systematic anatomy - fudan...

Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University

Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan University1

Dr.Hongqi Zhang (张红旗)Email: [email protected]

Systematic Anatomy

Nervous system

Cerebellum



The Cerebellum

Cerebellum evolved and developed with the complication of animal movement.



Key points about cerebellum

Location & gross appearanceInternal structure of cerebellumThree pairs cerebellar pudenclesFiber connection of cerebellumFunction of the cerebellum



Function of the cerebellum

Archicerebellum - Maintain equilibrium

Paleocerebellum – Regulate skeletal muscle tone:

Neocerebellum - Coordinate skilled voluntary & programmed movement .

Aquatic animal: such as: fish – archicerebellum only

Reptiles: archicerebellum and paleocerebellum

Higher animal: archicerebellum,paleocerebellun and

neocerebellum



Division of the brain

TelencephalonDiencephalonCerebellumBrain stem

MidbrainPonsMedulla ablongata



Locations of the cerebellum

Situated in the posterior cranial fossa Covered superiorly by the tentorium of

cerebellum



Posterior view inferior view



Brain – lateral aspect


Copy Right- Hongqi ZHANG-Department of Anatomy-Fudan UniversityBrain – median sagittal plane

Position of Cerebellum

Magnetic resonance images of the cerebellum of a 16-year-old female.Sagittal slice.

Consists of two cerebellar hemisphere joined by a narrow median vermis

Gross Appearance of Cerebellum

Sup. view Inf. view

vermis

vermis

hemispherehemisphere hemisphere hemisphere



Superior view of the cerebellum

Gross appearance of cerebellum

Hemisphere

Anteriorlobe

Primary fissure

Vermis

Posterior lobe

Superior view

Anterior notch

Posterior notch

Primary fissure

Ant.lobe

Post.lobe

Hemisphere

Nodule

Uvula ofvermis

Pyramid of vermis

Tuber of vermis

Gross appearance of cerebellum

Cerebellar tonsil

Posterolateral fissure Flocculus

Floccular peduncle

Flocculonodular lobe include:flocculus;floccular peduncla and nodule.In the conditions of severe raised intracranial pressure,the tonsil of cerebellum may be displaced down through foramen magnum and form hernia, conpress the life centers (respiratory & cardiovascular center) in medulla and result in death.

Lobes of CerebellumTwo deep fissures

Primary fissure- 4

Posterolateral fissure - 5

Three lobs Flocculonodular lobe-1

Flocculus and nodule

Anterior lobe - 2

Uvula & pyramid of vermis

Posterior lobe – 3

Locate between primary fissure & posterolateral fissure

1

2

2

3

3

4

52

1

3

3



Lobes of Cerebellum by evolution

Flocculonodular lobe - archicerebellum

Ant. lobe –paleocerebellum

plus Uvula & pyramid of vermis,

Post.lobe –neocerebellum

Locate between primary fissure & posterolateral

fissure,plus tuber of vermis



Lobes of Cerebellum by fiber relation

Flocculonodular lobe VestibulocerebrumMainly receive the fibers from vestibular nerve and vestibular nuclei

Ant. lobe SpinocerebellumMainly receive the fibers from spinal cord

Post.lobe CerebrocerebellumMainly receive the fibers from cerebrum

Three Functional Divisions

Vestibulocerebellum-blue-1 Archicerebellum Flocculonodular lobe

Spinocerebellum-pink - 2 Paleocerebellum Anterior lobe and uvula & pyramid

of vermis

Cerebrocerebellum-green- 3 Neocerebellum Posterior lobe except uvula

& pyramid of vermis

1

2

3

Structure of the cerebellum

Gray matter Cerebellar cortex -1Increase surface area of it Cerebellar nuclei

Dentate nucleus Fastigial nucleus Emboliform nucleus Globose nucleus

White matterMedulla - 2

Constitute of nervous fibers

1

2



Structure of the Cerebellum - nuclei

Ant.

Post.

Fastigial nucleus

Related to archicerebellum

Emboliform nucleus

Globose nucleus

(Intermediate nuclei)

Related to

paleocerebellum

Dentate nucleus

Related to cerebrocerebellum



Nuclei and fiber association of the cerebellum

Nuclear Afferent fiber Constitution of

efferent fiber

Dentate nuclear The fibers of cortex of

neocerebellum

Sup.pudencle of

cerebellum

Emboliform nuclear

Globose nuclear

(Intermediate nuclei)

