jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

1

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

vOj;Jk; Mf;fKk;

[p.%Hj;jp

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

2

cyfpy; cs;s vy;yh nkhopfSf;Fk; chpj;jhdJ>,yf;fzKk;>,yf;fpaKk;.

,yf;fzk; vd;gjid nghJthf “Rules” vdf;$wyhk;.,yf;fzk; vg;nghOJk;

khwhJ.,yf;fpak; vd;gJ fij>fl;Liu>ftpij>ehlfk;>ehty;>fhg;gpak;>ehl;Fwpg;G vd

vy;yh tbtj;jpYk; vy;yh nkhopfspYk; cs;sJ.Mdhy; jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;sJ

Nghd;W > gy Mapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;,aw;wg;gl;l ,yf;fpaq;fs;>cyfpy; NtW

nkhopfspy; kpff;FiwNt vdf; $wyhk;.

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fis “kf;fs; ,yf;fpak;” vd;W khf;];Ky;yH $Wfpwhh;.nrt;tpay;

,yf;fpak;/jpiz ,yf;fpak;/jpiz Ehy;fs;/tPuAfg;ghly;fs; vd rq;ffhy

,yf;fpaq;fs; miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. rq;ffhyk; Nghd;W jkpopy; jw;nghOJ

fij>fhg;;gpak;>fl;Liu> ftpijfs; ,aw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.fhuzk; ,yf;fpaq;fs;

fhyj;jpw;Nfw;g khWgLfpd;wd.Mrphpag;ghtpy; ghly;fs; Gidtjpy;iy>,uz;L

thpapy; ftpijfs;(i`f;$) ,aw;wg;gLfpd;wd.vg;gb ,Ue;jhYk; me;j ,yf;fpak;

,aw;wg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; epfo;e;j r%f gpur;rpidfs;>kf;fspd; tho;f;if>nghUshjhu

epiy>murpay;>Ml;rpKiw vd gy nra;jpfis glk;gpbj;J fhl;Lfpd;wJ.vdNt

,yf;fpaq;fis “fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk; fz;zhb” vdf; $WtJ kpifahfhJ.

,yf;fpaq;fs; Njhd;wpa gpd;Ng>,yf;fz Ehy;fs; Njhd;wpaJ vd;gJ jpz;zk;.

jkpopy; fpilf;fg;ngw;w Kjy; ,yf;fz Ehy; “njhy;fhg;gpak;” vOjg;gl;l fhyk;

fp.K.5k; Ehw;whz;L.cyfpy; NtW ve;j nkhopapYk; ,f;fhyj;jpy; ,yf;fzEhy;fs;

vOjg;gltpy;iy.jkpopy; Kjypy; vOjg;gl;l Mdhy; fpilf;fg;ngwhj Ehy;

mfj;jpak; MFk;.

jkpo; ,yf;fz Ehy;fs; kugpd; mbg;gilapy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ.Kjypy; vOjg;gl;l

mfj;jpak; XH Ie;jpyf;fz Ehy;.njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;J>nrhy;>nghUs; vd;W %d;W

,yf;fzq;fis $WfpwJ.gtze;jp KdptH vOjpa ed;Dhy;(rpw;wjpfhuk;) kw;Wk;

FztPugz;bjhpd; Nekpehjk;(rpd;Dhy;) vOj;J>nrhy; vd ,uz;L ,yf;fzq;fis

gw;wp $WfpwJ.jkpopy; vOjg;gl;l Kjy; Ie;jpyf;fz Ehy; Gj;jkpj;jpuH vOjpa

tPu Nrhopak; MFk;.,J Nghy itj;jpaehj NjrpfH vOjpa ,yf;fz

tpsf;fk;(Fl;b njhy;fhg;gpak;)>Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahH vOjpa Kj;JtPhpak;>

tPukhKdptH vOjpa njhd;Dhy; tpsf;fk; (Fl;b njhy;fhg;gpak;)>Rthkp ftpuhaH

vOjpa Rthkpehjk; Nghd;witfs;; Ie;jpyf;fzk; $Wk; Ehy;fshFk;.

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

18

CH ePq;fpdhd;- 5k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif Chpd; ePq;fpdhd;;-5k; Ntw;Wik tphp

vd; fhy;/khwd; fspW/tpidgad;/epd;

efH- 6k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif

vdJ fhy;-6k; Ntw;Wik tphp

Fd;Nwwp/fiuNawp-7k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif Fd;wpd; fz; Vwp-7k; Ntw;Wik tphp

cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifAk;.

