study of the galactic center region with x-ray …...2010/02/17  · x‐ray reflecon vs. electron...

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Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray Satellites Takeshi Go TSURU Kyoto University, JAPAN 20100217_GC_Suzaku_GCOEsymo_v6.key すざく衛星 2005年 ASTRO-H衛星(NeXT) 2013年度

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Page 1: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray Satellites

Takeshi Go TSURU Kyoto University, JAPAN20100217_GC_Suzaku_GCOEsymo_v6.key

すざく衛星 2005年 ASTRO-H衛星(NeXT) 2013年度

Page 2: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Why the center of the Milky Way Galaxy ?

Page 3: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Why the center of the Milky Way Galaxy ?

最近傍の巨大ブラックホール⇒ 最も確実なブラックホール物理学

Page 4: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Why the center of the Milky Way Galaxy ?

高いエネルギー密度 × 物質密度⇒ 極限天体の探査研究

最近傍の巨大ブラックホール⇒ 最も確実なブラックホール物理学

Page 5: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Why the center of the Milky Way Galaxy ?

高いエネルギー密度 × 物質密度⇒ 極限天体の探査研究

最近傍の巨大ブラックホール⇒ 最も確実なブラックホール物理学

Why すざく ?

Page 6: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Why the center of the Milky Way Galaxy ?

最高のエネルギー分解能、低バックグラウンド性能⇒ 原子物理・輻射物理に立脚した確かな物理

高いエネルギー密度 × 物質密度⇒ 極限天体の探査研究

最近傍の巨大ブラックホール⇒ 最も確実なブラックホール物理学

Why すざく ?

Page 7: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Why the center of the Milky Way Galaxy ?

最高のエネルギー分解能、低バックグラウンド性能⇒ 原子物理・輻射物理に立脚した確かな物理

高いエネルギー密度 × 物質密度⇒ 極限天体の探査研究

新しい宇宙像の構築へ

最近傍の巨大ブラックホール⇒ 最も確実なブラックホール物理学

Why すざく ?

Page 8: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

1deg

the GC region Suzaku project

>60pointings, 3000ksec

Page 9: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

1deg

Suzaku: 180 ksec

the GC region Suzaku project

>60pointings, 3000ksec

Page 10: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

1deg

Suzaku: 180 ksec

the GC region Suzaku project

>60pointings, 3000ksec

24papers + 5 Doctor Thesis

Page 11: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Suzaku Spectrum of the Galactic center region

4

Page 12: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Suzaku Spectrum of the Galactic center region

4

He-Fe Kα (6.7keV)

H-Fe Lyα

He-Fe KβThermal Plasma

kT=6.5keV

Page 13: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Suzaku Spectrum of the Galactic center region

4

FeI Kα

(6.4keV)

Power Law

He-Fe Kα (6.7keV)

H-Fe Lyα

He-Fe KβThermal Plasma

kT=6.5keV

Page 14: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

Page 15: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

T~1x108Kの高温プラズマ

Page 16: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

T~1x108Kの高温プラズマ

分子雲からの蛍光X線

Page 17: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5

連鎖的な超新星爆発

天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

T~1x108Kの高温プラズマ

分子雲からの蛍光X線

Page 18: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5

連鎖的な超新星爆発

天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

T~1x108Kの高温プラズマ

分子雲からの蛍光X線

Page 19: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5

射手座A*の過去の大爆発 連鎖的な超新星爆発

天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

T~1x108Kの高温プラズマ

分子雲からの蛍光X線

Page 20: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

5

射手座A*の過去の大爆発 連鎖的な超新星爆発

天の川銀河中心領域のX線写真

電離鉄Kα(6.7keV)

電離硫黄Kα (2.45keV)

中性鉄(6.4keV)

超巨大BH 射手座A*

T~1x108Kの高温プラズマ

分子雲からの蛍光X線

Page 21: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV

Page 22: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

Page 23: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

6.4keV fluorescence line is emitted from MC.

