnah vw

eiuKJ kf ctg - eiuKoJ

brhyh Kiwbrjh nrhH Fyir

fyhk ghf gL.

ghl, ffhy sik eiuKoJ tJ, tH tHdh

vgJ w br. ttahf juhk M JtU nrhH Fy

97

j

njhaikah, aghfnt ffhyD wj tHdh vgJ bghJ

bghU. vdnt, w bghUsh bghJ bghU sfgLsjdh ghl

ntWbghU itg mikJsJ.

kh dhf

m) wtadhf

nfhol lij uf.

1. cy yhj bghUis ctJ TWtJ .

2. fUa bghUis iyehl w bghUis bghJbghUshY bghJbghUis w bghUshY T sFtJ .

M) FWdhf

1. ntWbghU itgia rhWl sFf. 2. bghU ctikaia rhWl sFf.

tFgiwwf

vGJj w : gl ghJ ghl vGJf.

FG fyJiuahl

ghuah - ghujhr - fzjhr fijf r_f khw FJ fyJiuahLf.

98

j

bkhw g

bjhifbrhfis bjGJj.

(v.fh.) Iiz vD brh Fiz, Kiyiz,

kUjiz, bej iz, ghiyiz Matiw FF.

1. Kf - khf, gyhf, thiHf.

2. ehgil - njgil, ahidgil, Fiugil, fhyhgil.

3. Iyfz - vGyfz, brhyfz, bghUyfz,

ahyfz, myfz.

4. mWRit - Rit, frRit, Rit, ctRit,

fhRit, JtRit.

g : bjhifbrhfis bjGJf.

Uiz , .

Kgh , , .

ehir , , , .

Igh , , , , .

vQ bgafis jbHfSl bghUJf.

vQ bga jbH

vguL - 25

bjhbwhgJ - 30

UgijJ - 99

gidJ - 82

KgJ - 15

bral

1. ghlgFYs bgabrhfis bjhFf.

2. bjhFj bgabrhfYs bjhbgafis tlLf.

fLiu g

khWwdhs kWth.

99

j

ifbaGJ j jahj

( khztf vifF Vg FGfshf J ifbaGJ j cUthf brj )

Ljiy Ueh wj

midtUFkhd Ljiy! cyfij caJ ewh!

w br

Ljiy eh

fijnghL cyfij

ntbuhL rhngh.

nefhzLjiyF ciHnjh

ehlf

Ljiyngh

JQFf

z CL

eifRit JQFf

fLiu

Ljiy Ueh

ngho btbgw

fLiu

Wfij (xUgf ms)

Wt f

ciuahl

fh W Ujh... Ut/_t ciuahl

fSfhd j kw ff

thifw

w iy jid itJ ghj

bjhlto gaz brnghJ ghitanwh ghLgho brtjid

nfoUf. Knd brgtiu g kiwnah bjhltjid

foUf. taj khWwdh taah kbwhU khWwdhF

cjnghJ, ghitnsh ahuhtJ mtfSF cjajid ghUfsh?

ayhnjhUF yhnjhUF kjneanjhL cjnth wj kjuht.

1. khWwdhfSF vbt tif cjtyh?

2. f gHa l fiz fobfhL xU bghUis vLf Ka brf.

3. cf glit egfSl fyJiuahLf.

100

j

kf

c ufObk vD fbgw ma mP LF, mtUila

eg brUjh. miwF fLF yaJ. ma mP, j cliy

ewhf fgah nghUjh. vD, F jhfhk eLbfhnl Vnjh xU nrhjid KG_rh

101

j

tsu braghLf

nfl w braghL - 1

Gs ciugia gof nfL dhfSF ilaf.

br, ciueil, ngR Mad aj MF. irnahL ghLtjbfnw vGjgl jghlf irj vdgL. iria irj vW

kaFwd y.

ir ntW; irj ntW.

ir fiyPf FH, ah nghw fUf thgJ ir. XJth ghL

njthughl irj. ehoa MLnghJ ghLtjbfnw awgl ghlfns

ehlfj vdgL.

ehlf vgJ fhyJ ehlf, iuglf ngrgL ciuahl vW

y fUJwhf. ehlfj ghlf ehoaJFa bkghLfSF

ljU tif mikUF.

dhf

1. j Kf ahit?

2. aj vd vjid TWnwh?

3. ir vgJ vJ?

4. ehlfj vjikaJ?

5. njthughlf vtif jiH rhU?

ngRj w braghL - 2

ciuahliy KGikahf vG tF ngRf.

iwtDF euDF ilna fj ciuahl

l: ytf iwj ghoa mit

iwt: v ghl Fw Tat ah?

eu: V, ehjh!

iwt: v ghl vd Fw fO? brhyh, bghUyh?

eu:

iwt:

102

j

goj w - thL goj braghL - 3

fhQ ciugia bghUSzJ gof.

sik ey nghWj vgJ bghJthf khjF aghd Fz. yUF

taij nflhny d wF. cl jiy tajhljF ca

milahsf bjglhY tajhlJ vW ahuhtJ TdhY mtfSF

bghyhj nfhg tUwJ. jdh, vd wJ! sikia nghw midtU

Uwd vgnj! Mdh, sik vgJ cl kL Ujh nghjhJ.

y Mo isnahuhf Uwd. Mdh, czY CfY

gLHkh brayW Vwd. ~bjgo sikahF?

cl sik; cz sik; Cf sik fhlntL. sikia

nghWj thifF wig jU. mjdhynwh, sikia mHif

nghWtif e Mnwhf clg Kiwfis flhf. clYF

ngha g bfhLJ v~Fngh M sik ey ngQf! Jgfis

thifia flF gofshf idJ, vJfisJ nghfhk, bt

eif itJ, cz sik fhJ, thif gazij bjhlf!

iwa njh ehisa btF mof vD eifl, sik eyf

CfJl thif gazij mikJbfhf.

