tareekh e fakhruddin mubarakshah (farsi)
TRANSCRIPT
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JAMES G. FORLONG FUND
TA'RIKH-I FAKHRU'D-DIN
MUBARAKSHAHbeing
The historical introduction to the Book of
GenealogiesofFakhrud-Ti'in Mubarakshcih Marvar-riidi
completed in A.D. 1206
Edited from a unique Manuscript
BY
E. DENISON ROSS
Director of the School of Oriental Studies, London
THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY
74 GROSVENOR STREET, LONDON, W.l.
1927
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PRINTED BY
STEPHEN AUSTIN & SONS, LTD.,
FDRE STREFT, HERTFORD
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INTRODUCTION
THE text which is printed in this volume represents less than
half the number of folios contained in the unique manu
script from which it is derived, A description of this work,
of which the title is unknown, was contributed by myself
to the 'Ajab Nama or Volume of Oriental Studies presented
to the late Professor E. G. Browne in 1922. I do not, therefore, consider it necessary to repeat all that is there said.
[ had originally intended to publish a translation of the
historical portion of the work, but it seemed to me that
in view of Mr. Ellis's manuscript being unique, it was of
greater importance fo publish the text ; and in making this
decision I had also in view the fact that in spite of certain
obscure passages, and of rare names, the text would makea suitable reading book for students of Persian ; for the style
is both elegant and clear, representing as it does the half
way house between the very simple language of lial'amiV;
translation of Tabari, and the fulsome hyperbole of the
Tariklhi-Wuis.sdf. Since the appearance of fhe article referred
to above, 1 have only come across one further allusion x
to our author, namely, in the Haft Iqlim of Amin Razi, where
near the beginning of the Fourth Iqlim we read :—
1 Our author its mentioned as an au th or it y in No 97 Ethes Bodleian
Catalogue, Ouseley 83, 84. whieh is a general hi slur y down to A . H . 958.
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IV INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION
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V I INTRODUCTION
His full name was Fakhru l- Din Muhammad ibu Mans fir
al Marvar-rfidi as-Siddup, Mubarakshfdi. lbnu l Athi r calls
him the son of Abul-Hasan, and his father's name may havebeen Abu'l-ljasan Man sur. lie was variously known as
Fakhr-Mubarakshfdi and Fakhr-Mudlr. When in A . D . 1206 he
completed this work, he hath he tells us. spent thirteen years on
its compilation. His father, who was then st il l l ivi ng, was
apparently a man of letters, and had studied under the learned
men of Ghazna. Fakhr-Mudl r took his nisba either because
he had studied in Marvar-rud or because he was a pupilof Shaykh Wahuhid-Dm al Marvar-rudi, the S l i a i t e lawyer
whom he introduced to Ghiyasu'd-Din, at whose court he
•seems to have been in high favour, according to the Haft
lqlim. In A.D. 1206 he was in Lahore and witnessed the
accession of Quthuu 'd -Din , which followed immediately on
the murder of M i r i z z u ' - D i n .
The rails of a busy life have prevented my carrying outa complete investigation of the numerous problems to which
this text gives rise. There are 1361 genealogies in addition to
that; of the Prophet, which is not set out in tabular form. It is
possible these tables would, repay careful study, but
as far as 1 can discover they contain nothing that is not to
be found elsewhere. The passages in the text which still
need investigation are notably those concerned with
Indian and Turkish proper names, but so many have
remained obscure that I have preferred to leave them for
others more competent to unravel . The manuscript,- which
presumably dates from the sixteenth century, is the work of a
professorial scribe, and as such is unreliable.1
Not 68 as is wrongly stated in my nrtie'le in the 'A jab Namu.2 A faesimile of fol. 306 wi l l be found on p AX.
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
Exordium . . . . . . . .
Cosmogony. The seven Planets, their names and their
functions i n the Heavens . . . .
The division of the Earth into Seven (Mimes
The First Clime. The Second Clime. The Third Clime
'The Fourth Clime
The Fifth Clime. The Sixth Clime. The SeventhClime
The Fal l of Ibli s. The Superiority of Man over the
animal world . . . . .
The mission of the Prophets .The important role of learned men in the world
The importance of Kings and Governors
On Justice. On the distribution of alms .
Mu'allifa-i qulub, those who accepted Islam out offear after the capture of Mekka, but were not real
believers . . . . . . .