Page 24: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

6.4keV fluorescence line is emitted from MC.

Big Question: What is the ionizing particle ?

Page 25: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

6.4keV fluorescence line is emitted from MC.

Big Question: What is the ionizing particle ?

X-rays

electrons

Page 26: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

6.4keV fluorescence line is emitted from MC.

Big Question: What is the ionizing particle ?

X-rays

electrons

6.4keV - Photoelectric absorptionContinuum - Thomson Scatter

Page 27: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

6.4keV fluorescence line is emitted from MC.

Big Question: What is the ionizing particle ?

X-rays

electrons

6.4keV - Photoelectric absorptionContinuum - Thomson Scatter6.4keV - Inner shell ionizationContinuum - Bremsstrahlung

Page 28: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

CS

Tsuboi+992E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

6.4keV 6.4keV line traces the distribution of the molecular clouds (MC).

6.4keV fluorescence line is emitted from MC.

Big Question: What is the ionizing particle ?

X-rays

electrons

“X-ray reflection”

“Electron bombardment”

6.4keV - Photoelectric absorptionContinuum - Thomson Scatter6.4keV - Inner shell ionizationContinuum - Bremsstrahlung

Page 29: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X‐ray reflec-on vs. Electron bombardment

7

6.42 7.1

Electron bombardment

Bremss

NH ~1021(cm-2)

EW(keV)~0.3-0.6

keV6.42 7.1

X-ray reflectionIncident X-ray

ThomsonScatter

NH ~1024(cm-2)

EW (keV)~1-1.5

keV

Page 30: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X‐ray reflec-on vs. Electron bombardment

7

Larger EW of 6.4 keV line is expected for X-ray reflectionσ(Thomson scatter) < σ(bremss by electron)

6.42 7.1

Electron bombardment

Bremss

NH ~1021(cm-2)

EW(keV)~0.3-0.6

keV6.42 7.1

X-ray reflectionIncident X-ray

ThomsonScatter

NH ~1024(cm-2)

EW (keV)~1-1.5

keV

Page 31: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X‐ray reflec-on vs. Electron bombardment

7

Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflectionElectrons stop at the surface of MC due to ionization loss.

Larger EW of 6.4 keV line is expected for X-ray reflectionσ(Thomson scatter) < σ(bremss by electron)

6.42 7.1

Electron bombardment

Bremss

NH ~1021(cm-2)

EW(keV)~0.3-0.6

keV6.42 7.1

X-ray reflectionIncident X-ray

ThomsonScatter

NH ~1024(cm-2)

EW (keV)~1-1.5

keV

Page 32: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B1 M359.43-0.07

M359.47-0.15

Sgr B2

M0.74-0.09 Radio Arc

10!4

10!3

0.01

norm

alize

d co

unts

/sec

/keV

105

!2

0

2

!

channel energy (keV)

10!4

10!3

0.01

norm

alize

d co

unts

/sec

/keV

105

!2

0

2

!

channel energy (keV)2E-05 4E-05 6E-05 8E-05

1.0

6.3-6.5 keV (Fe I)

0.0

-1.0

-2.0

0.0

1.0

357.0358.0359.02.0

Sgr A CB2D EB1

1deg

Page 33: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Kα/ Kβ = 0.1E.W: 1.1 – 2.1 keVK-edge: 1.8 – 9.6 x 1023 cm-2 >> 1 x 1023cm-2

X-ray reflection is more likely.

Nakajima, Inui, Hyodo, Uchiyama, Takikawa, Nobukawa, Tsuru et al.