- FwFo mofsh, Myaf rKjha ikaf



fJfiy, ir, ita, K, kdJa, nehf, LngW, ebra,

nkLgs, thif, ga, bkhbga, ntiy, bef, btFshik

e - , , , , .

k - , , , , .

t - , , , , .


jehL thf tuyhW f bjhik thjJ. gHfhybjhnl

jH cehL, maehL thf wUjd. cehL thfijl

maehL thfnyna tUth F. maehL thfY jiutahf

br thfijl, tahf br thf bgU bghUis jU. vdnt, meh fl thf f wUjJ.

103

j

FWbfGJbrh isahL braghL - 6

il FfisbfhL, flfis uf.

1 4 6

2

5 3

7 8 9

lUJ ty

1. iuflnyho ua njL vd Ta j _jho .

2. gHjH flgazij bjhfha t H f vd FLwJ.

3. nru kdFa JiwKf .

nkUJ

4. ahJ Cnu ahtU nf vd Tat fa .

5. fl brY bga fy vdglJ.

6. btR ehil nrj ga .

7. ghoa eho ts bgUa JiwKf .

8. dUJ wFk bragl bghUfS xW .

9. bgst vgJ vgJ xU bghU jU brhf.

104

j

myLj braghL - 7

jf bgafis vG myL thghL vGJf.

t.vj f

bgafmir thghL

1 iu ne iu Ts23456789101112

t>c brhfis UJj braghL - 8

brhFa cs Ua brhfis gagL ctik bjhlf cs

t>c brhfis UJf.

( ngha, wJ, fh, vbz, bt, bgj )

1. Mo fh cU rUFnghy

2. Mij KwJnghy

3. ca fhy bgr kiHnghy

4. vSF viznghy

5. gRnjh ngha nghy

6. bt gl Gnghy

105

j

ilbrh mj braghL - 9

bjhl cs tz vGJ brhfSl MtJ vD ilbrhiy

nrJ a bjhliu cUthFf.

1 UFwis go. UFwisahtJ go.

2 ciu bfhLJ ehil fhngh.

3 myJ c j ngho fyJ bfhSj

ntL.

4 jHg brhtJ bkh ekJ ff.

5 ghu bjh ehLF ciHj.

6ahF ngRngho ulh l iljJ.

brhYUthf braghL - 10

fhQ brhfUJ gy brhfis cUthFf.

KJFj - KJ, F, Fj, Kj, J, FJ, jJ, Fj,

KJF, j, KF

gfiyfHf -

fyfiusf -

Fiunaw -

fauf -

Lfijfhd il fhz braghL - 11

LfijfSfhd ilia vGJf.

1. thdJF F Mu ff. m~J vd?

2. cyhj g xGfh TWwh. mt ah?

3. bro isahj gR; j fhj ;

if bjhlhj J. m~J vd?

4. u gfY Xiy; mt gLjh vGg Miy. mt ah?

5. cUt yhj kj cyfbkyh RWwh. mt ah?

106

j

Ljiy Ueh Hh

l : eh : fhy :

fu

jjh thJ :

bfhonaw :

bfhoghl :

tuntiu :

jiyikiu :

wiu :

fiy ff :

gR tHf :

eiu : ehLg :

fu vGJj braghL - 12

c g eilbgws LjiyUeh ffhd fu vGJf.

thifw braghL - 13

vdh KoahjJ ahuh Ko?

th btbgw Jogt njhia bghUgLjkhlh.

cdh KoahJ vd vtU tl TlKoahJ.

vdh kwtfisngh braglKo vd bkJfhodh,

UgnjG tanjahd b#fh fh. t brj mUbra vd?

107

j

wnyna U if yhj t, jU fhyh th}ia Xoa

Kj bgk vD bgUikFat.

jdif, lhKa, Jr Mad tiu wghf brayhw

od. M, kdUjh tL. tiug f vd idf?

cf fUJfis FG fyJiuahLf.

fwyil WkL

kbg : 10

1. monfhol brhYF Vila bghUis vGJf. 4 1 = 4

m. cehL thfijl maehL thfnyna tUth F.

1. bry 2. VWk 3. wFk 4. tu

M. iuflnyho ua njL.

1. brt 2. thridbghU 3. fg 4. thf

. ahJ Cnu ahtU nf vgJ fa Fwdh thF.

1. eg 2. cwd 3. nf 4. gift

vdh Ko, ehnd brnj

( I can, I did )khzt fw braghLf gntL

ghl :

t.v eh ghl v ghljiy braghL Fiu

108

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