study on the excavation of mits ui kinz the hyper ......we need rock engineering break-through...

Tetsuo NakagawaMitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. (MITSUI KINZOKU), Tokyo, Japan

Kamioka

Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd. (Kamioka

Mine) is a wholly owned subsidiary of MITSUI KINZOKU.

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NNN05 Aussois, Savoie, France 7-9 April 2005

Study on the Excavation of the Hyper-KAMIOKANDE Cavern

at Kamioka

Mine in Japan

・・Ongoing Investigation and Feasibility Study Ongoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation of the Megaton Size on the Excavation of the Megaton Size HyperHyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern at KAMIOKANDE Cavern at KamiokaKamioka

MineMine

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Study on the Excavation of the HyperStudy on the Excavation of the Hyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern KAMIOKANDE Cavern at at KamiokaKamioka

Mine in JapanMine in Japan

TopicsTopics

・・Brief Introduction of Brief Introduction of KamiokaKamioka

Mine Mine (Present Situation)(Present Situation)--

Post Post ““Ag, Ag, PbPb, Zn Mine, Zn Mine””

Activities, EnvironmentalActivities, EnvironmentalRemediation Measures & Recycle Smelting etc.Remediation Measures & Recycle Smelting etc.

--

Underground Utilization Projects,Underground Utilization Projects,KamiokaKamioka

Mine will Further Revive and Survive. Mine will Further Revive and Survive.

Pacific OceanPacific Ocean

Japan Sea

Japan Sea

KAMIOKAKAMIOKAMINEMINE

Kagoshima

HiroshimaKyoto

Tokyo

SapporoＭＩＴＳ

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KamiokaKamioka

Mine Mine LocationLocation

in Japanin Japan

KamiokaKamioka

Smelting PlantSmelting Plant

KamiokaKamioka

Mine Main OfficeMine Main Office

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Kamioka

Mine Geological Map

TOCHIBORA Mine

MOZUMI Mine

Atotsu

Entrance to Super-K

#10 #10 Zinc Zinc OrebodyOrebody

Excavated over 20 Years Ago by Large Scale SubExcavated over 20 Years Ago by Large Scale Sub--Level Open Level Open StopingStoping

Cavern Cavern SizeSize andand

LocationLocation

・・VolumeVolume300,000m300,000m33

・・WidthWidth

80m80m・・LengthLength

50m50m

・・HeightHeight

75m75m・・OverburdenOverburden(Subsurface Depth)(Subsurface Depth)

330m330m

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Existing Largest Cavern at TOCHIBORA MineExisting Largest Cavern at TOCHIBORA Mine

NNN05 Aussois, Savoie, France 7-9 April 2005 ＭＩＴＳＵＩ

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Kamioka

Mine & Pb-Zn-Ag Smelting Plant -

Product Line Up

Zn Smelter: Zn Conc. Supplied

from Overseas Mines

99.99% Zn

Precious Metals & Ag Refinery: Post Process of Pb Recycling SmelterHydroelectric

Power Generator: Operated & Owned

by Kamioka Mine,attaining Very LowEnergy Cost in Smelting & Manufacturing

99.99% Pb

Pb RecyclingSmelter: Scraps of- Pb Batteries - Electronics Devices

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Small Size Lime Stone Production has been tried and tested for supplying Flux

Material

to the Furnace of Kamioka

Pb

Recycling Smelter.

(after Pb-Zn-Ag U/G Mine Closure in June, 2001)

Various Mining Infrastructures are fully utilized in the Post-Mining Activities

Underground Crushing ChamberUnderground Crushing Chamber

(This photograph is taken by Mr. Yusuke Tamaki)

(This photograph is taken by Mr. Yusuke Tamaki)

1.2 km long Haulage

Conveyor

1.2 km long Haulage

Conveyor

Underground Machine

Maintenance Workshop

Underground Machine

Maintenance Workshop

Post Post ““PbPb--ZnZn--Ag, MineAg, Mine””

--

Environmental Remediation ActivitiesEnvironmental Remediation Activities

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ＫＩNNN05 Aussois, Savoie, France 7-9 April 2005

Waste Dam Waste Dam RevegetationRevegetation-- MasutaniMasutani, , MozumiMozumi MineMine

Tailing Dam Tailing Dam RevegetationRevegetation-- WasaboWasabo, , TochiboraTochibora MineMine

Open Pit RehabilitationOpen Pit Rehabilitation-- Top of Top of TochiboraTochibora MineMine

Emergency DrainageEmergency DrainageTunnel drifting Tunnel drifting -- for bothfor bothWaste Tailing Dams atWaste Tailing Dams atMozumiMozumi & & TochiboraTochibora MineMine

Following Mine Safety Following Mine Safety Laws & RegulationsLaws & Regulations

CAES CAES (Compressed Air(Compressed AirEnergy Storage Experiment)Energy Storage Experiment)