The seven classes to whom alms .should be given
On the construction of public buildings for the benefit
of the people- A saying of Ardashir Babagan
Characteristics o f Islam . . . . .
The troubled state of the Kingdom of Ghazna in the
seventh century of the Hijra. Sultan Mu' izzu'd-
Din's good rule . . . . . .The career of QutbuVl-Din ,
On good and bad omens in names. Events of the year
A . H . 588, including the capture of Delhi fort
The golden melons from Rantau bhor sent by
Mu'izzu'd-Din to Herat , Events of the years
A . H . 590, 591, 592 and 593 . . .
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VI I I S U M M A R Y O F C O N T E N T S
Events of the yearn A . H . 591, 595, 590, 597, 598 and 599
Events of the year A . H . 560. In praise of the general
issimo Husamu'd-Din Ahmad 'Ali ShahThe conversion of the infidels to Islam as a result
o f Mu'izzuYLDiVs victories . . . .
Events of the year A . H . 502. List of In dian tribes
subdued (see notes o n text) . . . .
The prisoners taken and the rich booty secured in
these victories . . . . . .Mu ' i zzu 'dDin is murdered at Damyak on his way
from Delhi to his capital Ghaznin. Qutbu'd-Din
hastens t o Delhi . . . . . .
Qut b i rd-Din, after observing the ceremonies of
mourning, prepares to occupy the throne as
rightful heir . . . . . . .
He marches from Delhi to his capital, Lahore. The
sufferings of the troops and beasts from heat and
thirst on the march. Dad Yamuh , outside
Lahore, is reached on the 12th of Dil-Qa'da,
A.H, 602. The inhabitants welcome the. new
king . . . . . . . .
F u l l titles o f Qutbu d-Din Ay-bag . . . .The various contingents of which the army was com
posed, Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis,
Ratgans (?), Takrans (?), and Ha Sa'idans.
Qulbu 'd-Dir fs land settlement and taxati on
according t o the Sharia . . . .
He abolishes unorthodox measures instituted in the
previous reign . . . . . .His provision for the learned and the pious ; pensions
for darvishes. widows and orphans. His
patronage of the Turks. The whole-hearted
conversion of the Turks from heathendom to
Islam, as compared with the conversion of other
races who often turn renegade, and hanker after
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.SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
their former mode of lift?, whereas the Turks have
never been known to do this . The author explains
how the Turks have attained their present exaltedstatus in the following striking passage :—
" It is common knowledge that all races and
classes, while they remain among their own people
and in their own country, are honoured and
respected ; but when they go abroad they
become miserable and abject. The Turks on
the contrary, while they remain among their ownpeople and in their own country, are merely a
tribe among other tribes, and enjoy no particular
power or status. But when they leave their own
country and come to a. IVluhannnadari country—
the more remote t hey are from their own homes and
relatives the more highly are they esteemed and
appreciated—they become Arums and Generalissiinos.
" Now from the days of Adam down to the
present day, no slave bought at a price has ever
become ;i king except among the Turks ; an il
among the sayings of Afrasiyab, who was a
king of the Turks, and was extraordinarily wise
and learned, was Ids dictum that the Turk is
like a pearl in its shell at the bottom of the sea,
which becomes valuable when it. leaves the sea.
and adorns the diadems of kings and the ears of
brides" . . . . . . .
The special characteristics of the Turks, and certain
advantages enjoyed by them, as for example, theimmensity o f Turkestan . . . . .
List of the principal products of Turkestan. (See 'Ajah
Nama, pp. 403, 404, and notes to text)
The Toghuzghuz " t he original Tur k s" . A large
golden stu pa set in jewels on the roof of their
king's palace, which is worshipped by a section
ix
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viii SUMMARY OP CONTENTS
Events of the years A . H . 594, 595, 596,597,598 and 599
Events of the year A . H . 560. In praise of the general
issimo Husamu'd-Din Ahm ad ' A l i ShahThe conversion of the infidels to Islam as a result
of Mu'i zzu'd-Din's victories .
Events of the year A . H . 502. Li st of Indi an tribes
subdued (see notes on text) . , . .
The prisoners taken and the rich booty secured in
these victories . . . . . .Mu'izzu'd-Din is murdered at Damyak on his way
from Delh i to his capita l Ghaznin. Qutbu'd-Din
hastens t o Delhi . . . . . .
Qutbu'd-Din, after observing the ceremonies of
mourning, prepares to occupy the throne as
rightful heir . . . . . . .
