tahrif presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Investigating Distortionsin Islamic Texts
Tahrif
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Approach
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Types of Distortion
Addition
Deletion
Alteration
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First Case Study
Kitab al-Ma`arif
Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari
(lived 213 AH to 276 AH)
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Ibn Qutaybas Kitab al-Ma`arifAl-Baras (Leprosy or Leukoderma)
Anas bin Malik had al-baras [evident] in his face. Some people
mentioned that 'Ali, may Allah be pleased with him (radi Allah'anhu), asked him regarding the saying of the Messenger of
Allah, prayers and peace of Allah be upon him: "Oh Allah, Lead
[be the Guide of] the one who accepts his leadership and be the
enemy of the one who towards him has animosity." He [Anas]
said: "I have grown old in age and I forgot!" So 'Ali said to him:
"If you were lying, then may Allah strike you with whiteness that
shall not be hidden by a turban."
Abu Muhammad said: There is no basis for this.
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Ibn Qutayba Cairo 1935 edition
Kitab al-Ma'arif, Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari (d. 276 AH), p. 251
Cairo: Matba`at al-'Islamiyyah, 1353 AH / 1935 CE
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3Problems
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Problem #1
No other place in the
book where Ibn Qutaybah
mentions something and
then casts doubt on it!
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Problem #2
A Sunni scholar who lived 4centuries later appears to have
seen a copy without that last
sentence!
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Ibn Abi al-Hadid al-Mu`tazili says Ibn Qutaybah has mentioned the narration of
leprosy/leukoderma (hadith al-baras) and the
imprecation that the Commander of the Faithful 'Ali (a)prayed against Anas b. Malik, in Kitab al-Ma'arifin the
chapter 'bab al-baras min a'yan al-rijal'. And Ibn
Qutaybah cannot be accused ofbeing partial towards
'Ali (a), indeed he was famous forbeing inclined awayfrom him.
Sharh Nahj al-Balaghah, Ibn Abi al-Hadid al-Mu'tazili (d. 656
AH), volume 3, page 388
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Problem #3
There exists a version ofKitabal-Ma'arif in the form of a
manuscript dating back around
700 years .... Without this sentenceAbu Muhammad said: There is no basis for
this.!!!
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Ibn Qutaybah Manuscript
Kitab al-Ma'arif, Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari (d. 276 AH), folio 118r
Manuscript: British Library catalogue reference Or. 1491
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Second Case Study
Sahih al-Bukhari
English translation by
Muhammad Muhsin Khan
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Doeswa imaamukum minkum
=and he will judge people
by the law of the Quran
and not by the law of the
Gospel
????
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Mishkat al-MasabihEnglish translation by James RobsonEmeritus Professor of Arabic at the University of Manchester
Mishkat al-Masabih, al-Khatib al-Tabrizi (d. 737 AH), volume 3,
pg. 1159, chapter vi (The Descent of Jesus)
Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf (2 vols), 1964
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Perhaps this is an
innocent mistake
by the translator
ofSahih al-
Bukhari?
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1971 Edition
Pakistan: Sethi Straw Board Mills (Conversion) Ltd (9 vols),
translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan, 1971 CE
Volume 4, pg. 437, hadith number 658
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O
nline ?
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Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani says1. . and their imam is a righteous man who has
advanced to lead them in prayer, when 'Isa has
descended; the imam steps back to allow Isa to lead.
Isa would stand between his shoulders [i.e. facing him]
then would say: Lead! The [prayer] was setup for you.2. the reports are repeated (mutawatir) that al-Mahdi is
from this nation and that 'Isa prays behind him.
3. by way of 'Isas prayer behind a man from this
nation, happening at the end of time and near the Hour,
is a correct proof to the saying that the Earth is not
devoid of a standing proof of Allah (qa'im lillah bi-
hujjah)
Fath al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani
(d. 852 AH), commentary under hadith number 3193
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Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani says
4. he said: the meaning of his saying "your imam is
from amongst you" means that he rules by the Quran
and not by the Gospel.
Fath al-Bari bi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani
(d. 852 AH), commentary under hadith number 3193
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Third Case Study
Abdullah YusufAlis
Quran Commentary
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OriginalDar al-Fikr, Beirut,
n.d.
AmanaAmana Publications
First edition, 1408 AH/1989
AC by Amana Corporation
IFTARevised and Edited by The
Presidency ofIslamic
Researches, IFTA, Call and
Guidance
King Fahd Holy Qur'an
Printing Complex
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Martyrdom ofImams
al-Hasan and al-Husayn [a]
Theme #1
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Footnote 457 (Original)Chapter 3, verse 140
If a wound hath touched you, be sure a similarwound hath
touched the others. Such days (of varying fortunes) We give to
men and men by turns: that Allah may know those that believe,
and that He may take to Himself from your ranks Martyr-
witnesses (to Truth). And Allah loveth not those that dowrong.