Underground Space Utilization Business at Underground Space Utilization Business at KamiokaKamioka

MineMine

Rock Engineering Test SiteRock Engineering Test Site

Blasting Experiment SiteBlasting Experiment Sitefor Various Engineering Purposesfor Various Engineering Purposes

BlastingBlastingTest Tunnel Test Tunnel --

500m Long500m LongUnderUnder--WaterWaterBlasting Blasting --

U/G PondU/G Pond

Unconfined Unconfined Blasting Blasting ChamberChamber

Depressurized Room for Sports Science TestsDepressurized Room for Sports Science Tests(Simulated High Altitude Physical Training Room)(Simulated High Altitude Physical Training Room)

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Underground Space Utilization Business at Underground Space Utilization Business at KamiokaKamioka

MineMine

KAMLANDKAMLANDObservatoryObservatory(Photo by the Courtesy of (Photo by the Courtesy of Tohoku Univ.)Tohoku Univ.)

SuperSuper--KAMIOKANDE KAMIOKANDE ObservatoryObservatory(Photo by the Courtesy of ICRR, U(Photo by the Courtesy of ICRR, U--Tokyo)Tokyo)

Gravitational Wave Gravitational Wave ObservatoryObservatory(Photo by the Courtesy of ICRR, U(Photo by the Courtesy of ICRR, U--Tokyo)Tokyo)

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Super-KAMIOKANDE Dome

under Excavation -

since Dec. 1991 until Aug. 1994

(Photo by the Courtesy of ICRR, U-Tokyo)

SuperSuper--KAMIOKANDE ObservatoryKAMIOKANDE Observatory

NNN05 Aussois, Savoie, France 7-9 April 2005 ＭＩＴＳＵＩ

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Our ExperienceOur Experience Case History of Super KAMIOKANDE Cavern ExcavationCase History of Super KAMIOKANDE Cavern Excavation

･･SuperSuper--K Cavern Excavation ( 69,000mK Cavern Excavation ( 69,000m33

) ) was Successfully Completed with no was Successfully Completed with no Loss Time of Injury.Loss Time of Injury.

･･Long Term Stability of Rock Mass Long Term Stability of Rock Mass Surrounding the Cavern has been Surrounding the Cavern has been Maintained.Maintained.

･･Optimized Design Based on Geological Optimized Design Based on Geological and Engineering Properties of Inand Engineering Properties of In--Situ Situ Rock Mass.Rock Mass.

･･Qualified Mining Technologies, Informed, Qualified Mining Technologies, Informed, Monitored & Modernized Excavation Monitored & Modernized Excavation Method.Method.

1. 1,000,000 1. 1,000,000 mm33

Huge Cavern Stabilizing for Over 20 YearsHuge Cavern Stabilizing for Over 20 Years

3. 3. Single Cavern is Best, 2 Single Cavern is Best, 2 --

4 Caverns are Permissible4 Caverns are Permissible

4. 4. Detector Tank Height in the Cavern < 60 mDetector Tank Height in the Cavern < 60 m

2. 2. Located at 700m Located at 700m --

850m (at least 500m) Subsurface Depth850m (at least 500m) Subsurface Depth

6. 6. Convenient Underground Site Convenient Underground Site --

realizing Safer and Easier Access from the Surface Facilities realizing Safer and Easier Access from the Surface Facilities outside of the Mine, Satisfying Various Research Requiremeoutside of the Mine, Satisfying Various Research Requirements nts and Minimizing Total Costand Minimizing Total Cost

5. 5. Vast Amount of Extremely Clean Natural Water SupplyVast Amount of Extremely Clean Natural Water Supply

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Ongoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation ofOngoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation of

the Megaton Size Hyperthe Megaton Size Hyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern at KAMIOKANDE Cavern at KamiokaKamioka

MineMine

Design Requirements of the HyperDesign Requirements of the Hyper--K CavernK Cavern

1.1.

Megaton Size Cavern Megaton Size Cavern --

No ExperienceNo ExperienceApproximately 20 times Larger than SuperApproximately 20 times Larger than Super--K Cavern and 4 times Larger than K Cavern and 4 times Larger than our experienced Largest Open our experienced Largest Open StopedStoped

Cavern at TOCHIBORA Mine, Cavern at TOCHIBORA Mine, KamiokaKamioka

2. Very Large Initial State of Stress in the Rock Mass2. Very Large Initial State of Stress in the Rock Mass3. Securing Long Term Stability of the Cavern 3. Securing Long Term Stability of the Cavern

We need Rock Engineering BreakWe need Rock Engineering Break--Through Through --

Optimum Cavern DesignOptimum Cavern Design--

Feasible Excavation Method, Blasting TechniqueFeasible Excavation Method, Blasting Technique--

Rock Support SystemRock Support System


Challenging Points of HyperChallenging Points of Hyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern ExcavationKAMIOKANDE Cavern Excavation

･･It is very It is very ““Important & NecessaryImportant & Necessary””

to take full Advantages of to take full Advantages of KAMIOKA MineKAMIOKA Mine’’s Characteristics based on Long History of s Characteristics based on Long History of Underground Mining Activities.Underground Mining Activities.