He marches from Delhi to his capital, Lahore. The
sufferings of the troops and beasts from heat and
th ir st on the march. Da d Ya muh , outside
Lahore, is reached on the 12th of Dil-Qa'da,
A . H . 602. The inhabi tants welcome the new
king . . . . . . . .
Fu l l titles o f Qutbu'd-Din Ay-bag . . . .The various contingents of which the army was com
posed, Turks, Ghurids, Khurasanis, Khaljis,
Ratgans (?), Takrans (?), and Ba Sa'idans.
Qutbu'd-Din's land settlement and taxation
according t o the Shari'a . . . .
He abolishes unorthodox measures instituted in the
previous reign . . . . . .His provision for the learned and the pious ; pensions
for darvishes, widows and orphans. His
patronage of the Turks. The whole-hearted
conversion of the Turks from heathendom to
Islam, as compared with the conversion of other
races who often turn renegade, and hanker after
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
their former mode of life, whereas the Turks have
never been known to do th is . The author explains
how the Turks have attained their present exaltedstatus in the following striking passage ;—
" It is common knowledge that all races and
classes, while they remain among their own people
and in their own country, are honoured and
respected ; but when they go abroad they
become miserable and abject. The Turks on
the contrary, while they remain among their ownpeople and in their own country, are merely a
tribe among other tribes, and enjoy no particular
power or status. But when they leave their own
country and come to a Muhammadan country—
the more remote they are from their own homes and
relatives the more highly are they esteemed and
appreciated—they become Amirs and General
issimos.
" Now from the days of Adam down to the
present day, no slave bought at a price has ever
become a king except among the Turks ; and
among the sayings of Afrasiyab, who was a
king of the Turks, and was extraordinarily wise
and learned, was his dictum that the Turk is
like a pearl in its shell at the bottom of the sea,
which becomes valuable when it leaves the sea,
and adorns the diadems of kings and the ears of
brides" . . . . . . .
The special characteristics of the Turks, and certain
advantages enjoyed by them, as for example, theimmensity o f Turkestan . . . . .
List of the principal products of Turkestan. (See 'Ajak
Nama, pp. 403, 404, and notes to text)
The Toghuzghuz " the original Turks '' A large
golden stupa set in jewels on the roof of their
king's palace, which is worshipped by a section
ix
PAGE
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X SUMMA RY OF CONTENTS
of his subjects. China regarded as a part of
Turkestan. The forest of Lu ra (or Lawra) and
its peculiar inhabitants. (See ' A jab Nama, p. 404)How the men and the women who live on opposite
banks of a river meet and have indiscriminate
intercourse on one night in the year, the women
crossing over t o the men . . . . .
The curious stones found in Turkestan. They are
placed one on the other crosswise and sprinkled
with the blood of a maiden, and set on a pole inan open field ; then a clod of earth is thrown at
them, whereupon the whole earth becomes dark
and the ground begins to ooze water, and this
state continues until the stones are removed and
washed . . . . . . .
Two other stones, which are also set crosswise and
placed on a pole in a field, sprinkled with a
woman's blood; when water is throw n on them dew
begins to fall. Most of their magicians possess
such stones as these.
The Khazars are mostly Jews, who spend their
summer in towns and the winter in the country,
where they engage in agriculture. In the islandsare the Russians, who also engage in agriculture,
bu t are much addicted to frivo li ty ; they carry oS
the Slavs as slaves and sell them
If when a Russian child is born, a sword is placed by
his side, he is intended to become a soldier. Some
Russians burn their dead, others bury them
standing. Besides the Muslims there are inTurkestan, Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians and
Buddhists. Turkish words connected w i th
religion. (See 'Ajab Nama, p. 405) .
Growing extension and popularity of the Turkish
language. Two varieties of scr ipt employed by
' the Turks, namely, Soghdian and Toghuzghuzi.
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS xi
In reality the author is referring to two different
languages, Soghdian and Uighur, which employ
almost the same alphabet. The Soghdian has,twenty-five letters, but they have no equivalent
for the Arabic zad, zay or ghayn. They read from
right to left, and most of the letters cannot be
joined in writ ing. (See Journal Asiatique,
Mai-Juin, 1913," L'alphabet d'apres un temoinage
du x i ie siecle," by Rober t Gauthiot •
The Toghuzghuzi (i.e. Uighur) alphabet has twenty-eight letters and is written from right to left.