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Footnote 457 (Amana )
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Footnote 457 (IFTA )
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Footnote 586 (Original)Chapter 4, verse 69 : Allwhoobey Allah and the messenger
are in the company of those on whom is the Grace of Allah,- of
the prophets (who teach), the sincere (lovers of Truth), the
witnesses (who testify), and the Righteous (who do good): Ah!what a beautiful fellowship!
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Footnote 586 (Amana )
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Footnote 586 (IFTA )
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Footnote 4103 (Original)Chapter 37, Verse 107
And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice.
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Footnote 4103 (Amana )
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Footnote 4103 (IFTA )
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The Righteous Imam
Theme #2
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Footnote 205 (Amana )
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Footnote 205 (IFTA )
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Footnote 236 (Original)Chapter 2, Verse 216: Fighting is prescribed for you, and ye
dislike it. But it is possible that ye dislike a thingwhich is good
for you, and that ye love a thingwhich is bad for you. But
Allah knoweth, and ye know not.
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Footnote 236 (Amana )
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Footnote 236 (IFTA )
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Those who caused much sorrowto the
Holy Prophet [s]
Theme #3
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Footnote 5529 (Original)Chapter 66, Verse 1: O Prophet! Why holdest thou to be
forbidden thatwhich Allah has made lawful to thee? Thou
seekest to please thy consorts. But Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most
Merciful.
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Footnote 5529 (Amana )
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Footnote 5529 (IFTA )
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The Ahlal-Baytof the Holy Prophet [s]
Theme #4
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Footnote 3715 (Original)Chapter 33, Verse 33: And Allah only wishes to remove
all abomination from you, ye members of the Family, and to
make you pure and spotless.
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Footnote 3715 (IFTA )
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FourthCase Study
Sahih al-Tirmidhi
Al-Tirmidhi
(lived 209 AH to 279 AH)
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House of Wisdom
The Prophet (s) said: I am the house of wisdom
and `Ali is its door
Sahih (or Jami` or Sunan), al-Tirmidhi (d. 279 AH), p. 141
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City of Knowledge
The Prophet (s) said: I am the city of knowledge
and `Ali is its gate
a Missing !!!
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How do we know it was there?
Many later scholars attribute the hadith
to al-Tirmidhi
Many of them specify theJami` of al-Tirmidhi as the source
Many of them specify b
oth versions
No evidence found from older editions, but:
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Those who attributethe City of Knowledge hadith
to al-Tirmidhi
Evidence #1
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Al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH)
... al-Tirmidhi and al-Hakim has quoted on the authority of
Ali who said: The Messenger of God, peace and blessings beupon him, said: I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its
gate
Ta'rikh al-Khulafa', Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (d. 911 AH), p. 170
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Ibn Taymiyya (d. 652 AH)
Minhaj al-Sunnah, Ibn Taymiyya al-Harrani (d. 652 AH), vol. 4,
p. 138
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Ibn al-Athir (d. 606 AH)
Jami` al-'usul fi ahadith al-Rasul, Ibn al-'Athir (d. 606 AH), vol.
9, p.473
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However!
The modern editor ofIbn al-Athir's book, `Abd al-Qadir
al-'Arna'ut, in a footnote says that the wording of this
hadith according to al-Tirmidhi was I am the house of
wisdom and Ali is its door.
Implications:
Ibn al-Athir considered both identical
Or: Ibn al-Athir mistakenly attributed wrong
version to al-Tirmidhi
Or: al-Tirmidhi quoted it in anotherbook
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Those who attributeBoth
the City of Knowledge
andthe House of Wisdom traditions
to al-Tirmidhi
Evidence #2
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Ibn Hajar al-Makki (d. 975 AH)
... al-Tirmidhi and al-Hakim on the authority of Ali who said:
The Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him, said:
I am the city of knowledge and Ali is its gate... and inanother [narration] recorded by al-Tirmidhi on the authority of
Ali, I am the house of wisdom and Ali is its door
Al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa, Ibn Hajar al-Haytami al-Makki (d. 974
AH), p. 122 (p. 73, older editions)
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Those who attributethe City of Knowledgetradition specifically to
al-Tirmidhis Sahih (or Jami`)
Evidence #3
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Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH)Hadith of 'I am the city of knowledge and 'Ali is its gate' was
narrated by al-Hakim in [the chapter of] "al-Manaqib" in his al-
Mustadrakfrom Ibn 'Abbas. He [i.e. al-Hakim] said: Sahih. Hewas followed by al-Dhahabi ..... al-Daraqutni said: Proven
(thabit), and al-Tirmidhi narrated it in [the chapter of] "al-
Manaqib" in his al-Jami'.
Al-Mirqat fi Sharh al-Mishkat, `Ali al-Qari (d. 1014 AH), vol. 5,
p. 571
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