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I .J. I nformation Engineeri ng and Electronic Business , 2012, 3, 49-63Published Online July 2012 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/)

DOI: 10.5815/ijieeb.2012.03.07

Copyright © 2012 MECS I.J. Information Engineering and Electronic Business, 2012, 3, 49-63

Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Systems for HighSpeed Growth Developments

in Optical Communication Networks

Ahmed Nabih Zaki RashedElectronics and Electrical Communications Engineering Department

Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menouf 32951, Menoufia University, [email protected]

Abstract — Optical Submarine Cable systems play a principal role in international telecommunications,thanks to their superiority over satellite systems in terms

of stability, latency and upgradability. The business ofconstructing and then maintaining and selling capacityover submarine fiber optic cables is fascinating, and isabsolutely fundamental to modern day communications.The sector has its own unique challenges due to theextraordinarily rapid pace of development intransmission technologies as well as the timescales andlevels of investment required to build new systems. Inthe present paper, ultimate optical transmission of ultramulti channels huge submarine cables under differentdepth conditions has been investigated over wide rangeof the affecting parameters. The double impact of bothtemperature and pressure is also analyzed. We have

employed multiplexing technique namely UW-WDM to be merged number of 10000 transmitted channels on thesame submarine optical transmission links respectively.Based on experimental data, both the deep ocean watertemperature and pressure are tailored as functions of thewater depth. The product of the transmitted bit rate andthe repeater spacing is processed over wide ranges of theaffecting parameters. As well as we have taken intoaccount the estimation of the total cost planning andtransmission data rate capacity of the submarine fibercable system for this multiplexing technique under study.

I ndex Terms — Submarine link cost planning, Long hauldepths, UW-WDM, Classical transmission bit rates, andSignal transmission quality

I. INTRODUCTION

Submarine cables must meet extremely toughrequirements. Their transmission capacity should be ashigh as possible, because the cables are costly to make,lay, and operate. The cable, and any optical amplifiers orrepeaters, must withstand harsh conditions on the bottomof the ocean for a design life of 25 years [1].Components must be extremely reliable, because it is

very expensive to recover the cable from the sea floorand haul it to the surface for repairs. The cable shouldtransmit digital signals cleanly to be compatible withmodern equipment. These specifications veritably call

out "fiber optics," and since the 1980s fibers have beenstandard for submarine cables [2]. Submarine opticalfiber cables are being used in a number of countries to

realize long length high bit-rate optical fiber transmissionsystems utilizing the 1.3 m wavelength region. Forthese systems, optimum fiber parameter design, low-lossoptical fiber and cable manufacturing techniques, low-loss splicing technique, and system and repeater circuitdesign have been examined [3].

Optical Networks employing Wavelength DivisionMultiplexing (WDM) are believed to be the nextgeneration networks that can meet the ever-increasingdemand for bandwidth of the end users [4]. To supportapplications that require high bandwidth, low delay andlow error rate we must employ networks that can meetthe requirements. While the optical fiber provides us

with links that have the required properties, network bandwidth is limited by the processing speed of thenodes. The reason is that the processing at the nodesmust be done electronically. This means that the opticalsignal on the fiber must be converted into an electronicsignal, processed at low electronic speeds and thenconverted back to optical signals for transmission overand optical fiber [5]. Apart from slowing the networkdown, the electro-optic conversion needed to facilitateelectronic processing is also expensive. The obvioussolution to this problem is to build networks in which thesignals are processed in the optical domain. Suchnetworks are called all-optical networks. The market for

very high capacity submarine optical networks has beengrowing very strongly for several years [6].

Alcatel has contributed to this growth with thedevelopment of transmission systems based onWavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), a techniquethat enables several wavelengths to be transmittedsimultaneously over a single optical fiber [7]. The opticalfiber has a very low attenuation (0.2 dB/km) within the1.5 to 1.6 μm transmission window, which represents anavailable bandwidth of over 15000 GHz, or a digitaltransmission potential of at least 5 Tbit/sec per fiber [8],the equivalent of 80 million telephone channels. Today,Alcatel is on the brink of offering transoceanic linkscapable of transmitting data at over 1 Tbit/s per opticalfiber. To support this high transmission capacity, Alcatelhas developed many technological innovations for the


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50 Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Systems for High Speed Growth Developments inOptical Communication Networks


underwater equipment (optical fiber and repeaters) andthe terminal equipment used for repeatered andunrepeatered links. The 10 Gbit/sec WDM non-repeatered submarine cable systems have widely beenimplemented in the last ten years for regional

communication networks, such as island to island [9],mainland to island and coastal festoons. Expansion ofnonrepeatered link length as well as the capacity is ofgreat importance for further applications because iteliminates the repeaters and power feeding, thuscontributes to reduce the system cost compared to therepeatered systems [10].

