sybms sem iv
TRANSCRIPT
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UNIT I:FUNDAMENTALS OFRESEARCH
SYBMS: SEM IVPAPER: RESEARCH METHODS IN
BUSINESS
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Definitions of Research
According to Clifford Woody researchcomprises defining and redefining problems,
formulating hypothesis or suggestedsolutions; collecting, organising and evaluatingdata; making deductions and reaching
conclusions; and at last carefully testing theconclusions to determine whether they fit theformulating hypothesis.
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D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in theEncyclopedia of Social Sciences defineresearch as the manipulation of things,
concepts or symbols for the purpose ofgeneralising to extend, correct or verify
knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in
construction of theory or in the practice of an
art.
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Meaning of Research
An original contribution to the existing stockof knowledge making for its advancement
The pursuits of truth with the help of study,
observation, comparison and experimentThe search for knowledge through objectiveand systematic method of finding solution to
a problem
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The systematic method consisting of
enunciating the problem,
formulating a hypothesis,
collecting the facts or data,
analyzing the facts and
reaching certain conclusions either in the form
of solutions towards the concerned problemor in certain generalisations for sometheoretical formulation.
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OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or toachieve new insights into it
2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group3. To determine the frequency with which
something occurs or with which it is
associated with something else4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship
between variables
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Motives for Research
Desire to get a research degree along with itsconsequential benefits;
Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems, i.e., concern over practical problemsinitiates research;
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing somecreative work;
Desire to be of service to society;
Desire to get respectability.
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Significance of Research
Helps remove doubt by conducting inquiry which leads toformation and establishment of new knowledge
Solves operational and planning problems by means ofoperations research, marketing research and motivation
research Helps social scientists in understanding the social
phenomena
Helps in the formation of government policies
Helps in understanding the problem or phenomenabetter
Makes predictions and suggest remedial measures
Facilitates establishment of scientific planning
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Essentials of a Good Research
Clearly defined goalsOutline of the research process
Plan of the research design
High ethical standardAnalysis of data
Systematic presentation of findings
Highlighting limitations
Justifying the conclusions
Reputation of research
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TYPES OF RESEARCH
Descriptive vs. AnalyticalDescriptive research-
Surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds
Major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of
affairs as it exists at present Also termed as the Ex post facto research
Researcher has no control over the variables, can only report what hashappened or what is happening
In analytical research- The researcher has to use facts or information already
available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation ofthe material
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Applied vs. Fundamental
Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate
problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation Fundamental research is mainly concerned with
generalisations and with the formulation of a theory
Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Quantitative research
Based on the measurement of quantity or amount.
Applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms ofquantity
Qualitative research
Is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomenarelating to or involving quality or kind
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Conceptual vs. Empirical
Conceptual research-
Related to some abstract idea or theory
Generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop newconcepts or to reinterpret existing ones
Empirical research-
Relies on experience or observation alone, often without dueregard for system and theory
Data-based research, coming up with conclusions which arecapable of being verified by observation or experiment
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Some Other Types of Research One-time research
One-time research is confined to a single time-period Longitudinal research
Longitudinal research is carried on over several time-periods
Field-setting research
Deals with creation and collection of actual and authenticinformation by field of operation in any organization
The process involves determining what precise data isnecessary and from where this information needs to beobtained
After determining this information the data is actually
gathered.
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Laboratory research
Also called clinical research
A research in which the researcher seeks to controlconditions and variables to determine whether aclinical intervention produced the desired effects or ifother factors were responsible for the desired
effects.Simulation research
A research in which mathematical models are used to
recreate a situation, often repeatedly, so that thelikelihood of various outcomes can be moreaccurately estimated
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Exploratory research
A research in which hypothesis is developed ratherthan tested, whereas formalized.
Formalized research
Research with substantial structure and with specific
hypotheses to be tested
Historical research
Research which utilizes historical sources like
documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas ofthe past, including the philosophy of persons andgroups at any remote point of time.
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Conclusion-oriented researchA researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign
the enquiry as he proceeds and is prepared toconceptualize as he wishes
Decision-oriented research
Decision-oriented research is always for the need ofa decision maker and the researcher in this case is
not free to embark upon research according to hisown inclination