--

Cost Effective Excavation, Geological & Rock Mechanical Data BaCost Effective Excavation, Geological & Rock Mechanical Data Base, se,

Easy Access to the Underground Site, Established InfrastrucEasy Access to the Underground Site, Established Infrastructures tures

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Examining InExamining In--Situ Rock Situ Rock Condition (Geological Condition (Geological Sketching from Rock Sketching from Rock Engineering Aspects)Engineering Aspects)

Excavating Approach Drift to the Excavating Approach Drift to the Test Site at MOZUMI MineTest Site at MOZUMI Mine

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Preliminary Survey ofPreliminary Survey of InIn--Situ Rock MassSitu Rock Mass

HyperHyper--K Proposed SiteK Proposed Site MOZUMI MineMOZUMI Mine

Investigating Rock Investigating Rock CharacteristicsCharacteristicsby Examining by Examining Recovered Core at the Recovered Core at the Proposed Site (MOZUMI Proposed Site (MOZUMI Mine)Mine)

Exploration Diamond Drilling for ObtainingExploration Diamond Drilling for ObtainingInIn--Situ Geological InformationSitu Geological Information

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HyperHyper--K Proposed Site, K Proposed Site, MOZUMI MineMOZUMI Mine

Examining InExamining In--Situ Rock Condition Situ Rock Condition (Geological Sketching from Rock (Geological Sketching from Rock Engineering Aspects)Engineering Aspects)

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HyperHyper--K Proposed SiteK Proposed Site TOCHIBORA MineTOCHIBORA Mine

Existing Approach Tunnel to the Site Existing Approach Tunnel to the Site is Surveyed at TOCHIBORA Mineis Surveyed at TOCHIBORA Mine

““240240゜゚--

MEME””

Fault is Fault is InspectedInspected ““ANKOANKO””

Fault is InspectedFault is Inspected

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HyperHyper--K Proposed Site, K Proposed Site, TOCHIBORA MineTOCHIBORA Mine

Diamond Drilling for Obtaining InDiamond Drilling for Obtaining In--Situ Situ Geological Information is also conductedGeological Information is also conducted

Investigating Rock CharacteristicsInvestigating Rock Characteristicsby Examining Recovered Coreby Examining Recovered Core(TOCHIBORA Mine)(TOCHIBORA Mine)

Rock Wall at the Drilling Chamber is Rock Wall at the Drilling Chamber is Very Sound Intact Rock Mass in Fairly Very Sound Intact Rock Mass in Fairly Good Condition (TOCHIBORA Mine)Good Condition (TOCHIBORA Mine)

SuperSuper--KKAmphiboliteAmphibolite

GneissGneiss

KamKam--LANDLAND

HyperHyper--K K proposed Siteproposed Site

Hornblende Gneiss & Hornblende Gneiss & MigmatiteMigmatite

LimestoneLimestone

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Geological Map of Proposed Site at Geological Map of Proposed Site at MOZUMI mineMOZUMI mine Plan View of + 350mELPlan View of + 350mEL

HyperHyper--K K proposed Siteproposed SiteHornblendeHornblendeBiotiteBiotite

GneissGneiss& & MigmatiteMigmatite

BiotiteBiotite

GneissGneiss

LimestoneLimestone

”” AN

KO

AN

KO

””FaultFault

”” 240240

゜゚-- M

EM

E””

FaultFault

””NAMARINAMARI””

FaultFault

SkarnSkarn

OrebodyOrebody

ZoneZone

Core BoringCore Boring

ExistingExistingTunnelTunnelSurveyedSurveyed

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Geological Map of Proposed SiteGeological Map of Proposed Site at at TOCHIBORA mineTOCHIBORA mine

Plan View of + Plan View of +

550mEL550mEL

HyperHyper--K K proposed Siteproposed SiteHornblendeHornblendeBiotiteBiotite

GneissGneiss& & MigmatiteMigmatite

BiotiteBiotite

GneissGneiss

LimestoneLimestone

”” AN

KO

AN

KO

””FaultFault

”” 240240

゜゚-- M

EM

E””

FaultFault


FaultFault

SkarnSkarn

OrebodyOrebody

ZoneZone

ExistingExistingTunnelTunnelSurveyedSurveyed

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Geological Map of Proposed SiteGeological Map of Proposed Site at at TOCHIBORA mineTOCHIBORA mine

Plan View of + Plan View of +

480mEL480mEL

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Rock Properties at Proposed Sites for HyperRock Properties at Proposed Sites for Hyper--KAMIOKANDE CavernKAMIOKANDE Cavern

