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K[ZBNKT\KYHF.ZBGS. Terrien, ‘‘The Omphalos Myth and Hebrew Religion’’, Vetus Testamentum 20 (1970), pp.

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CSVZG\IH"N,KSGEGCF[VTG\HZG\PKPKFCK\F[RK,GMVK[\KBZRG.GZBGPhilip S. Alexander, ‘‘Jerusalem as Omphalos

of the World: On the History of a Geographical Context’’, in Jerusalem: Its Sanctity and Centrality to Judaism,

Christianity and Islam (ed. L.I. Levine), New York 1999, pp.104-119,FSCGZ[MCZFMKRGK’JCGZFBZW’CKGCNKOIKJ

PCGSSTNFPSGZG\FKGGRKG\CRGDTNENVK.

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1877-1919, vol. 4, part 1, pp. 197-201, s.v. omphalos;Oxford Classical Dictionary, Oxford and New York 1996, p.

1067, s.v. omphalos,GXKGRKO[O.

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