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    Transformer OnTransformer On--LineLine

    MonitoringMonitoringRowland JamesRowland James

    EntergyEntergyNovember 8, 2004November 8, 2004

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    ProloguePrologue

    Why OnWhy On--Line Monitoring & Diagnostics?Line Monitoring & Diagnostics? Aging and Failure ModesAging and Failure Modes

    Failure StatisticsFailure Statistics

    Current Monitoring & Analysis MethodsCurrent Monitoring & Analysis Methods

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    Why OnWhy On--Line Monitoring & Diagnostics?Line Monitoring & Diagnostics?

    Aging FleetAging Fleet

    Reducing Probability of Catastrophic FailureReducing Probability of Catastrophic Failure Reducing NonReducing Non--Catastrophic Unscheduled OutagesCatastrophic Unscheduled Outages

    Deferring Capital Costs of Upgrades/ ReplacementsDeferring Capital Costs of Upgrades/ Replacements

    Extending Overall Life of EquipmentExtending Overall Life of Equipment

    Allowing ShortAllowing Short--Term OverloadingTerm Overloading

    Reducing O&M CostsReducing O&M Costs

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    Insulating FluidInsulating Fluid

    2 Main Purposes:2 Main Purposes: Dielectric InsulatorDielectric Insulator

    Thermal TransferThermal Transfer

    Additional Benefit:Additional Benefit: Transport Vehicle for Telltale Gases & Acoustical SignalsTransport Vehicle for Telltale Gases & Acoustical Signals

    Combustible Gases are Released under Very SpecificCombustible Gases are Released under Very Specific

    CircumstancesCircumstances

    Transformer AgingTransformer Aging

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    Winding Insulation (i.e., Paper/ Cellulose)Winding Insulation (i.e., Paper/ Cellulose)

    The One Component with NonThe One Component with Non--Reversible LifeReversible Life

    CharacteristicCharacteristic It Will Age.It Will Age.

    Factors Affecting Life of Cellulose:Factors Affecting Life of Cellulose: HeatHeat

    Paper Moisture (Main Source of Degradation)Paper Moisture (Main Source of Degradation)

    Oxygen Content of OilOxygen Content of Oil

    Transformer Aging (contd.)Transformer Aging (contd.)

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    Failure StatisticsFailure Statistics Outage Rates Generally RisingOutage Rates Generally Rising

    Approximately 1.45% Prior to 1990Approximately 1.45% Prior to 1990

    Approximately 5.5% After 1990Approximately 5.5% After 1990

    Costs of Outages Due to RepairsCosts of Outages Due to Repairs Major FailuresMajor Failures

    $1.5 million After Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection$1.5 million After Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection

    Catastrophic FailuresCatastrophic Failures $5+ million Post Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection$5+ million Post Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection

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    Current Monitoring MethodsCurrent Monitoring Methods ThermalThermal

    Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)

    ManualManual

    OnOn--LineLine Moisture DetectionMoisture Detection

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    Current Monitoring Methods ( contd.)Current Monitoring Methods ( contd.)

    BushingsBushings

    LTC Oil Dielectric StrengthLTC Oil Dielectric Strength

    Acoustical AnalysisAcoustical Analysis

    Other Traditional MethodsOther Traditional Methods

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    ThermalThermal Top & Bottom OilTop & Bottom Oil

    Winding Temperature (Direct, Calculated orWinding Temperature (Direct, Calculated orSimulated)Simulated)

    Ambient Temperature (remote from any heatAmbient Temperature (remote from any heatsource in the substation)source in the substation)

    Control Cabinet TemperatureControl Cabinet Temperature

    Tank Temperature (surface mount)Tank Temperature (surface mount)

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    Dissolved Gas AnalysisDissolved Gas AnalysisDGADGA Biggest Bang for the Buck!Biggest Bang for the Buck!

    InexpensiveInexpensive

    Very Sensitive to Changes in Main TankVery Sensitive to Changes in Main Tank

    Can be applied to LTCs and OCBsCan be applied to LTCs and OCBs

    Extremely ReliableExtremely Reliable

    TrendableTrendable

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    Dissolved Gas Analysis (contd.)Dissolved Gas Analysis (contd.)