Spacing

Condition

Orientation

Rock Class (Japanese ) CH - Upper (partly B) B (partly CH)

Discontinuities

Rock Mass Classification Ⅱ Ⅰ

Good Rock Mass Very Good Rock Mass

Rock Quality Designation (RQD) 78 % 85 % Rock Mass Ratings (RMR) 79 89

0.6 - 2 m Very Rough

Very Favorable

Ground Water None None

0.2 - 0.6 m Slightly Rough

Favorable

Tensile Strength 9 MPa 8 - 10 MPa Young's Modulus 48 GPa 45 - 55 GPa

Density 0.026 MN/m3 0.026 MN/m3 Compressive Strength 105 MPa - 120 MPa 150 MPa - 250 MPa

600 - 670 m Hornblende Gneiss, Migmatite, partly with Limestone

Hornblende Biotite Gneiss, and Migmatite

Poisson's Ratio 0.26 0.25

Location

Items MOZUMI Mine TOCHIBORA MINE Overburden (Subsurface Depth)

Rock Types

870 m

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HyperHyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern Models for Rock Mass Stability AnalysisKAMIOKANDE Cavern Models for Rock Mass Stability Analysis

Large Tunnel Type & Cylindrical Dome Type (same as SuperLarge Tunnel Type & Cylindrical Dome Type (same as Super--K) K)

Cavern TypeCross

SectionShape

CavernLayouts

CavernModels Height (m) Width

(Span) (m)

EquivalentDiameter

(m)

CavernSpacing

(m)

VerticalCross

SectionArea (m2)

TunnelLength (m)

Volume /Cavern (m3)

Number ofCavernsneeded

HorizontalTunnel

Oval EggShaped

Single Model 1 54.2 44.4 49.3 --- 2,000 500 1,000,000 1

MultipleCavernproperlyArranged

Model 2 60.0 60.0 60.0 notconsidered 3,368 2,827 152,600 7

Vertical CylindricalDome

22--D Elastic F.E.M.D Elastic F.E.M.(Plane Strain Condition) (Plane Strain Condition)

Model 1 : Single Huge TunnelModel 1 : Single Huge Tunnel

AxisymmetricAxisymmetric

Elastic F.E.M.Elastic F.E.M.

Model 2 : Cylindrical DomeModel 2 : Cylindrical DomeLarger than SuperLarger than Super--KK

18m

42m

60m

φ60m (r=30m)

Horizontal Area (m2)

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Input Parameters for F.E.M Analysis of HyperInput Parameters for F.E.M Analysis of Hyper--KAMIOKANDE CavernKAMIOKANDE Cavern

Type

ShapeVertical

Section (m2)Case1 Case2 Case5 Case6 Case3 Case4 Case7 Case8

0.44 0.74 0.44 0.74 0.45 1.00 0.45 1.00

3,368

Tunnel Dome Tunnel Dome

Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2

0.25

10.0 Gpa

0.027 MN/m3

Location MOZUMI TOCHIBORA

2,000 3,368 2,000

500 m

4.90 MPa

60 degree

Coulomb's Condition

CH - Upper B Assumed Rock Class (Japanese )

500 m

0.027 MN/m3

5.0 GPa

0.25

Coulomb's Condition

Angle of Internal Friction

Cohesion ( Shear Strength )

55 degree

3.92 MPa

Analyzed Cavern

Analyzed Case

Failure Criteria

Young's Modulus

Poisson's Ratio

Rock Density

Initial Stress Ratio σH/σV

Overburden (Subsurface Depth)

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Safety Factor Diagram around the Proposed HyperSafety Factor Diagram around the Proposed Hyper--K CavernK Cavern

0.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

2.

σσHH//σσVV

= = 0.440.44

Case 1 Case 1

σσHH//σσVV

= = 0.740.74

Case 2 Case 2

σσHH//σσVV

= = 0.450.45

Case 3 Case 3

σσHH//σσVV

= = 1.01.0

Case 4 Case 4

σσHH//σσVV

= = 0.440.44

Case 5 Case 5

σσHH//σσVV

= = 0.740.74

Case 6 Case 6

σσHH//σσVV

= = 0.450.45

Case 7 Case 7

σσHH//σσVV

= = 1.01.0

Case 8 Case 8

MOZUMIMOZUMI TOCHIBORATOCHIBORATu

nnel

Tu

nnel

--M

odel

1M

odel

1D

ome

Dom

e ––

Mod

el 2

Mod

el 2

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Results of F.E.M Analysis of HyperResults of F.E.M Analysis of Hyper--KAMIOKANDE CavernKAMIOKANDE Cavern

Case1 Case2 Case5 Case6 Case3 Case4 Case7 Case8

0.44 0.74 0.44 0.74 0.45 1.00 0.45 1.00

1.0 none none none none none none none none

1.3 8.6 7.4 6.1 2.6 6.1 4.9 3.7 0.6

1.5 13.5 11.0 11.3 6.0 11.0 8.6 8.6 2.4

92.9 76.2 82.0 72.3 46.0 30.7 40.7 31.8

34.0 79.9 27.6 52.3 17.7 59.7 14.2 36.8

-0.4 -1.0 0.0 0.1 -0.5 -1.6 0.0 0.2

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-12.7 -30.0 -4.9 -16.2 -13.3 -44.8 -5.2 -20.6

-28.3 -24.6 -17.0 -15.0 -27.7 -21.7 -16.5 -13.8

MaximumDisplacement

(mm)

Roof Vertical Disp.