,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; Ntw;Wik cUGfNshL mjd; gaDk; kiwe;J te;jhy;

mJ cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifAk; vdg;gLk;.ve;j Ntw;Wik cUGld;

gad; kiwe;J tUfpwNjh me;j cUGk; gaDk; cld; njhf;f njhifAk; vdg;gLk;.

japHf;Flk;-japiu cila Flk;

ePHf;Flk;/ePjpEhy;/thpcOit/tisfuq;fs;/

Kl;GjH.

“I” vd;w2k; Ntw;Wik cUGld;

“cila” vd;w gaDk; kiwe;J

tUtjhy;-2k; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk;

cld; njhf;f njhifAk; vdg;gLk;.

gpj;jisf;Flk;-gpj;jisahy; Md Flk;.

gl;Lr;Nriy/fz;zhbf;fjT/NkhHf;Fok;G

“My;” vd;w3k; Ntw;Wik cUGld;

“Md” vd;w gaDk; kiwe;J tUtjhy;-

3k; Ntw;Wik cUGk; gaDk; cld;

njhf;f njhifAk; vdg;gLk;.

fhdg;gwiw-fhdfj;jpd; fz; thOk; gwit

“fz;;” vd;w7k; Ntw;Wik cUGld;

gaDk; kiwe;J tUtjhy;-7k; Ntw;Wik

c.g.c.njh.njhif vdg;gLk;

tpidj;njhif:- (tpidg;gFjpr; nrhy;+ngaHr;nrhy;)

,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; fhyj;ij fhl;Lfpd;w> ,il epiy cUGfs;> kiwe;J

te;J nghUs; je;jhy;>mJ tpidj;njhif vdg;gLk;.

miy+fly;/Fiu+eha;/RL+NrhW/CW+fha;/<d; +Fotp/KjpH+kuk;.

gd;Gj;njhif:- (tz;zk;>tbtk;>msT>Rit)

,U nrhw;fSf;F ,ilapy; “ik” vd;w tpFjpNah>Mfpa vd;w cUNgh kiwe;J

te;J nghUs; je;jhy;>mJ gz;Gj;;njhif vdg;gLk;.

“ik” tpFjpfs;:-nre;jkpo;-nrk;ik+jkpo;/ghril(jhkiu ,iy)-gRik+mil/fUq;Fjpiu-

fUik+Fjpiu/ ed;Dhy;-ed;ik+Ehy;/Gz;fzPH-Gz;(rpwpa)ik+fz;zPH/mURit-

mUik+Rit/mWRit-MW+Rit.Mwhfpa Rit.

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

26

nray;(ePf;f Ntz;ba nray)fb KuR(mjpfk; xYpf;Fk; KuR)/fb gprhR(mr;rk;

jUk; gprhR)

7. ,ilr;nrhy; njhlH:- xU ,ilr;nrhy;iy njhlh;e;J tUtJ. ,uhkDk;

te;jhd;;/kfd; gpwe;jhd; vd je;ij kfpo;e;jhH/gbg;gjw;Nfh te;jha;/ehNd

$wpNdd;.

8. Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj;njhlH: Ntw;Wik cUGfs; kiwahky;

tUtJ.rpiyia vLj;jhd;/fj;jpahy; ntl;bdhd;/Viof;F nfhLj;jhd;/vdJ

CH/Chpd; ePq;fpdhd;.

9. mLf;Fj;njhlH:- ,uz;L nrhw;fs; mLf;fp tUtJ mLf;Fj;njhlH MFk;.ghk;G

ghk;G/jPjP/XL XL/

xUik gd;ik gpio ePf;fk;.

jpiz ,Utifg;gLk;:-

1. caHjpiz

2. m/wpiz

ghy; Ie;J tifg;gLk;

1. Mz;ghy;-“d;” tpFjp

2. ngz;ghy;-“s;” tpFjp

3. gyHghy;-“mH” ”fs;” tpFjp

4. xd;wd; ghy;(mJ) tpFjp

5. gytpd; ghy; (d) tpFjp

khzth;fs; rhiy kwpay; nra;jdH (m) fs;.

khztd; rhiy kwpay; nra;jhd;.

khztH rhiy kwpay; nra;jhH.

cotd; epyj;ij cOjhd;./cotH epyj;ij cOjhH.

gwit gwe;jJ./gwitfs; gwe;jd./Fuq;Ffs; jhtpr; nrd;wd.

Fuq;F jhtpr; nrd;wJ.

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

27

tpjp-1

caHjpizAk; m/wpizAk; te;J caHthd nraiy Fwpj;jhy;> m/wpizAk;

caHjpizahf nfhs;sg;gLk;.

tPuUk; NjUk; cyh te;jd.

tPuUk; NjUk; cyh te;jJ.

tPuUk; NjUk; cyh te;jdH.

tPuUk; NjUk; cyh te;jhd;.

tpjp-2

caHjpizAk; m/wpizAk; te;J ,opthd nraiy Fwpj;jhy;>

caHjpizAk; m/wpizahf nfhs;sg;gLk;.

