stp seminar august 26, 2009 masaki n. nishino * 1
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Two mechanisms of solar-wind proton entry deep into the near-Moon wake revealed by SELENE (KAGUYA). STP seminar August 26, 2009 Masaki N. Nishino * 1 - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Two mechanisms of solar-wind proton entry
deep into the near-Moon wake revealed by SELENE (KAGUYA)
STP seminar
August 26, 2009
Masaki N. Nishino*1
Collaborators: Masaki Fujimoto1, Kiyoshi Maezawa1, Yoshifumi Saito1, Shoichiro Yokota1, Kazushi Asamura1, Takaaki Tanaka1, Hideo
Tsunakawa2, Hidetoshi Shibuya3, Masaki Matsushima2, Hisayoshi Shimizu4, Futoshi Takahashi2, and Toshio Terasawa2
•ISAS/JAXA, (2) TITECH, (3) Kumamoto Univ., (4) ERI, Univ of Tokyo
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Outline
• Introduction
• SELENE spacecraft & instruments
• Proton reflection at the dayside surface (Saito et al. GRL, 2008)
• Type-1 entry (Nishino et al. GRL, 2009)• Type-2 entry (Nishino et al. GRL, in
press)
• Summary
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More than 80 % of time ...
• The moon stays in the solar wind
– interaction btwn SW and the Moon
• Why important ?– Wake formation behind the
moon
– Particle/dust acceleration– Hazardous in future missions– Space plasma and planetary
surface• no thick atmosphere• no intrinsic magnetic field
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A traditional view of the lunar wake
• Electron-rich– high thermal speed of e-– generation of E field
• Gradual acceleration of SW ions
• No solar wind ions
How do ions behave in the near-Moon wake ?
E
E
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Wind and SELENE
Comparison of wake observations by Wind and SELENE
WindSELENE
(KAGUYA)
detector ions + electrons ions + electrons
altitude 11,000 km 100 km
SW proton intrusion
• gradual intrusion in the distant wake
• along IMF
?
interpretation fluid-type ?
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Outline
• Introduction
• SELENE spacecraft & instruments
• Proton reflection at the dayside surface
• Type-1 entry• Type-2 entry
• Summary
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SELENE (Kaguya) spacecraft
• Launch– on Sept. 14, 2007
• Orbit– polar orbit– 2-hour period– 3-axis stabilized
• Plasma measurement– Ions (composition)– Electrons– Magnetic fields– Waves
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MAP (PACE+LMAG) onboard SELENE (Kaguya)Orbit• 2-h period• polar orbit• 100 km alt.
MAP-PACE• electrons x2• ions x2• each 2 str.
FOV
MAP-LMAG• magnetic field• 32 Hz
MAP measures the near-Moon plasma environment comprehensively.
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Outline
• Introduction
• SELENE spacecraft & instruments
• Proton reflection at the dayside surface
• Type-1 entry• Type-2 entry
• Summary
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Solar-wind proton reflection at the dayside surface
protons reflected/scattered at the dayside surface
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Outline
• Introduction
• SELENE spacecraft & instruments
• Proton reflection at the dayside surface
• Type-1 entry– Observation– Model calculations
• Type-2 entry
• Summary
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Ion energy gain & loss at wake boundary (1)
SP: accelerationNP: deceleration
downe-
upe-
downion
upionupion
day SP wake NP day SP wake NP
gain loss gain loss
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Ion energy gain & loss at wake boundary (1)
SP: accelerationNP: deceleration
gain loss gain loss
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Ion energy gain & loss at wake boundary (1)
SP: accelerationNP: deceleration
gain loss gain loss
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Ion energy gain & loss at wake boundary (1)
SP: accelerationNP: deceleration
gain loss gain loss
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Ion energy gain & loss at wake boundary (1)
SP: accelerationNP: deceleration
gain loss gain loss
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Ion energy gain & loss at wake boundary (1)
SP: accelerationNP: deceleration
gain loss gain loss
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Dependence on SW magnetic field By
By>0
Implication of particle dynamics
By<0
small By
SP: gainNP: loss
SP: lossNP:
gain
no energy gain nor loss
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Outline
• Introduction
• SELENE spacecraft & instruments
• Type-1 entry– Observation– Model calculations
• Type-2 entry
• Summary
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Larmor phase filtering effect ? Wake E field ?
E
E
Vx decreases
Vx increases
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Wake E-field model
How does this simple E field change the SW proton energy ?
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Model calculations : SW proton intrusion
(a) No E field• no acceleration• cutoff due to thermal
motion
(b) with E field• energy gain & loss
no energy change
energy gain energy loss
observedions
SW•By=4 nT•Vsw=350 km/s•Vth=35 km/s
wake potential 300 eV,(width Rm/4, E ~ 0.7 mV/m)
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Model calculations : SW proton intrusion
Trajectory of SW protons
• intrusion to mid- and low-latitude region
Energy in the rest frame
• gain and loss
Energy in the SW frame• gain (as much as
wake potential)
bulk: Vsw=350 km/s, Larmor: v=70 km/s
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Summary of Type-1 entry
Solar wind protons can easily access to the lunar night side.
Before SELENEBefore SELENE Now with SELENENow with SELENE
Complicated plasma environment
We are now constructing a new model.
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Outline
• Introduction
• SELENE spacecraft & instruments
• Proton reflection at the dayside surface
• Type-1 entry• Type-2 entry
– Observation– Model calculation
• Summary
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Ion found in the deepest wake2 kinds of wake ?(1)almost vacuum(2)plasma entry
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Proton entry into the deepest wake
Proton sneaking into the deepest wake
(from dayside ?)
Accompanied by bi-streaming e-
By-dominant IMF
SZA 168 deg
100 km height
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Obliquely-going protons are detected by IMA
Protons turn upward just near the nightside surface
E-t scatter plot along virtual spacecraft orbit
g E-t scatter plot along the virtual spacecraft orbit scatter location : every 5 degrees in the dayside region of Lon. and Lat. -70~+70 deg)scatter angle : every 2 degrees
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Validity of our model of Type-II entry
Similar patterns related to Type-II entry are reproduced.
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Formation of PGR (proton-governed region)
• Scattered protons sneak into one hemisphere on the nightside
• formation of PGR
• Generation of outward E field around PGR
• PGR absorbs ambient electrons along the IMF
• counter-streaming electrons are found in the PGR
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Wind and SELENE
Comparison of wake observations by Wind and SELENE
WindSELENE
(KAGUYA)
detector ions + electrons ions + electrons
altitude 11,000 km 100 km
SW proton intrusion
• gradual intrusion in the distant wake
• along IMF
• Two types in the near-Moon wake
• perp. to IMF
interpretation• fluid-type• electron
dominant
• particle dynamics
• formation of PGR
References
• Ogilvie et al. GRL 1996• Halekas et al. JGR 2005• Saito et al. GRL 2008• Nishino et al. GRL 2009a• Nishino et al. GRL 2009b
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