Wall Horizontal Disp.

Minimum Stress(MPa)

Roof

Wall

Analyzed Case


MaximumStress (MPa)

Roof

Wall

Safety Factor

Unstabe ZoneDepth from the

Cavern Wall(m)

Dome

Location

Model 1 Model 2

MOZUMI

AnalyzedCavern

Type

Shape

Vertical Section (m2)

TOCHIBORA

- Compressive Stress ; + Tensile Stress

Model 2

2,000 3,368 2,000 3,368

Model 1

Tunnel Dome Tunnel

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HyperHyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern Models for Rock Mass Stability AnalysisKAMIOKANDE Cavern Models for Rock Mass Stability AnalysisLarge Tunnel TypeLarge Tunnel Type 22--D Elastic F.E.M. D Elastic F.E.M. (Plane Strain Condition) (Plane Strain Condition)

←← Model 1 ,2, 3 Model 1 ,2, 3 Huge Tunnel with DifferentHuge Tunnel with DifferentVertical Cross Section AreaVertical Cross Section Area

* * Model 4Model 4

has the Cross Section has the Cross Section →→of of Modified Oval Egg ShapeModified Oval Egg Shape

minimizing Dead Space around the minimizing Dead Space around the Horizontal Cylindrical Detector Tank.Horizontal Cylindrical Detector Tank.

Cavern TypeCross

SectionShape

CavernLayouts

CavernModels Height (m) Width

(Span) (m)

EquivalentDiameter

(m)

CavernSpacing

(m)

VerticalCross

SectionArea (m2)

TunnelLength (m)

Volume /Cavern (m3)

Number ofCavernsneeded

Multiple,Parallel

Model 1 38.3 31.4 34.9 --- 1,000 500 500,000 2

Single Model 2 54.2 44.4 49.3 --- 2,000 500 1,000,000 1

Single Model 3 58.7 48.0 53.4 --- 2,341 500 1,170,500 1

Single Model 4 54.0 48.0 51.0 --- 2,076 500 1,038,000 1

HorizontalTunnel

Oval EggShaped

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Input Parameters for F.E.M Analysis of HyperInput Parameters for F.E.M Analysis of Hyper--KAMIOKANDE CavernKAMIOKANDE Cavern

Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4

1,000 2,000 2,341 2,076 1,000 2,000 2,341 2,076


Tunnel

TOCHIBORA

0.45 1.00

Tunnel

Location

AnalyzedCavern

Type

Shape


500 m

0.25

10.0 Gpa

0.027 MN/m3

4.90 MPa

60 degree

Coulomb's Condition

B Assumed Rock Class (Japanese )



Analyzed Case

Failure Criteria

Young's Modulus

Poisson's Ratio

Rock Density



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Safety Factor Diagram around the Proposed HyperSafety Factor Diagram around the Proposed Hyper--K CavernK Cavern

Case 1 Case 1 Case 2 Case 2

σσHH// σσ

VV==

0.45

0.45

Case 3 Case 3

Case 4 Case 4 Case 5 Case 5 Case 6 Case 6

σσHH// σσ

VV==

1.0

1.0

TOCHIBORATOCHIBORA ( Tunnel with Different Size )( Tunnel with Different Size )Model 1= 1,000mModel 1= 1,000m22 Model 2= 2,000 mModel 2= 2,000 m22 Model 3= 2,341 mModel 3= 2,341 m22

Case 7 Case 7

Case 8 Case 8

Model 4= 2,076 mModel 4= 2,076 m22

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Results of F.E.M Analysis of HyperResults of F.E.M Analysis of Hyper--KAMIOKANDE CavernKAMIOKANDE Cavern

Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4 Model1 Model2 Model3 Model4

1,000 2,000 2,341 2,076 1,000 2,000 2,341 2,076


1.0 none none none none none none none 0.2

1.3 4.5 6.6 7.1 4.2 3.5 5.1 5.5 3.4

1.5 6.8 11.1 11.8 8.1 6.0 8.7 9.2 6.0

31.2 46.0 47.7 49.6 20.4 30.7 31.2 35.1

12.1 17.7 19.0 12.2 41.4 59.7 64.5 52.7

-0.5 -0.5 -0.3 -0.2 -1.6 -1.5 -1.1 -0.6

-0.3 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -0.2

-13.4 -13.3 -13.6 -9.4 -44.7 -44.8 -45.8 -36.8

-26.8 -25.7 -26.7 -32.5 -19.4 -19.0 -19.8 -25.2 - Compressive Stress ; + Tensile Stress

Minimum Stress(MPa)

Roof

Wall

Analyzed Case


Maximum Stress(MPa)

Roof

Wall

Safety FactorUnstabe ZoneDepth from the

Cavern Wall (m)

MaximumDisplacement

(mm)

Roof Vertical Disp.