The letters are not joined in wri t ing. (This
statement is not true in regard to the Uighur
alphabet, but it would be applicable to the Kok-
Turki alphabet, of which many specimens
have been found in Central Asia)
Specimen of a quatrain in Turkish . The Khazars also
have an alphabet, which they have taken from
the Russians, and this alphabet is also employed
by certain people of Rum (Byzantium) who live
near them and are called " Rum-Rus ". It is
read from left to right, and the letters, which are
not joined in writing, number twenty-one
(actually twenty-two are given). A, B, J. D, H,
W, A, K H , T, Y, K , L , M , N , S, T, F, Q, R, SH,
T, T H . The Khazars who employ this alphabet
are mostly Jews. (The alphabet referred to is
probably Cyri ll ian, certainly not Hebrew. By the
Rum-Rtis, the Bulgarians are probably intended)
List of Turkish Tribes. (See 'Ajab Nama, p. 407)
PAGE
My friend Mr, Gerard Clauson has kindly given me the
following references to those names which occur in Kasbgari's
Lughat ut-Turk.
i.e Yemek, Kasb. i 28 1
3013
, 899, 273,
11, 933
15
iii 147 8
Map.
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X SUMMA RY OF CONTENTS
of his subjects. China regarded as a part of
Turkestan. The forest of Lur a (or Lawra) and
its peculiar inhabitants. (See ' Ajab Ndma, p. 404)How the men and the women who live on opposite
banks of a river meet and have indiscriminate
intercourse on one night in the year, the women
crossing over t o the men . . . . .
The curious stones found in Turkestan. They are
placed one on the other crosswise and sprinkled
with the blood of a maiden, and set on a pole inan open field ; then a clod of earth is thrown at
them, whereupon the whole earth becomes dark
and the ground begins to ooze water, and this
state continues until the stones are removed and
washed . . . . . . .
Two other stones, which are also set crosswise and
placed on a pole in a field, sprinkled with a
woman's blood; when water is throw n on them dew
begins to fall. Most of their magicians possess
such stones as these.
The Khazars are mostly Jews, who spend their
summer in towns and the winter in the country,
where they engage in agriculture. In the islandsare the Russians, who also engage in agriculture,
but are much addicted to fr ivol i ty ; they carry off
the Slavs as slaves and sell them
If when a Russian child is born, a sword is placed by
his side, he is intended to become a soldier. Some
Russians burn their dead, others bury them
standing. Besides the Muslims there are inTurkestan, Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians and
Buddhists. Turkish words connected w i th
religion. (See 'Ajab Ndma, p. 405) .
Growing extension and popularity of the Turkish1 language. Two varieties of scr ipt employed by
the Turks, namely, Soghdian and Toghuzghuzi.
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS XI
In reality the author is referring to two different
languages, Soghdian and Uighur, which employ
almost the same alphabet. The Soghdian has,twenty-five letters, but they have no equivalent
for the Arabic zad, zay or ghayn. They read from
right to left, and most of the letters cannot be
joined in writ ing. (See Journal Asiatique,
Mai -Ju in, 1913," L'alphabet d'apres un temoinage
du xiie siecle," by Robert Grauthiot .
The Toghuzghuzi (i.e. Uighur) alphabet has twenty-eight letters and is written from right to left.
The letters are not joined in writ ing. (This
statement is not true in regard to the Uighur
alphabet, but it would be applicable to the Kok-
Turki alphabet, of which many specimens
have been found in Central Asia)
Specimen of a quatrain in Turk ish. The Khazars also
have an alphabet, which they have taken from
the Russians, and this alphabet is also employed
by certain people of Rum (Byzantium) who live
near them and are called " Rum-Riis ", It is
read from left to right, and the letters, which are
not joined in writing, number twenty-one
(actually twenty-two are given). A, B, J. D, H,
W, A, K H , T, Y , K, L , M , N , S, T, F, Q, R, SH,
T, T H . The Khazars who employ this alphabet
are mostly Jews. (The alphabet referred to is
probably Cyri ll ian, certainly not Hebrew. By the
Rum-Rus, the Bulgarians are probably intended)
List of Turkish Tribes. (See 'Ajab Nama, p. 407)My friend Mr. Gerard Clauson has kindly given me the
following references to those names which occur in Kashgari's
Lughti ut-Turk.
i.e Yemeh, Kasb. i 28 1
3013
, 899, 273,
11, 933
1 5,
iii 147 8 Map.
