Short Term Course on INSTRUMENTATION, MEASUREMENTS AND

EXPERIMENTS IN FLUIDS (IMEF)

(for Engineering Faculty, Scientists and Students) 12th -14th December, 2009

Resource Person

Prof. E. Rathakrishnan Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Organized by

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Lakireddy Bali Reddy College of Engineering (LBRCE), Mylavaram,(Near Vijayawada), Krishna District,

Andhra Pradesh-521 230 Website : www.lbrce.com

Who should attend? The course is designed to serve as an effective package for faculty members aspiring to teach a full course on Experimental Methods in Fluids, bachelors and masters level students in Aerospace, Mechanical, Civil and Chemical Engineering discipline, and as an introducer or refresher to practicing scientists and engineers in industries and research laboratories. About the Course The subject is developed focusing on the theory and application of the instruments used for experiments in the Fluid Mechanics and Gas Dynamics. This course begins with an introduction to the vocabulary of this involved science which is an amalgamation of theory and application. In deed, a preliminary knowledge of Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics and Gas Dynamics is necessary to understand the proceedings. In this course, in order to make the participants to follow the course content, the essence of Fluid Mechanics, Gas Dynamics and Thermodynamics is reviewed in the first phase of the proceedings. Furthermore, throughout the course in addition to the physics of the processes, the application aspects are also covered in depth. The course begins with need and objective of experimental study and proceeds in the following steps. Wind Tunnels: Lowspeed wind tunnels, Highspeed wind tunnels, Hypersonic tunnel. Special purpose tunnels, Power losses in a wind tunnel, instrumentation and calibration of wind tunnels, Wind tunnel balance, Wind tunnel boundary correction. Calibration of wind tunnels, model mounting effects, Hypervelocity facilities, Ludwieg tube, Hypersonic simulation requirements, Industrial tunnels, Research tunnels. Flow Visualization: Smoke tunnel, Interferometer, Schlieren, Shadowgraph Hot-Wire Anemometry: Operating principle, Hotwire filaments, Constant current Hotwire anemometer (CCA), Mean velocity measurements, Fluctuating velocity measurements, Thermal inertia of Hotwire, RMS Measurements of the fluctuating velocities, Measurement of velocity components, Measurement of temperature by constant current method, Measurement of steadystate temperature, Measurement of temperature fluctuations, Hotwire probes, Hotwire bridge for class room demonstration, Hotwire bridge operating procedure, Effect of compressibility, Limitations of Hotwire anemometer. Analogue Methods: HeleShaw analogy, Electrolytic tank, Hydraulic analogy. Pressure Measurement Techniques: Pressure measuring devices, Principle

of manometer, Barometers, Manometers, Dialtype pressure gauge, Pressure transducers, Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT), Capacitance pickup, Optical type pressure transducer. Pitot, Static,and PitotStatic tubes, Dynamic head measurement, PitotStatic tube characteristics, PitotStatic tube limitations, Factors influencing PitotStatic tube performance, Pitot probes,Static probes, PitotStatic probes, Static pressure measurement in compressible flows, Determination of flow direction, Yaw sphere, Claw yaw probe, Threehole and Fivehole Yaw probes, Cobra probe. Velocity Measurements: Velocity and Mach number from pressure measurements, Laser Doppler Anemometer, Measurement of velocity by Hotwire anemometer, Measurement of Velocity using Vortex shedding technique, Fluidjet anemometer. Temperature Measurement: Thermocouples, Measurement of thermocouple voltage, Practical thermocouple measurements, Thermocouple resistance, Temperature measurement in fluid flows, Static temperature determination, Total temperature measurement, Temperature measuring problems in fluid flows, Dynamic response of temperature sensors. Uncertainty Analysis: Introduction, Estimation of measurement errors, External estimate of the error, Dependence and independence of errors, Estimation of external error, Internal estimate of the error, Uncertainty Analysis, Uses of uncertainty analysis, Uncertainty estimation, General procedure, Uncertainty calculation.