Wall Horizontal Disp.

TOCHIBORA

0.45 1.00

Location

AnalyzedCavern

Type

Shape Tunnel Tunnel


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Comparison of the HyperComparison of the Hyper--K Cavern from Various View PointsK Cavern from Various View PointsMultipleDomes Single Tunnel Two Parallel

Tunnels

× ○ ○

△ △ ○

○ × ○

× ○ △

◎ ○ ○

× △ ○

Height 60.0 54.0 54.0

Width Φ60 48.0 48.0

Length --- 500 250

3,368 2,076 2,076

152,600 1,038,000 519,000

7 1 21,068,200 1,038,000 1,038,000 Total Volume of Caverns (m3)

Size of one Cavern(m)

Cost Performance of Detector Tank

Construction Period & Cost

Cavern Stability

Total Evaluation

Observation during Maintenance

Early Observation Startup

Cavern Type

Vertical Cross Section Area (m2) Volume of one Cavern (m3) Required No. of Caverns

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HyperHyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern Analysis for Arrangement OptimizationKAMIOKANDE Cavern Analysis for Arrangement Optimization

Two Parallel Large TunnelTwo Parallel Large Tunnel

Image DesignImage Design

σ1

σ2

σ3

Coulomb's Condition

60 degree

-8.85 ( 033 / 131 )

-20.0 ( 045 / 262 )

10.0 Gpa

0.25

-4.65 ( 027 / 022 )

71mH×45mW×250mL

2

TOCHIBORA

762,500

1,525,000

Location

AnalyzedCavern

Shape

Size


Tunnel

3,050

4.9 MPa

10.0 MPa Tensile Strength



　Volume of one Cavern (m3)

Failure Criteria

Young's Modulus

Poisson's Ratio

　Total Volume of Cavern (m3)

Initial State of Stresses(Introduced for theF.E.M. Analysis)

　Required No. of Caverns

33--D Elastic D Elastic F.E.M. F.E.M. AnalysisAnalysis

Mesh Model of SingleMesh Model of SingleCavernCavern

Layout (Direction, Spacing & Layout (Direction, Spacing & Offset) should be considered Offset) should be considered under under the Asymmetric Inthe Asymmetric In--Situ Situ Stress Condition.Stress Condition.

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Safety Factor Diagram around HyperSafety Factor Diagram around Hyper--K Single Cavern Model K Single Cavern Model for Direction Optimizing Analysis at TOCHIBORA Minefor Direction Optimizing Analysis at TOCHIBORA Mine

θθ= = --3030°° θθ

= 0= 0°° θθ

= = +90+90°°

Direction at Direction at θθ

= +42= +42°°is Optimumis Optimum

Vertical Cross Section in the MiddleVertical Cross Section in the Middle

Vertical & Axial Cross Section in the MiddleVertical & Axial Cross Section in the MiddleSize of Unstable ZoneSize of Unstable Zone( Sum of Max. Depth( Sum of Max. Depth

at Wall and Roof with SFat Wall and Roof with SF≦≦1.4) 1.4) Changes Changes Depending on Tunnel Direction Depending on Tunnel Direction θθ

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

- 90 - 60 - 30 0 30 60 90角度θ

最大

距離

（m）

θθ

+42+42°°

Dep

th(m

Dep

th(m

)) SFSF≦≦

1.4

1.4

θθ

EE

NN

00°°

+90+90°°

ＭＩＴＳＵＩ


Safety Factor Diagram around HyperSafety Factor Diagram around Hyper--K Two Parallel Cavern Model K Two Parallel Cavern Model for Spacing Optimization Analysis at TOCHIBORA Minefor Spacing Optimization Analysis at TOCHIBORA Mine

Mesh Model of Two Mesh Model of Two CavernsCaverns


Vertical Cross Section at one EndVertical Cross Section at one End

Spacing = 60 mSpacing = 60 m Spacing = 100 mSpacing = 100 m

Spacing = 100 mSpacing = 100 m

In any case, the Shape In any case, the Shape of Cavernof Cavern--Ends should Ends should be considered and be considered and modified to relieve modified to relieve Stress Concentrations.Stress Concentrations.

Spacing of 100 m is preferable.Spacing of 100 m is preferable.