Sgr B1 M359.43-0.07

M359.47-0.15

Sgr B2

M0.74-0.09 Radio Arc

10!4

10!3

0.01

norm

alize

d co

unts

/sec

/keV

105

!2

0

2

!

channel energy (keV)

10!4

10!3

0.01

norm

alize

d co

unts

/sec

/keV

105

!2

0

2

!

channel energy (keV)2E-05 4E-05 6E-05 8E-05

1.0

6.3-6.5 keV (Fe I)

0.0

-1.0

-2.0

0.0

1.0

357.0358.0359.02.0

Sgr A CB2D EB1

1deg

Page 34: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Radio Arc

6.4 keV map

M0.74-0.09

Sgr A East (SNR)

selectedregion20 arcmin

Nobukawa +10

Page 35: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Radio Arc

6.4 keV map

M0.74-0.09

Sgr A East (SNR)

selectedregion20 arcmin

Nobukawa +10

Page 36: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Radio Arc

6.4 keV map

M0.74-0.09

Sgr A East (SNR)

selectedregion20 arcmin

  S       Ar     Ca           Cr Mn

These residuals correspond to neutral S, Ar, Ca, Cr, Mn.

Nobukawa +10

Page 37: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

S Ar Ca Cr Mn Fe Ni

Equivalent width and the origin

90% errors

Nobukawa +10

Page 38: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

S Ar Ca Cr Mn Fe Ni

Equivalent width and the origin

X‐ray reflec-on

electron bombardment

90% errors

Nobukawa +10

Page 39: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Cloud  ‐‐ Time Variable Diffuse 6.4keV emission : only with Suzaku

11

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

Nobukawa+10

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Sgr B2 Cloud  ‐‐ Time Variable Diffuse 6.4keV emission : only with Suzaku

11

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

Nobukawa+10

Page 41: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Cloud  ‐‐ Time Variable Diffuse 6.4keV emission : only with Suzaku

11

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

Nobukawa+10

6.4keV line

5 6 7 8 9

0.01

0.1

Cou

nts

s!1 ke

V!

1

Energy (keV)

SgrB2 (2005, 2009)

Black:2005Red:2009

6.7 keV line(Thermal Plasma)

Black: 2005Red : 2009

Page 42: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Cloud  ‐‐ Time Variable Diffuse 6.4keV emission : only with Suzaku

11

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

Nobukawa+10

6.4keV line

5 6 7 8 9

0.01

0.1

Cou

nts

s!1 ke

V!

1

Energy (keV)

SgrB2 (2005, 2009)

Black:2005Red:2009

6.7 keV line(Thermal Plasma)

Black: 2005Red : 2009

•Decay -me ~ 5yrs

•Clump Size ~ 5lys

Page 43: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Sgr B2 Cloud  ‐‐ Time Variable Diffuse 6.4keV emission : only with Suzaku

11

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

0 2E-06 4E-06 6E-06 8E-06 1E-05 1.2E-05 1.4E-05 1.6E-05 1.8E-05

2005 6.4keV 2005 6.7keV

2009 6.4keV 2009 6.7keV

Nobukawa+10

6.4keV line

5 6 7 8 9

0.01

0.1

Cou

nts

s!1 ke

V!

1

Energy (keV)

SgrB2 (2005, 2009)

Black:2005Red:2009

6.7 keV line(Thermal Plasma)

Black: 2005Red : 2009

•Electrons with 10‐100 keV can’t travel. •X‐ray reflec-on can explain the -me valiability.

•Decay -me ~ 5yrs

•Clump Size ~ 5lys

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Xray Reflection Nebula12

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Xray Reflection Nebula

•X線反射星雲=「X-ray Reflection Nebula (XRN)」 と命名

12

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Xray Reflection Nebula

•X線反射星雲=「X-ray Reflection Nebula (XRN)」 と命名

•照射源には明るさ ~10^39-40 ergs/s必要

12

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Xray Reflection Nebula

•X線反射星雲=「X-ray Reflection Nebula (XRN)」 と命名

•照射源には明るさ ~10^39-40 ergs/s必要

•中性子連星 : 明るさが足りない

•最大光度は「エディントンリミット」~10^38ergs/s

を超えない。

12

Page 48: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Xray Reflection Nebula

•X線反射星雲=「X-ray Reflection Nebula (XRN)」 と命名

•照射源には明るさ ~10^39-40 ergs/s必要

•中性子連星 : 明るさが足りない

•最大光度は「エディントンリミット」~10^38ergs/s

を超えない。

•巨大ブラックホール Sgr A* も現在は暗いが...