In the present study, the performance of high speedsubmarine optical fiber cable systems is investigated,taking into account both the pressure and the temperatureeffects. Both the pressure and the temperature are depth-dependent variables, while both the spectral losses andthe dispersion effects are temperature as well as

wavelength dependent variables. It is found that theocean pressure (due to the depth) shifts the dispersion-free wavelength towards the third communicationwindow. In general, as the depth increases the maximumtransmitted bit rate increases in the range of interest. Thesystem capacity as well as the spectral losses, and thedispersion effects are parametrically investigated overwide range ranges of the set of affecting parameters{wavelength, ocean depth (and consequently the ocean pressure and temperature).

II. MODELING DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

The pressure dependent Sellemeier coefficients andmaterial dispersions for silica fiber glass, will be castunder the form [11, 12]:

),(),(),,( 22 P f T n P T n (1)

Where n is the refractive index, is the optical signalwavelength, T is the ambient temperature in K, P is the pressure. Ref. [12] cast the following:

E

K

C

B A P n

2

2

2

22 ),(

(2)

With: 286 10544763.01086385.929552.1 P x P x A (3)

286

1071823.1100899.42809872.0 P x P x B

(4)

2108210894313.01056693.01007945.1 P x P x xC (5)

2861013552.1107911.38917151.0 P x P x K

(6)

0.100 E (7)

Where P is the pressure in MN/m2. A special software is

designed to handle Eqs. (1-7) to recast ),(2 P n under the

following form to account the thermal effects, recalling

again Eq. 1 as follows: ),(),(),,( 22 P f T n P T n . Where

f(P,) is found to possess the form:

),(1),( P R P f (8)

Where:

2

321),( A A A P R

(9)and: 29531 1025194.51029325.11042407.1 P x P x x A

(10)

29762 1044237.31041884.71047693.2 P x P x x A

(11)

29763 10044098.11096490.11099036.6 P x P x x A

(12)

With root mean square errors of A1, A2, and A3 are 10-11

,10

-16, and 10

-21 respectively over the following ranges:

1.3 ≤ operating optical signal wavelength, λ, μm ≤1.6,0.0 ≤ Pressure, P, MN/m

2 ≤ 300. The thermal-dependent

refractive index n(,T) is cast on the same spirit of[13,14]:

T F

T B

T F

T B

T F

T BT n

23

2

23

22

2

22

21

2

212

,

(13)

Where B1=0.691663 (T/T0) , F1=4.68x10-3

(T/T0)2,

B2=0.4079426 (T/T0), F2=0.013512 (T/T0)2,

B3=0.8974749 (T/T0), and F3= 79.93403 (T/T0)2. Based

on the data reported by Ref. [15], both the pressure P andthe temperature, Tin °C, are correlated and the depth, D,as:

2332MN/m ,1019232.0023744.0918.9 D x D D P for

km 10 D (14)

and ,1053838.01062671.02.27 222 D x D xT for

km 5.5 D (15)and the temperature T is constant for D>5.5 km. Eq. 1 isthe corner stone in the computation of the dispersioneffects and consequently the system capacity, recall that:

),(),(P),f(T),n(P)T ,,n( P F T n (16)

Where P),R(0.51.0P),F( . Based on the models of

Refs. [16], the total chromatic dispersion of a single

mode fiber,, depends on n(,T,P) and its first andsecond derivatives dn/dλ and d2n/dλ 2 with respect to

operating optical signal wavelength respectively:

(17)

2

2,,

d

P T nd

d

P dF

d

T dn P F

d

T nd

d

P F d T n

,,2,

,,,

2

2

2

2

(18)

2. 1. Loss effects on the cost planning of submarine fibercable system

The basic formula for a typical optical submarine link isan exponential decaying function as function of therepeater spacing, R S as the following [17]:

S RT R e P P (19)

Where PR is the received power after each repeaterspacing through the lossy medium, PT is the transmitted

power, and α is the total attenuation coefficient of the

submarine cable system. The above equation can beexpressed in a another formula as the following:

,log1

R

T S

P

P R

(20)

Based on the models of Ref. [18], the silica glass fiber

P F d

T dn

d

P dF T n

d

P T dn ,

,,

,

,,


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Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Systems for High Speed Growth Developments in 51 Optical Communication Networks


spectral losses are cast as:

, IRUV S I dB/km (21)

Where: ,03.0int lossrinsicthe I dB/km, and

(22)