%lDk; khLk; Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jd.

%lDk; khLk; Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jJ.

%lDk; khLk; Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jdh;.

%lDk; khLk; Fsj;jpy; Fspj;jhd;.

tpjp-3

Iag; nghUis mLj;J my;yJ vd;w nrhy; tuf;$lhJ.

$iuapd; Nky; ehNah ehpNah XbaJ.

$iuapd; Nky; ehNah my;yJ ehpNah XbaJ.

$iuapd; Nky; ehNah ehpNah Xbd.

$iuapd; Nky; ehNah my;yJ ehpNah Xbd.

ghk;gh my;yJ fapwh

ghk;gh? fapwh?

tpjp-4

gjtp>taJ>jFjp fhuzkhf te;jhy;> xUikia gd;ikahf nfhs;sNtz;Lk;.

kfhj;kh fhe;jp te;jhH.

kfhj;kh fhe;jp te;jhd;.

jpUlH te;jhH.

jpUld; te;jhd;.

tpjp-5

m/wpiz xUik tpFjp md;W. m/wpiz gd;ik tpFjp my;y.

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

29

gpio jpUj;jk;

mJfs; mJ

mitfs; mit

ehl;fs; ehs;fs;

XH fly; xU fly;

xU CH XH CH

rpy mwpQH mwpQH rpyH.

,J my;y ,J md;W

mtd; my;y mtd; my;yd;

mts; my;y mts;; my;ys;

mit md;W mit my;y

mit md;W ,it my;y

XU ,iy XH ,iy

njhy;fhg;gpak; vOj;J>nrhy;>nghUs; vd;Dk; %d;W mjpfhuq;fis

cilaJ/cilad.

jpUf;FwSk;> ehybahUk; mwk;>nghUs;>,d;gk;>vd;Dk; Kg;ghy;fis cilaJ/cilad.

mfuthpir gLj;Jf:

tpjp-1

capH vOj;Jfs; xd;wpa ,dthpir

xsljk;>Ma;jk;><if.Cf;fk;>,d;gk;>Vf;fk;>cz;ik>vl;L>xw;Wik

tpjp-2

capH nka;fspd; thpir.

ez;gd;;>kd;wk;>ge;J>jq;fk;>fzf;F>rq;fk;;

tpjp-3- capH nka;fs; fye;j thpir.

rflk;;;>MjuT>Itdk;>fd;W>Vio>jq;if>Xlk;>gs;sk;;>ge;jy;>kq;if

tpjp-4 capHnka;naOj;Jfspd; ,dthpir.

2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

2 1 3 4 5 6

2 1 3 4 5 9 7 8 6 10

3 4 2 6 7 8 1 5 9 10

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

67

vdg;gLk;.

8.nre;njhil: mbNjhWk; cs;s; rPhfspy; Nkhid Kjyhf VJkpd;wp miktJ

nre;;njhil vdg;gLk;.

rPh;j;njhil(m)njhil tpfw;gk;

ehd;F rPH nfhz;l XH mbapy; ,iz>nghopg;G>x&c>$io>Nkw;fJtha;>fPo;f;fJtha;>

Kw;W vd VO tifahd tpfw;gq;fSk;>Nkhid>vJif>,iaG>Kuz;>msngil vd

Ie;Jk; nghUe;j nkhj;jk; njhil tpfw;gk; 35 tifg;gLk;.

Nkhid:

1.thdpd;W cyfk; toq;fp tUjyhy;.-Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid.

2.,Us;NrH ,UtpidAk; Nruh ,iwtd;-fPo;fJtha; Nkhid.

3.Gidah Xtpak; Nghy epw;wYk;-nghopg;G Nkhid.

4.fbe;j fbe;njhuhH nra;jhh;f;F mitjhk;-,iz Nkhid.

5.jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; jq;fh tpaDyfk;-$io Nkhid.

6.ngha;ikAk; tha;ik ,lj;J GiujPHe;j-x&c Nkhid.

7.fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;-Kw;W Nkhid.

vJif:

1.Njhd;wpd; GfNohL Njhd;Wf m/jpyhH-nghopg;G vJif.

2ngha;ahik ngha;ahik Mw;wpd; mwk;gpw-,iz vJif.

3.xOf;fk; tpOg;gk; juyhd; xOf;fk;-fPo;f;fJtha; vJif.

4.mof;nfhz;l vy;yhk; mog;Nghk; fpog;ghd;-Nkw;fJtha; vJif.