•他の銀河:~10^39-40 ergs/sは「楽勝」

12

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Xray Reflection Nebula

•X線反射星雲=「X-ray Reflection Nebula (XRN)」 と命名

•照射源には明るさ ~10^39-40 ergs/s必要

•中性子連星 : 明るさが足りない

•最大光度は「エディントンリミット」~10^38ergs/s

を超えない。

•巨大ブラックホール Sgr A* も現在は暗いが...

•他の銀河:~10^39-40 ergs/sは「楽勝」

→ Sgr A*の過去の活動性

12

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13

2E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

Fe I-Kα(6.4keV)

Sgr A*

Past Activity of Sgr A*

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13

2E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

Fe I-Kα(6.4keV)

Echo → we can observe the past luminosity and spectrum of Sgr A*.

Sgr A*

Past Activity of Sgr A*

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13

2E-06 6E-06 1E-05

0:00:00.030:00.01:00:00.030:00.02:00:00.0 358:00:00.030:00.0359:00:00.030:00.0

-1:00:00.0-0:30:00.0

30:00.0:00.0

•L(Sgr A*) ∝ L(XRN) x d ^ 2

•Distance “d” between XRN and Sgr A* → Look back time of echo

Collecting XRNeLong Term (~1000yr) Light Curve of Sgr A*

d

Fe I-Kα(6.4keV)

Echo → we can observe the past luminosity and spectrum of Sgr A*.

Sgr A*

Past Activity of Sgr A*

Page 53: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

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In order to obtain an accurate light curve...

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

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In order to obtain an accurate light curve...

Need to obtain the distance to the MC along the line of sight.

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

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In order to obtain an accurate light curve...

Observer View

Sgr A*

Need to obtain the distance to the MC along the line of sight.

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

Page 57: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

Top View

Sgr A*

In order to obtain an accurate light curve...

Observer View

Sgr A*

Need to obtain the distance to the MC along the line of sight.

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

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Top View

Sgr A*

In order to obtain an accurate light curve...

Observer View

Sgr A*

Need to obtain the distance to the MC along the line of sight.

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

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Top View

Sgr A*

In order to obtain an accurate light curve...

Observer View

Sgr A*

Need to obtain the distance to the MC along the line of sight.

Easier said than done 言うが易し,行うが難し

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

平面分布

平面分布

西→←東奥行き方向の情報を得るには...

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

平面分布

平面分布

西→←東

明るい

奥行き方向の情報を得るには...

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

平面分布

平面分布

西→←東

明るい

暗い

奥行き方向の情報を得るには...

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

平面分布

平面分布

西→←東

明るい

暗い

明るい

奥行き方向の情報を得るには...

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

平面分布

平面分布

西→←東

明るい

暗い

明るい

明るい

奥行き方向の情報を得るには...

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

平面分布

平面分布

西→←東

明るい

暗い

明るい

明るい

これをうまく利用できないか?

奥行き方向の情報を得るには...

Page 66: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

Ryu +09

Page 67: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

分子雲

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

Ryu +09

Page 68: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

多く吸収

分子雲

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

Ryu +09

Page 69: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

多く吸収

分子雲

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

B

少し吸収

分子雲

超高温プラズマ

Ryu +09

Page 70: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

西→←東X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

多く吸収

分子雲

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

B

少し吸収

分子雲

超高温プラズマ

Ryu +09

Page 71: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

西→←東X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

明るい

暗い

A多く吸収

分子雲

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

B

少し吸収

分子雲

超高温プラズマ

Ryu +09

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超高温プラズマからの連続X線

巨大質量ブラックホール

100光年

冷たい分子雲 からの特性X線

巨大質量ブラックホール100光年

西→←東X線トモグラフィーの開発:X線吸収の利用

観測者

奥行き位置A

超高温プラズマ

明るい

暗い

A

明るい

明るい

B多く吸収

分子雲

平面分布

平面分布中心

後方

前方

B

少し吸収

分子雲

超高温プラズマ

Ryu +09

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X線スペクトル・トモグラフィー

観測者

奥行き方向 プラズマ内の位置

後方

中心

前方X線のエネルギー (キロ電子ボルト)