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Xii SUMMABY OF CONTENTS
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Xiv SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
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The superiority of the Turkish princes over the other
kings o f the world . . . . . .
The prowess of the Turks in arms, especially against
the forts o f Hindustan . . . . .
The generosity and liberality of the Turks
How Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna presented the poet
Anvari with an elephant-load of gold as a reward
for an ode the poet wrote on the Sultan's conquest
of Somnat. The clemency of Qutbu' d- Di n
On the benefits of clemency in Sultans. How QutbuM-
Din took as his model (taqahbul) the early
Caliphs in matters of (1) clemency, (2) generosity,
(3) courage . . . . . . .O n generosity . . . . .
Anecdote of Abu Bakr, who devoted his fortune of
40,000 red dinars to the service of the Prophet,
and left himself so poor that he could not buy
himself new clothes, but covered himself with a
ragged mat fastened with a skewer in which he
SUMMA RY OP CONTENTS XV
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xvi SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
appeared before the Prophet. When Gabriel next
appeared before the Prophet he was similarly
clothed, and informed the Prophet that all theangels in heaven had adopted this fashion
O n generosity . . . . . . .
On piety and refraining from bloodshed. Anecdote
regarding the Caliph Osman, who refused to shed
Muslim blood . . . . . . .
On bravery. Anecdote regarding ' A l i
I n praise o f Qutbu'd-Din . . . . .Fol. 39a of the original manuscript is blank except for
the heading.: " The country of China. Map of
Turkestan and Mavara'an-Nahr."
Here begins the Dlbdcha, or Introduction to the
Genealogies. The author here gives his ful l name
and genealogy.
He explains how he came to prepare thesegenealogical tables . . . . .
Account of Adam and Eve and their immediate
descendants . . . . . .
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NOTES A N D CORRECTIONS
p. II. 2 and 3, This sentence seems faul ty , but it appears
to mean " iqlim = kishwar : there are seven of them :
the world means the totality of iqlims ".
1. 9. Perhaps , is required between and
p. o,1. 3. MS. reads See I b n Hawqal, p. 305, 1. 15.1. 5. I have not identified
L 5. Taksin according to the Turkish dictionaries
means the head of a clan. Gardiz i speaks of the Taksin of
the Chikils x
(see Barthold , Otchet, St. Petersbourg, 1897 ;
Zapiski, vol . i, No. 4, p. 89 of texts) . Kashgharf,
vol . i, p. 330, says al l the Eastern Turks were called
Chikil by the Turkomans of the Saljuq Empi re .
Kashghari, i, 365 1-6, reading tuksin, gives two meanings,
(1) an arrangement of beams in architecture, (2) a class of
commoners third in rank after the king.
perhaps the tomb of the wife of Qufcayba
b. Musl im. For other place-names beginning wi t h
Maqbara see Baladuri.1.16, for we should read
p . 1,1. 3 , sic i n MS. ; c o m p a r e o n p . , 1 . 16.
1. 7, for
i read
1. 13, " ' sic in MS., possibly in error for
1. 15, for read
1. 16, for read
p. v, 1. 6, for read
p. II 4, 5. I have added a Persian rendering of the word
p-As-1 accidentally omitted by the copyist.
1 One MS . says :
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NOTES AND CORRECTIONS xix
p. , 1. 9, the use of " Jihun " [and also of " Sihun "] in the
general sense of a river is of common occurrence among
Persian historians.p. i o. The original form of the letters of these alphabets
and also of the specimen phrases has been hopelessly lost
in the process of copying. On line 5 I have reproduced
what appears in the MS. as showing the attempt of the
writer of this copy to make Arabic forms take the place
of Ui'ghur letters. Line 14 I have left blank as the
distorted forms could not be rendered in type.
p. V, 1. 6, perhaps some such word as should be inserted
after
p. i A, 1 12, for read
1. 16, for read
p. 1. 13, this hemistich should, I think, read
p. © ., 1. 2, is the notch in an arrow.
1. 9, for read .
p. A, 1. 17, " he recited something and breathed on me."
p. 1 5, the MS. reads for
p. v ., 1.10, MS. has a curious slip for
p. v , 1. 1, I have supphed the word required by the
construction.
p. VA, 1. 10, sic for
p. A N, 11. 12, 13, the text is here obviously corrupt.
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XX
FOLIO 30b OF T H E MS. (see p. IV of ibis edition).
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J
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