Spacing

Spacing

ＭＩＴＳＵＩ


Safety Factor Diagram around HyperSafety Factor Diagram around Hyper--K Two Parallel Cavern Model K Two Parallel Cavern Model for Analyzing Optimum Offset Layout at TOCHIBORA Minefor Analyzing Optimum Offset Layout at TOCHIBORA Mine

Mesh Model of Two Caverns Mesh Model of Two Caverns in Offset Layoutin Offset Layout

Spacing = 100 mSpacing = 100 m

Offset = 100 mOffset = 100 m


Axial Cross Section of one CavernAxial Cross Section of one CavernLayout with 100m Spacing andLayout with 100m Spacing and100m Offset is the most preferable.100m Offset is the most preferable.However, considering the adjacent Faults,However, considering the adjacent Faults,Layout with 80m Spacing and 50m Offset Layout with 80m Spacing and 50m Offset could be the best available.could be the best available.

Spacing

Spacing

OffsetOffset


FaultFault”” AN

KO

AN

KO

””FaultFault

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HyperHyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern Analysis for End Shape OptimizationKAMIOKANDE Cavern Analysis for End Shape OptimizationAnalyzed Cavern Diagram and Surrounding Analyzed AreaAnalyzed Cavern Diagram and Surrounding Analyzed Area

Quarter Zone is Analyzed by 3Quarter Zone is Analyzed by 3--D Elastic F.E.M. owing to the symmetries of the CavernD Elastic F.E.M. owing to the symmetries of the Cavern

The HypotheticalThe HypotheticalSymmetric Initial Symmetric Initial Stress ConditionsStress Conditionsat TOCHIBORAat TOCHIBORAMine are adopted.Mine are adopted.

Modified Egg Shaped TunnelModified Egg Shaped Tunnelwith Vertical Cross Sectionwith Vertical Cross Sectionof of 2,0762,076mm22

500ｍ

500m

500ｍ

H=54m

Axis of

Sym

metry

125m5 0

0m

1 2 5

m

Z

Y

5 0 0

m

500m

500ｍ

H=54m

D=48.m

Axis of

Sym

metry

5 0

0m

Cavern

X

Y

Axial Cross Section Vertical Cross Section

Cavern

Z=-125m (End Face) Z=0m (Mid Section)

Flat End

Protruded Length

Axial Cross Section

Rounded E

nd

ＭＩＴＳＵＩ


HyperHyper--KAMIOKANDE Cavern Analysis for End Shape OptimizationKAMIOKANDE Cavern Analysis for End Shape OptimizationCavern Models of Various Rounded Cavern Models of Various Rounded End Shape and Input ParametersEnd Shape and Input Parameters

Model 2Model 2’’:Slanted:Slanted&&Pressed EllipsoidPressed Ellipsoid

Protruded Length=Protruded Length=

9.049.04mm

Model 2 : Slanted Ellipsoid Model 2 : Slanted Ellipsoid

Protruded LengthProtruded Length==18.0718.07mm

Model 3 : Fillet TypeModel 3 : Fillet Type

Protruded Length=Protruded Length=10.010.0mm

Model2 Model2' Model3

SlantedEllipsoid

Slanted &PressedEllipsoid

Fillet

18.07 9.04 10.0

Case1 Case2 Case3 Case4 Case5 Case6

λx=σHx/σVx

λz=σHz/σV z


λx=0.45 λx=1.00

λz=1.00 λz=0.45

Initial StressRatio

Coulomb's Condition

60 degree

4.90 MPa

B

500 m

0.027 MN/m3

10.0 Gpa

0.25

Assumed Rock Class (Japanese )



Analyzed Case

Failure Criteria

Young's Modulus

Poisson's Ratio

Rock Density


End Face Shape

TOCHIBORA

Tunnel

2,076Modified Egg Shaped Section

Location

AnalyzedCavern

Shape

Protruded Length (m)

Type

ＭＩＴＳＵＩ


Safety Factor Diagram around HyperSafety Factor Diagram around Hyper--K Cavern Model for End Shape K Cavern Model for End Shape Optimization Analysis at TOCHIBORA MineOptimization Analysis at TOCHIBORA Mine

Model 2Model 2’’

: End Shape of Slanted Pressed Ellipsoid : End Shape of Slanted Pressed Ellipsoid with the protruded Length of 9.04m is the mostwith the protruded Length of 9.04m is the most

preferable.preferable.