The fibers of cortex of

neocerebellum and

paelocerebellum

Sup.pudencle of

cerebellum

Fastigial nuclear The fibers of cortex of

paelocerebellum and

vestibular nuclei

Inf.pudencle of

cerebellum



Lateral view of Brain stem & Crebreum

inferior view

Middle cerebellarpunduncle

Pudencles of cerebellum

1. Sup.cerebellar peduncle2. Mid.cerebellar peduncle3. Inf.cerebellar peduncle

12 3



Diagram of the cerebellar peduncle



Three peduncles Inf.cerebellar peduncle-3

Post. Spinocerebellar fasciculus

Olivocerebellar fasciculus

Vestibulocerebellar fasciculus

Mid. cerebellar peduncle-2 potinecerebellar fiber

Sup.cerebellar peduncle-1

Efferent fiber leaving cerebellar nuclei

Afferent fiber of ant.spinocerebellarfasciculus

Constitution of pudencles of cerebellum

12 3

Connections and Function of CerebellumArchicerebellum (Vestibulocerebellum ) Connections

Afferents: receive fibers from vestibular nuclei and the axonal terminal from the ipsilateral vestibular ganglion.

Efferents: projects to the vestibular nucleus → vestibulospinal tract and medial longitudinal fasciculus → motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord.

Function: involved in eye movements andmaintain balance of the body



Main afferents and efferents of vestibulocerebellum

Flocculonodularlobe

Vestibular nucleus

Motor neuronof ant. horn

vestibulocerebellum

Spiral ganglion

Vestibular apparatus

Vestibulospinal tract

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Main afferents and efferents of vestibulocerebellum



Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)

Fiber connection

Afferent fibers: receive somatic sensory information via spinocerebellar tracts

Efferents fibers: Projects to the fastigial and interposed nuclei → vestibular nuclei, reticular formation & red nucleus → reticulospinal tract & rebrospinal tract →motor neurons of anterior horn of spinal cord.

Function: regulation of muscle tone

Connections and Function of Cerebellum



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Connections and Function of Cerebellum

Neocerebellum (Cerebrocerebellum)Connection Afferents:receives input from the cerebral cortex via a relay in pontine nuclei

Efferents:projects to dentate nucleus → dorsal thalamus and red nucleus→ primary motor cortex → corticospinal tract → motor neurons of ant. horn of spinal cord.

Function: coordinator of precise movements of sleletal muscle.

Cerebral cortex

Motor area

Red nucleus

cerebrocerebellum

Dentate nucleus

potine nuclei

corticopotine tractcorticospinal tract

Motor neuron of ant. horn of spinal cord

Ventral posterolateralNucleus of thalamus

Fiber connections of the cerebellum

Afferent fibers Medulla Cerebellar n Efferent fibers

Vestibulocerebellar fiber

Olivocerebellar fiber Archicerebellum Fastigial n. Cerebellovestibular fiber

Post.spinocerebellar tract Inf.cerebellar pudencle

(inf.cerebellar pudencle)

Red nucleus

Ant.cerebelalr tract Paleocerebellum Emboliform n. Reticular formation

(sup.cerebellar pudencle) Globose n. Ventral.ant.n.

(intermediate n.) Ventral intermediate n.

(sup.cerebellar

pudencle)

Pontocerebellar fiber Neocerebellum Dentate n.

(mid,cerebellar pudencle)



Function of the cerebellum

Maintain posture (equilibrium) of the body:

Aarchicerebellum (vestibulocerebellum)

Regulate the skeletal muscle tone:

Paleocerebellum (spinocerebellum)

Coordinate skilled voluntary & programmed

movement.Neocerebellum(cerebrocerebellum)



Lobe and function of the cerebellum

Lobe Evolution Relation Nucleus Function

Flocculono-dular lobe

Archicereb-ellum

Vestibuloce- rebellum

vestibular nuclei equilibrium

anterior lobe

Palaeocer-ebellum

Spinocere-bellum

Fastigatumintermedial

nucleus

muscular tone

posterior lobe

Neocerebe-llum

Cerebrocer-ebellum

Dentate nucleus

Coordinationof muscular

motor



Cerebellum lesioni and cliniclal application

Cerebellum don’t initiate and perform voluntary movement, therefore,lesions of the cerebellum do not result in loss of voluntary movement and general sensation.Cerebellar hemisphere injury may cause ipsilateral dyskinesia.Typical signs of the cerebellar injury；(A) ataxia,incoordination of voluntary movements ,(B)Nystagmus;(C) intention tremor.Archicerebellum ‘s syndrome:it caused by the vestibulocerebell-um lesion with dysequilibrum,astasia,titubation and nystagmus.Neocerebellum’s syndrome: it is caused by the cerebellar hemisphere lesion.The main features are limbs ataxia (incoordination of agonistic,antagonistic,flxation,synergistic muscles) ,inablity of finger-to nose test. dysdiadochokinesia, lower muscular tension,nystagmus and intention tremor.



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