X線カウントレート

分子雲の奥行き位置 によるスペクトルの変化

1 62← 低い 高い →

中性鉄の特性X線

プラズマ連続X線

4

0.1

0.01

Ryu +09

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X線スペクトル・トモグラフィー

観測者

奥行き方向 プラズマ内の位置

後方

中心

前方X線のエネルギー (キロ電子ボルト)

X線カウントレート

分子雲の奥行き位置 によるスペクトルの変化

1 62← 低い 高い →

分子雲中性鉄の

特性X線プラズマ連続X線

4

0.1

0.01

Ryu +09

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X線スペクトル・トモグラフィー

観測者

奥行き方向 プラズマ内の位置

後方

中心

前方X線のエネルギー (キロ電子ボルト)

X線カウントレート

分子雲の奥行き位置 によるスペクトルの変化

1 62← 低い 高い →

分子雲

分子雲

中性鉄の特性X線

プラズマ連続X線

4

0.1

0.01

Ryu +09

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X線スペクトル・トモグラフィー

観測者

奥行き方向 プラズマ内の位置

後方

中心

前方X線のエネルギー (キロ電子ボルト)

X線カウントレート

分子雲の奥行き位置 によるスペクトルの変化

1 62← 低い 高い →

分子雲

分子雲

分子雲

中性鉄の特性X線

プラズマ連続X線

4

0.1

0.01

Ryu +09

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X線スペクトル・トモグラフィー

観測者

奥行き方向 プラズマ内の位置

後方

中心

前方X線のエネルギー (キロ電子ボルト)

X線カウントレート

分子雲の奥行き位置 によるスペクトルの変化

1 62← 低い 高い →

分子雲

分子雲

分子雲

分子雲

中性鉄の特性X線

プラズマ連続X線

吸収される量が増える

4

0.1

0.01

Ryu +09

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SgrA*

70 pcEdge-on View (6.4keV)

V Observer•

Face-on View

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.9

0.3

(1022 cm-2)

40

25

10

GasNH

Sgr B1

M0.74–0.09

Sgr B2

l

b

1.0° -1.0°

M359.47–0.15

M359.43–0.07

0.5° -0.5° -1.0°1.0°

GC Plasma

70 pc

M0.13–0.13

Ryu +09

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SgrA*

70 pcEdge-on View (6.4keV)

V Observer•

Face-on View

0.1

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.9

0.3

(1022 cm-2)

40

25

10

GasNH

Sgr B1

M0.74–0.09

Sgr B2

l

b

1.0° -1.0°

M359.47–0.15

M359.43–0.07

0.5° -0.5° -1.0°1.0°

GC Plasma

70 pc

M0.13–0.13

Ryu +09

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Time Delay (years)

x 1039 erg s–1

Sgr B2

Sgr B1M0.13

M0.74

M359.4

8

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Lum

inos

ityLight Curve of Sgr A*

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

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Time Delay (years)

x 1039 erg s–1

Sgr B2

Sgr B1M0.13

M0.74

M359.4

8

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Lum

inos

ityLight Curve of Sgr A*

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

この時代暗かったのか?

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Time Delay (years)

x 1039 erg s–1

Sgr B2

Sgr B1M0.13

M0.74

M359.4

8

1000 800 600 400 200 0

Lum

inos

ityLight Curve of Sgr A*

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

この時代暗かったのか?

この先どうなる?

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NASA

分子雲からガスが中心へ流れ込んで行く

巨大質量ブラックホール

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NASA

分子雲からガスが中心へ流れ込んで行く

巨大質量ブラックホール

爆発!