,6675.0

04

T

T n scattering RayleighS

dB/km

(23)Where T is the ambient temperature, and T0 is the roomtemperature, Δn and λ are the relative refractive indexdifference and operating optical signal wavelengthrespectively. The absorption losses αUV and αIR are:

,101.1 9.44 eUV dB/km (24)

,107

224

5

e IR dB/km (25)

According to Ref. [20], the estimated total cost ofsubmarine fiber cable system can be estimated by:

,it ecT C C C C Fiber C Million $ (26)

Where Cc is the cable cost, Ce is the submergedelectronics cost, Ct is the terminal & power feed andterminal stations cost, Ci is the installation cost, and г, β,γ, and δ are the estimated parameters as mentioned in

Ref. [20], that is г between 1.5 and 2, the value of β to be between 1.5 and 2, γ=1, and 0.4 ≤ δ ≤ 0.7. As well as the previous costs are also estimated for Submarine cablesystem as mentioned in Ref. [21], that is Cc=103 M$,Ce=78 M$, Ct=6 M$, and Ci=10 M$. Therefore theestimated total fiber cost (max. and min.) as a function of

number of transmitted channels Nch, and repeater spacingR s, for max. and min. values of the estimated parameterscan be expressed as follows:

S ch

T R N

xC

6

.max10375

$ (27)

S ch

T R N

xC

6

.min10282

$ (28)

2. 2. Dispersion and loss effects on the transmissioncapacity of submarine cable system

Total pulse broadening due to both waveguide and

material dispersion is Δτ=Δτmat.+Δτwg. For the step indexsingle mode fiber waveguide dispersion, Δwg isrelatively small, so in this case the delay due to thechromatic dispersion equals the delay due to the material

dispersion mat. Which is given by [22]:

mat S mat D R . (29)

Where R S is the repeater spacing in km, Δλ is the spectralline width of the optical source in nm, and Dmat is theabsolute value for material dispersion coefficient whichis given by the following equation:

,,,2

2.

d

P T nd

c Dmat (30)

For standard single mode fiber, the transmitted signal

bandwidth per transmitted channel, Nch, is [23]:

,44.0

. .S ch

sig R N

W B

(31)

The thermal-dependent spectral losses, α, are processed based on the models of Ref. [23]. The multi-limitations bit rate (dispersion, losses, and depth) is calculated basedon the same spirit of the model of Ref. [24], where it issimplified as:

)(. 8.

mS R

r

uSig r e

B

B Log W B B (32)

Where Bu is the Ultimate bit-rate (limitations-free), R S isthe Repeater spacing, αm is the system marginal loss.Based on Eq. (32), the dispersion-free bit rate Brmax.

(Δ=0.0) Which is a losses-limited one, and is:

)(.)(max

mS Rur e B B (33)

As well as the signal transmission quality, Q, of the

submarine cable system can be estimated in dB units as:

T K NF

R P Q

S T log10 , dB (34)

Where K is the Boltzmann's constant, PT is thetransmitted signal power, NF is the noise figure, and T isthe ambient temperature. The bit error rate (BER) can beestimated from following Equation. The BER gives theupper limit for the signal because some degradationoccurs at the submarine cable system end [25].

2

5.0exp 2

Q

Q BER

(35)

III. SIMULATION RESULTS AND PERFORMANCEANALYSIS

In the following section, Br , will be parametrically processed with special emphasis on the depth of theocean. In the following section, Br , will be parametrically processed with special emphasis on the depth of theocean. Taking into account the variations of the undersurface ocean pressure and temperature due to the oceandepth, a special software is cast to handle the relevantcalculations namely: i) The ocean depth-pressure

variations, ii) The ocean depth-temperature variations,iii) The spectral losses and the dispersion effects, iv) Thetransmitted bit-rates and products taking into account theabove two limitations. Two cases of interest are processed: i) Without dispersion cancellation, and ii)With dispersion cancellation. Silica fibers are employedtoward the zone of minimum optical losses.


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Table 1: Proposed operating parameters for UW-WDM

Submarine fiber cable system.