λλxx==σσHH

XX

//σσvv

XX λλzz==σσHH

Z Z //σσvv

Z Z

Model 2Model 2’’: Slanted & Pressed Ellipsoid , : Slanted & Pressed Ellipsoid , Protruded Length=Protruded Length=

9.049.04mm

End FaceEnd FaceAxial Cross SectionAxial Cross Section End FaceEnd FaceAxial Cross SectionAxial Cross Section

Model 3 : Fillet Type , Model 3 : Fillet Type , Protruded Length=Protruded Length=10.010.0mm

End FaceEnd FaceAxial Cross SectionAxial Cross Section End FaceEnd FaceAxial Cross SectionAxial Cross Section

Case 3 Case 3 λλxx

= 0.45, = 0.45, λλzz

= 1.0= 1.0


= 0.45, = 0.45, λλzz

= 1.0= 1.0 Case 6 Case 6 λλxx

= 1.0, = 1.0, λλzz

= 0.45= 0.45


= 1.0, = 1.0, λλzz

= 0.45= 0.45Unstable Depth of SFUnstable Depth of SF≦≦1.3 :1.3 :

3.0m , 1.1m3.0m , 1.1m Unstable Depth of SFUnstable Depth of SF≦≦1.3 :1.3 :

3.1m , 1.4m3.1m , 1.4m

Unstable Depth of SFUnstable Depth of SF≦≦1.3 :1.3 :

6.7m , 1.2m6.7m , 1.2mUnstable Depth of SFUnstable Depth of SF≦≦1.3 :1.3 :

5.2m , 0.8m5.2m , 0.8m

ＭＩＴＳＵＩ


Summary (1/2)Summary (1/2) Ongoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation ofOngoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation of


MineMine

*Site SelectionSite Selection

: TOCHIBORA Mine, +480mEL~+550mEL

is the most appropriate location with very competent rock condition.

*Cavern DesignCavern Design: Two 250m Long Parallel Tunnels with Modified Egg Shaped Section of 2,076m2

are capable of being safely excavated and stabilized.Stress Concentration at the Cavern Ends should be relieved by

Rounding the Edge to form “Slanted Ellipsoid”

( for example Protruded Length of 9.04m )

*Cavern LayoutCavern Layout

: Two Parallel Tunnels as above should be Located properly with 80m –100m Spacing and 50m-100m Offset to avoid the Deteriorated Zone of Surrounding Faults such as “Namari”, “Anko”, “240゜-ME”

Faults.In Determining the Direction of the Tunnel-

Axis (for example 42 ゜N from E ), Asymmetry of the Real In-Situ Initial Stress Conditions must be seriouslyConsidered. ––

Further Investigations and Rock Engineering Studies, Further Investigations and Rock Engineering Studies, especially Measurements of Inespecially Measurements of In--Situ Initial Rock Stresses are indispensable Situ Initial Rock Stresses are indispensable including Direct Exploration Drilling & Geoincluding Direct Exploration Drilling & Geo--survey Tunneling at survey Tunneling at TOCHIBORA MineTOCHIBORA Mine’’s Candidate Site.s Candidate Site.

ＭＩＴＳＵＩ


Summary (2/2)Summary (2/2) Ongoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation ofOngoing Investigation and Feasibility Study on the Excavation of


MineMineThemes of our Major Concerns :

On Further Engineering Study of Rock-Mechanics & Construction

*Excavation MethodExcavation Method

–

Bench Stoping

or Modified Sublevel Stoping

Method

*Effective Rock Support System and Monitored, Informed ExcavationEffective Rock Support System and Monitored, Informed Excavation

SystemSystemshould be Designed and Harmonized with Construction Design & Proceduresin Well Organized Manners.

*Main Haulage Tunnel DesignMain Haulage Tunnel Design

–

Speedy & Convenient Routes should be Proposed.

*Treatment method of the Excavated Waste RockTreatment method of the Excavated Waste Rock

should be considered.-

Disposal in the existing Waste Tailing Dam,we

think negotiation with the Authoritiesof Mine Safety Laws is necessary.

-

Reuse as Construction Materials, Crushed Gravel Rocks, Sands, Mixing Materialin Concrete Products etc. could be possible.

*Clean Water Resource & SupplyClean Water Resource & Supply

at TOCHIBORA Mineshould be precisely Planned and Estimated

*The HyperThe Hyper--K Cavern Construction Scheduling &K Cavern Construction Scheduling &Precise Cost EstimationPrecise Cost Estimation

need to be pushed forward.

Acknowledgements

･Dr. Nakamura in KEK, Dr. Kajita

and Research Staffs in ICRR, the Univ. of Tokyofor the Sponsorship and Opportunity of this Survey.

･Dr. Jiro

Yamatomi, Geo-System Engineering Dept. Faculty of Engineering, the Univ. of Tokyofor Supervising the overall Rock Engineering Surveys.

･Shimiz

Corporation, Japanfor the cooperation in F.E.M. Analysis of the Cavern Stabilities.

ＭＩＴＳ

ＵＩＫＩＮＺ

ＯＫU


Study on the Excavation of the Hyper-KAMIOKANDE Cavern at Kamioka

Mine in Japan

study on the excavation of mits ui kinz the hyper ......we need rock engineering break-through...

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