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NASA

分子雲からガスが中心へ流れ込んで行く

巨大質量ブラックホール

爆発!

次の爆発を予測する

Page 89: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

NASA

分子雲から、たくさん「太陽」が生成される。

巨大質量ブラックホール

NASA

分子雲からガスが中心へ流れ込んで行く

巨大質量ブラックホール

爆発!

次の爆発を予測する

Page 90: Study of the Galactic Center Region with X-ray …...2010/02/17  · X‐ray reflecon vs. Electron bombardment 7 Larger absorption NH (cm-2) for X-ray reflection Electrons stop at

NASA

分子雲から、たくさん「太陽」が生成される。

巨大質量ブラックホール

NASA

分子雲からガスが中心へ流れ込んで行く

巨大質量ブラックホール

爆発!

爆発!

次の爆発を予測する

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NASA

分子雲から、たくさん「太陽」が生成される。

巨大質量ブラックホール

NASA

分子雲からガスが中心へ流れ込んで行く

巨大質量ブラックホール

爆発!

爆発!

次の爆発を予測する

BH・銀河進化の解明

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Astro-H21

• 2013年度打ち上げの日本主導の国際共同プロジェクト

• 250億円: 日本(80%)、アメリカ(20%)

硬X線、軟ガンマ線での予想感度

100倍

かに星雲の10 万分の 1

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Firm Evedence for Very High Energy Particles

GeV electron

TeV proton

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Electron impact vs Ion/proton impact23

V. Tatische!: X- and Gamma-Ray Line Emission Processes 23

1

10

102

103

104

105

106

10-1

1 10

CRS composition

E0 = 30 MeV/nucleon

C

O

Fe

IBSEB

RRC

EX

(keV)

dQ

/dE

X (

ph

oto

ns

s-1 k

eV-1

)

Fig. 8. X-ray emission produced by fast ions with cosmic-ray source (CRS) composi-

tion and the source spectrum of eq. (3.7) with E0=30 MeV/nucleon. The calculationis normalized to a power of 1 erg s!1 deposited by the accelerated particles in the in-

teraction region. The total luminosity of the calculated X-ray emission (see eq. 3.6) is

4.8!10!5 erg s!1. Note that photoelectric absorption in the ambient medium is not

taken into account, such that this value is to be considered as an upper limit. IB: inverse

bremsstrahlung; SEB: secondary electron bremsstrahlung; RRC: radiative recombination

continuum.

Continuum X-rays are essentially produced by inverse bremsstrahlung (IB),which is the kinematic inverse of normal bremsstrahlung, i.e. the radiation ofan electron at rest in the moving Coulomb field of a fast ion. Thus, for non-relativistic protons of kinetic energy Ep interacting in stationary H, the inversebremsstrahlung cross section is almost identical to the bremsstrahlung cross sec-tion for electrons of energy (me/mp)Ep also interacting in stationary H7. Alsoshown in Figure 8 are the two continuum emissions from the radiative recombina-tions of ambient electrons to the K-shell of the fast ions (RRC; Dogiel et al. 1998,Tatische! & Ramaty 1999) and from the secondary, knock-on electrons that sub-sequently produce bremsstrahlung by interacting with the ambient atoms (SEB).These two emissions should generally be dominated by the IB production.

The narrow lines are due to K-shell vacancy production in the ambient atomsby the fast ions. In comparison with the similar lines produced by electron impactor by photoionization, the lines produced by heavy ion collisions could be shifted

7 Baring et al. (2000) have recently shown that in shocked astrophysical plasmas, IB fromaccelerated ions is generally expected to be much lower thanbremsstrahlung from suprathermalelectrons.

X線を出していないはずはない。加速天体は?

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24

中性鉄輝線 6.4keV を用いた天の川銀河中心領域の活動性の解明

X線反射星雲の発見Sgr A*の過去の活動

X線トモグラフィ 分子雲の三次元分布Sgr A* 1000年の活動→将来の活動の予想へ

高エネルギー粒子起源はないのか?→Astro-H衛星

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