Operating parameter

Definition Value and unit

PT Transmitted signal power

100 mWatt ≤

PT ≤ 600

mWatt

PR Received signal power

1 μWatt ≤ PR

≤ 10 μWatt

Operating opticalsignal wavelength

1.3 μm ≤ ≤

1.6 μm

Δλ Spectral line width ofthe optical source

0.1 nm

Δn Relative refractiveindex difference

0.003 ≤ Δn ≤

0.009

T0 Room temperature 27 °C

D Ocean water depth 1 Km ≤ D ≤ 5

Km

Nch(UW-WDM) Number of

transmitted channels1000 ≤ Nch ≤

10000

K Boltzmann's constant 1.38 x10-

J/Kelvin

NF Noise figure 5 dB

αm System marginal loss 0.25 dB

Bu Ultimate bit-ratewithout anylimitations

20 Tbit/sec

The reality of the processed calculations is consideredvia a marginal loss of 0.25 dB per repeater spacing, R S which is considered as important design parameter in thecost planning of submarine cable system. Based on theequations analysis and the assumed set of operating

parameters listed in Table 1, the following features asclarified in the series of Figs. (1-29) are assured:

i)Figs. (1, 2) have assured that as ocean water depth,and transmitted signal power increase, while

decreasing of both required received powerresulting in increasing of repeater spacing.

ii)Figs. (3-5) have indicated that as both operating

optical signal wavelength and ocean water depthincrease, while decreasing of relative refractive

index difference resulting in increasing of repeaterspacing.

iii) As shown in the series of Figs. (6-17) has

demonstrated that as transmitted signal power,number of transmitted channels, and ocean waterdepth increase, while decreasing of required signal

power, lead to decrease of both maximum andminimum total cost of submarine fiber cable

system.iv)Figs. (18-20) have indicated that as both ocean

water depth and relative refractive index

difference increase, while decreasing of number oftransmitted channels, resulting in increasing of

transmitted signal bandwidth.v)Figs. (21-23) have proved that as both operating

optical signal wavelength and ocean water depth

increase, while decreasing of repeater spacing, leadto increase of maximum bit rate at zero dispersionmedia. vi)As shown in the series of Figs. (24-29)has assured that as transmitted signal power,operating optical signal wavelength, ocean water

depth, and repeater spacing increase, resulting ofincreasing of signal transmission quality and

consequently decreasing of bit error rate through

submarine fiber cable system.


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IV. CONCLUSIONS

In a summary, we have deeply investigated UW-WDMmultiplexing technique based submarine fiber cablesystem for long haul depths over wide range of theaffecting parameters. We have taken into account thereality of the processed calculations of optical spectrallosses per repeater spacing, R S which is considered asimportant design parameter in the cost planning ofsubmarine fiber cable system. It is found that theincreased ocean water depth, transmitted signal power,

and operating optical signal wavelength, while thedecreasing of both relative refractive index differenceand required received signal power, resulting in theincreased repeater spacing and consequently thedecreased maximum and minimum total cost ofsubmarine fiber cable system with taking into accountthe increased number of transmitted channels. As well asthe increased of both ocean water depth and relativerefractive index difference, while the decreased numberof transmitted channels, lead to the increased transmittedsignal bandwidth. Moreover it is evident that theincreased of both operating optical signal wavelengthand ocean water depth, while the decreased of repeater

spacing, resulting of the increased maximumtransmission bit rate at dispersion limited (zerodispersion). It is indicated that the increased operatingoptical signal wavelength, ocean water depth, transmittedsignal power, and repeater spacing, lead to the increasedsignal transmission quality and the decreased bit errorrate in submarine fiber cable system respectively.

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Author’s Profile

Dr. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed was born in Menoufcity, Menoufia State, Egypt countryin 23 July, 1976. Received the B.Sc.,M.Sc., and Ph.D. scientific degrees inthe Electronics and ElectricalCommunications EngineeringDepartment from Faculty ofElectronic Engineering, MenoufiaUniversity in 1999, 2005, and 2010

respectively. Currently, his job carrier is a scientificlecturer in Electronics and Electrical CommunicationsEngineering Department, Faculty of ElectronicEngineering, Menoufia university, Menouf. PostalMenouf city code: 32951, EGYPT.

His scientific master science thesis has focused on polymer fibers in optical access communication systems.Moreover his scientific Ph. D. thesis has focused onrecent applications in linear or nonlinear passive oractive in optical networks. His interesting researchmainly focuses on transmission capacity, a data rate product and long transmission distances of passive andactive optical communication networks, wirelesscommunication, radio over fiber communication systems,and optical network security and management. He has published many high scientific research papers in highquality and technical international journals in the field ofadvanced communication systems, optoelectronicdevices, and passive optical access communicationnetworks. His areas of interest and experience in opticalcommunication systems, advanced opticalcommunication networks, wireless optical accessnetworks, analog communication systems, optical filtersand Sensors, digital communication systems,optoelectronics devices, and advanced material science,network management systems, multimedia data base,network security, encryption and optical accesscomputing systems. As well as he is editorial boardmember in high academic scientific International

research Journals. Moreover he is a reviewer memberand editorial board member in high impact scientificresearch international journals in the field of electronics,electrical communication systems, optoelectronics,information technology and advanced opticalcommunication systems and networks.
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