,izNkhid-1>2

nghopg;G-1>3

x&c-1>4

$io-1>2>3

Nkw;fJtha;-1>3>4

fPOf;fJtha;-1>2>4

Kw;W-1>2>3>4

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

63

neby; xw;nwLj;J te;jhy; Fwpy; neby; ,ize;J xw;nwLj;Jte;jhy;

rPH: ehd;F tifg;gLk;.

1.Xuirr;rPH:(,uz;L tifg;gLk; Neuir-epiuair)

mkpo;jpDk; Mw;w ,dpNjjk; kf;fs;

rpWif mshtpa $o;. vd;W KbAk; nra;Aspd; <w;Wr;rPH Xuirr;rPH MFk;.

($o;-Neuir(neby; xw;W)-tha;g;ghL-ehs;)

fw;f frlw fw;git fw;wgpd;

epw;f mjw;F jf. vd;W KbAk; nra;Aspd; <w;Wr;rPH Xuirr;rPH MFk;.

(jf-epiuair(Fwpypiz)-tha;g;ghL-kyH).

<w;Wr;rPh; <uirr;rPuhf ,Ue;jhy;(el;G-(NeH/NeH-Neh;G-fhR).cah;T-(epiu/NeH-gpwg;G)

2.<uirr;rPH:(ehd;F tifg;gLk;)

NeH+NeH=Nj/kh

epiu+NeH=Gsp/kh = khr;rPH

NeH+epiu=$tp/sk = ,aw;rPH (m) MrphpaThpr;rPH . . ;

epiu+epiu=fU/tpsk; = tpsr;rPH

3.%tirr;rPH:(vl;L tifg;gLk;):

NeH+NeH+NeH =Nj/khq;/fha;

epiu+NeH+NeH =Gsp/khq;/fha; = fha;r;rPH(m) ntz;ghThpr;rPH.

jkpo;; ,yf;fzk;

57

nky;ypd vOj;J tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; ty;ypd vOj;J te;jhy; mJ typj;jy; tpfhuk;

vdg;gLk;.

,Of;fy; cilAop Cw;Wf;Nfhy; mw;Nw

xOf;fk; cilahh; tha;r;nrhy;.-Cd;WNfhy;-Cw;WNfhy;/tha;e;jJ-tha;j;jJ/

,Uk;Gghij-,Ug;Gg;ghij/rpyk;gjpfhuk;-rpyg;gjpfhuk;.

nkypj;jy; tpfhuk;;:

ty;ypd vOj;J tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; nky;ypd vOj;J te;jhy;> mJ nkypj;jy; tpfhuk;

vdg;gLk;. (v-L) Gj;jp-Ge;jp

ePl;ly; tpfhuk;;:

Fwpy; vOj;J tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; mJ ePl;bf;fg;gl;L tUtJ ePl;ly; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.

kf;fs;-khf;fs;/nghOJ-Ngho;J/elj;jpdhd;-elhj;jpdhd;.

FWf;fy; tpfhuk;;:

neby; vOj;J tuNtz;ba ,lj;jpy; mJ FWfp tUtJ FWf;fy; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.

(v-L)ghjk;;-gjk;;.

tphpj;jy; tpfhuk;;: kdpjg;gpwtp-kdpj;jg;gpwtp/rptf;FNk-rptf;Fk;Nk/tpisANk-tpisAk;Nk

njhFj;jy; tpfhuk;;: ,uz;L nrhw;fs; NrUk; NghJ> xU nrhy;ypy; XH vOj;ij ePf;fp

xd;W NrHj;jy;.njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;.

njhl;lidj;JhWk; = njhl;l+midj;J.fw;widj;JhWk; = fw;w+midj;J.

Kjw; Fiw:

kiu ,jo; vd;gjd; nghUs;.jhkiu ,jo; vd;gjhFk;.Kjy; vOj;J Fiwe;J te;jjhy;

Kjw; Fiw vdg;gLk;.

,ilf; Fiw: cskhu tho;j;JfpNwd;-cs;sk; vd;gJ csk; vdTk;>,y;iy vd;gJ

,iy vd tUtJ ,ilf;Fiw vdg;gLk;.

filf; Fiw: filrp vd;w nrhy; “fil” vd ,Wjp vOj;J Fiwe;J tUtJ

filf;Fiw vdg;gLk;.

caphPW GzHr;rp

“cahPw;Wr; nrhy;ypd; Kd; ty;ypdk; te;jhy; (f>r>j>g kpFk;)nka; kpFk;.

gyh(y;+M) +Ris=gyhr;Ris/gdp(d; +,)+NghH=gdpg;NghH/jpiz(d; +I)+Jiz=

jpizj;Jiz.