    New TechnologiesNew Technologies

    On Line DGA/ Fault GasOn Line DGA/ Fault Gas

    On Line Hydrogen & MoistureOn Line Hydrogen & Moisture

    Some Suppliers GESome Suppliers GE--Hydran, Morgan &Hydran, Morgan &SchaeferSchaefer

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    BushingsBushings Manual Power Factor measurements (Doble,Manual Power Factor measurements (Doble,

    Vanguard, Omicron, Biddle, etc.)Vanguard, Omicron, Biddle, etc.) Capacitance tap bushing monitor. (DobleCapacitance tap bushing monitor. (Doble

    continuous measurement, others may requirecontinuous measurement, others may require

    site visits in order to download data. (Cutlersite visits in order to download data. (Cutler

    Hammer, ZTZ)Hammer, ZTZ)

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    LTC/TCULLTC/TCUL Dielectric Strength Tester (onDielectric Strength Tester (on--line Developedline Developed

    by MIT & Entergy)by MIT & Entergy) Contact Wear Indicator (EPRI R&D project)Contact Wear Indicator (EPRI R&D project)

    DGA for LTCDGA for LTC Infrared MonitoringInfrared Monitoring

    Differential Temperature MonitoringDifferential Temperature Monitoring

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    Fans & PumpsFans & Pumps PumpsPumps apply bearing wear indicators toapply bearing wear indicators to

    pump. Monitor voltage, current & flow.pump. Monitor voltage, current & flow. FansFans -- Monitor voltage, current and/ orMonitor voltage, current and/ or

    employ air flow indicator.employ air flow indicator.

    Cycle lead and lag for fans (back up withCycle lead and lag for fans (back up with

    mechanical control)mechanical control)

    NonNon--monitoring issue but important for fansmonitoring issue but important for fans totally enclose fan cages to prevent birdtotally enclose fan cages to prevent bird

    cages.cages.

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    Voltage & CurrentVoltage & Current Use for Dynamic loading and Loss of lifeUse for Dynamic loading and Loss of life

    calculationscalculations CurrentCurrent Clip on CTs (1:1) but hard wiredClip on CTs (1:1) but hard wired

    CTs more reliable (if transient measurementsCTs more reliable (if transient measurements

    desired)desired)

    VoltageVoltage use existing PTs, BPTs or CCVTsuse existing PTs, BPTs or CCVTs

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    Partial Discharge DetectionPartial Discharge Detection AcousticAcoustic short term testing (portableshort term testing (portable

    magnetic accelerometers). Use formagnetic accelerometers). Use forbenchmarking and trouble investigationsbenchmarking and trouble investigations(gassing also detectable)(gassing also detectable)

    Permanent installations for desiredPermanent installations for desired

    continuous monitoring (bushing mounted)continuous monitoring (bushing mounted)

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    Monitoring LevelsMonitoring Levels11

    Generator Step Ups (base load) &Generator Step Ups (base load) &Transmission Autotransformers,Transmission Autotransformers,

    CriticalityCriticality -- HighHigh

    MaximumMaximum MonitoringMonitoring

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    Monitoring Levels (contd.)Monitoring Levels (contd.)

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    High MVA, Peaking GSUsHigh MVA, Peaking GSUs

    CriticalityCriticality

    ModerateModerate

    Medium MonitoringMedium Monitoring

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    Monitoring Levels (contd.)Monitoring Levels (contd.)33

    Specific casesSpecific casesCritical loads & Processes such asCritical loads & Processes such as

    Oil Refineries, Chemical Plants,Oil Refineries, Chemical Plants,

    Medical Facilities, Military InstallationsMedical Facilities, Military Installations

    Maximum to Medium MonitoringMaximum to Medium Monitoring

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    Monitoring Levels (contd.)Monitoring Levels (contd.)

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    Normal use ageNormal use age

    Conventional MonitoringConventional Monitoring

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    New vs. RetrofitNew vs. Retrofit NewNew Factory installed ( should be coveredFactory installed ( should be covered

    in purchase specification). Additional thermalin purchase specification). Additional thermalwells, etc.wells, etc.

    RetrofitRetrofit Additional thermal wells (add toAdditional thermal wells (add to

    radiators?); magnetic RTDsradiators?); magnetic RTDs

    PumpsPumps Replace GER/ Harley/ CardinalReplace GER/ Harley/ Cardinal

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    Data Handling & StorageData Handling & Storage Information vs. dataInformation vs. data

    Expert SystemExpert System Local and RemoteLocal and Remote

    CommunicationsCommunications

    LocalLocal --LAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted PairLAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair RemoteRemote WAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair,WAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair,

    SatelliteSatellite

    HMI local and/ or RemoteHMI local and/ or Remote

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    ConclusionConclusionWhy TransformerWhy Transformer

    OnOn--Line Monitoring?Line Monitoring?

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